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La Dynamique Sedimentaire Des Littoraux De Foulpointe Et Toamasina

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La Dynamique Sedimentaire Des Littoraux De Foulpointe Et Toamasina ARTS, LETTRES ET SCIENCES HUMAINES MENTION : GEOGRAPHIE PARCOURS : MILIEUX NATURELS ET SCIENCES DE LA TERRE LA DYNAMIQUE SEDIMENTAIRE DES LITTORAUX DE FOULPOINTE ET TOAMASINA Présenté par : RABEHAJA-HARIJAONA Andoniaina Felana Sous la direction de : Monsieur Mparany ANDRIAMIHAMINA, Maitre de Conférences 12 Mars 2019 1 UNIVERSITE D’ANTANANARIVO DOMAINE DES ARTS, LETTRES ET SCIENCES HUMAINES MENTION : GEOGRAPHIE PARCOURS: MILIEUX NATURELS ET SCIENCES DE LA TERRE LA DYNAMIQUE SEDIMENTAIRE DES LITTORAUX DE FOULPOINTE ET TOAMASINA Mémoire pour l’obtention du diplôme de Master II Présenté par RABEHAJA-HARIJAONA Andoniaina Felana Sous la direction de Monsieur Mparany ANDRIAMIHAMINA, Maitre de conférences Membres de Jury : - Président du jury: Monsieur James RAVALISON, Professeur - Rapporteur : Monsieur Mparany ANDRIAMIHAMINA, Maitre de Conférences - Juge : Madame Syllah RANDRIAMANAMPISOA, Docteur en Géographie 2 REMERCIEMENTS Ce présent travail est le fruit de la contribution de diverses personnes. Chacune a apporté leurs connaissances et leurs appuis. Ainsi, nous leurs exprimons notre gratitude. - Nous adressons particulièrement notre reconnaissance aux membres du jury : - Monsieur James RAVALISON, Professeur, qui a bien voulu accepté de présider le jury de cette soutenance, - -Madame Syllah RANDRIAMANAMPISOA, Docteur en Géographie, qui a sacrifié son temps pour évaluer ce travail, - Monsieur Mparany ANDRIAMIHAMINA, Maitre de conférences, notre directeur de recherche, pour son encadrement et son soutien malgré ses multiples occupations. - Nous exprimons également notre gratitude à tous les Enseignants chercheurs de la Mention Géographie pour nous avoir transmis des connaissances pendant les années d’études universitaires. - Nos vifs remerciements s’adressent aussi à toutes les personnes que nous avons consultées pour nos enquêtes et nos documentations. En dépit de leur responsabilité, elles nous ont consacrées du temps. Enfin, nos remerciements les plus sincères s’adressent envers ceux qui ont participé de loin ou de près à l’élaboration de ce travail. I SOMMAIRE REMERCIEMENTS ......................................................................................................... I SOMMAIRE ...................................................................................................................... II RESUME ............................................................................................................................ III LISTE DES ILLUSTRATIONS ...................................................................................... IV ACRONYMES ................................................................................................................... VII GLOSSAIRE ...................................................................................................................... VIII INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 1 PREMIERE PARTIE : FOULPOINTE ET TOAMASINA DANS LE CADRE DU LITTORAL EST DE MADAGASCAR .......................................................................... 5 CHAPITRE I : Cadre général de la démarche .................................................................... 6 CHAPITRE II : Foulpointe et Toamasina : des zones favorables à la dynamique sédimentaire ............................................................................................................................................. 17 DEUXIEME PARTIE : PROCESSUS DE LA DYNAMIQUE SEDIMENTAIRE DES LITTORAUX DE FOULPOINTE ET TOAMASINA .................................................. 35 CHAPITRE III : Zonation des littoraux .............................................................................. 36 CHAPITRE IV: Le mécanisme sédimentaire des littoraux de Foulpointe et Toamasina ... 49 CHAPITRE V : Evolution du trait de côte de Foulpointe et de Toamasina ....................... 58 CONCLUSION GENERALE .......................................................................................... 66 BIBLIOGRAPHIE ............................................................................................................ 68 ANNEXES ……………………………………………………………………………...71 II RESUME Le littoral de Foulpointe et de Toamasina sont des côtes basses sableuse orientale. Par leur localisation, ils présentent plus ou moins les mêmes conditions physiques. Concernant la démographie, Foulpointe est moins peuplé que Tamatave puisqu’il est la capitale économique de Madagascar et celle de la région Atsinanana. Le vent intervient dans le processus sédimentaire par l’édification des dunes. Mais dans la partie centrale des zones de recherche, elles sont abimées par les piétinements. Que ce soit à Mahavelona ou à Toamasina, ce sont des embouchures fluviales qui les délimitent. Ces dernières interviennent dans le processus sédimentaire. Les fleuves véhiculent les matériaux érodes dans les bassins versants et les déposent à la gueule de l’embouchure. A Foulpointe, le transport des sédiments parallèles au rivage demeure plus important que le déplacement perpendiculaire. Le transport parallèle se dirige vers le Nord et traduit par une côte NNE-SSW et par une pointe de direction également septentrionale : celle de Mahavelona. Pour Toamasina, le flux sédimentaire perpendiculaire à la côte n’est importante que pendant le passage des cyclones tropicaux comme Honorine ou encore Déborah, Géralda et Bonita. Ces cyclones favorisent une érosion de plusieurs mètres en quelques heures seulement. Si le mouvement des sédiments associé à la dérive littorale est généralement dirigé vers le nord, dans la rade, il est tourné plutôt vers le sud grâce au phénomène de diffraction. Ces dynamiques sédimentaires associées à la montée du niveau sont à l’origine de l’évolution du trait de côte. Ces 15 dernières années, le littoral de Foulpointe connait en général une érosion. Alors qu’à Toamasina, l’accrétion littorale est plus perceptible. Mots clés : Foulpointe, Toamasina, dynamique sédimentaire, érosion, accrétion, transit littoral. III LISTE DES ILLUSTRATIONS LISTE DES FIGURES Pages Figure1 : Localisation des zones de recherche au niveau administratif .............................. 3 Figure2 : Localisation des littoraux de Foulpointe et Toamasina ....................................... 4 Figure3 : Répartition des courants marins autour de Madagascar ...................................... 19 Figure4 : Profil transversal de Foulpointe, allant du rivage aux basses collines ................ 20 Figure5 : Profil transversal de Toamasina, allant du rivage aux basses collines ................ 21 Figure6 : Lithologie des zones de recherches ..................................................................... 22 Figure7 : La pédologie des zones de recherche ................................................................... 24 Figure8 : Les réseaux hydrographiques naturels des zones de recherche ........................... 26 Figure9 : L’occupation du sol dans les zones de recherche ................................................ 32 Figure10 : Zonation du littoral de Foulpointe ..................................................................... 40 Figure11 : Zonation du littoral de Toamasina ..................................................................... 48 Figure12 : Le transport marin côtier sur la Pointe de Mahavelona ..................................... 55 Figure13 : Le flux des sédiments à Toamasina ................................................................... 57 Figure14 : Evolution du trait de côte de Foulpointe ........................................................... 62 Figure15 : Evolution du trait de côte de Toamasina ........................................................... 64 LISTE DES TABLEAUX Tableau1 : Référence des traits de côte ............................................................................... 11 Tableau2 : Bilan sédimentaire ............................................................................................. 13 Tableau3 : Caractéristique des sédiments littoraux ............................................................. 13 Tableau4 : Éléments morphologiques d’une plage ............................................................. 14 Tableau5: Valeurs caractéristiques de la marée à Toamasina ............................................ 17 IV Tableau6: Station de RINGA-RINGA BAC (18o11S-49o15E) débit moyenne entre 1951/52- 1983/84 en m3/s ................................................................................................................... 25 Tableau7 : Caractéristiques thermique à Toamasina (1971-2000) ...................................... 27 Tableau8 : Valeurs de q des données pluviométriques de 1971 à 2000 à Toamasina ........ 28 Tableau9 : Catégorie des cyclones tropicaux ...................................................................... 29 Tableau10: Nombre de population de 2012 à 2016 ............................................................ 33 Tableau11 : Granulométrie des sédiments littoraux de Toamasina .................................... 49 Tableau12 : Nature des sédiments du littoral de Toamasina ............................................... 50 Tableau13 : Impacts des cyclones tropicaux sur le littoral de Toamasina .......................... 56 LISTE DES PHOTOS Photo1 : Camp militaire à Analakininina détruit par le cyclone Honorinina ...................... 30 Photo2 : Bois coupés pour la fabrication de charbon ......................................................... 31 Photo3 : Forêt brulée
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