Masterarbeit / Master's Thesis

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Masterarbeit / Master's Thesis MASTERARBEIT / MASTER’S THESIS Titel der Masterarbeit / Title of the Master‘s Thesis „Black Metal. Zur Darstellung von People-of-Color im Musikvideo des Metal“ verfasst von / submitted by Martin Czerniak BA angestrebter akademischer Grad / in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts (MA) Wien, 2017 / Vienna 2017 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt / A 066 582 degree programme code as it appears on the student record sheet: Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt / Masterstudium Theater-, Film- und Medientheorie degree programme as it appears on the student record sheet: Betreut von / Supervisor: Dr. Manfred Öhner DANKSAGUNG Zuallererst möchte ich mich bei meinem Betreuer Dr. Manfred Öhner für die konstruktiven Anmerkungen und die wertvolle Unterstützung während des gesamten Schreibprozesses sowie den kreativen Freiraum bedanken. Meinen Eltern Maria und Robert bin ich nicht nur für ihre Unterstützung in allen Lebenslagen dankbar, sondern insbesondere für den moralischen Kompass, den sie mir mitgegeben haben. Danken möchte ich auch meinen beiden Brüdern Harald und Thomas dafür, dass sie mich hin und wieder vom universitären Stress abgelenkt haben. Sehr großen Dank möchte ich auch Sophie aussprechen, die zusätzlich zu ihren zahlreichen kritischen Kommentaren, die diese Arbeit zweifelsohne benötigt hat, mir immer wieder Starthilfe gegeben hat, wenn meine Motivation zu wünschen übrig ließ. Besonderer Dank gilt Michael, der mir während der gesamten Studienzeit mit Korrekturen, Antworten und klugen Ratschlägen beiseite stand und über dessen ungebrochene Zuverlässigkeit ich wirklich froh bin. Zu guter Letzt möchte ich meiner Band danken, die mich maßgeblich für diese Arbeit inspiriert hat und ohne die ich wahrscheinlich nie eine derartige Materialkenntnis entwickelt hätte, die für das Verfassen dieser Arbeit notwendig war. Inhaltsverzeichnis 1. Einleitung ........................................................................................................................... 1 2. Synästhesie: das Musikvideo ............................................................................................. 5 2.1. Kulturelle Bedeutung des Musikvideos ....................................................................... 7 2.1.1. Musikvideo und Kunst ......................................................................................... 9 2.1.2. Musikvideo und Fernsehen ................................................................................ 14 2.2. Funktion und Ästhetik des Musikvideos im Metal .................................................... 20 2.3. Repräsentationspolitik des Musikvideos ................................................................... 32 2.3.1. Performativität von Blackness ........................................................................... 34 2.3.2. Performativität von Metalheads ......................................................................... 40 3. No Life ‘til Leather: eine Soziologie der Metalheads ...................................................... 47 3.1. Metalheads – eine Einordnung .................................................................................. 48 3.1.1. Der Grundstein der Metalheads: die Musik ....................................................... 53 3.1.2. Metalheads in der Subkultur .............................................................................. 60 3.1.3. Really No Girls Allowed? .................................................................................. 63 3.1.4. „Klasse“ .............................................................................................................. 70 3.2. Der Blinde Fleck: race im Metal ............................................................................... 74 3.2.1. Globaler Norden: weiße Metalheads? ................................................................ 79 3.2.2. Die Wende in den 1990er Jahren ....................................................................... 84 3.2.3. EXKURS: Globaler Süden – die Marginalisierten Metalheads ......................... 90 3.3. Fokus: Blackness ....................................................................................................... 93 3.3.1. Blackness als sozio-ökonomischer Ausdruck von Authentizität ....................... 98 3.3.2. Blackness im Metal .......................................................................................... 101 4. Fazit ................................................................................................................................ 107 5. Quellenverzeichnis ......................................................................................................... 112 5.1. Bibliographie ........................................................................................................... 112 5.2. Online-Quellen ........................................................................................................ 120 5.3. Filmographie/Musikvideos ...................................................................................... 121 6. Anhang ........................................................................................................................... 127 Songtext: Arch Enemy – The Eagle Flies Alone ............................................................... 127 Songtext: Body Count – No Lives Matter .......................................................................... 128 Songtext: Callejon – Ich Lehne Leidenschaftlich Ab ........................................................ 130 Songtext: Killswitch Engage – Rose of Sharyn ................................................................. 131 Songtext: Korn – Thoughtless ............................................................................................ 132 Songtext: Living Colour – Type ......................................................................................... 134 Songtext: Manowar – Warriors of the World ..................................................................... 135 Songtext: Marilyn Manson – The Dope Show ................................................................... 136 Songtext: Sepultura – Ratamahatta .................................................................................... 137 Songtext: Sevendust – Black .............................................................................................. 138 Songtext: Skindred – The Kids Are Right Now ................................................................. 139 Songtext: Skindred – Nobody ............................................................................................ 140 Songtext: Slipknot – Surfacing .......................................................................................... 141 Songtext: Zeal & Ardor – Devil Is Fine ............................................................................. 142 Abstract .................................................................................................................................. 145 1. Einleitung Metal 1 ist weiß. Diesen Schluss legen zumindest diverse wissenschaftliche und populärwissenschaftliche Texte von Deena Weinstein, Robert Walser und Bettina Roccor zu diesem Musikgenre nahe. Das bedeutet aber nicht – um das an dieser Stelle gleich anzumerken – dass Metal per se rassistisch sei.2 Bei genauerer Betrachtung stellt man nämlich fest, dass einige Bands durchaus People-of-Color-Mitglieder inkludieren: Slayers‘ Tom Araya und Dave Lombardo oder Metallicas‘ Kirk Hammett und Robert Trujillo, aber vor allem Anthrax-Frontmann Joey Belladonna sind an dieser Stelle zu nennen. Das Nicht-Weißsein wird dabei kaum explizit thematisiert. Was beobachtet werden kann, ist, dass es durch die Berichterstattung diverser Szene-Zeitschriften über populäre Bands, die hauptsächlich von weißen Männern frontiert werden, zu einer Marginalisierung in der medialen Öffentlichkeit von Bands mit People-of-Color-Sängern kommt. Dadurch wird eine Dominanz nicht nur von weißen, sondern vor allem von weißen männlichen Bands angenommen, was in der Genese des Genres seinen Ursprung hat. Einige Ausnahmen lassen sich jedoch finden: neben einzelnen Album- oder Singlereviews von Bands mit schwarzen Sängern, wie etwa Oceano3, beschäftigt dieses Thema vor dem Hintergrund des symbolhaft deklarierten Monats der Black American History im Februar 2016 (Black History Month) und des „white power“-Sagers Phil Anselmos (dem ehemaligen Pantera-und Down-Sängers) während eines Konzertes, das ein oder andere Szene-Magazin.4 Einen medialen Knotenpunkt haben aber alle Bands – aus allen Genres und ungeachtet des Bekanntheitsgrades – gemein: das Musikvideo. Als filmisches Medium kommt dem Musikvideo vor allem ästhetisch ein in Bezug auf Menschenbilder (prä)figurierendes Element zu. Durch seinen (fast) alltäglichen Konsum manifestiert das Musikvideo mittels Performativität der darin auftretenden Körper seine kulturell strukturierende Bedeutung, womit die Frage relevant wird, inwiefern bei der Darstellung von People-of-Color eine 1 In dieser Arbeit werden die Begriffe Heavy Metal und Metal synonym und als Überbezeichnung für alle spezifischen Spielformen des Metal verwendet. Lediglich bei Thesen, die nach einer genaueren Unterscheidung von Subgenres verlangen, werden diese Begriffe genannt und erklärt. 2 Mit wenigen Ausnahmen wie Carla Harvey, der Sängerin mit äthiopischen Wurzeln der Butcher Babies und Skin von Skunk Anansie, wird dieses Genre auf den ersten Blick von weißen Männern dominiert. 3 Kennelty, Greg: Oceano is relentless on
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