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1 Why Societies Stay Stuck in Bad Equilibrium: Insights From
Why Societies Stay Stuck in Bad Equilibrium: Insights from Happiness Studies amidst Prosperity and Adversity Carol Graham1 The Brookings Institution Paper presented to the IZA Conference on Frontiers in Labor Economics: The Economics of Well-Being and Happiness October 2009 Some individuals who are destitute report to be happy, while others who are very wealthy report to be miserable. There are many possible explanations for this paradox; this paper focuses on the role of adaptation. Adaptation is the subject of much work in economics, but its definition is a psychological one. Adaptations are defense mechanisms; there are bad ones like paranoia, and healthy ones like humor, anticipation, and sublimation. Set point theory – which is the subject of much debate in psychology – posits that people can adapt to anything – such as bad health, divorce, and extreme poverty – and return to a natural level of cheerfulness. My research from around the world, meanwhile, suggests that people are remarkably adaptable. Respondents in Afghanistan, for example, are as happy as Latin Americans and 20% more likely to smile in a day than Cubans. I posit that while this may be a good thing from an individual psychological perspective, it may also facilitate collective tolerance for bad equilibrium. I provide examples from the economics, democracy, crime, corruption and health arenas. 1 The author is Senior Fellow and Charles Robinson Chair at the Brookings Institution and College Park Professor at the University of Maryland. She would like to thank the participants at a Legatum Institute symposium in London in June 2009 for their helpful comments, as well as Bruno Frey and Sabina Alkatire for more detailed reviews. -
Long Term Consequences of Early Childhood Malnutrition
Long Term Consequences Of Early Childhood Malnutrition Harold Alderman, World Bank John Hoddinott, Dalhousie University and IFPRI Bill Kinsey, University of Zimbabwe and Free University, Amsterdam June 2002 Acknowledgements The authors thank Jere Behrman and Hanan Jacoby, as well as seminar participants at Dalhousie, IFPRI, McMaster, Oxford, Toronto and the World Bank for insightful comments on earlier drafts. We gratefully acknowledge funding for survey work from the British Developme nt Division in Central Africa, UNICEF, the former Ministry of Lands, Resettlement and Rural Development, Zimbabwe, FAO, the Nuffield Foundation, ODI, DfID, IFPRI, CSAE Oxford, the Free University, Amsterdam, the Research Board of the University of Zimbabwe and the World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the World Bank, its Executive Directors, or the countries they represent. JEL classification: I12; I20; O15 Key words: health; education; shocks; Zimbabwe Address for correspondence: John Hoddinott, International Food Policy Research Institute, 2033 K Street NW, Washington DC, 20006, USA. em: [email protected] Long Term Consequences Of Early Childhood Malnutrition Abstract This paper explores the long-term consequences of shocks on children’s health and education using longitudinal data from rural Zimbabwe. We link exposure to the war preceding Zimbabwe’s independence and the 1982-84 drought to the health status of the children in our sample (as measured by their height-for-age in 1983, 1984 and 1987) and to their health and educational attainments as adolescents measured in 2000. Instrumental variables- maternal fixed effects estimates show a statistically significant relationship between height-for -age in children under 5 and height attained as a young adult, the number of grades of schooling completed and the age at which the child starts school. -
Behrman 2011
Do Conditional Cash Transfers for Schooling Generate Lasting Benefits? A Five-Year Followup of PROGRESA/Oportunidades Jere R. Behrman Susan W. Parker Petra E. Todd ABSTRACT Conditional cash transfer (CCT) programs link public transfers to human capital investment in hopes of alleviating current poverty and reducing its intergenerational transmission. However, little is known about their long- term impacts. This paper evaluates longer-run impacts on schooling and work of the best-known CCT program, Mexico’s PROGRESA/Oportunida- des, using experimental and nonexperimental estimators based on groups with different program exposure. The results show positive impacts on schooling, reductions in work for younger youth (consistent with postpon- ing labor force entry), increases in work for older girls, and shifts from agricultural to nonagricultural employment. The evidence suggests school- ing effects are robust with time. Jere R. Behrman is the W. R. Kenan Jr. Professor of Economics and Sociology and PSC research associ- ate at the University of Pennsylvania. Susan W. Parker is a professor/researcher in the Division of Eco- nomics at the Center for Research and Teaching in Economics (CIDE) in Mexico City. Petra E. Todd is professor of economics and a research associate of PSC at the University of Pennsylvania, the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) and the Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA). This work received support from the Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica (INSP) and the Mellon Foundation/Population Studies Center (PSC)/University of Pennsylvania grant to Todd (P.I.) on “Long-term Impact Evaluation of the Oportunidades Program in Rural Mexico.” The authors thank three anonymous referees, Bernardo Herna´ndez, Iliana Yaschine and seminar participants at the University of Pennsylvania, the World Bank, and the University of Goettingen for helpful comments on early versions of this paper. -
Mothers' Social Networks and Socioeconomic Gradients of Isolation
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES MOTHERS’ SOCIAL NETWORKS AND SOCIOECONOMIC GRADIENTS OF ISOLATION Alison Andrew Orazio Attanasio Britta Augsburg Jere Behrman Monimalika Day Pamela Jervis Costas Meghir Angus Phimister Working Paper 28049 http://www.nber.org/papers/w28049 NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138 November 2020 This study was funded by the NICHD (grant R01 HD072120), the Cowles Foundation and ISPS at Yale, the Population Studies Center at the University of Pennsylvania and the SIEF program at the World Bank. This project has also received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (grant agreement No 695300-HKADeC-ERC-2015-AdG). In addition, we gratefully acknowledge the support of the Economic and Social Research Council’s Centre for the Microeconomic Analysis of Public Policy at IFS (grant reference ES/M010147/1). We bear sole responsibility for all errors and opinions expressed. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research. NBER working papers are circulated for discussion and comment purposes. They have not been peer-reviewed or been subject to the review by the NBER Board of Directors that accompanies official NBER publications. © 2020 by Alison Andrew, Orazio Attanasio, Britta Augsburg, Jere Behrman, Monimalika Day, Pamela Jervis, Costas Meghir, and Angus Phimister. All rights reserved. Short sections of text, not to exceed two paragraphs, may be quoted without explicit permission provided that full credit, including © notice, is given to the source. Mothers’ Social Networks and Socioeconomic Gradients of Isolation Alison Andrew, Orazio Attanasio, Britta Augsburg, Jere Behrman, Monimalika Day, Pamela Jervis, Costas Meghir, and Angus Phimister NBER Working Paper No. -
Curriculum Vitae Carol Lee Graham
CURRICULUM VITAE CAROL LEE GRAHAM CURRENT POSITIONS Leo Pasvolsky Senior Fellow, Global Economy and Development Program, The Brookings Institution College Park Professor, School of Public Policy, University of Maryland Senior Scientist, the Gallup Organization Research Fellow, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), Bonn Expertise: poverty, inequality, subjective well-being, economics of happiness; development economics PREVIOUS POSITIONS Professor, School of Public Policy, University of Maryland, 2005-2008. Co-Director, Center on Social and Economic Dynamics, and Senior Fellow, Economic Studies, The Brookings Institution, 1998-2006. Vice President and Director, Governance Studies Program, The Brookings Institution, July 2002-June 2004. Visiting Professor, Department of Economics, Johns Hopkins University, 1999-2000 Special Advisor to the Deputy Managing Director, International Monetary Fund Fall, 2001. Special Advisor to the Executive Vice President, Inter-American Development Bank, 1997-98. Visiting Fellow, World Bank, Office of the Chief Economist and Vice Presidency for Human Resources, 1994-95. Participated in design and implementation of safety net programs in Latin America and Eastern Europe. Developed comparative research project on political sustainability of reform. Georgetown University, Department of Government, Adjunct Professor, 1990-1994. Guest Scholar, Foreign Policy Studies, The Brookings Institution, 1990 - 1994. Research on safety nets and the sustainability of economic reform in Latin America, Africa, and Eastern Europe. Funded by World Bank, IDB, and the MacArthur Foundation. Duke University, Department of Political Science, Assistant Professor, August 1989 - May 1990. Carol Lee Graham/2 of 24 02/18/18 EDUCATION 1980-1984 Princeton University - A.B. (High Honors) Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs 1985-1986 The Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies - M.A. -
Evaluating the Early Childhood Development Program in the Philippines*
Evaluating the Early Childhood Development Program in the Philippines* by Jere Behrman (University of Pennsylvania, [email protected]) Paulita Duazo (University of San Carlos, [email protected]) Sharon Ghuman (University of Michigan, [email protected]) Socorro Gultiano (University of San Carlos, [email protected]) Elizabeth M. King (The World Bank, [email protected]) Nanette Lee (University of San Carlos, [email protected]) The Office of Population Studies, University of San Carlos ECD Team 15 March 2005 * This project was supported by NIH Research Grant # R01 TW05604 on “Filipino Early Childhood Development: Longitudinal Analysis” funded by the Fogarty International Center, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), the Office of Behavioral and Social Science Research (OBSSR), and the Global Development Network (GDN); the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) of the Government of the Philippines; and the World Bank Research Advisory Committee (RAD). The authors thank all these organizations for support for this project, the Early Childhood Development (ECD) Team at the Office of Population Studies (OPS) of the University of San Carlos for excellent support in all stages of the data collection and initial preparation process; and the ECD Project Management Office for making administrative data on implementation available to us. This paper is being presented at the Population Association of American Annual Meetings in Philadelphia on 1 April 2005 at Session 108 on “Long Term Effects of Early Childhood Interventions” by Sharon Ghuman. Abstract Increasing attention and resources have been devoted in recent years to early childhood development (ECD) in low to middle income countries. -
Robert E. Litan's CV
CURRICULUM VITAE Robert E. Litan Home and Office Address 2018 Hogan Dr. Lawrence, Ks. 66047 [email protected] [email protected] Affilations and Employment 2014- Partner, Korein Tillery law firm (St. Louis and Chicago), specializing in Antitrust and other complex business litigation 2017- Non-Resident Senior Fellow, The Brookings Institution, Washington, D.C. Research on regulation, financial institutions, general economic policy 2019- Independent columnist on sports law and economics, The Athletic 2015-17 Adjunct Senior Fellow, Council on Foreign Relations Overseeing a seminar series on how global cities can encourage Entrepreneurship; Research on trade and domestic adjustment to it 2015-17 Co-Chair, Insurance Reform Task Force, Bipartisan Policy Center 2014-15 Non-resident Senior Fellow, The Brookings Institution, Washington, D.C. Authoring studies of regulation, financial institutions and entrepreneurship 2015- Visiting Senior Policy Scholar, Georgetown University, McDonough School of Business, Center for Business & Public Policy 2014-16 Regular Contributor, Wall Street Journal “Think Tank” Blog 2014-18 Special Consultant, Economists, Inc., Washington, D.C. 2012-14 Director of Research, Bloomberg-Government, Washington, D.C. Oversaw a team of analysts covering business impact of federal governmental decisions; authoring weekly columns on a wide range of policy topics behind the BGov paywall (and sometimes for Bloomberg.com). 2007-09 Contributing Editor, Inc Magazine 2003-12 Vice President, Research and Policy, Ewing Marion -
Insights from Happiness Studies from Around the World Downloaded From
Adaptation amidst Prosperity and Adversity: Insights from Happiness Studies from around the World Downloaded from Carol Graham Some individuals who are destitute report to be happy, while others who are very wbro.oxfordjournals.org wealthy report to be miserable. There are many possible explanations for this paradox; the author focuses on the role of adaptation. Adaptation is the subject of much work in economics, but its definition is a psychological one. Adaptations are defense mechanisms; there are bad ones like paranoia, and healthy ones like humor, anticipation, and sublima- tion. Set point theory—which is the subject of much debate in psychology—posits that people can adapt to anything, such as bad health, divorce, and extreme poverty, and at Joint Bank/Fund Library on February 7, 2011 return to a natural level of cheerfulness. The author’s research from around the world suggests that people are remarkably adaptable. Respondents in Afghanistan are as happy as Latin Americans and 20 percent more likely to smile in a day than Cubans. The find- ings suggest that while this may be a good thing from an individual psychological per- spective, it may also shed insights into different development outcomes, including collective tolerance for bad equilibrium. The author provides examples from the econ- omics, democracy, crime, corruption, and health arenas. JEL codes: I31, I32 When I sell liquor, it’s called bootlegging; when my patrons serve it on Lake Shore Drive, it’s called hospitality. (Al Capone) In the past few years there has been a burgeoning literature on the economics of happiness. While the understanding and pursuit of happiness has been a topic for philosophers—and psychologists—for decades, it is a novel one for economists. -
Nancy Birdsall Curricula Vitae
Curriculum Vitae NANCY BIRDSALL EMPLOYMENT Center for Global Development Oct. 2001- present President Carnegie Endowment for International Peace 1998- 2001 Senior Associate and Director, Economic Reform Project Inter-American Development Bank August 1993-1998 Executive Vice President. Chief operating officer of the bank. Responsible for operations, finance, legal and policy and all other management, and deputy to the President. The Bank has a portfolio of $30 billion in 26 borrowing countries and makes new commitments of about $6 billion a year in new operations. World Bank August 1979-93 Economic policy, research and operational work on developing countries, including on human resource development (population, education and health); environment; and adjustment, trade and privatization issues. Management and technical positions in lending operations covering Latin America and in the policy research complex covering Latin America, Asia, Africa, Eastern Europe and former Soviet Union. Member, World Bank Research Committee, 1987 to 1992. Member, Economists' Review Panel, 1988 to 1993 (reviews managers' proposals for staff promotions to senior economist positions). Member, Young Professionals Admission Committee, 1991 to 1993. Advisor, Finance and Development (World Bank and IMF magazine). 1991-1993 Director, Policy Research Department. Department of about 85 professional staff, primarily economists, responsible for the Bank's economic research and policy analysis in such areas as trade, adjustment and growth issues, including in transitional socialist economies, poverty and human resources, tax and expenditures, financial sector, environment, public sector management, and private sector development. 1990-1991 Chief, Environment Division, Latin America Region. Division of 15 full-time staff responsible for lending operations in environment, including Global Environmental Facility and Montreal Protocol operations, for policy studies, and for coordination of environmental assessment of investments in Latin America financed by the World Bank. -
CAROL LEE GRAHAM CURRENT POSITIONS Leo Pasvolsky
CAROL LEE GRAHAM CURRENT POSITIONS Leo Pasvolsky Senior Fellow, Global Economy and Development Program, The Brookings Institution College Park Professor, School of Public Policy, University of Maryland Senior Scientist, The Gallup Organization Research Fellow, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), Bonn Expertise: poverty, inequality, subjective well-being, economics of happiness; development economics Regions: Latin American, Africa, Eastern Europe; U.S. PREVIOUS POSITIONS Professor, School of Public Policy, University of Maryland, 2005-2008. Co-Director, Center on Social and Economic Dynamics, and Senior Fellow, Economic Studies, The Brookings Institution, 1998-2006. Vice President and Director, Governance Studies Program, The Brookings Institution, July 2002-June 2004. Visiting Professor, Department of Economics, Johns Hopkins University, 1999-2000 Special Advisor to the Deputy Managing Director, International Monetary Fund Fall, 2001. Special Advisor to the Executive Vice President, Inter-American Development Bank, 1997-98. Visiting Fellow, World Bank, Office of the Chief Economist and Vice Presidency for Human Resources, 1994-95. Participated in design and implementation of safety net programs in Latin America and Eastern Europe. Developed comparative research project on political sustainability of reform. Georgetown University, Department of Government, Adjunct Professor, 1990-1994. Guest Scholar, Foreign Policy Studies, The Brookings Institution, 1990 - 1994. Research on safety nets and the sustainability of economic reform in Latin America, Africa, and Eastern Europe. Funded by World Bank, IDB, and the MacArthur Foundation. Carol Lee Graham/2 of 24 12/18/20 Duke University, Department of Political Science, Assistant Professor, August 1989 - May 1990. EDUCATION 1980-1984 Princeton University - A.B. (High Honors) Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs 1985-1986 The Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies - M.A. -
Information, Assessment and the Quality of Education Around the World in a Changing Global Labor Market: Making More People Winners
Short Version Short Essay/Concept Note on Information, Assessment and the Quality of Education around the World in a Changing Global Labor Market: Making More People Winners by Jere R. Behrman and Nancy Birdsall* Prepared for the Global Citizens Foundation September 2015 * Behrman and Birdsall thank the Global Citizens Foundation for supporting the preparation of this concept note and Bernard de Combret, Shahrokh Fardoust, Deon Filmer, Santiago Levy, Lant Pritchett and Justin Sandefur for useful comments on earlier versions, and Anna Diofasi for excellent research support. Behrman and Birdsall alone, however, are responsible for all the interpretations given in this note. 2 Introduction: Over the past half century or so large increases in public investments in child health and schooling across the developing world have contributed to dramatic declines in infant and child mortality, substantial increases in preschool enrollments and in near-complete enrollment of children in primary schooling. These investments have been widely politically supported in virtually all countries, even the poorest; domestic spending on health and schooling now averages about 20 percent of governmental revenue in low- and middle-income countries.1 But over the last decade, evidence has accumulated of dramatically lower levels of learning for the same grade in school in low- and even middle-income countries compared to high-income countries, and within developing countries between children from higher-income compared to poorer families. Also children start school systematically less prepared on average in poor households and countries than in higher-income households and countries. These variations suggest the logic and potential for greater emphasis in developing countries on improving the quality, not just increasing the quantity of school, and greater emphasis on familial and public investments in early child development of all kinds. -
THE ROAD to HEMISPHERIC COOPERATION: BEYOND the CARTAGENA SUMMIT of the AMERICAS the Brookings Institution I Washington, D.C
THE ROAD TO HEMISPHERIC COOPERATION: BEYOND THE CARTAGENA SUMMIT OF THE AMERICAS The Brookings Institution I Washington, D.C. I July 2012 1 The Road to Hemispheric Cooperation: Beyond the Cartagena Summit of the Americas THE ROAD TO HEMISPHERIC COOPERATION: BEYOND THE CARTAGENA SUMMIT OF THE AMERICAS The Brookings Institution I Washington, D.C. I July 2012 Ted Piccone Inés Bustillo Antoni Estevadeordal Jeffrey M. Puryear Tamara Ortega Goodspeed Thomas A. O’Keefe Kevin Casas-Zamora Lucía Dammert Rubén Perina Jaime Aparicio-Otero ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Latin America Initiative undertook an intensive review of The Brookings Institution is a private non-profit organiza- the state of hemispheric cooperation as part of its overarch- tion. Its mission is to conduct high-quality, independent re- ing mission to derive practical policy recommendations from search and, based on that research, to provide innovative, rigorous, empirical research. The authors of these papers are practical recommendations for policymakers and the pub- to be congratulated for meeting this standard. We are also in- lic. The conclusions and recommendations of any Brook- debted to the State Department, particularly John Feeley, Dan ings publication are solely those of its author(s), and do Erikson and Daniel Kurtz-Phelan, for their active participation not reflect the views of the Institution, its management, or and input. We want to give special thanks to the team of the its other scholars. Latin America Initiative—Consuelo Amat, who coordinated this Support for this publication was generously provided by the final publication with utmost professionalism, Diana Caicedo, Ford Foundation. Carlos Aramayo, Emily Alinikoff and Ashley Miller—and to Carol Graham and Kevin Casas-Zamora for their leadership Brookings recognizes that the value it provides is in its ab- as the Initiative prepared to welcome its new Director, Dr.