A GUIDE TO NATIVE OF THE EASTERN PIEDMONT: Moist-Wet Lowland Clearing Restoration Species ABOUT THE GUIDE CONTACT US This guide provides an overview of commercially available native plants Athens-Clarke County Mimsie Lanier Center in the Georgia eastern piedmont. The guide, intended for use by both Sustainability Office State Botanical Garden homeowners and industry professionals, was created as a collaborative effort between the Athens-Clarke County Sustainability Office and State Botanical Garden of Georgia. Links to resources are provided for additional 110 Bray Street 2450 S. Milledge Avenue information. Format the guide at 11x17 paper size or larger to print. Athens, GA 30601 Athens, GA 30605 706-613-3838 706-542-1244 [email protected] [email protected] Other guides in this series include:

Dry Woodland and Forest Restoration Species Dry-Moist Upland Clearings Restoration Species Floodplain Meadow: Bottomland Riparian Restoration Species Forested Floodplain Restoration Species Moist Forested Slopes Restoration Species

This native guide series was compiled by Photos by J. Michael Wharton Linda Chafin, Conservation Botanist, State Botanical Garden

ABOUT US Athens-Clarke County Sustainability Office

The Sustainability Office works as a steward of public resources, involving land management of Unified Government green space, ecological planning and project management, and education as it pertains to Unified Government green space and ecology.

Mimsie Lanier Center for Native Plant Studies at the State Botanical Garden of Georgia

At the University of Georgia, the Mimsie Lanier Center for Native Plant Studies is the State Botanical Garden’s headquarters for native plant restoration, conservation, education, production, and safeguarding. As a unit of Public Service and Outreach at the University of Georgia, the State Botanical Garden creates and nurtures an environment for learning, inspiration, and engagement through horticulture, conservation, science based programs and lasting partnerships. WHY NATIVES? PLANTINGNURSERIES GUIDELINES SELLING NATIVES Native plants are those which are indigenous to a certain area and have adapted to the local conditions. Native plants are a great alternative to exotic or non-native plants for a variety of reasons. Native plant species • Seeds can be sown in pots or seed flats that are kept in a shady provide food and shelter for native wildlife, whereas exotics cannot location. When planting, seeds can be placed close together (1/8-1/4” because they haven’t evolved with the surrounding wildlife. In addition to apart). Seeds should be planted as deep as they are thick. Very small supporting biodiversity, natives also benefit homeowners by requiring less seeds are barely covered, if at all. After planting, water with a gentle water, fertilizer, and pesticide than exotics. spray until thoroughly wet. • Link: https://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs_series/wo/wo_ah730/wo_ah730_133_151.pdf Because native plants often require less water than non-natives, they can help prevent and control erosion. Native seed mixes can be used as an • Seed bombs are small balls of clay, compost, and seeds. alternative to other erosion control methods, such as silt fences or mulch. They’re easy to grow--simply drop or throw seed bombs without Native seed mixes should have a diversity of seed species so that they can needing to dig holes or water in. Recommended spacing is 1 seed bomb be applied to large areas of land with varying soil conditions. / square foot, and at least 10 seed bombs / square meter. • Link: https://permaculturenews.org/2014/06/18/making-seedballs-ancient-method- till-agriculture/ Follow this link to a list of recommended native plant nurseries: https://botgarden.uga.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Directory-of-Na- tive-Plant-Nurseries.pdf • Plugs are small seedlings grown in a tray. They can be planted by digging small holes in the ground using a hand trowel. Add a Follow this link to find out more about the harmful effects of invasive plants: https:// well draining compost to the surrounding dirt so that plugs are not www.fs.fed.us/learn/plants-animals Photo by Gardeners’World.com oversaturated. Carefully loosen roots and place plug in the hole. Press firmly around the root ball. Finally, water in with a gentle spray. • Link: https://www.ecolandscaping.org/02/developing-healthy-landscapes/ecological- landscaping-101/planting-plugs-putting-tools-to-the-test/

• Mulch is often used when planting to suppress competition from PLANTING DEFINITIONS other vegetation. Pine straw and pine bark chips are recommended to mitigate weeds. Though widely used, hay contains weed seeds, such as • Full sun - plants receive direct sunlight for <6 hrs/day dandelion flower, crabgrass, and annual bluegrass seeds. Straw can be used as an alternative to hay, which contains fewer weed seeds. • Light shade - plants receive 3-5 hrs/day of sun • Link: http://www.gfc.state.ga.us/community-forests/management/tree-care/mulching- trees/index.cfm • Partial shade - plants receive 2 hours of direct sun/day or shaded at least half of the day; partial shade can be found under or around trees. • Trees are best planted during early fall. Before planting, conduct a site analysis to identify above and below ground utilities. Dig a hole • Full shade - plants receive an hour of direct sun/day as deep as the root ball and 2-3 times the width of the root ball. Cut circling roots before placing tree in hole. Ensure that tree is upright and • Dense shade - plants receive no direct and little indirect sunlight not planted too deep. Once tree is in the correct position, fill remaining space in hole with soil. Pack in around the base of the tree to stabilize it. • Wet soil/Dry soil - some plants can tolerate drought while Water in tree but do not fertilize. Avoid staking tree. Mulch the base of others can tolerate poorly drained soils. However, it’s important to recognize the tree to reduce competition from weeds. that all plants require their roots to have some oxygen to function. • Link: file:///S:/Ecological%20and%20Land%20Management/Restoration_Planting_ Native%20Plant%20List-ID/Native%20Plant%20Species%20List%20-%20 Piedmont%20GA/ Planting%20Instructions/How%20to%20Plant%20a%20Tree%20 Link: file:///S:/Ecological%20and%20Land%20Management/Restoration_Planting_Native%20 _%20NRCS.pdf Plant%20List-ID/Native%20Plant%20Species%20List%20-%20Piedmont%20GA/Planting%20 Instructions/Defining%20Sun%20Requirements%20for%20Plants.pdf Photo by Gardeners’World.com Photo by Gardeners’World.com Moist-Wet Lowland Restoration Species for the Eastern Georgia Piedmont - Updated 3/4/2020

Flowers: Scientific name and Common Light Soil Plant season / Growth Form Wildlife Associations Management Considerations Comments synonyms Names Requirement Moisture Height color / showy?

FORBS Amsonia Blue Star forb sun, part sun medium 3 ft spring / Pollinated by hummingbirds, butterflies, long- Tolerates some drought. Easy to grow. Deer- tabernaemontana blue / tongued bees, moths. Leaves contain a toxic resistant. showy latex and are avoided by caterpillars and browsing mammals. Asclepias incarnata Swamp forb sun, part sun high, 4 ft summer / Flowers pollinated by bees, wasps, flies, NOT fire-tolerant. Forms small colonies. Larval host for Monarch butterflies. Milkweed medium pink / butterflies, and hummingbirds. Larval host for Most insects avoid feeding on the showy Monarch butterflies. Leaves are bitter and leaves due to toxic latex. Native toxic, discouraging deer and other mammal American medicinal plant. browsing.

Bidens aristosa Swamp forb sun, part sun high, 3 ft fall / yellow Flowers pollinated by butterflies, bees, wasps, Moderately deer-resistant Annual or biennial, but self-seeds Marigold, Bur medium / showy flies, and beetles. Larval host for butterflies and heavily. Marigold moths. Seeds eaten by birds. Conoclinium Mist-flower forb sun, part sun, high, 3 ft summer, Flowers pollinated by bees, skippers, moths, Deer-resistant. Fire-tolerant. Spreads coelestinum shade medium fall / blue / beetles, and butterflies. Larval host for moths. aggressively in optimal conditions by both (synonym: showy Bitter leaves discourage mammal browsing. seed and rhizomes. Eupatorium coelestinum) Elephantopus Carolina forb part sun, medium 3 ft summer, Flowers pollinated by bees and small carolinianus Elephant's Foot shade fall / pink / butterflies. Larval host for moths. not showy Eupatorium Hyssop-leaf forb sun medium 3 ft fall / white / Flowers pollinated by butterflies, bees, wasps. Drought- and fire-tolerant. For woodland habitats, best planted in hyssopifolium Thoroughwort showy Larval host for moths. Seeds eaten by birds. sunny borders and permanent canopy gaps. Spreads quickly by seed and rhizomes. Eupatorium Perfoliate forb sun, part sun high, 5 ft fall / white / Flowers pollinated by bees, flies, butterflies, Deer-resistant. Forms clumps. Native American medicinal plant; perfoliatum Boneset, medium showy beetles, wasps. Larval host for moths. Birds eat modern research suggests that its Perfoliate seeds. Bitter foliage discourages herbivores. leaves are an immune system Thoroughwort stimulant.

1 Moist-Wet Lowland Restoration Species for the Eastern Georgia Piedmont - Updated 3/4/2020

Flowers: Scientific name and Common Light Soil Plant season / Growth Form Wildlife Associations Management Considerations Comments synonyms Names Requirement Moisture Height color / showy?

Eupatorium Round-leaf forb sun, part sun high, 5 ft fall / white / Flowers pollinated by bees, flies, butterflies, Deer-resistant. Fire-tolerant. Well documented anti-cancer activity. rotundifolium Boneset, Round- medium showy skippers, beetles, wasps. Larval host for moths. leaf Bitter, toxic foliage discourages mammalian Thoroughwort herbivores. Eupatorium Late-flowering forb sun, part sun high, 6 ft fall / white / Flowers pollinated by bees, flies, butterflies, Deer-resistant. serotinum Boneset, Late- medium showy skippers, beetles, wasps. Larval host for moths. flowering Bitter foliage discourages herbivores. Thoroughwort Eutrochium Purple-node forb part sun medium, 7 ft fall / pink / Flowers pollinated by butterflies, skippers, Somewhat deer-resistant. A smaller Piedmont version of the purpureum Joe-pye-weed, low showy bees, moths. Larval host for moths. Seeds eaten showier mountain Joe-Pye species, E. (synonyms: Sweet Joe-Pye by birds. Moderately deer-resistant. fistulosum. Eupatorium Weed purpureum and Eupatoriadelphus purpureum) Helenium Sneezeweed forb sun, part sun high, 5 ft fall / yellow Flowers are pollinated by bees, wasps, flies, Deer and other mammals avoid due to Common name is based on traditional autumnale medium / showy butterflies, and beetles. Larval host for moths. toxic, bitter foliage. use of dried leaves as a snuff to cause Deer and other mammals avoid due to toxic, sneezing that expels evil spirits. bitter foliage. Helianthus Narrow-leaf forb sun, part sun high, 9 ft late Flowers pollinated by bees, wasps, flies, Spreads rapidly by rhizomes to form angustifolius Sunflower medium summer, skippers, butterflies. Larval host for moths and colonies. Top-killed by fire but re-sprouts fall / yellow butterflies. Seeds eaten by birds and small from rhizomes. Moderately deer-resistant / showy mammals. due to sand-papery leaves. Heliopsis Ox-eye, False forb sun, part sun medium, 6 ft summer / Flowers pollinated by bees, wasps, flies, Deer-resistant. Fast-grower, forming 2-4 There is no information on the fire- helianthoides Sunflower low yellow / beetles, butterflies, and skippers. Birds and foot clumps. Establishes readily from seed. tolerance of this species, but it likely is showy small mammals eat the seeds. Deer-resistant. Drought-tolerant. top-killed and re-sprouts from its rhizomes. It is a short-lived perennial that readily self-seeds. Hibiscus laevis Halberd-leaf forb sun, part sun high, 6 ft summer / Flowers attract bees, hummingbirds, bees. Somewhat deer-resistant. Hibiscus are related to okra and have (synonym: Hibiscus Mallow medium white, pink Larval host for butterflies, skippers, and moths. the same slimy sap, which, whipped militaris) / showy Seeds eaten by waterfowl. Browsed by deer. with sugar, produced the first Somewhat deer-resistant. marshmallows.

2 Moist-Wet Lowland Restoration Species for the Eastern Georgia Piedmont - Updated 3/4/2020

Flowers: Scientific name and Common Light Soil Plant season / Growth Form Wildlife Associations Management Considerations Comments synonyms Names Requirement Moisture Height color / showy?

Hibiscus Rose-mallow forb sun, part sun high, 8 ft summer / Flowers pollinated by bees, butterflies, Tolerates short periods of flooding. Not Technically an herb, this plant is moscheutos medium white, pink hummingbirds. Larval host for butterflies, deer-resistant. Top-killed by fire, but shrubby, with several stems rising from / showy skippers, moths. Seeds eaten by waterfowl. probably re-sprouts from large rhizomes. a woody base. Hibiscus are related to okra and have the same slimy sap, which, whipped with sugar, produced the first marshmallows.

Impatiens capensis Jewelweed forb sun, part sun, high, 5 ft summer, Flowers pollinated by bees, hummingbirds, Annual, but self-seeds heavily and forms Sap is used to relieve poison ivy shade medium fall / orange butterflies. Larval host to moths. Birds, small large patches. itching. / showy mammals eat seeds.

Iris fulva Copper Iris forb sun, part sun high 3.5 ft spring / Flowers pollinated by hummingbirds and bees. Tolerates extended flooding and heavy wet All parts are toxic. Spreads by seed and coppery / Foliage and rhizomes are toxic and seldom clay soils. rhizomes. showy browsed by mammals. Liatris spicata Dense Blazing forb sun high, 4 ft summer, Flowers pollinated by bees, butterflies, and Fire-tolerant, will resprout from corms after Star, Marsh medium fall / pink / skippers. Larval host for moths. Stems and fire. Will live in upland soils with high Blazing Star, showy corms eaten by many mammals. Seeds eaten by nutrient levels. Moderately deer-resistant. Spiked Blazing birds. Best planted as plugs. Star Lobelia cardinalis Cardinal forb sun, part sun high 4 ft late Flowers pollinated by hummingbirds and Tolerates temporary flooding. Not fire- Native American medicinal plant. Flower summer, several swallowtail butterflies. Mature plants tolerant. fall / red / are not browsed by mammals due to toxic showy latex. Lobelia puberula Downy Lobelia forb sun, part sun high, 3 ft late Flowers pollinated by bees. Not browsed by Deer-resistant. Top-killed by low intensity medium summer, mammals due to toxic latex. fire but re-sprouts. fall / purple / showy Ludwigia Alternate-leaf forb sun, part sun high, 3 ft summer / Flowers pollinated by bees, wasps, flies, small NOT deer-resistant. Fruit ("seedboxes") float and disperse alternifolia Seedbox medium yellow / butterflies, etc. Larval host for moths. Browsed tiny seeds through pore on top. showy by deer. Mimulus ringens Monkey Flower forb sun, part sun high, 3 ft summer, Flowers pollinated by bumblebees. Larval host Spreads by both seed and rhizomes. medium fall / blue / for moths and butterflies. showy

3 Moist-Wet Lowland Restoration Species for the Eastern Georgia Piedmont - Updated 3/4/2020

Flowers: Scientific name and Common Light Soil Plant season / Growth Form Wildlife Associations Management Considerations Comments synonyms Names Requirement Moisture Height color / showy?

Packera glabella Butterweed forb sun, part sun high, 3 ft spring / Flowers pollinated by bees, butterflies, Deer-resistant. Because it initially forms Annual, but self-seeds heavily. (synonym: medium yellow / skippers, flies. Toxic to mammals. large weedy patches in disturbed areas but glabellus) showy quickly succumbs to competition, it is a good choice for quick re-vegetation. Persicaria Pennsylvania forb sun, part sun high, 2 ft summer / Flowers pollinated by bees, wasps, flies, Annual but self-seeds readily. Annual but self-seeds readily. pensylvanica Smartweed, medium white, pink butterflies, moths. Larval host to butterflies, (synonym: Pinkweed / showy in moths. Seeds eaten by waterfowl, other birds, Polygonum mass. small mammals. pensylvanicum) Phlox paniculata Garden Phlox forb sun medium 4 ft summer / Flowers are pollinated by bees, butterflies, and Not deer-resistant. pink, white hummingbirds. Seeds dispersed by ants. / showy Phlox pilosa Downy Phlox forb sun, part sun medium 1.5 ft spring, early Flowers are pollinated by butterflies, skippers, Fire-tolerant. May be difficult to start from seed. summer / moths, hummingbirds, and long-tongued bees. pink, white Seeds dispersed by ants. Leaves and stems / showy browsed by deer and other mammals.

Physostegia Obedient Plant forb sun, part sun medium 3 ft summer, Flowers pollinated by bumblebees, other bees, Deer-resistant. Usually occurs over amphibolite virginiana fall / pink / and hummingbirds. Not browsed by deer or bedrock which raises soil pH. showy other mammals. Pycnanthemum Narrowleaf forb sun high, 3 ft summer / Flowers pollinated by bees, wasps, flies, Spreads by rhizomes, forming dense tenuifolium Mountain-mint medium, white / butterflies, skippers, beetles. Strong taste colonies. low showy discourages browsing by mammals. Rhexia virginica Virginia forb sun, part sun high, 2.5 ft summer / Flowers pollinated by bees. Larval host to Tolerates temporary flooding. Native American food plant. Meadow medium pink / moths. Beauty showy Rudbeckia laciniata Green-eyed forb sun, part sun high, 8 ft summer, Flowers pollinated by bees, beetles, butterflies, Rapidly forms colonies by spread of Susan medium fall / yellow moths. Larval host for butterflies, moths. rhizomes. Tolerates spring floods. / showy Foliage toxic to mammals; deer-resistant.

4 Moist-Wet Lowland Restoration Species for the Eastern Georgia Piedmont - Updated 3/4/2020

Flowers: Scientific name and Common Light Soil Plant season / Growth Form Wildlife Associations Management Considerations Comments synonyms Names Requirement Moisture Height color / showy?

Sagittaria latifolia Duck-potato, forb sun high 4 ft summer / Flowers pollinated by bees, flies, butterflies, Dense colonies and strong roots hold plants Emergent aquatic plant. Extracts Arrowhead white / skippers, beetles. Ducks feed on seeds and and soils during changing water levels and nutrients and metals from polluted showy tubers. Muskrats and turtles feed on vegetation floods. sediments. Native Americans ate and tubers. tubers. Senna marilandica Wild Senna forb sun, part sun medium 6 ft summer / Flowers pollinated by bees. Larval host for Deer-resistant. Forms colonies. Grows Does not complete well with woody (synonym: Cassia yellow / butterflies, skippers, and moths. Glands at base slowly for first two years. Drought-tolerant. plants. Native American medicinal marilandica) showy of leaves attract ants which protect plant from Due to taproot, it is hard to transplant or plant. Possible nitrogen-fixer. herbivores. Toxic foliage and fruit avoided by divide mature plants. mammals, though some gamebirds eat seeds.

Symphyotrichum Calico Aster forb sun, part sun medium, 3 ft fall / white / Flowers pollinated by bees, butterflies, Tolerates occasional flooding. One of This species is one of several fall- lateriflorum low showy skippers, beetles, flies, and bugs. Larval host several fall-flowering "look-alike" asters; it flowering "look-alike" asters; it is the (synonym: Aster for butterflies and moths. Birds and small is the most tolerant of wet soils and shade. most shade-tolerant. lateriflorus) mammals eat the seeds. Occasionally browsed by deer and rabbits. Symphyotrichum Clasping Aster forb sun, part sun medium, 3 ft fall / purple Flowers pollinated by bees, butterflies, Fire-adapted. Top-killed by fire, but re- A common plant of dry, sunny patens low / showy skippers, beetles, flies, and bugs. Larval host sprouts from rhizomes. habitats, this species is likely to seed (synonym: Aster for butterflies and moths. Birds and small into most habitats naturally. patens) mammals eat the seeds. Occasionally browsed by deer and rabbits. Verbena hastata Blue Vervain, forb sun, part sun, high, 6 ft summer / Flowers pollinated by bees, small butterflies, Forms small colonies by spreading Toxic if eaten. Native American Swamp shade Medium blue / skippers, moths, and other insects. Larval host rhizomes. medicinal plant. Verbena showy in for butterflies and moths. Bitter leaves mass discourage browsing. Seeds occasionally eaten by birds. Verbesina Alternate-leaf forb sun, part sun high, 8 ft summer, Flowers pollinated by bees, butterflies. Larval Tolerates disturbance. Can be aggressive Plants will likely volunteer in alternifolia Wingstem medium, fall / yellow host for butterflies, moths. Seeds eaten by and weedy, decreasing overall plant species relatively undisturbed floodplains over (synonym: low / showy birds. Bitter foliage discourages browsing by diversity. Possibly allelopathic–see time without planting. Actinomeris mammals. reference. alternifolia)

5 Moist-Wet Lowland Restoration Species for the Eastern Georgia Piedmont - Updated 3/4/2020

Flowers: Scientific name and Common Light Soil Plant season / Growth Form Wildlife Associations Management Considerations Comments synonyms Names Requirement Moisture Height color / showy?

Verbesina Southern forb sun, part sun high, 8 ft summer, Flowers pollinated by bees, butterflies. Larval Can be aggressive and weedy, decreasing Plants subject to foliar ozone injury as occidentalis Crownbeard medium, fall / yellow host for butterflies, moths. Bitter foliage overall plant species diversity in disturbed ozone levels rise. Plants will likely low / showy discourages browsing by mammals. areas. Possibly allelopathic–see reference. volunteer in relatively undisturbed floodplains over time. Verbesina virginica Frostweed forb sun, part sun high, 6 ft late Flowers pollinated by bees, butterflies, wasps. Tolerates disturbance and short-term Stems produce "frost flowers" or ice medium, summer, Larval host for butterflies, moths. Bitter foliage flooding. Can be aggressive and weedy, ribbons in freezing weather: frozen sap low fall / white / discourages mammals. decreasing overall plant species diversity in is extruded through stems near base of showy disturbed areas. Possibly allelopathic–see plant, forming fantastic shapes. See reference. first reference. Native American medicinal plant. Vernonia gigantea Giant Ironweed forb sun high, 8 ft summer, Flowers pollinated by bees, butterflies, wasps. Deer-resistant. Tolerates short-term (synonym: medium fall / purple Larval host for moths. Birds eat seeds. Bitter flooding. Vernonia altissima) / showy foliage discourages browsing by mammals.

Vernonia New York forb sun high, 6 ft summer, Flowers pollinated by bees, butterflies, wasps. Deer-resistant. Tolerates short-term noveboracensis Ironweed medium fall / purple Larval host for moths. Birds eat seeds. Bitter flooding. / showy foliage discourages browsing by mammals.

Zephyranthes Atamasco Lily forb sun, part sun high, 1.25 ft spring / Flowers pollinated by moths and bees as well Does not tolerate soil disturbance. Flowers are pink in bud, white when atamasca medium white / self-pollinated. Foliage and bulbs are toxic to mature, then turn pink after pollination. (spelling variant: showy mammals, causing "staggers" in livestock. Leaves are evergreen. Zephyranthes atamasco)

6 Moist-Wet Lowland Restoration Species for the Eastern Georgia Piedmont - Updated 3/4/2020

Flowers: Scientific name and Common Light Soil Plant season / Growth Form Wildlife Associations Management Considerations Comments synonyms Names Requirement Moisture Height color / showy?

FORBS (VINE)

Apios americana Ground-nut forb (vine) sun, part sun high, 10 ft summer, Flowers pollinated by bees. Larval host for Dense thickets provide cover and nesting Nitrogen-fixing. High protein, human- medium fall / pink / butterflies, skippers. Ants visit extra-floral habitat for animals. edible tubers and seeds. showy nectaries. Clematis virginiana Woodbine, forb (vine) sun, part sun, high, 20 ft summer, Flowers pollinated by butterflies, bees, wasps, Dense thickets provide cover and nest All parts of the plant are toxic if eaten. Virgin's Bower shade medium fall / white / flies. Larval host to moths. Toxic to mammals. habitat for animals. Fast-grower. Deer- Flowers are similar to invasive exotic (native) showy Dense thickets provide cover and nesting resistant. Asian Sweet Autumn Virgin's Bower habitat for birds and other animals. (C. terniflora), but leaves differ. Native American medicinal plant.

Mikania scandens Climbing forb (vine) sun, part sun, high, 9 ft summer, Flowers pollinated by bees, butterflies, flies. Forms dense thickets by sprawling over Despite common name, is not related Hemp-vine shade medium fall / white / Larval host for butterflies. Dense thickets other plants. to true hemp. showy provide cover and nesting habitat for animals.

Smilax smallii Jackson-brier forb (vine) sun, part sun high, 20 ft spring / Fruits eaten by birds, mammals. Dense tangles High-climbing, evergreen vine. Moderately Evergreen vine traditionally used as Medium green / not of vegetation provide nesting cover for birds. deer-resistant; most leaves and shoots are Christmas décor. showy above browse line.

7 Moist-Wet Lowland Restoration Species for the Eastern Georgia Piedmont - Updated 3/4/2020

Flowers: Scientific name and Common Light Soil Plant season / Growth Form Wildlife Associations Management Considerations Comments synonyms Names Requirement Moisture Height color / showy?

GRASSES, SEDGES, AND RUSHES

Andropogon Bushy grass sun high 5 ft green / fall / Larval host for skippers. Winter-persistent Well adapted to fire, other disturbance, and Wind-pollinated. Will seed naturally glomeratus Bluestem not showy. foliage provides cover and spring-nesting wet infertile soils. Fire-tolerant – top-killed into disturbed wet areas without human Nice overall habitat for birds and mammals. Seeds eaten by by fire but re-sprouts from rhizomes. Deer- intervention. plant color birds. resistant. in fall and winter.

Arundinaria River Cane grass sun, part sun high, 12 ft spring / Larval host for skippers, butterflies, moths. Fire-adapted, fire reduces competition from Flowers rarely, possibly only after fire, gigantea medium green / not Cover for birds, snakes, small mammals. Deer shrubs and trees. Sprouts quickly after fire then entire clonal patch dies. Native showy browse shoot. Rare Swainson's Warbler nesting from rhizomes. Americans used for food, pasturage, habitat. dyes, basketry, building materials, weapons, musical instruments, etc.

Chasmanthium River Oats grass sun, part sun, high, 4 ft summer / Larval host for butterflies and skippers. Birds Used for erosion control. Spreads readily Wind-pollinated. latifolium shade medium green / and mammals eat seeds. from seeds. Is said to be able to outcompete showy Japanese Stilt Grass (Microstegium vimineum). Dichanthelium Deer-tongue grass sun, part sun, high, 0.3 ft summer, Larval host for skippers, moths, grasshoppers. Used for erosion control and re-vegetation Wind-pollinated. Although cool-season clandestinum Witch Grass shade medium fall / green / Seeds eaten by small mammals. Leaves eaten in poor soils. grass species (C3 metabolism), witch not showy by mammals. grasses bloom in both spring and fall.

Elymus virginicus Southeastern grass sun, part sun medium 4 ft summer / Larval host for butterflies and moths. Seeds Used for slope and grassland restoration. Heavy seed-producer. Wind-pollinated. (synonym: Elymus Wild-rye green / not eaten by small mammals and birds. Foliage Provides winter soil coverage. Tolerant of a Cool-season grass. glabriflorus) showy used for nest material. Many insects eat the wide range of soil types. Does not tolerate leaves. frequent mowing. Self-seeds.

Muhlenbergia Nimble-will grass part sun, high, 1.5 ft fall / green / Food plant for many insects. Birds eat seeds. Forms dense mats that control erosion. Wind-pollinated. Easily confused with schreberi shade medium not showy the invasive exotic Japanese Stilt- grass, which is distinguished by its silvery, off-center leaf midvein.

8 Moist-Wet Lowland Restoration Species for the Eastern Georgia Piedmont - Updated 3/4/2020

Flowers: Scientific name and Common Light Soil Plant season / Growth Form Wildlife Associations Management Considerations Comments synonyms Names Requirement Moisture Height color / showy?

Panicum rigidulum Red-top Panic grass sun, part sun high, 5 ft fall / red / Larval host for skippers. Seeds eaten by many Forms clumps; does not spread by Wind-pollinated. (synonym: Grass medium showy. Nice birds and small mammals. Forms large clumps rhizomes. Coleataenia fall color. that provide cover for wildlife. rigidula) Panicum virgatum Switchgrass grass sun high, 6 ft summer / Larval host for skippers. Leaves eaten by many Drought- and deer-resistant. Fire-tolerant; There are many cultivars on the medium, green / insects. Seeds eaten by many birds and small re-sprouts from rhizomes after fire. Readily market, some dry-site plants, others low showy mammals. Forms large clumps that provide spreads by seeds. Planted for soil wet-site; ask before purchasing seeds. nesting cover for wildlife. stabilization–root system up to 9 feet deep. Benefits from occasional fire. Tripsacum Gama Grass grass sun, part sun medium, 6 ft summer / Larval host for skippers, beetles, and other Thrives in heavy clay soils with low pH. Wind-pollinated. Forms large clumps. dactyloides low green / not insects. Seeds eaten by deer, birds, small Deep roots (up to 6.5 feet) confer drought- Used in the Midwest as livestock showy mammals. Large clumps of broad leaves tolerance. forage and silage. Thought to be one of provide cover for wildlife. Deer relish the high- the ancestors of modern corn (Zea protein seed heads. mays). Juncus effusus Soft Rush grass-like sun high 4 ft summer / Dense clumps provide cover and nesting Tolerates disturbance. Forms dense clumps Wind-pollinated. rush green / not habitat for wetland birds and other animals. and also readily spreads of rhizomes. Seed showy germination is problematic, best to plant plugs or rhizomes.

Carex cherokeensis Cherokee grass-like sun, part sun high, 1.5 ft summer, Clumping sedges provide good wildlife cover. Part sun recommended but will survive in Wind-pollinated. Deer-resistant. Sedge sedge medium fall / green / Seeds eaten by birds and small mammals. Deer- full sun with moist soil. drought-tolerant in Leaves are evergreen. not showy resistant. part sun. Large clumps with extensive root systems provide good erosion control and streambank stabilization. Carex crinita Fringed Sedge grass-like sun, part sun high 3 ft spring, Larval host for butterflies, moths. Seeds eaten Provides good erosion control and Wind-pollinated. Leaves evergreen. sedge summer / by waterfowl and other birds. Muskrats eat streambank stabilization. Tolerates both green / not rhizomes and stems. Clumping sedges provide flooding and dry soils. Spreads by rhizomes showy good wildlife cover. to form large colonies. Carex frankii Frank's Sedge grass-like sun, part sun high 2.5 ft spring, Larval host for butterflies, moths. Seeds eaten Provides good erosion control and Wind-pollinated. Leaves evergreen. sedge summer / by waterfowl and other birds. Muskrats eat streambank stabilization. Tolerates both green / not rhizomes and stems. Clumping sedges provide flooding and dry soils. Spreads by rhizomes showy good wildlife cover. Deer-resistant. to form large colonies.

9 Moist-Wet Lowland Restoration Species for the Eastern Georgia Piedmont - Updated 3/4/2020

Flowers: Scientific name and Common Light Soil Plant season / Growth Form Wildlife Associations Management Considerations Comments synonyms Names Requirement Moisture Height color / showy?

Carex glaucescens Southern Waxy grass-like sun, part sun high 3 ft spring, Larval host for butterflies, moths. Seeds eaten Provides good erosion control and Stems and leaves are an unusual pale Sedge sedge summer / by waterfowl and other birds. Muskrats eat streambank stabilization. Spreads by blue-green color. green / not rhizomes and stems. Clumping sedges provide rhizomes to form large colonies. showy good wildlife cover. Deer-resistant.

Carex granularis Pale Sedge, grass-like sun, part sun, high 0.5 ft spring, Larval host for butterflies, skippers, moths. Provides good erosion control and Wind-pollinated. Limestone sedge shade summer / Seeds eaten by birds, especially waterfowl. streambank stabilization. Meadow Sedge green / not Clumping sedges provide good wildlife cover. showy Deer-resistant. Carex lupulina Hop Sedge grass-like sun, part sun high 3 ft spring, Larval host for butterflies, moths. Seeds eaten Provides good erosion control and Wind-pollinated. sedge summer / by waterfowl and other birds. Clumping sedges streambank stabilization. Spreads by green / not provide good wildlife cover. Deer-resistant. rhizomes to form large colonies. showy Carex lurida Sallow Sedge, grass-like sun, part sun high 3 ft spring, Larval host for butterflies and moths. Seeds Provides good erosion control and Wind-pollinated. Lurid Sedge sedge summer / eaten by waterfowl and other birds. Clumping streambank stabilization. Spreads by green / sedges provide good wildlife cover. rhizomes to form large colonies. Tolerates showy temporary flooding. Deer-resistant.

Carex vulpinoidea Brown Fox grass-like sun, part sun high, 3 ft spring, Larval host for skippers and moths. Seeds eaten Spreads aggressively, limit use to disturbed Wind-pollinated. Sedge sedge medium summer / by waterfowl and other birds. Clumping sedges areas. Sedges provide good erosion control green / not provide good wildlife cover. and streambank stabilization. Tolerates showy temporary flooding. Deer-resistant.

Dulichium Three-way grass-like sun, part sun high 3 ft summer / A few insects eat the developing flowers and Tolerates extended inundation and saturated Wind-pollinated arundinaceum Sedge sedge green / not seeds. Waterfowl eat mature seeds. Muskrats soils. Forms large colonies in wet soils. showy eat stems. Colonies provide cover for wetland and aquatic animals. Eleocharis obtusa Blunt grass-like sun high 1 ft summer / Larval host for several insect species. Seed Tolerates extended inundation and saturated Wind-pollinated Spikerush sedge green / not heads eaten by waterfowl. Muskrats eat roots. soils. Forms colonies in wet soils. showy Dense colonies provide cover for wetland and aquatic animals.

10 Moist-Wet Lowland Restoration Species for the Eastern Georgia Piedmont - Updated 3/4/2020

Flowers: Scientific name and Common Light Soil Plant season / Growth Form Wildlife Associations Management Considerations Comments synonyms Names Requirement Moisture Height color / showy?

Scirpus cyperinus Wool-grass grass-like sun high 5 ft summer, Many insects eat leaves. Wetland birds eat Forms dense colonies of tall, colorful Wind-pollinated. Native American sedge fall / tan / seeds. Provides cover and nesting habitat for plants. fiber source. showy mammals and birds. Muskrats eat stems and rhizomes. Scirpus georgianus Georgia grass-like sun, part sun high 4 ft summer, Many insects eat vegetation. Seeds eaten by Thrives in degraded and human-made Wind-pollinated. (synonym: Scirpus Bulrush sedge fall / green / many wetland birds. Muskrats eat roots and wetlands atrovirens var. not showy stems. georgianus)

11 Moist-Wet Lowland Restoration Species for the Eastern Georgia Piedmont - Updated 3/4/2020

Flowers: Scientific name and Common Light Soil Plant season / Growth Form Wildlife Associations Management Considerations Comments synonyms Names Requirement Moisture Height color / showy?

WOODY VINES

Gelsemium Yellow woody vine sun, part sun high, 20 ft winter, Flowers pollinated by native bees, butterflies, Deer-resistant due to toxicity. Drought- All parts of the plant contain sempervirens Jessamine medium spring / hummingbirds. Sprawling vines provide cover tolerant. Makes good evergreen ground- strychnine-related compounds, even yellow / for nesting birds. Toxic sap discourages cover but will not flower unless climbing. the nectar which poisons honeybees showy. browsing by most insects and mammals. though not native bees. Evergreen leaves.

Wisteria frutescens American woody vine sun, part sun high, 30 ft spring / Flowers pollinated by bees, butterflies, Deer-resistant. Seeds are toxic if eaten in Though its flowers are not as showy Wisteria medium blue-purple hummingbirds. Larval host plant for butterflies. large amounts. and fragrant as Chinese Wisteria, the / showy flowers, leaves, fruits, and seeds are toxic to native species is not an aggressive wildlife. spreader and its flowers are attractive.

12 Moist-Wet Lowland Restoration Species for the Eastern Georgia Piedmont - Updated 3/4/2020

Flowers: Scientific name and Common Light Soil Plant season / Growth Form Wildlife Associations Management Considerations Comments synonyms Names Requirement Moisture Height color / showy?

SHRUBS

Alnus serrulata Tag Alder, shrub sun, part sun high 20 ft late winter / Larval host for beetles, aphids, moth Widely used for streambank stabilization Nitrogen-fixing. Hazel Alder green / not caterpillars, and other insects. Seeds, buds, and wetland restoration. showy catkins eaten by birds, small mammals. Trunks and stems used for beaver lodges. Provides critical cover for Woodcock. Amorpha fruticosa Lead Plant, shrub sun, part sun medium 12 ft spring / Flowers pollinated by bees and butterflies. Sometimes used for erosion control because Nitrogen-fixing. Contains compound False Indigo purple / Larval host for skippers, butterflies, moths. of extensive root system. Best planted on that acts as insect repellent. showy Seeds eaten by bobwhite quail and other birds. woodland borders.

Aralia spinosa Devil's-walking-shrub sun, part sun medium 20 ft summer / Flowers pollinated by bees and flies. Fruit eaten Drought-tolerant. Rapidly spreads by Largest leaves of any plant in North stick white / by birds, mammals. rhizomes to form thickets. Stems and leaves America, up to 4 feet long and 3.5 feet showy. very prickly. Probably benefits from fire wide, composed of 100+ leaflets. Large fruit and re-sprouts quickly. clusters are colorful in the fall. Aronia arbutifolia Red shrub sun, part sun medium, 10 ft spring / Flowers are pollinated by bees. Fruits eaten by Forms colonies by spreading rhizomes. Fruits make tasty jams and jellies. (synonyms: Sorbus Chokeberry high white / birds and mammals. Deer and small mammals arbutifolia, Pyrus showy. eat twigs and leaves. arbutifolia) Leaves and red fruit clusters are showy in the fall. Cephalanthus Button-bush shrub sun, part sun high 12 ft spring / Flowers pollinated by bees, wasps, butterflies, Deer-resistant. Buttonbush can tolerate Used for wetland and riparian occidentalis white / skippers, hummingbirds. Larval host for moths. extended periods of flooding. Re-sprouts restoration. showy Seeds eaten by waterfowl, twigs eaten by after low-intensity surface fires, killed by mammals. Leaves are toxic to mammals. peat fires.

13 Moist-Wet Lowland Restoration Species for the Eastern Georgia Piedmont - Updated 3/4/2020

Flowers: Scientific name and Common Light Soil Plant season / Growth Form Wildlife Associations Management Considerations Comments synonyms Names Requirement Moisture Height color / showy?

Cornus amomum Silky Dogwood shrub part sun, high, 12 ft spring / Flowers pollinated by bees, wasps, flies, Moderately deer-resistant. Forms thickets Bark was smoked like tobacco by shade medium white / butterflies, beetles. Larval host for butterflies by spread of rhizomes. Native Americans. showy and moths. Fruits eaten by birds and mammals. (berries showy in fall) Cornus stricta Swamp shrub sun, part sun, high, 15 ft spring / Flowers pollinated by bees, wasps, flies, Moderately deer-resistant. Forms thickets (synonym: Cornus Dogwood shade medium white / butterflies, beetles. Larval host for butterflies by spread of rhizomes. foemina) showy. and moths. Fruits eaten by birds and mammals. Fruits are bright blue. Ilex verticillata Winterberry shrub sun, part sun, high, 12 ft spring, Flowers pollinated by bees. Fruits eaten by Moderately deer-resistant. Plants are dioecious. Both female and Holly shade medium summer / birds and small mammals. Occasionally male plants must be present for fruit white / not browsed by deer. production. showy. Red fruits in winter are very showy on female plants only.

Itea virginica Virginia shrub sun, part sun high, 5 ft spring, Probably pollinated by bees, butterflies, etc., Clonal, forms thickets. Moderately deer- Sweetspire medium summer / but little is known. Clonal thickets provide resistant. white / cover for birds and other wildlife. showy. Nice fall color.

Physocarpus Nine-bark shrub sun, part sun, medium, 10 ft spring / Flowers pollinated by bees, wasps, flies, Fast-growing. Drought-tolerant. Easily Shredding, reddish bark is attractive. opulifolius shade low white / butterflies. Larval host for moths. Deer browse cultivated. showy. leaves and twigs. Pinkish fruits are also showy.

14 Moist-Wet Lowland Restoration Species for the Eastern Georgia Piedmont - Updated 3/4/2020

Flowers: Scientific name and Common Light Soil Plant season / Growth Form Wildlife Associations Management Considerations Comments synonyms Names Requirement Moisture Height color / showy?

Rhododendron Piedmont shrub part sun, medium 15 ft spring / Flowers pollinated by bees. Larval host to Best planted on well drained stream banks, canescens Azalea, shade pink / moths. NOT deer-resistant. not in floodplains, does not tolerate wet Southern showy roots. Probably top-killed by light fires but Pinxter Azalea may re-sprout from root crowns. Spreads slowly by rhizomes and suckers to form small colonies. Rhododendron Pinxter Flower shrub part sun medium 6 ft spring / Flowers pollinated by bees. Dense colonies Does not tolerate prolonged flooding. Does best on well drained stream periclymenoides Azalea, Pinxter- pink / provide cover for small mammals and birds. Probably top-killed by light fires but re- banks. bloom showy NOT deer-resistant. sprouts from root crowns. Spreads slowly by rhizomes and suckers to form small dense colonies. Rosa palustris Swamp Rose shrub sun, part sun high, 8 ft summer / Flowers pollinated by bees. Larval host to Tolerates extended flooding. NOT deer- medium pink / moths. Fruit (rose hips) eat by birds, small resistant. showy mammals. Provides nesting cover for birds. Deer browse twigs and leaves. Sambucus Elderberry shrub sun, part sun high, 12 ft summer / Flowers pollinated by bees. Carpenter and Deer-resistant. Stems are used as "live Native American food plant (flowers canadensis medium white / mason bees use stems for nesting. Birds eat stakes" (commercially available) in river and fruits). Forms colonies by spread showy abundant fruits. Toxic leaves and stems bank erosion control. of rhizomes. discourage mammal browsing. Styrax americanus American shrub sun, part sun high, 10 ft spring / Flowers pollinated by bees. Larval host for Tolerates prolonged flooding. Snowbell medium white / moths. Seeds eaten by birds. showy Vaccinium Highbush shrub sun, part sun, medium 12 ft spring / Flowers pollinated by bees. Larval host for Not fire-tolerant. Grows best in acid soils. Southeastern Blueberry Bees, corymbosum Blueberry shade white / butterflies and moths. Many birds and Habropoda laboriosa , are one of the showy. Nice mammals eat the berries. Deer browse twigs. most effective pollinators. It performs fall color. sonication, or buzz pollination, on the flowers. Native American food plant.

Viburnum nudum Possum Haw shrub sun, part sun high, 12 ft summer / Flowers pollinated by bees, butterflies, wasps, Moderately deer-resistant. Native Americans used berries for food Viburnum medium white / and other insects. Fruit eaten by birds and small and the leaves medicinally. showy. Nice mammals. Thickets provide wildlife cover. fall leaf color.

15 Moist-Wet Lowland Restoration Species for the Eastern Georgia Piedmont - Updated 3/4/2020

Flowers: Scientific name and Common Light Soil Plant season / Growth Form Wildlife Associations Management Considerations Comments synonyms Names Requirement Moisture Height color / showy?

UNDERSTORY TREES

Acer floridanum Maple, tree sun, part sun, high, 80 ft spring / Sapsuckers feed on sap. Larval host for moths. Does best in circumneutral soils or in Primarily Wind-pollinated though (synonym: Acer Southern Sugar (subcanopy) shade medium, yellow / not Birds and small mammals eat seeds. Deer nutrient-rich bottomlands. flowers are visited by bees and other barbatum) Maple low showy browse twigs. pollen-gatherers. Sap used for making syrup. Salix nigra Black Willow tree sun, part sun, high 60 ft spring / Flowers pollinated by bees and flies. Larval Killed by fire. Fast growing. Stems are used Willow bark was source of original (subcanopy) shade green / not host for butterflies and many other insects. as "live stakes" (commercially available) in aspirin (salicylic acid) before synthetic showy Turtles eat fallen leaves. Waterfowl eat buds river bank erosion control. Often used for product. and catkins. Sapsuckers eat sap. Deer and erosion control along river banks due to beaver eat twigs. widely spreading roots.

16 Moist-Wet Lowland Restoration Species for the Eastern Georgia Piedmont - Updated 3/4/2020

Flowers: Scientific name and Common Light Soil Plant season / Growth Form Wildlife Associations Management Considerations Comments synonyms Names Requirement Moisture Height color / showy?

OVERSTORY TREES

Acer rubrum Red Maple tree sun, part sun, high, 70 ft late winter / Sapsuckers feed on sap. Larval host for moths. Tolerates nearly all soil and light Primarily Wind-pollinated though shade medium, red / showy Birds and small mammals eat seeds. Deer conditions. Heavily browsed by deer. flowers are visited by bees and other low browse twigs. Leaves may be toxic. Widely used for restoration and pollen-gatherers. First tree to flower in revegetation. Top-killed by fire but crown- the spring. Though with half the sugar sprouts readily afterwards. content of sugar maple, it is used for making syrup before buds emerge.

Betula nigra River Birch tree sun, part sun high, 90 ft spring / Larval host for butterflies and many moths. Often used in streambank erosion control Wind-pollinated. Often used in medium green / not Seeds eaten by birds and small mammals. Deer and land-reclamation projects. NOT fire- streambank erosion control and land- showy browse twigs and leaves. tolerant. Prefers acidic soils. Although a reclamation projects (e.g. post-strip wetland species, it tolerates moist-dry soils. mining). Native American medicinal plant. Low fire tolerance. Carya cordiformis Bitternut tree sun, part sun, high, 80 ft spring / Larval host for butterflies, moths. Provides Top-killed by fire but will re-sprout from Nuts are too bitter for animals to eat. Hickory shade medium green / not cover and nesting habitat for birds. Nuts are stump, crown, and roots after fire. Deep showy inedible. taproot makes transplanting difficult. Celtis laevigata Sugarberry tree sun, part sun high, 80 ft spring / Larval host for butterflies, moths. Fruits eaten Typically a bottomland tree, but will grow Native American medicinal, food, and medium green / not by small mammals. Low protein and in upland soils with higher pH and dye plant. showy palatability discourage browsers. nutrients. Top-killed by fire but re-sprouts from root collar. Fraxinus Green Ash tree sun, part sun, high 100 ft spring / Larval host for butterflies and moths. Seeds Fast grower. Transplants easily. Often Threatened by Emerald Ash-borer pennsylvanica shade green / not eaten by birds and small mammals. Provides planted in windbreaks. Top-killed by fire, (Agrilus planipennis). showy cover and roosting for raptors and owls. Deer sprouts from root-crown after low-intensity browse twigs. fire.

Juglans nigra Black Walnut tree sun high, 100 ft spring / Larval host for moths. Nuts eaten by many Fire-adapted. Does best in circumneutral Wind-pollinated. May produce nuts as medium green / not mammals. soils. Does not transplant easily due to long young as 20 years. Native American showy taproot. medicinal, food, and dye plant. Produces an allelopathic compound, Juglone, that inhibits growth of plants around it.

17 Moist-Wet Lowland Restoration Species for the Eastern Georgia Piedmont - Updated 3/4/2020

Flowers: Scientific name and Common Light Soil Plant season / Growth Form Wildlife Associations Management Considerations Comments synonyms Names Requirement Moisture Height color / showy?

Liriodendron Tulip Tree tree sun, part sun medium 90 ft spring / Flowers pollinated by beetles, flies, bees, and Mature trees survive low to moderate fires; Native Americans used single large tulipifera multi / hummingbirds. Hummingbirds and sapsuckers young trees are top-killed but resprout from trees to make canoes. showy (but obtain sap from holes in the bark. Larval host root crown. Used for reforestation because high) for Luna Moth and other moths. Seeds eaten by it grows rapidly. birds and small mammals. Twigs browsed by deer. Morus rubra Red Mulberry tree sun, part sun, high, 50 ft spring / Leaves eaten by many insects. Fruits eaten by Fire-intolerant. Milky sap is toxic. Mostly dioecious; both female and shade medium green / not birds, mammals. male plants must be present for fruit showy production. Native American medicinal and food plant. Platanus Sycamore tree sun, part sun, high, 100 ft spring / Leaves eaten by many insects. Seeds are eaten Tolerates prolonged springtime flooding. Wind-pollinated. Native American occidentalis shade medium green / not by birds. Twigs browsed by deer. Trunk Fast-growing. Does not tolerate fire. medicinal plant. showy. cavities used for bird, squirrel, and bat nests. Recommended for streambank and other Mottled, wetland restoration projects. peeling bark is showy.

Populus deltoides Cottonwood tree sun high, 80 ft spring / Larval host for butterflies, skippers, moths. Fast-growing. Does not tolerate fire. Used Wind-pollinated. Soft wood is medium green / not Cavities provide nesting habitat for birds. Deer in erosion control and mine reclamation. vulnerable to ice and storm damage. showy and other mammals browse seedlings, twigs, Tolerates short-term flooding. Spreading and leaves. roots may clog water and sewage pipes.

Ulmus americana American Elm tree sun, part sun high, 100 ft spring / Larval host for butterflies, moths, and many Fibrous root system makes transplanting Wind-pollinated. Elms in southern medium green / not other insects. Young twigs browsed by deer. easy. Not fire-tolerant. Though vulnerable states have not been heavily impacted showy Fruits and buds eaten by birds and small to Dutch Elm disease, southern trees have by Dutch Elm Disease. mammals. been less affected by this fungus (Ceratocystis ulmi ).

Ulmus alata Winged Elm tree sun, part sun medium, 60 ft spring / tan Larval host for butterflies and moths. Fruits and Drought-tolerant. Fast-growing. Wind-pollinated. Not as susceptible to low / showy seeds eaten by birds, small mammals, and deer. Dutch Elm as other elm species; elms in southern states have been little impacted by this disease.

18 Other Contacts of Interest... Athens-Clarke County Cooperative Extension 706-613-3640 - https://athensclarkecounty.com/146/Athens-Clarke-County-Extension

Bugwood Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health 229-386-3298 - https://www.bugwood.org/

USDA Forest Service Southern Research Station in Asheville, NC 828-257-4832 - https://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/index.html

USDA Forest Service Forestry Sciences Laboratory https://www.fs.fed.us/organization/Forestry%20Sciences%20Laboratory%20%28Athens%29

Southern Fire Exchange http://southernfireexchange.org/

This guide was developed through the Athens-Clarke County Sustainability Office by Linda Chafin, State Botanical Garden of Georgia

For more information about the guide contact:

The Sustainability Office - 706-613-3838 - [email protected] Mimsie Lanier Center for Native Plant Studies - 706-542-1244 - [email protected]

April 2019