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The Poetry of the Thirties

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The Poetry of the Thirties THE POETRY OF THE THIRTIES LONDON VICTOR GOLLANCZ LTD 1975 O A. T. Tolley 1975 ISBN o 575 01976 x To Margaret in memory and to Mr W because you said so Printed in Great Britain by The Camelot Press Ltd, Southampton CONTENTS 2 OXFORD 39 Oxford Poetry, 1925-32 - C. Day Lewis - W. H. Auden - Louis MacNeice - Stephen Spender - Influence of Eliot - 3 CAMBRIDGE 58 Cambridge, c. 1930 - Ronald Bottrall - Julian Bell - John Lehmann - William Empson -James Reeves 4 FORWARDFROM MORTMERE 85 ccMortmere'y- Homer Lane - Poems, 1928 - "Paid on Both Sides" - Poem, I930 - Graves and Riding - Impact of Poems, 1930 - The Orators - Poems in New Coun- try - The Dance of Death - The Dog Beneath the Skin 5 NEW SIGNATURES:NEW COUNTRY 108 New Signatures - New Country (A.S. J. Tessi- mond, Michael Roberts) - The Listener 6 POETRYAND POLITICS 122 Stephen Spender - John Lehmann - C. Day Lewis - Rex Warner - the Problem of Political Poetry - The First Phase of Political Poetry 8 7 MARX,FREUD AND CHRIST 152 - - W. H. Auden and Communism - Look Cf*.nMnnwl- 5i7 W A.lrlam :- +La1-+- +h:s+:eo . , . A*. AIUUU*. I.. LIIb AUCU L..lLALlUY i -, 8 THE OLDORDER AND THE NEW I75 , Louis MacNeice -John Betjeman THE POETRY OF THE THIRTIES CONTENTS 9 THE CENTREOF THE STAGE Lewis, Stephen Spender, George Barker - Acceptance of the New Poetry - Scrutiny, Retrospect F. R. Leavis and other critics 18 NEWERSIGNATURES 356 The Newer Poets - Twentieth Century Verse, NEW VERSE - - - New Verse - Geoffrey Grigson - Norman Ruthven Todd, H. B. Mallalieu, D. S. Cameron - Bernard Spencer - Kenneth Savage, Julian Symons, Roy Fuller, Fran- Allott cis Scarfe - The Apocalypse Movement, J. F. Hendry, G. S. Fraser, Norman PARTONSTREET MacCaig, Tom Scott, Nicholas Moore, Parton Street - Surrealism - Contemporary Henry Treece, Dorian Coolre - Laurie Poetry and Prose Lee, W. R. Rodgers, I?, T. Prince, Henry MAN'SLIFE IS THIS MEAT Reed - Subsequent Careers David Gascoyne - George Barker - Philip 19 OVERTURESTO DEATH 374 0' Connor Left-wing disillusionment - The Coming THERIMBAUD OF CWMDONKINDRIVE of War Swansea - Notebooks - Eighteen Poems - Twenty-Five Poems - The art of the early poetry IMAGINATIONAND THE WORLD The nature of the Imagination - J. Bro- nowski, Humphrey Jennings, Charles Madge, Mass Observation - Kathleen Raine - Wales, Vernon Watlrins POPULARARTS Highbrow literature and a popular audi- ence - Verse Drama - Light Verse - Letters from Iceland - William Plomer - Literature and Reporting POPULARFRONT The Popular Front movement - Left Revizw - Jizw 'Writing - The Left Book Club - Iclris Davies, Julius Lipton and proletarian poetry - Christopher Caudwell SPAIN The Spanish Civil War - Its impact in Britain - The war and the literary Left - John Cornford - W. H. Auden, C. Day - - PREFATORY NOTE The Poetry of the Thirties is intended to offer a critical account of the work of British poets of the nineteen-thirties. In a sense, any book is a continued demonstration of the validity of its own conception of the boundaries of its subject; but there may be some value at the outset in giving an indication of what is included or omitted. The change that is associated with the new poets of the nineteen-thirties is the appearance of a dominating concern with political themes; but this will not do to define the subject, as it would lead to the exclusion of poets and poetry that clearly have a place in the book. However, the list of poets usually thought of when the thirties are mentioned -C. Day Lewis, W. H. Auden, Stephen Spender, Louis MacNeice, John Lehmann, Geoffrey Grigson, William Emp- son, Dylan Thomas, George Barker, David Gascoyne- attests to the way in which certain young writers who were at Oxford and Cambridge in the late twenties brought about a change in English poetry in the succeeding decade; and it is with the work of those writers that the book begins. The oldest of them, C. Day Lewis, was born in 1904. Three writers, a year or two older, became associated with these poets with the publication of the anthology New Signatures-Michael Roberts (born 1902), A. S. J. Tessimond (born ~goa),and William Plomer (born 1903). Roy Campbell, 'slightly older still (born I~OI), seems to stand apart as a poet, and the discussion is not extended to include his work. Similarly, the work of writers like Laura Riding, who began publishing books in the twenties, is not discussed, even though it was an important part of the literary output of the decade. The same applies to older writers, such as T. S. EIiot, who con- tinued publishing work of the first significance during the thirties. The historical approach has been chosen out of a sense of its appropriateness to a subject so intimately involved with the events of its time, and out of a desire to show the development I2 THE POETRY OF THE THIRTIES of poetry over the period. In addition, it is felt that the literary historical approach can often give a better insight into the idiom of a body of poetry than does the analytic approach, which, in the hands of some of its more highly developed - -- --- -- -- - - practitioners, has often become a means of unload1XgtKeir ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS own philosophical preoccupations on to the poetry. f It is a pleasure to be able to recommend to readers a book that is more than a worthy companion to the reading of this MY ADMIRATIONS AND indebtedness will, I hope, be clear one-Robin Skelton's anthology The Poetry of the Thirties from the book itself and from the bibliography and references. (Penguin Books) ;it should be invaluable in providing access to What follows is a record of specific indebtedness or service, material otherwise hard to obtain. together with acknowledgement of those works from which Finally, it is perhaps appropriate, writing on a British quotation has been made. I have tried to be as accurate as subject from a Canadian University, to say, for the benefit possible in the latter, and apologise for any errors or omissions of any reviewers of the book, that the author was born and in what is a rather long listing from a wide variety of sources. educated in England. The book was written during a period of normal duties as a A. T. T. professor in the English Department at Carleton University, and later as Dean of the Faculty of Arts (Division I). It was Carleton Universip done without benefit of sabbatical leave, leave of absence, Ottawa fellowships, travel grants, or other grants in aid. Carleton University, through its Research and Publications Fund, paid for the preparation of the typescript and provided a grant in support of publication. I should like to express my gratitude to the University for this and other types of assistance. My initial thinking about the subject owed a great deal to my late wife, Margaret, who had considerable experience of the Left-wing in the nineteen-thirties. George Johnston read the whole of the typescript and made many suggestions that I have incorporated. George Steiner read part of the typescript and gave valuable help at a time when help and encouragement were needed. Frank Wilson gave a great deal of time and support to the project of publishing the book; and Eva Kushner gave similar assistance. Part of the book was written in the house of Peter and Kirsten Lamb. Jean Rogers of the National Library of Canada helped me in tracing books in my original bibliography. Very considerable assistance in obtaining texts was given over the years by the Inter-library Loan Departments at Monash University and at Carleton Univers~ty.Iuateriai was aiso brought to my attention by the G. J. Wood Memorial Clipping Service. Barbara Sudall, my secretary for many years, helped put the typescript -. --- I4 THE POETRY OF THE THIRTIES i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I5 into good shape and corrected the spelling. Pamela Going and Essays, Poems and Letters (Hogarth Jean Smith did a great deal of typing for me. My wife, Glenda, Press) helped revise the Introduction. John Betjeman Collected Poems (John Murray) - Chapter 2 originally appeared, in more extended form, as an First and Last Loves (John Murray) article in the University of Toronto l&uartzrly,to-whom I am - - -Ronald Bottrall The Loosening and Other Poem grateful for the re-use of this material. (Heffer) I should like to say that it is a pleasure to appear under an Festiuals of Fire (Faber & Faber) imprint that saw the publication of so much work that was a J. Bronowski The Poet's Defence (Cambridge vital part of the life of the thirties. University Press) William Blake (Secker) Acknowledgement is made for quotation from the following : Norman Cameron Collected Poems (Hogarth Press) Christopher Caudwell Poems (Lawrence and Wishart) Kenneth Allott Poems (Hogarth Press) Studies in a Dying Culture (John Lane) The Ventriloquist's Doll (Cresset John Cornford John Cornford: a memoir (Jonathan Press) Cape) The Penguin Book of Contem#oray Idris Davies Gwalia Deserta (J.M. Dent) Verse (Penguin) C. Day Lewis W. H. Auden (with Hogarth Press Transitional Poem, From Feathers to (with Faber & Faber) Poems, The Orators, Look Stranger!, and Jonathan Cape) Iron, The Magnetic Mountain, A Spain, Letters from Iceland, Journey Time to Dance, Overtures to Death, to a War, The Dance of Death, Noah and the Waters, The Aeneid The Dog Beneath the Skin, The of Virgil Ascent of 276, On the Frontier, A Beechen Vigil (Fortune Press) Another Time Country Comets (Hopkinson) The Poet's Tongue (Bell) A Hope for Poetry (Basil Blaclrwell) The Oxford Book of Light Verse The Buried Day (Chatto & Win- (Oxford University Press) dus) Poems (1928) (University of Cin- William Empson Collected Poems (Chatto & Windus) cinnati) C. P. Fitzgibbon The Life of Dylan Thomas (J.
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