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Hoplolaimus Pararobustus Et Helicotylenchus Dihystera (Nemata : Hoplolaimidae)

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Hoplolaimus Pararobustus Et Helicotylenchus Dihystera (Nemata : Hoplolaimidae) Journal of Animal &Plant Sciences, 2013. Vol.19, Issue 1: 2818-2830 Publication date 2/9/2013, http://www.m.elewa.org/JAPS ; ISSN 2071-7024 Influence de la température sur la morphologie de deux espèces de nématodes phytoparasites : Hoplolaimus pararobustus et Helicotylenchus dihystera (Nemata : Hoplolaimidae). Assane NDIAYE, Daniel OBAME MINKO, Jacques François MAVOUNGOU Laboratoire de Zoologie, Unité de recherche Agrobiologie, Université des Sciences et Techniques de Masuku (USTM) ; BP 067 Franceville, Gabon. Tel/Fax : (00241) 67 77 36 /07684362 Correspondant Dr Assane NDIAYE : Email : [email protected] Mots clés : Hoplolaimus pararobustus; Helicotylenchus dihystera; température; biométrie; variabilité. Key words : Hoplolaimus pararobustus; Helicotylenchus dihystera; temperature; biometry; variability. 1 RESUME Dans la première partie de ce travail, l’influence de la température sur les caractéristiques biométriques utilisées pour différencier les espèces du genre Hoplolaimus a été analysée expérimentalement chez l’une d’elles : H. pararobustus . Une population de ce nématode a été élevée à 4 températures du sol différentes : 30, 32, 34 et 36°C, sur une plante hôte, le mil (Pennisetum thyphoides Rich) et à une humidité du sol de 10%, pendant une durée de 75 jours. Il en ressort que la plupart des caractéristiques biométriques, couramment utilisées pour définir les espèces du genre, sont affectées par la température et présentent une importante variabilité. Les limites de cette variabilité intraspécifique, pour la gamme de températures étudiées, sont établies dans ce travail. Dans la seconde partie, la comparaison de l’influence de la température sur la morphométrie des deux espèces de nématodes, H. pararobustus et H. dihystera , appartenant à la même sous famille , a révélé que certaines caractéristiques biométriques, bien qu’équivalentes chez les deux espèces, ne se modifient pas de la même manière sous l’effet de la température. ABSTRACT In the first part of this work, the influence of temperature on the biometric features used to differentiate species of Hoplolaimus was analyzed experimentally in one of them: H. pararobustus . A population of this nematode was raised to four different soil temperatures: 30, 32, 34 and 36 ° C on a host plant, millet ( Pennisetum thyphoides Rich) and a soil moisture of 10%, for a period of 75 days. It appeared that most biometric characteristics commonly used to define the genus, were affected by temperature and had a high variability. The limitations of this intraspecific variability for the temperature range studied in this work are established. In the second part, the comparison of the influence of temperature on the two morphometric nematode species, H. pararobustus and H. dihystera belonging to the same subfamily, revealed that some biometric characteristics, although equivalent in the two species do not change in the same way under the effect of temperature. 2. INTRODUCTION L’identification des nématodes phytoparasites des critères morphologiques et biométriques. est actuellement basée sur des clefs Cependant, il a été signalé l’existence d’une dichotomiques et leur classification repose sur importante variabilité des caractères 2818 Journal of Animal &Plant Sciences, 2013. Vol.19, Issue 1: 2818-2830 Publication date 2/9/2013, http://www.m.elewa.org/JAPS ; ISSN 2071-7024 morphologiques, entre des populations du prouvées, rendraient les clefs d’identification nématode H. pararobustus (Coomans, 1963 ; actuelles inopérantes (Fortuner, 1987), et Sher, 1963 ; Van de Berg et Heyns, 1970). Cette pourraient être à l’origine de confusions variabilité enregistrée entre des populations taxonomiques notamment lors de la naturelles du nématode géographiquement détermination des espèces du genre. isolées, a été établie ultérieurement par Baujard Le présent travail a pour but d’analyser la et al . (1989) à l’intérieur d’une seule et même variabilité des caractères biométriques population, toutefois pour les caractéristiques différentiels des espèces dans le genre morphologiques externes uniquement. Hoplolaimus sous l’influence de la température Concernant les caractéristiques biométriques puis de comparer l’effet de cet important c'est-à-dire quantitatives, leur variabilité reste facteur environnemental sur H. pararobustus et encore inconnue. Leurs modifications, en plus une autre espèce appartenant à la même sous de celles des caractères morphologiques déjà famille : Helicotylenchus dihystera . 3. MATÉRIELS ET MÉTHODES 3.1 Matériel : Deux espèces de nématodes H. heures par jour. L’humidité du sol des pots pararobustus (Schuurmans Stekhoven et Teunissen, d’élevage est maintenue constante à 10% par 1938) Sher, 1963 et H. dihystera (Cobb, 1893) Sher, arrosage biquotidien. A l‘issue de l’expérience, les 1961 ont été étudiées. Ils ont été prélevés dans le nématodes ont été extraits (Seinhorst 1950, 1962) centre du Sénégal, à Ndindy, puis maintenus en puis regroupés par niveau de température. Un élevage au laboratoire sur un hôte végétal : le mil échantillon de nématodes de chaque température (Pennisetum thyphoides Rich). d’élevage a été fixé, à chaud, au FPG 3.2 Méthodes (Formol+Acide propionique+Glycérine). Les 3.2.1 Expérimentation et préparation des nématodes ont été ensuite déshydratés à l’alcool, nématodes : Les expériences sur H. dihystera ont été infiltrés à la glycérine et montés sur lame de Cobb. décrites dans un travail antérieur (Ndiaye et Obame Pour chacune des 4 températures, 30 femelles d’H. Minko, 2010). Celles relatives à H. pararobustus se pararobustus ont été mesurées au microscope sont déroulées de la manière décrite ci-après : Des photonique à immersion, à l’objectif 90, au moyen pots en plastique, remplis de 340 g de sol sableux d’une échelle oculaire micrométrique. Les stérilisé, ont été semés de 10 grains de mil chacun, caractéristiques mesurées sont données dans le puis inoculés avec 25 nématodes. Ces pots, auxquels tableau 1. Ce sont les critères utilisés dans les ont été adjoints des pots témoins, non inoculés, ont diagnoses spécifiques des espèces du genre été ensuite disposés dans 4 enceintes thermostatées, Hoplolaimu s, auxquels ont été adjoints de nouveaux chacune à l’une des 4 températures étudiées, 30°C, caractères dans le but de tester leur variabilité et de 32°C, 34°C et 36°C, avec 8 répétitions par rechercher de nouveaux caractères plus fiables. La température. Notons que ces températures sont longueur du corps a été mesurée au curvimètre sur représentatives des conditions soudano-sahéliennes. des représentations du nématode effectuées à la L’expérience s’est déroulée pendant 75 jours, dans chambre claire à l’objectif 10. une salle climatisée (température constante) où un éclairage électrique est dispensé à raison de 16 2819 Journal of Animal &Plant Sciences, 2013. Vol.19, Issue 1: 2818-2830 Publication date 2/9/2013, http://www.m.elewa.org/JAPS ; ISSN 2071-7024 Tableau 1 : Liste des caractéristiques biométriques mesurées chez Hoplolaimus pararobustus, caractéristiques communes entre Hoplolaimus pararobustus et Helicotylenchus dihystera et étendue de leur variabilité en fonction de la température du sol. Caractéristiques communes Code Caractéristiques mesurées Minimum (um) Maximum (um) aux deux espèces NAT nombre d’anneaux de la tête - 3 5 LS longueur du stylet + 36,24 41,52 LPC longueur de la partie conique du stylet + 18,12 22,65 OGD distance entre le débouche de la glande œsophagienne et la base du stylet + 2,26 6,04 PEA distance entre le pore excréteur et l’extrémité antérieure + 85,31 130,61 PBM distance entre le pore excréteur et le bulbe médian - 0 33,97 PHZ distance entre le pore excréteur et l’hémizonide + 1 15 VOI distance entre la valve œsophage-intestinale et l’extrémité antérieure + 108,72 147,22 GEA distance entre base des glandes œsophagiennes et extrémité antérieure + 140,43 188,75 DCV diamètre du corps à 10 µm de la vulve + 27,93 48,32 LAM largeur des anneaux à mi-corps - 1,51 3,02 LQ longueur de la queue + 11,32 32,46 lQA largeur de la queue au niveau de l’anus + 15,1 36,99 PAE distance entre la phasmide antérieure et l’extrémité antérieure + 135,97 589,32 PPE distance entre la phasmide postérieure et l’extrémité antérieure + 479 ,45 1290,5 DPA diamètre de la phasmide antérieure - 2,28 6,79 DPP diamètre de la phasmide postérieure - 3,77 6,04 BGA longueur de la branche génitale antérieure + 109,47 392,6 BGP longueur de la branche génitale postérieure + 130,61 388 ,82 NAQ nombre d’anneaux de la queue - 7 17 LT longueur de la tête + 6,04 7,55 lT largeur de la tête + 12,83 15,1 LDA largeur du dernier anneau de la tête - 1,51 3,39 HBB hauteur des boutons basaux + 3,77 6,04 SBB largeur des boutons basaux + 3,02 5,28 LBM longueur du bulbe médian - 15,85 22,65 lBM largeur du bulbe médian - 12,08 21,14 BMS distance entre le bulbe médian et la base du stylet - 25,67 46,05 BEA distance entre le bulbe médian et l’extrémité antérieure - 75,5 99,66 PPG distance pore excréteur -portion antérieure des glandes œsophagiennes - 0 45,3 PG distance entre le pore excréteur et le milieu des glandes œsophagiennes - 0 56,62 2820 Journal of Animal &Plant Sciences, 2013. Vol.19, Issue 1: 2818-2830 Publication date 2/9/2013, http://www.m.elewa.org/JAPS ; ISSN 2071-7024 LGD longueur de la glande dorsale + 28,69 64,93 lGD largeur de la glande dorsale - 10,57 19,63 NAH longueur de l’hémizonide en nombre d’anneaux - 1 2,5 HEA distance entre l’hémizonide et l’extrémité antérieure - 113,25 147,98 AEA distance entre l’anneau nerveux et l’extrémité antérieure - 90,6 192 LV profondeur de la vulve + 9,06 18,87 LC longueur totale du corps + 1064,7 1521 (+ = caractéristique commune aux deux espèces de nématode, - = caractéristique non commune, utilisée chez une seule espèce) 2821 Journal of Animal &Plant Sciences, 2013. Vol.19, Issue 1: 2818-2830 Publication date 2/9/2013, http://www.m.elewa.org/JAPS ; ISSN 2071-7024 Tableau 2.
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