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A Review on Possibility of Using Social Media Data for Pharmacovigilance ISSN- 2394-5125 VOL 7, ISSUE 19, 2020 A REVIEW ON POSSIBILITY OF USING SOCIAL MEDIA DATA FOR PHARMACOVIGILANCE Dr. Suman Yadav1, Dr. Md. Aftab Alam2, Dr. Ranjana Patnaik3 1Research Scholar, Department of Clinical Research, School of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India. 2 Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical & Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India. 3Department of Clinical Research, School of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India Received: 14 March 2020 Revised and Accepted: 8 July 2020 ABSTRACT: Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) are the harmful reactions caused by medication intake/application. Pharmacovigilance is the collection of practices that are correlated with the medicines' identification, evaluation, awareness, and avoidance of adverse effects. Social media frameworks are useful in gaining information to recognize the developments in public health sector. It provides a considerable amount of information to detect ADRs.There are some issues on getting, detecting and investigating information from social media to prepare it in a user readable format.This paper presents the extensive survey on various methods to extract the information for Pharmacovigilance purpose from social media. The main methods discussed here include: Text mining, Text classification and Machine Learning or Artificial Intelligence. I. INTRODUCTION A. Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) The destructive effects that arise due to the intake aor application of medicines are called as Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs). Pharmacovigilance is the practices related to the identification of adverse effects caused due to drugs and further evaluation, awareness and prevention and safe guard public health. It is the set of activities which is associated with the identification, evaluation, comprehension and prevention of destructive effects caused by or to be caused by medicines. By reason of the several confines of medical trials, it is not probable to completely evaluate the significances of the usage of a specific medicine before it is brought out. Contrary responses produced by medicines, succeeding their release into the advertise, is a main communal fitness issue. Thus, post-marketing investigation of medicines is of dominant significance for medicine producers, national bodies like the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and global establishments like the World Health Organization (WHO) [1]. Recently, user-supplied information on social media has been considered as a meaningful resource for ADR maintenance. Research with the aid of social media information has developed using various mechanisms and resources. The developments related to ADR maintenance from social media have been noticed in drug mining and corresponding effects [1] B. Sources of Social Media Platforms Social media provide a considerable amount of information to detect ADRs. One of these social media is Twitter, which is a good source of data for broad-spectrum issues, particularly ADR-related discussions and posts. Currently, Twitter has the record of daily 342,000,000 active and 1350000 registered users[1]. It has been revealed that most patients shared their health status data positively on various medical, public web pages or open forums such as the "Ask a Patient" website (5), Twitter, etc., provided a powerful tool for monitoring ADR. However, from social media the extraction of useful information is difficult due to its writing style and language used to transfer this type of information [2]. 1445 ISSN- 2394-5125 VOL 7, ISSUE 19, 2020 II. RELEVANCE OF PUBLIC HEALTH AND SOCIAL MEDIA Latest history has perceived progresses in the technology accessible to the common community for communication commitments, and a momentous supsurge in the usage of the internet, specifically social media networks. Usage of these systems has turned out to be an important part of contemporary life, so it appears serviceable to reconsider their usage for information-gathering commitments. Patient meeting medium and health care systems may also be potentially utilized. Social media boards have ascertained to be beneficial in attaining data, so as to recognize styles in communal fitness. This medium offers a dais for operators to converse opinions and thoughts as correlated to their fitness, together with the usage of the medical products and their side effects[3]. Consumers sharing encounters about ADRs and knowledge of drug on social media could be intriguing for the use of information. Additionally, a clear exchange of information about the advantage and danger of medications is a key requirement for ensuring safety. [4]. III. APPLICATIONS OF SOCIAL MEDIA IN PHARMACOVIGILANCE Enhanced reachability and computing power have opened the avenue for using social media for pharmacovigilance. The social media can provide a platform for easy and open communication between the patients/consumers and healthcare providers regard to the utilization of medicinal products, subsequently building open trust. For example, a private or public group can be created including all parties to share the communication. The social networking platforms which can be used for Pharmacovigilance can range from routine social networking websites like Facebook, Twitter to websites specially tailored to healthcare, wellness programs and support linkages such as “Patients Like Me, Daily Strength, and Med Help” [4]. IV. CHALLENGES OF SOCIAL MEDIA IN PHARMACOVIGILANCE Numerous encounters are there for retrieving, recognizing, and evaluating data from social media, and attaining it in a user readable format. Results to these experiments are being discovered and verified, and include examining and changing operator posts to a serviceable arrangement to excerpt medicine and response evidence. One of the most fascinating encounters is the moral allegations related with retrieving, exploiting and performing upon data from social media boards. On the other hand, communal data can be retrieved by anybody. The usage of the data would be fall deprived of confab or clarification as to what for and how they are being utilised. Hence, even though there may be aquarrel for accord, it is not informed accord. This could be challenging from a controlling view point in association to accord and data defence rules[5]. V. EXISTING REVIEW ON ROLE OF SOCIAL MEDIA IN PHARMACOVIGILANCE There are plenty of reviews made related to social media and its consequence on Pharmacovigilance. In this section, the existing literature review done on the role played by social media in Pharmacovigilance have been presented. Abeed Sarker et al[1] premeditated the concept of methods for the identification of ADRs. Educations that crossed our insertion standards were those that tried to draw out the evidence sent by operators on any social media dais that was openly accessible. They characterised the trainings based on diverse physiognomies like prime ADR discovery method, dimension of body, data source(s), accessibility, and assessment norms. Still there is very restricted quantity of glossed data openly obtainable, and, as designated by the favourable outcomes got by current directed learning methods, there is a sturdy requisite to make such statistics accessible to the investigation communal. Richard Sloane et al [5] have focussed on the approaches related to social media analysis and pharmacovigilance analysis. It involves various text resources like biomedical literature, medical descriptions. They have conducted a detailed review on implementing the technical, industrial and legal aspects of social media application for pharmacovigilance to address the challenges and future prospects. Andrea C. Tricco et al [6] have proposed that, from an initial progressive outlook, the usage of social media is being examined for safety of drugs . In this structure, data obtained from social media has the capability to add- on the data to the databases of the drug regulators, find out Adverse Events with low frequency, and recognize the adverse events s former than authorised warnings or supervisory variations. On the other hand, the utilization, validation and, and data execution data extraction from social digital media for PV are yet to be 1446 ISSN- 2394-5125 VOL 7, ISSUE 19, 2020 fully studied. Additional assessment is needed to reinforce and regulate the methods as well as to guarantee that valid results are obtained which can be useful for pharmacovigilance purpose. Andrea C Tricco et al [7] have adverse drug events related with medicines are reported less frequently in post marketing drug investigation system. A methodical appraisal of printed data from 37 studies universally (including Canada) discovered the under-reporting proportion of ADE to be 94% in unprompted reporting systems. This expectation appraisal goals to evaluate the usefulness of social media and crowd-sourced data to perceive and observe ADE associated to pharmaceuticals, biologics, medical devices, and natural fitness goods. Dimitra Pappa et al [8] have incorporated the plotting and codification of the present knowledge in the arena by sketching assessments of diverse methods, kinds of social media data and of pertinent origin presently utilised in the arena, and by increasing novel categorizations of social media data sources and templates for their usage in pharmacovigilance, besides the documentation of significant encounters and the removal of novel
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