APECAPECAPECAPEC ENERGYENERGY OVERVIEWOVERVIEW 22 00 00 4442 Energy Working Group December 2004 Prepared By ASIA PACIFIC ENERGY RESEARCH CENTRE (APERC) THE INSTITUTE OF ENERGY ECONOMICS, JAPAN Inui Bldg.-Kachidoki 16F, 1-13-1 Kachidoki, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0054, JAPAN Tel: +81 (3) 5144-8551 Fax: +81 (3) 5144-8555 Email: [email protected] (administration) APERC Website: http://www.ieej.or.jp/aperc/ FOR THE ASIA-PACIFIC ECONOMIC COOPERATION SECRETARIAT 35 Heng Mui Keng Terrace Singapore 119616 Tel: (65) 6775-6012 Fax: (65) 6775-6013 Email: [email protected] Website: www.apec.org © 2004 APEC Secretariat APEC#204-RE-01.9 ISSN 0219-788X ASIA PACIFIC ENERGY RESEARCH CENTRE APEC ENERGY OVERVIEW 2004 DECEMBER - 2004 Prepared By ASIA PACIFIC ENERGY RESEARCH CENTRE (APERC) THE INSTITUTE OF ENERGY ECONOMICS, JAPAN Inui Bldg.-Kachidoki 16F, 1-13-1 Kachidoki, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0054, JAPAN Tel: +81 (3) 5144-8551 Fax: +81 (3) 5144-8555 E-mail: [email protected] APERC Website: www.ieej.or.jp/aperc FOR THE ASIA-PACIFIC ECONOMIC COOPERATION SECRETARIAT 35, Heng Mui Keng Terrace Singapore 119616 Tel: (65) 6775 6012 Fax: (65) 6775 6013 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.apec.org © 2004 APEC Secretariat APEC#204-RE-01.9 ISSN0219-788X FOREWORD The recent recovery of the world economy in the aftermath of the Asian financial crisis has accompanied strong demand growth in energy worldwide. In no small part, the strong and robust energy consumption growth engenders volatile energy prices, especially oil and coal. Rather an unexpected surge in demand for energy has put a strain on energy markets as energy supply is constrained by upstream and transportation infrastructure. Most APEC economies are increasingly concerned with energy security and the development of new and renewable technologies to reduce its dependence on conventional, imported energy. The high cost of these new types of energy is the major stumbling block for their deployment and is still waiting to be resolved. Individual APEC economy energy policy initiatives and notable developments particularly on energy security, upstream and downstream development, transformation and transportation, market reform, efficiency and conservation, alternative energy development, renewable energy deployment, environmental protection, and international/regional cooperation are compiled in this report. We extend our special thanks to the efforts of APEC member economies in improving the accuracy and currency of the information provided. We also would like to acknowledge the expert contributions of the APERC researchers to this report and a special note of gratitude to the guidance and provision of the basic energy statistics of the EGEDA members. We sincerely hope that this report would help deepen the mutual understanding among the member economies on current energy issues in the region. Masaharu Fujitomi Kenichi Matsui President, Chair, Asia Pacific Energy Research Centre Expert Group on Energy Data and Analysis December 2004 PAGE III CONTENTS Foreword ..................................................................................................................iii List of Abbreviations ....................................................................................................................v Australia ................................................................................................................... 6 Brunei Darussalam .................................................................................................................19 Canada .................................................................................................................25 Chile .................................................................................................................36 China .................................................................................................................43 Hong Kong, China .................................................................................................................52 Indonesia .................................................................................................................58 Japan .................................................................................................................71 Korea .................................................................................................................78 Malaysia .................................................................................................................85 Mexico .................................................................................................................96 New Zealand ...............................................................................................................102 Papua New Guinea ...............................................................................................................107 Peru ...............................................................................................................111 The Philippines ...............................................................................................................118 Russia ...............................................................................................................134 Singapore ...............................................................................................................143 Chinese Taipei ...............................................................................................................148 Thailand ...............................................................................................................153 United States ...............................................................................................................160 Viet Nam ...............................................................................................................169 PAGE IV LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ABARE Australia Bureau of Agriculture and Resource Economics APEC Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation APERC Asia Pacific Energy Research Centre ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations bbl/d Barrels per day BCM Billion cubic metres BFOE Barrels of Fuel Oil Equivalent Bt Billion tonnes (Thousand Mt) CO2 Carbon dioxide DOE Departmnt of Energy (USA) EDMC Energy Data and Modelling Center (Japan) EIA Energy Information Administration (USA) EVN Electricity of Viet Nam EWG Energy Working Group (APEC) GDP Gross domestic product GHG Greenhouse gases GW Gigawatts (Thousand MW or Million kW) GWh Gigawatt-hours (Million kWh) HKC Hong Kong, China IPP Independent Power Producer ktoe Kilotonnes (thousand tonnes) of oil equivalent kW Kilowatts kWh Kilowatt-hour LNG Liquefied natural gas LPG Liquefied petroleum gas (propane) MCM Million cubic metres Mt Megatonnes (Million tonnes) mtpa Million tonnes per annum MW Megawatts (Thousand kW) NZ New Zealand PDOE Department of Energy (the Philippines) PNG Papua New Guinea (or pipeline natural gas, depending on context) PPP Purchasing Power Parity R&D Research and development SDPC State Development and Planning Commission (China) TFEC Total final energy consumption TPES Total primary energy supply toe Tonnes of oil equivalent TWh Terawatt-hours (Billion kWh) US or USA United States of America VND Viet Nam Dong PAGE V APEC ENERGY OVERVIEW AUSTRALIA AUSTRALIA INTRODUCTION Australia is the sixth largest country and smallest continent in the world. It is the only continent that is its own country and lies between the Indian and South Pacific Oceans. Its dry flat continent spans approximately 7.6 million square kilometres, mostly plateaus, deserts, and fertile plains and is divided into six states and two territories. Its population of about 19.66 million (in 2002) live mostly in cities or major regional centres in the eastern and southeastern seaboard. Australia is abundant in minerals, fossil fuels and other energy resources. It is famous for its Great Barrier Reef, the largest coral reef in the world, located along its northeastern coast. For more than two decades, from 1980 to 2002, Australia’s economy grew by an average rate of 3.3 percent per year. In 2002, GDP reached US$497.15 billion from US$ 483.91 billion (1995 US$ at PPP) in 2001, further reducing its unemployment rate to 6 percent from 6.3 percent the previous year. The Australian economy has remained relatively robust despite the global economic slowdown, owing much to the buoyant property market and strong domestic demand. It has steered clear of economic recession, and is expected to continue to outperform most of the developed economies in the coming years. Over 70 percent of Australia’s international trade is with APEC economies and Asia accounts for around 60 percent of Australian trade. Australia is a major exporter of coal, LNG and uranium. The resource sector is the largest exporting sector of the Australian economy and covers over 35 percent of Australia’s export earnings. This has made the Australian economy very sensitive to changes in foreign earnings, arising from fluctuations in international market prices. Table 1 Key data and economic profile (2002) Key data Energy reserves* Area (sq. km) 7,600,000 Oil (MCM) 556 Population (million) 19.66 Gas (BCM) 2,550 GDP Billion US$ (1995 US$ at PPP) 497.15 Coal (Mt) 82,090 GDP per capita (1995 US$ at PPP) 25,283 Source: Energy Data and Modelling Centre, IEEJ. * Proved reserves at the end of 2002 from BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2003. ENERGY SUPPLY AND DEMAND PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY The production of primary fuels in