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Eua E a Arquitetura Moderna: Experiências Compartilhadas, 1939-1959

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Eua E a Arquitetura Moderna: Experiências Compartilhadas, 1939-1959 O RELACIONAMENTO BRASIL – EUA E A ARQUITETURA MODERNA: EXPERIÊNCIAS COMPARTILHADAS, 1939-1959 DÉBORA DA ROSA RODRIGUES LIMA HORMAIN São Paulo 2012 O RELACIONAMENTO BRASIL – EUA E A ARQUITETURA MODERNA: EXPERIÊNCIAS COMPARTILHADAS, 1939-1959 Tese apresentada à Faculdade de Arquitetura e Urbanismo da Universidade de São Paulo para a obtenção do Título de Doutor DÉBORA DA ROSA RODRIGUES LIMA HORMAIN Orientador: Profª. Drª. Fernanda Fernandes da Silva São Paulo 2012 AUTORIZO A REPRODUÇÃO E DIVULGAÇÃO TOTAL OU PARCIAL DESTE TRABALHO POR QUALQUER MEIO CONVENCIONAL OU ELETRÔNICO, PARA FINS DE ESTUDO E PESQUISA, DESDE QUE CITADA A FONTE. E-MAIL AUTORA: [email protected] / [email protected] Hormain, Débora da Rosa Rodrigues Lima. O relacionamento Brasil – EUA e a arquitetura moderna: Experiências compartilhadas, 1939 - 1959 / Débora da Rosa Rodrigues Lima, São Paulo, 2012. DVD 271p.: il. Tese (Doutorado – Área de Concentração: História da Arquitetura e do Urbanismo) – FAUUSP. Orientadora: Fernanda Fernandes da Silva. 1. Movimento Moderno. 2. Arquitetura Moderna. 3. Brasil 4. Estados Unidos da América I. Título. “Em 1943, com a publicação do livro Brazil Builds, concluía-se o ciclo de construção do caso brasileiro como topos fundamental do imaginário da arquitetura do século 20. Ainda que seu processo de formação possa ser datado no começo da segunda metade da década de 1930, o ciclo se desenvolveu entre dois episódios nova-iorquinos, respectivamente em 1939 e 1943: refiro-me à construção do Pavilhão do Brasil na Feira The World of Tomorrow e à exposição Brazil Builds no Museu de Arte Moderna (MoMA)”. (LIERNUR: 1999) “Com isso foi possível se constatar as múltiplas influências sofridas por nossa arquitetura ao longo das décadas, matizando de forma significativa o monocromatismo inicial que enxergava de forma míope (talvez seja mais apropriado dizer “daltônica”) apenas o filão corbusiano original, que seria a mola propulsora de um desenvolvimento particular, que muitas vezes ganhou os contornos de um processamento endógeno, sem vasos comunicantes com a produção externa”. (GUERRA: 2008) A HENRIQUE ESPADA RODRIGUES LIMA (1942-1996) HORMAIN, D.R.R.L. O Relacionamento Brasil – EUA e a Arquitetura Moderna: Experiências compartilhadas, 1939 - 1959. 2012. 271 f. Tese (Doutorado) – Faculdade de Arquitetura e Urbanismo. Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2012. RESUMO tese de Doutorado em questão analisa o relacionamento, as experiências e os intercâmbios ocorridos entre profissionais da arquitetura brasileiros e americanos (ou imigrantes na América do Norte) em um período que se estende desde o reconhecimento da arquitetura moderna brasileira no âmbito internacional, entre o final dos anos 1930 e início dos quarenta, atravessando o segundo pós-guerra até o início dos anos 1960. Inúmeras foram as trocas entre os dois países, muitas vezes desmerecidas em detrimento daquelas ocorridas com o continente europeu, e que neste trabalho procuramos dar espaço e buscar seu entendimento. De modo que o foco da pesquisa foi demonstrar que outras frentes de diálogo se consolidaram, justamente quando a arquitetura moderna que se fazia no Brasil passava, também, a dialogar internacionalmente, e, dentro deste panorama, os Estados Unidos da América, novo centro cultural do mundo, teve um papel essencial. Partindo do pressuposto que o relacionamento entre o Brasil e os Estados Unidos foi decisivo no processo, na divulgação e no fortalecimento do modernismo brasileiro em âmbito internacional, o objetivo do trabalho foi compreender, através da identificação dos personagens e da análise das experiências e trocas entre os dois países, como estes fatos incidiram no campo arquitetônico brasileiro. O tema se desenvolveu a partir de uma visão síntese da interação entre a historiografia do movimento moderno e o contexto histórico e cultural em que os profissionais arquitetos se inseriam naquele preciso momento histórico. Palavras-chave: Movimento Moderno, Arquitetura Moderna, Brasil, Estados Unidos da América HORMAIN, D.R.R.L. The Relationship Brazil – USA and the Modern Architecture: Shared Experiences, 1939 - 1959. 2012. 271 f. Tese (Doutorado) – Faculdade de Arquitetura e Urbanismo. Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2012. ABSTRACT he doctoral thesis examines the relationship in question, the experiences and professional exchanges occurred between the Brazilian and American architects (or immigrants in North America) in a period that extends from the recognition of Brazilian modern architecture at the international level, between late 1930s and early forties, through the second post-war until the early 1960s. Many were the exchanges between the two countries, often undeserved in detriment of those that occurred with the European continent, and in this paper we give space and seek their understanding. So the focus of the research was to demonstrate that other fronts of dialogue have been consolidated, just as the modern architecture that was done in Brazil was also beginning to dialogue internationally, and within this framework, the United States of America, new cultural center of the world, played a key role. Assuming that the relationship between Brazil and the United States was instrumental in the process, dissemination and strengthening of Brazilian modernism at the international level, the objective of the work was to understand, through the identification of the characters and analysis of the experiences and exchanges between the two countries, how these events have focused on the Brazilian architectural field. The theme was developed from a synthetic view of the interaction between the historiography of the modern movement and the historical and cultural context in which professional architects were inserted at that precise moment in history. Keywords: Modern Movement, Modern Architecture, Brazil, United States of America AGRADECIMENTOS gradeço inicialmente às seguintes instituições, cuja existência permitiu a realização deste trabalho: a Fapesp (Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo), que financiou a pesquisa entre 2009 e 2012; ao Programa de Doutorado do Curso de Pós-Graduação em História e Fundamentos da Arquitetura e Urbanismo da Faculdade de Arquitetura e Urbanismo da Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Gostaria de agradecer aos funcionários e diretores das seguintes bibliotecas em que realizei minhas pesquisas, nas quais fui muito bem acolhida. No Brasil: Biblioteca Mário de Andrade, Bibliotecas da Graduação e Pós-Graduação da FAU-USP, arquivos do Museu de Arte Moderna de São Paulo (MAM) e MASP, além dos da Bienal de Arte de São Paulo; nos Estados Unidos: New York Public Library e arquivos do Museum of Modern Art – MoMA (New York, NY), The Library of Congress, U. S. National Archives e American Institute of Architects - AIA (Washington D.C.) e The Getty Institute (Los Angeles, California). Especialmente a Michelle Elligot, Museum Archivist, do Museum of Modern Art, em New York. Todos da Library of Congress em Washington D.C: à querida Karen J. Fishman, Reference Librarian (Motion Picture, Broadcasting and Recorded Sound Division), que tanto me auxiliou com a “descoberta” das entrevistas de Jonh Peter. Também a Jerry Hatfield e Ryan Chroninger, Public Services Assistants (Motion Picture, Broadcasting, and Recorded Sound Division), que me auxiliaram para a digitalização e aquisição dos áudios. À Molly Peter, filha de John Peter, que me permitiu o copyright para digitalização dos áudios das entrevistas de seu pai com os arquitetos brasileiros. No American Institute of Architects, também em Washington D.C., agradeço à Nancy Hadley, Assoc. AIA, CA, Manager, Archives and Records. À minha querida orientadora, a professora Fernanda Fernandes da Silva por ter aceitado orientar este trabalho, e tê-lo feito com enorme generosidade intelectual, devo meus mais sinceros agradecimentos. À prof.ª Drª. Mônica Junqueira de Camargo e ao prof. Dr. Fernando Atique por terem participado de meu exame de qualificação e me proporcionarem sugestões pertinentes e construtivas para a continuidade do meu trabalho. A convivência durante as disciplinas cursadas foi fundamental para a sedimentação de muitas das discussões colocadas aqui, servindo, inclusive, de apoio e consolo à esta travessia tão solitária. Graças, também, aos professores e colegas do programa de pós-graduação que, de formas distintas e em diferentes tempos, ajudaram para que essa sedimentação acontecesse, consigo, agora, concluir este trabalho. Nas minhas frequentes idas a Florianópolis, minha terra natal, a acolhida dos amigos de sempre foi muito importante. Espero contar-lhes algo novo sobre a arquitetura moderna. A meu pai, Henrique, que tanto alimentou minha curiosidade, “sempre”, e a quem já dediquei minha dissertação de mestrado, dedico também este trabalho. Sua lembrança estará sempre em minha memória. À minha família, que significa tudo para mim; minha mãe, Juraci, sempre presente, minha irmã Fabiana e meus sobrinhos queridos, Carolina, Juliana e “baby” Sam/Trey. Ao meu irmão Henrique Espada, que sempre será meu mentor intelectual, seja pelo incentivo, seja por sua própria história de vida. Enfim, ao Fernando, que esteve ao meu lado em todos os momentos, e que já é, quase, um arquiteto, sempre disposto a me acompanhar em peregrinações em busca de “arquiteturas” pelo mundo afora. A ele agradeço, com amor, sua compreensão paciente. E, claro, e principalmente, às minhas duas filhas amadas, para quem tudo faço e tudo farei, Natalia e Olivia, com amor. A todos devo o suporte necessário que
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