The World Journal of Engineering & Applied Science ISSN 2349-4514 ICV Impact Factor 2.05

STUDY OF EXTRA-FLORAL NECTARIES OF VARIOUS SPECIES OF Mill. (CASSIA L.) FOUND FROM VARIOUS PARTS OF

Article Received on Kharadi D.A. & Patel K.C. 29 July 2018 P.G. Centre in Botany, Smt. S. M. Panchal Science Accepted College, Talod - 383215, Sabarkantha, Gujarat, on:

11 Aug 2018

ABSTRACT

Nectaries are nectar-secreting glands found on various parts like, inside and outside of the flower. Nectaries present at Inside of the flower are known as Floral nectaries, whereas nectaries present outside of the flower, ie. on vegetative parts are known as Extra-floral nectaries. Generally, many nectar (extra-floral) are acts as feeding insects, especially ants, wasps, flies and beetles, are attracted to Extrafloral Nectaries (EFNs). Available studies have shown EFN visitors to provide protection to the plant from damage, including flower robbing, seed loss and damage and serve as protection of . Such type of adoptions are specially for keep away from grazing herbivories. Present study deals with the study of total 11 different species of Senna Mill. genus synonym is Cassia L. collected from various parts of Gujarat. The location of ENFs varies from species to species. The location & description of ENFs or glands is clearly stated in the observation.

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INTRODUCTION

Nectaries are nectar-secreting glands found in a plant outside the flower. Generally, many nectar- Extrafloral feeding insects, especially ants, wasps, flies and beetles, are attracted to EFNs (Keeler, 1978). Available studies have shown EFN visitors to provide protection to the plant from damage, including flower robbing (Elias & Gelband, 1975), seed loss (Bentley, 1977) and leaf damage (Keeler, 2010). Bentley reviewed the literature regarding protection of plants by EFNs. Such type of adoptions are specially for keep away from grazing herbivores. It is quite obvious that the position of nectar is at the base of petiole and found constant in all the plant observed in the wild. It is understood from the available reports that the location of these gland vary conspicuously among the members of different families such as cythraceae where the EFNs present in the leaf blade, in vochysiaceae EFNs seen in the stem, penduncle, petiole and in Chrysobalanceae and malphighiaceae the EFNs, located in leaf blade in families like ochnaceae, , rosaceae, malvaceae, myrsinaceae, bigoniaceae, verbanaceae the EFNs are present in the stipules, rachis, petiole, leaf blade, stem besides in members belong families, apocynaceae, boraginaceae, cactacae, compositae, the EFNs are located in the internodes, bracts and phyllaries also. The shape of such gland varies very conspicuously in many other species. Morphology, anatomy and taxonomic significance of extrafloral nectarine genus Plants have evolved a myriad of traits that attract, reward and exploit animals for vital tasks, such as pollination, seed dispersal and herbivore defence (Schoonhoven et al., 2005; Bronstein et al, 2006). Extrafloral nectaries (EFNs) one of such trait in certain plants,are plant-secretory glands most commonly linked to defensive mutualisms (Doak et al. 2007). The ecological importance of the EFNs and their interaction with insects, have motivated many authors to study the morphology, distribution and frequency of these structures in different plant taxa (Zimmerman 1932; Bentley 1977; Metcalfe & Chalk 1979; Elias 1983; Oliveira &Leita~o-Filho 1987; Oliveira &Oliveira-Filho 1991; Koptur, 1992; Morellato & Oliveira 1994; McDade & Turner 1997). of Senna Species bearing EFNs are widely distributed around the world, and more common in tropical than in temperate environments (Pemberton 1988, Oliveira and Leitao-Filho 1987; Oliveira and Oliveira-Filho 1991) and its role in insect attraction. The presence of

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nectar- secreting glandular trichomes on the stipules of . 11 different plant species of Senna genus have been taken under the present study. Many Plant species have Extrafloral Nectaries Helpful to Beneficials. Most everyone is aware that flowers commonly produce nectar that is important in encouraging pollination as well as providing food for hummingbirds and insects. However, few people are aware of the extrafloral nectaries (EFN), nectar-producing glands physically apart from the flower, that have been identified in more than 2000 plant species in more than 64 families. EFN glands may be located on leaf laminae, petioles, rachids, bracts, stipules, pedicels, , etc., and their size, shape and secretions vary with plant taxa. Ants often use EFN and many fascinating studies are available that report the interactions of ants with EFN and the plant's enemies, herbivores.

MATERIAL & METHODS

Since the study is concerned with the study of extra floral nectaries of the Senna L. genus, all these plant species were collected from various areas of Gujarat state from December 2017 to April 2018 and the extrafloral nectaries were observed in each species of Senna genus. Each plant species of Senna genus were identified with the help of state flora (Shah, 1978). Fresh plant species were observed under dissection microscope with special reference to find out the extra floral nectaries on the rachis of such genera at P.G. laboratory of Botany, Science College, Talod. Photographs were taken with the help of camera having 13 mpxls. Observation about glands present on rachis were note down.

OBSERVATIONS

Total 11 species of Senna of Caselpiniaceae family were studied. Scientific name of plant species, Photo data, Position and number of gland(s), Locality and Botanical description of perticular species are described here.

1. Senna fistula L.: Plate: 1 A & B, Plate: 4 F • 4 - leaflet pairs. • Gland is sessile, small, present at lower side of the tip of rachis. • Plants are found at the Garden of the College campus.

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• 6-12 m tall, deciduous . With –brown and rough in older parts, grey and smooth in yonger parts. 20-45 cm long leaflets 4-8 pairs (seldom with an odd terminal glabr escent beneath, subcoriaceous, petiolulate, flower bright to golden – yellow in 20-40 cm long, lax, pedent, branched , pods 35-40 cm long, bark blackish –brown, with faint horizontal veins, seed ovate or ellipsoidal glabrous, smooth.

2. Senna pumila Lam.: Plate: 1 C & D • 6 -10 pair of leaflets. • Gland is stalked gland near first pair of leaflet on rachis upper side. • Plants are found as weed in farm or at waste places. • Prostrate, procumbent or suberect herbs leaves 2.4-7cm long; leaflets 0.8- 1.1×0.2×0.4 cm, linear – oblong, glabrous, sessile.flower pale –to bright –yellow, solitary or geminate, axillary pods 1.1-3.2×0.3-0.4cm, linear –oblong or liner – lanceolate, pale to dark – brown, pubescent, seed subquadrate or trapezoidal, brown, rounded to slightly acute at ends

3. Senna occidentalis (L.) Link: Plate: 1 E & F • 4 - leaflet pairs. • Gland is globular, sessile very near about to axil apper side of leaf axil. • Plants are found as a weed during monsoon season. • Erect, glabrous undershrubs 0.5-1.5m tall leaves 10-15 cm long, leaflet 1.5- 10×0.8-4cm membranous, glasessile above, thinly hairy beneath, subsessile, flower hright – raddish yellow, in 5-15cm long terminal and axillary racemes pods 7-11×0.6- 0.8 cm, laterally compressed, linear - oblong seed subcylindric greenish –brown, smooth, glabrous.

4. Senna siamea (Lam.) Irwin et Barneby: Plate: 2 A & B • 8 -10 leaflet pairs. • Gland is at the tip of rachis lower side, long elongated. • Plants are cultivated at roadside. • 41 m tall trees, with light - blakish –brown, rough, longitudinally fissured bark leaves 6-25 cm long; leaflets 4-14 pair, 1,8-5.2×1.1-2.3 cm, coriaccous, ovate – oblong

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or clliptic –oblong minutely petidulate, flower pale-yellow, 1.2-1.8 cm a cross in terminal • 5-10 cm long, branched racemes pods 15-30×1-1.2cm, blackish –brown compressed, reticulate somewhat constricted between seeds, stoutly beakedseed flat, dark –brown smooth glabrous

5. Senna tora (L.) Roxb.: Plate: 2 C & D • 3 - leaflet pairs. • Glands are present between lower two pair of leaflets, lateral side & in pair lower side. • Plants are growing as a weed during monsoon season. • 30-10 cm tall, suffruticose, glanbrous herbs, leaves 1.5-5.5 cm long; leaflets 1.5- 5.5×1-3.5 cm, obovate, sessile, flower yellow or with reddish tinge, geminate axillary pods 7.5-2.1 cm long, narrowly linear, falcate subtorulose, reticulate beaked

6. Senna auriculata (L.) Roxb. Plate: 2 E & F • 8 - leaflet pairs. • Glands are present at all leaflet pairs on rachis upper side between leaflet pairs but absent at first leaflet pair. Green elongated gland with yellow tip. • Plants are found as a weed at roadside • Erect, bushy shrubs, 1-2 m tall. leaves 2.5-8 cm long; leaflets • 0.8-2.1 ×0.5-1.2 cm, glabrous above, pubescent beneath flower yellow with orang veins, in axillary and terminal, 6-8 cm long racemes, 10-12 ×1.2-1.6 cm, liner flat, pale –to dark – brown, beaked.seeds laterally compressed.

7. Senna italica (Mill) Lam. ex FW Andr. subsp. micrantha, Bren. Plate: 3 A & B • 3 - 5 leaflet pairs. • Gland is absent on rachis • Plants are found on the way to Kalo Dungar at Kutchh. • Diffuse, 30-60 cm tall herbs, some what woody at base, leaves 3-80cm, long; leaflets 3-5 pair, 1-3×0.3-1.5 cm, opposite, glabrous, flower yellow, few, in 4-5 cm long, axillary and terminal racemes, pods 2.5-3.2×1-1.3 cm, flat papery, glabrous, oblong, polished, dark, brown to black.

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8. Senna roxburghii DC.: Plate: 3 C & D • 15 - 20 leaflet pairs. • Gland is present on the tip of the rachis elongated gland. • Plants are found at Botanical Garden of science college, Talod. • 4-8 m tall trees, with grey or yellowish –brown, smooth dark, leaves 7-6.5 cm long, alterinate; leaflets 6-11 pair 1-2,5 ×0.7-0.9 cm, opposite or subopposite, oblong, at length early glabrous, flowers pink or red, in terminal recemes. pods 30-35 cm long. pendent, seldom subtoru lose, dark –brown, glabrous, reticulate, seeds lenticular, compressed, smooth, glabrous, pale –yellowish -brown

9. Senna alata (L.) Roxb. Plate: 3 E & F  4 - leaflet pairs.  Gland is present at lower side of the tip of the rachis.  Plants are generally found roadside and exotic to Gujarat.  The shrub stands 3-4 m tall, with leaves 50-80 cm long. The leaves close in the dark. The looks like yellow candle. The fruit, shaped like a straight pod. is upto 25 cam long. Its seeds are distributed by water or animals. The seed pods are nearly straight, dark brown or nearly black, about 15 cm long & 15 mm wide. On both sides of the pods is a wing that runs th length of the pod. Pods contain 50 to 6o flattened, triangular seeds.

10. Senna pendula (Willd.) Irwin & Barneby Plate: 4 A & B  4 - leaflet pairs.  Gland is globular, sessile, near the leaf base, upperside of the rachis.  Few plants are cultivated in personal garden at Panchvati, Mahiyal, Talod & exotic to Gujarat.  It is an evergreen shrub that grows upto 12 ft tall. The leaves are pinnately compound with 3-5 pairs of oval leaflets, increasing in size towards the tip & about 1.5 inches in length. It blooms with bright yellow flowers in long stalked racemes consisting of 3-12 blossoms. The mature pods are brown, cylindrical, partially segmented & 3.6 inches long.

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11. Senna uniflora (Mill.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby: Plate: 4 C, D, E  4 - leaflet pairs.  Glands are present at the upperside of rachis between the all leaflet pairs, elongated, with blackish tip.  Exotic plant for Gujarat are found on the roadside on the way from Talod to Himmatnagar and Himmatnagar to Deshotar. An erect, annual, woody herbaceous plant with young branches appressedly hairy & old ones glabrous. Pinnately compound leaves, 3-5 leaflet pairs, ovate-lanceolate to oblanceolate, stipules linear, bristle like, persistent. Flowers yellow, petals obovate & veined. Pods flat, 5-10 seeded. Seeds are dark brown in colour.

DISCUSSION & CONCLUSION

From the 11 different species studied, it can be concluded that EFNs are present in all these species of Senna genus. The gland(s) are present at various location with respect to species. In the species i.e. S.fistula, S. siamea, & S.roxburghii glands are present on the tip of the rachis where as in the hurb and shrub species of Senna, the gland(s) are present on the lower side of the rachis between the pair of leaflets. EFNs represents a heterogeneous multitude of secretary structures, from simple glandular trichomes and cryptic secretory tissue embedded within EFN bearing plant part to conspicuous, complex vascularizad gland. EFN are found in many tropical genera of the family caesalpiniaceae, the gennu Cassia L., comprises of 600 species occuring mostly in the tropics and subtropics, especially in india. Cassia is the only genus in Caesalpiniaceae in which some species are characterized by the presence of extrafloral nectarines on the petiole/rachis/rachilla or leaf superface (Bharathi & Bhattachariya 1970). The diversity in gland shape and location taxonomically valuable in addition to their ecological role in plant insect interactions from the field observation on the occurrence of EFN gland in Cassia sp.

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REFERENCES

Bentley, BL. 1977. Extrafloral nectaries and protection by pugnacious bodyguards. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 8:407-427 Elias T.S., Gelband H. (1976) Morphology and anatomy of foral and extrafloral nectaries in Campsis (Bigoniaceae) American Jouranal of Botany, 63, 1349-1353. Gisha Moshe, Mark C. Mescherb, and Consuelo M. De Moraesb (2016). ‘Mechanical defenses of plant extrafloral nectaries against herbivory’, ARTICLE HISTORY Received 6 April 2016. Heil M. Extrafloral nectar at the plant-insect interface: a spotlight on chemical ecology, phenotypic plasticity, and food webs. Annu Rev Entomol 2015; 60:213-32; PMID:25564741; Keeler, KH. 2010. World list of angiosperm species with extrafloral nectaries. Available at http://www.biosci.unl.edu/emeriti/keeler/extrafloral/worldlistfamilies. Koptur S. Extrafloral nectary-mediated interactions between insects and plants. In: Insect plant iteractions. Bernays EA (eds.), Vol IV. Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC Press; 1992; p. 81-129. Pemberton, R. W. and L. Lee. 1996. Te influence of extrafloral nectaries on parasitism of an insect herbivore. Am. J. Botany. 83: 1187-1194. Pemberton, R. W. and N. J. Vandenburg 1993. Extrafloral nectar feeding by ladybird beetles (Coleoptera; Coccinellidae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 95: 139-151. Rogers, C. E. 1985. Extrafloral nectar: entomological implications. Bull. Entomol. Soc. Am. 31: 15-20. Weber MG, Keeler KH. The phylogenetic distribution of extrafloral nectaries in plants. Ann Bot 2013; 111:1251-61; PMID:23087129.

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