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Gorongosa: a History of an African Landscape, 1921-2014

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Gorongosa: a History of an African Landscape, 1921-2014 Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU All Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate Studies 5-2015 Gorongosa: A History of an African Landscape, 1921-2014 Domingos João Muala Utah State University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Muala, Domingos João, "Gorongosa: A History of an African Landscape, 1921-2014" (2015). All Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 4636. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/4636 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. GORONGOSA:(A(HISTORY(OF(AN(AFRICAN(LANDSCAPE,(192172014( ( by( ( ( Domingos(João(Muala( ( ( A(thesis(submitted(in(partial(fulfillment( of(the(requirements(for(the(degree( ( of( ( MASTER(OF(ARTS( ( in( ( History( ( ( ( ( (((((((((Approved:( ( ( (((((((((___________________________( ((((( ((((((______________________________( (((((((((Christopher(Conte,(PhD( ( (((((((Claudia(Radel,(PhD( (((((((((Major(Professor(((((((((((((((((((( ( (((((((Committee(Member( ( ( (((((((((___________________________(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((_____________________________( (((((((((James(Sanders,(PhD((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((Mark(McLellan,(PhD( (((((((((Committee(Member(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((Vice(President(for(Research(and( ( ( ( ( ( ( (((((((Dean(of(the(School(of(Graduate(Studies( ( ( ( ( ( UTAH(STATE(UNIVERSITY( Logan,(Utah( 2015( ( ( ( ii Copyright © Domingos João Muala 2015 All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT Gorongosa: A History of an African landscape, 1921-2014 by Domingos João Muala, Master of Arts Utah State University, 2015 Major Professor: Dr. Chris Conte Department: History Gorongosa: a history of an African landscape, 1921-2014, focuses on changes in the Gorongosa ecosystem, in central Mozambique, southeastern Africa. Environmental changes result from natural, non-human causes and from the activities of humans. I describe four socioecological events: African and Portuguese interactions, Gorongosa National Park, the effects of Mozambique’s civil war, and the Park’s restoration in the aftermath of the civil war. Prior to European partition of Africa in 1884-85, Mozambique did not exist as clearly a demarcated territory as it is now. Today, the sense of Mozambicanhood bears traces of Portuguese colonial era eXperience. The demarcation of Mozambique’s boundaries and the reshaping of the colony until 1975 was a painful process that both the Africans and Portuguese colonialists endured; these physical and social separations from the rest of southern Africa represented the first human-induced changes in southern Africa. The endeavors to reshape Mozambique did not end with political boundaries. Painful processes, including the reshaping of Gorongosa National Park in the Gorongosa iv ecosystem, continued after border demarcations. Countless Mozambican and Portuguese lives were lost in the long trajectory within the colony as the Africans and the Europeans all developed a sense of unity in diversity while reshaping their attitude of and about Mozambique. After independence in 1975, internal transformations and wars continued reshaping Mozambique and Mozambicans, as different nationalists sought to maintain their colonial eXperience. These dynamics marked the environmental history of the Mozambican and Portuguese peoples and are often reflected in the prevalence of high sympathy, which the two peoples share toward one another. GORONGOSA: A HISTORY OF AN AFRICAN LANDSCAPE, 1921- 2014, critically celebrates these collective achievements. (140 pages) Key words: Gorongosa ecosystem, environmental changes, natural resources, human activities, conservation, and sustainability. v PUBLIC ABSTRACT Gorongosa: A History of an African Landscape, 1921-2014 Domingos João Muala, Gorongosa: a history of an African landscape, 1921-2014, focuses on changes in the Gorongosa ecosystem, in central Mozambique, southeastern Africa. Environmental changes result from natural, non-human causes and from the activities of humans. I describe four socioecological events: African and Portuguese interactions, Gorongosa National Park, the effects of Mozambique’s civil war, and the Park’s restoration in the aftermath of the civil war. Prior to European partition of Africa in 1884-85, Mozambique did not eXist as clearly a demarcated territory as it is now. Today, the sense of Mozambicanhood bears traces of Portuguese colonial era eXperience. The demarcation of Mozambique’s boundaries and the reshaping of the colony until 1975 was a painful process that both the Africans and Portuguese colonialists endured; these physical and social separations from the rest of southern Africa represented the first human-induced changes in southern Africa. The endeavors to reshape Mozambique did not end with political boundaries. Painful processes, including the reshaping of Gorongosa National Park in the Gorongosa ecosystem, continued after border demarcations. Countless Mozambican and Portuguese lives were lost in the long trajectory within the colony as the Africans and the Europeans all developed a sense of unity in diversity while reshaping their attitude of and about Mozambique. After independence in 1975, internal transformations and wars continued reshaping Mozambique and Mozambicans, as different nationalists sought to maintain their colonial eXperience. These dynamics marked the environmental history of the Mozambican and Portuguese peoples and vi are often reflected in the prevalence of high sympathy, which the two peoples share toward one another. Gorongosa: a history of an African landscape, 1921-2014, critically celebrates these collective achievements. Key words: Gorongosa ecosystem, environmental changes, natural resources, human activities, conservation, and sustainability. vii To Dr. Al Forsyth viii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS If Dr. Christopher Conte did not fish me up, protect, and advise all along this masters’ program at Utah State University, I cannot imagine how I might have gotten to this academic stage. Dr. James Sanders, Dr. Claudia Radel, and Dr. Conte shaped and reshaped this thesis from the beginning. If the History Department, in the College of Humanities and Social Sciences at USU, did not give me a chance to be part of this honorable educational family, I might not have felt so proud to belong here. Before promising me a continued support, Dean John C. Allen told me in May 2014 that, for development implying material progress, Gorongosa assets were already among the peoples dwelling in the Gorongosa Ecosystem and that my job after completing this program entailed discovering the peoples with potential assets and build on them. I promise to try. Greg C. Carr’s connection with USU and his own generosity eased my travels and stay in the USA. Without Greg’s committed support, this opportunity would hardly have come. Greg Carr, Vasco Galante, Mateus Mutemba, and Marc Stalmans embody the peoples living and working in Gorongosa, peoples whose trials and errors inform this paper. Dr. Colleen O’Neil, Monica Ingold, Diana Buist, Isabel P. Silva, Victor Custódio, Tiago Valente, John Donald Hughes and Pamela Hughes, Jack Schmidt and Susie, Wayne Wurtsbaugh and Linda, Bob Shacochis and Barbara Petersen, Jami J. Van Huss, Thomas and Alinafe Nhanda, Luís Meno, Fernando Chicumule, Francisco M. Sampaio, Ehab Dafalla, Zack Larson, Luís Fernandes, Celestino Gonçalves, Edna R. Frank, René, and Freud, have been more than friends. Ian Keller was the first friend taking me around campus, informally introducing me to USU and to the social life in the USA. Different librarians, archivists, and other people in Mozambique and in Portugal contributed to this paper. All the charismatic people I mentioned on this page represent countless others whose lives have been woven with my life. More than mere thanks for their invaluable contributions, I promise to maintain and improve our built friendship. Domingos João Muala ix CONTENTS ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................... iii PUBLIC ABSTRACT .........................................................................................................v DEDICATION .................................................................................................................. vii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................... viii LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................................x CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................1 2. THE ERA OF AFRICAN PREDOMINANCE ...................................................9 3.THE ERA OF WILDLIFE PREDOMINANCE .................................................41 4. THE ERA OF FLORA PREDOMINACE .........................................................80 5. THE ERA OF RESTORATION ........................................................................96 6. CONCLUSION ................................................................................................115 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................118 X LIST OF FIGURES Figure
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