Ayurpharm Int J Ayur Alli Sci., Vol. 7, No. 10 (2018) Pages 156 – 166 www.ayurpharm.com ISSN: 2278-4772
Review Article
SYNONYMS OF PLANTS IN DRAVYAGUNA VIJNANA- A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW
Chetana BS1*, Nagamani2
1. Assistant Professor, Dept. of Dravyaguna Vijnana, Ashwini Ayurvedic Medical College, Tumkuru, Karnataka, India. 2. Professor and Head, Dept. of Agadatantra, JSS Ayurveda Medical College and Hospital, Mysuru, Karnataka, India.
Received: 08-10-2018; Revised: 22-10-2018; Accepted: 26-10-2018 ………………………………………………………………………….………….……….……………………..
Abstract
Dravyaguna vijnana is the branch of Ayurveda that deals with the study of Dravyas i.e. drugs and Guna i.e. their properties. Naming a plant is very essential in order to identify, classify and differentiate a plant from the other. Plant nomenclature has an important role in Ayurveda as it is utilized as a tool for identifying plants. Synonyms of the a few plants are compiled and presented in this article.
Key words: Synonyms; Paryaya; Dravyaguna vijnana.
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*Address for correspondence: Dr. Chetana BS, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Dravyaguna Vijnana, Ashwini Ayurvedic Medical College, Tumkuru, Karnataka, India – 572 105 E-mail: [email protected]
Cite This Article
Chetana BS, Nagamani. Synonyms of plants in dravyaguna vijnana- A comprehensive review. Ayurpharm Int J Ayur Alli Sci. 2018;7(10):156-166.
Ayurpharm - International Journal of Ayurveda and Allied Sciences 156 Ayurpharm Int J Ayur Alli Sci., Vol. 7, No. 10 (2018) Pages 156 – 166 www.ayurpharm.com ISSN: 2278-4772
INTRODUCTION Pacham-pacha and Katam-kateri (Berberis artistata DC.) Mother Nature always runs based on the theory of co-existence. Undoubtedly, plants 2. Prabhava/Swabhava: Plants named play a key role in providing the basic needs in based on their common utility which is ecosystems. During ancient times man lived in innate to that particular plant is termed close vicinity with the plants. This made them as Prabhava. Examples include: to depend upon plants for their food, shelter, Kushtaghni- alleviates skin disorders clothes and medicine as well. Nature provided (Khadira - Acacia catechu L.f), the medicine according to the need of the man. Shwitraghni- alleviates Shwitra For example, Oxygen scarcity at higher (Bakuchi - Psoralia corylifolia Linn.), altitudes leads to the respiratory diseases and Pleehari- Alleviates disorders of spleen Ephedra is a plant that grows in higher (Sharapunka - Tephrosia purpurea altitudes. Medicinal properties of plant might Linn.), and Garbhanut- that which have been studied based on divine knowledge expels out the fetus (Langhali- Gloriosa of sages, accidental experiences, observation superba Linn.) on animals and doctrine of signatures. Ancient physicians started naming the plants in order 3. Deshokta: Plants named based on their to identify, classify and utility. These names habitat or source from which they were recorded by means of synonyms. belong to. Examples include: Malayaja - Namarupa vijnanam is a special branch of Grows in Malaya Region i.e. western Dravyaguna Vijnanam that exclusively deals ghats. Chandana - Santalum album with the study of Nama (Various names) and Linn.), Kashmira - Grows in Kashmir Rupa (Their forms). Acharya PV Sharma says and Bahlika (Kumkuma - Crocus sativus that the word Namarupa vijnanam can be Linn.) and Dravidi - Grows in Kashmir interpreted in 3 ways namely [1] (Ela - Elettaria cardamomum Linn.).
1. That by which names and forms of 4. Lanchana: Plants named based on their substances (Dravya) are known morphological signs. Examples include: 2. That which imparts knowledge of the Deerghaphala- that which bears long forms (Rupagyana) of substances on pods (Aragwadha - Cassia fistula the basis of names Linn.), Vakrapushpa- that which bears 3. That which deals with proper curved flowers (Agastya - Sesbania correlation of names and forms so grandiflora Linn.), Kharamanjari- that that the entity can be identified which bears spinous inflorescence correctly. (Apamarga - Achyranthes aspera Linn.), Triputa - that which bears fruits Raja Narahari Pandita, the author of Raja with three surfaces (Ela - Elettaria Nighantu provides basis of Dravya cardamomum), Chitratandula- that namakarana [2]. He explains 7 important which bears fruits with whitish patches factors to be considered while naming a plant. (Vidanga - Embelia ribes Burm.F).
1. Rudhi: Plants were nameThe names 5. Upama: Plants named based on the which have been in us traditionally are similes. The plant parts resembling the called as Rudhi. Examples include: animals or other objects. Examples Guduchi (Tinospora cardifolia), include: Shrungi - horn like roots Atarusha (Adathoda vasica Linn.), (Ativisha - Aconitum heterophyllum Linn.), Mastyashakala - the rhizome
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resembles the scales of fish (Katuki - Prasarini meaning that which spreads Picrorhiza kurrao Linn.), Kimshuka - (Paederia foetida Linn.). Flowers resemble parrot’s beak Sheeghree and Vardhamana (Eranda- (Palasha - Butea monosperma (Lam.) Ricinus communis Linn.) Meaning that Taub.), Varahakarni – leaves resemble which grows and spreads fast. pig’s ear (Ashwagandha - Withania somnifera Linn.), Vijidanta - flowers Avayava bhodhaka resemble teeth of horse and Simhasya (Vasa - Adathoda vasica Linn.). Plants are named based on the morphology of different parts of the plants. 6. Veerya: Plants named based on their Veerya. Examples include: Teekshna Patra: based on the morphology of tandula - Pungent fruits. (Pippali - leaves. Examples include: Triparni – Piper longum Linn.), Ushana (Shunti - trifoliate leaves (Bilva- Aegle Zingiber officinale Linn.), marmelos Linn.), Yugmapatra- bifid Sheetavalkala (Udumbara - Ficus leaves (Kanchanara- Bauhinia racemosus Roxb.), Sheeta (Bala- Sida purpurea Linn.), Balapatra- small cardifolia Linn.) and Ushna (Maricha- leaves (Khadira- Acacia catechu L.f.), Piper nigrum Linn.). Snigdhapatra- glossy leaves (Karanja- Pongamia pinnata Linn.), Saptaparna- 7. Itarahwaya: Other names which do not 7 leaves (Alstonia scholaris (L).R Br), belong to the above 6 categories. Asipatra- leaves with sword like edges Examples include: Lavana - Alleviates (Ikshu- Saccharum officinarum Linn.) many disorders (Jyotishmati - Celastrus and Mandalapatraka- round shaped paniculatus Linn.), Varee - One of the leaves (Shimshipa- Dalbergia sissoo best drugs (Shatavari - Asparagus Roxb.ex DC). racemosus Willd.), Shatahwa – bears numerous flowers (Shatapushpa - Pushpa: Based on the morphology of Anethum sowa Linn.), Pura- the best flowers. Examples include: amongst gum resin (Guggulu- Shatapushpa- bears hundreds of Commiphora mukul) and Panya - article flowers (Anethum sowa Linn.), of trade (Jyotishmati - Celastrus Peetapushpa- bears yellow flowers paniculatus Linn.). (Bala- Sida cordifolia), Gucchapushpa- cluster of flowers, Factors considered while giving names and [3][4][5][6] Raktapushpa- red flowers, synonyms to plants in Ayurveda Pindapushpa- flowers in clusters, Madhupushpa- sweetish flowers Swarupa bhodhaka (Ashoka- Saraca indica Roxb.). Some plants are named based on the habit of the plant. Habit is the characteristic form in Phala: Based on the morphology of which plant species grows.[7]Examples fruits. Examples include: include: Kantakapahala- bears fruits that are
spiny (Dhatura- Datura metel Linn.), Nyagrodha (Vata- Ficus benghalensis Kathina phala- bears hard fruits Linn.) meaning the fibers or prop roots (Bilva- Aegle marmelos Linn.), descend from its branches to the earth. Shukaphala- fruits resemble parrot Punarnava meaning becoming young (Arka- Calotrpis procera R.Br), or new again (Boerhavia diffusa Linn.) Brihatphala- bears huge fruit Ayurpharm - International Journal of Ayurveda and Allied Sciences 158 Ayurpharm Int J Ayur Alli Sci., Vol. 7, No. 10 (2018) Pages 156 – 166 www.ayurpharm.com ISSN: 2278-4772
(Kushmanda- Benincasa hispida (Arka- Calotropis procera R. Br.) and Thunb), Jantuphala (Udumbara- Dugdhika (Euphorbia hirta Linn.). Ficus racemosus Roxb.) and Sadaphala- yields fruits throughout the Granthi: Based on the nodes. year in all seasons (Narikela- Cocos Examples include: Shadgranthi nucifera Linn.). (Vacha- Acorus calamus Linn.), Shatagranthi (Durva- Cynodon Beeja: Based on the morphology of dactylon Linn.), Granthiman- Nodular seeds. Examples include: Indrayava- stem (Asthishrunkhala- Cissus Seeds resemble Yava (Kutaja- quadrangularis Linn.). Holarrhena antidysentrica Linn.), Ekashteela- has single stony seed Kantaka: Based on the spines and (Patha- Cissampelos pareira Linn.) thorns. Examples include: and Dantabeeja- Manibeeja- has seeds Teekshnakantaka (Ingudi- Balanites that resemble teeth or ruby (Dadima- aegyptica Linn.), Kantakari (Solanum Punica granatum Linn.). indicum Linn.), Gokantaka- Sthalakantaka- Swadukantaka- Kanda: Based on the morphology of Bhakshakanta- Kantaphala seeds. Examples include: Trivrut- (Gokshura –Tribulus terrestris Linn.), Tribhandi and Trayastra (that which Yugmakantaka- Shwajihwakantaka, has triangular or 3 winged stem- Vyagranakha- Sharp twin spines Operculina turpethum Linn.), (Snuhi- Euphorbia neriifolia Linn.) Chakrangi (Section of stem shows and Adhashalya- spiny inflorescence circular structure-Tinospora cardifolia which is pointed downwards Willd.) and Kalashaka- blackish stem (Apamarga -Achyranthes aspera (Murraya koenigii Linn.). Linn.).
Mula: Based on the morphology of Sara: Based on the heartwood. root. Examples include: Shatamuli- Examples include: Saradruma, hundreds of succulent tuberous roots Raktasara- reddish heartwood (Shatavari- Asperagus racemosus (Khadira- Acacia catechu L.f), Nisara- Willd.), Shuklakanda- whitish rhizome Pseudo- stem has no heartwood (Ativisha- Aconitum heterophyllum (Kadali – Musa paradisiacal Linn.) Linn.), Tamramula- Copper colored and Peetasara- Yellowish heartwood roots (Manjishta- Rubia cardifolia (Ankota- Alangium salvifolium L.f) Linn.) and Sugandhimula aromatic root (Sariva- Hemidesmus indicus (L) Valkala: Based on the bark of the tree. R. Br.). Examples include: Dhavala- whitish bark (Arjuna- Terminalia arjuna Ksheera: Based on the latex. Examples Roxb.), Sheetavalkala (Udumbara- include: Ksheeravidari (Ipomoea Ficus racemosa Roxb.), Varatwacha digitata (L). R. Br.), Swarnaksheeri (Nimba- Azadirachta indica A. Juss) (Argemone Mexicana Linn.), Hemadugdha (Udumbara- Ficus Roma: Based on the hairs. Examples: racemosa Roxb.), Ksheerashukla Kapiromaphala and Markati - (Vidari- Pueraria tuberosa Willd.), legumes covered with stiff hairs like Ksheeraparnaka- Ksheerakanadaka those of monkey (Kapikacchu- Mucuna prurita Linn.).
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Manjari: Based on inflorescence. Linn.), Amlika (Tamarindus indica Examples include: Hareetamanjari Linn.), Madhuyashti (Glycyrrhiza and Bahumanjari- greenish and glabra Linn.) and Tuvaraka multiple inflorescence (Tulasi- (Hydnocarpus laurifolia (Dennst.) Ocimum sanctum Linn.) and Shikhari- Sleummer. ) and Swadukanda – Flowers at the terminal end of sweetish tuber Vidarigandha inflorescence (Apamarga- Achyranthes (Pueraria tuberosa (Wild.) DC). aspera Linn.). Gandha: Based on the smell. Vrunta : Based on leaf/ flower stalks. Examples include: Vajigandha and Examples include: Vruntakaphala- Ashwagandha- smell like that of horse Long petiole (Vartaki- Solanum (Withania somnifera Linn.), melongena Linn.), Vruntika – Long Sugandhiphala- aromatic fruits flower stalk (Neelini- Indigofera (Bilva- Aegle marmelos), tinctoria Linn.) and Deerghavrunta- Gandhaprasarini (Paederia foetida Long petiole (Alaru- Alianthus excelsa Linn.), Gandhapriyangu- Aromatic Roxb.). (Callicarpa macrophylla Vahl.), Sugandhimula- aromatic roots Gunabhodhaka: Based on the Gunas (Sariva- Hemidesmus indica (L.)R.Br.) (qualities). Examples include: and Sugandhi- aromatic tree (Agaru- Aquilaria agallocha (Lour.) Roxb.). Shabda: Based on the sound. Examples include: Gunja (Abrus Anyaguna: Other qualities. Examples precatorius Linn.)- Fruits make sound, include: Teekshnatandula (Pippali- Nata- Kutannata and Tuntuka – Fruits Piper longum Linn.), Snigdhaparni hang and dance with a sound (Karanja- Pongamia pinnata (L.) (Shyonaka- Oroxylum indicum Pierre), Laghu (Aguru- Aquilaria (L)Kurz.). agallocha (Lour.) Roxb.), Kharahwa (Ajamoda- Apium graveolens Linn.), Sparsha: Based on the texture. Soumya- Sthira (Shalaparni- Examples include: Kharapatra- Rough Desmodium gangeticum (L.) DC.), leaves (Parijata- Nyctanthus arbor- Picchila (Shalmali- Kokilaksha- tristris Linn.) and Dushparsha- Asteracantha longifolia (L.) Nees) and difficult to touch because of thorns Kathina (Kakodumbara- Ficus (Kantakari- Solanum indicum Linn,). hispida Linn).
Rupa: Based on appearance. Examples Veerya: Based on Veerya of the plant. include: Suparna- Beautiful leaves Examples include: Sheeta (Bala- Sida (Bakuchi- Psoralia corylifolia Linn.), cordifolia Linn.), Ushana (Shunti- Roopika – good looking (Arka- Zingiber officinale) Calotropis procera R. Br.) and Charu- beautiful (Padmaka- Prunus Prabhava: cerasoides D. Don). Plants are named based on Prabhava (effect). Rasa: Based on the taste. Examples Examples include: Vishaghna (Sirisha- include: Swadukantakantaka- Dalbergia sissoo DC.) Sweetish (Gokshura- Tribulus terestris Linn.), Vrikshamla (Garcinia indicum Ayurpharm - International Journal of Ayurveda and Allied Sciences 160 Ayurpharm Int J Ayur Alli Sci., Vol. 7, No. 10 (2018) Pages 156 – 166 www.ayurpharm.com ISSN: 2278-4772
Karma bhodhaka Plants are named based on the historical background. Examples include: Bodhidruma Plants are named based on the action. (Ashwattha- Ficus religiosa Linn.), Partha Examples include: Kushtaghni (Khadira- (Arjuna- Terminalia arjuna Roxb.), Acacia catechu (L.f.)), Kushtavairi Munidruma (Agastya- Sesbania grandiflora (Tuvaraka- Hydnocarpus laurifolia (Dennst.) Linn.), Kubesrakshi (Latakaranja- Sleummer.), Putrada (Ashwagandha- Caesalpinia crista Linn.), Somaraji (Bakuchi- Withania somnifera Linn.), Dadrughni Psoralia corylifolia Linn.), Punarnava (Cassia tora Linn.), Kasaghni- (Boerhavia diffusa Linn.), Aindree (Brahmi- Raktapittaghni (Vasa- Adathoda vasica Bacopa monnieri (L.)Wettst.), Linn.), Kushtasudhana (Aragwadha- Cassia Devadundhubhi (Tulasi- Ocimum sanctum fistula Linn.), Kasamarda (Senna Linn.), Ramaphala (Annona reticulata Linn.), occidentalis Linn.), Ashmanataka (Cordia Seethaphala (Annona squamosa Linn.), dichotoma G.Forst.), Shophapaha (Ativisha- Shivam (Amalaki- Emblica officinalis Aconitum heterophyllum Linn.) and Gaertn), Lakshmanaphala (Annona Hridrogavairi- Shwasaneshwara (Arjuna- muricata Linn.), Chandrashura (Lepidium Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) sativum Linn.), Indravaruni (Citrulus colocynthis Schrad.), Tapasadruma (Ingudi- Udbhava bhodhaka Balanites aegyptica Linn.) and Devadhupa (Guggulu- Commiphora mukul Hook.ex Plants are named based on utpatti. Examples Stocks). include: Yoni: Mruganabhi and Krimija (Agaru- Aquilaria agallocha (Lour.) Prashathibodhaka Roxb.) Rohana: Kandaruha and Chinnaruha Plants are named based on the appreciation or (Guduchi- Tinospora cardifolia Examples include: Devakusuma (Lavanga- Willd.) Syzygium aromaticum (Linn.) Merr M.Perry.), Adhishtana (Habitat): Jalabrahmi Mangalya (Tulasi- Ocimum sanctum Linn.), (Bacopa monnieri (L.)Wettst.), Nadeyi Jayanti (Agnimantha- Premna (Agnimantha- Premna integrifolia Willd.), Bhishagmatha (Vasa- integrifolia Willd) and Nadisarja Adathoda vasica Linn.), Rajarham (Agaru- (Arjuna- Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) Aquilaria agallocha (Lour.) Roxb.), Rajavruksha (Aragwadha- Cassia fistula Lokopayogi bhodhaka Linn.) and Munidruma (Agastya- Sesbania grandiflora Linn.). Based on its usage. Examples include: Yajnika, Gayatri (Khadira- Acacia catechu Deshabodhaka (L.f.)), Devadhupa (Guggulu- Commiphora mukul Hook.ex Stocks), Vishwadhupakam Plants are named based on the native or place (Agaru- Aquilaria agallocha (Lour.) Roxb.), of origin or availability. Examples include: Karmara- Venu- Dhanudruma (Vamsha- Magadhi- generally grows in Magadha desha Bambusa bambos (L.) Voss) and Rathadruma (Pippali), Kalingaka (Maricha- Piper nigrum (Tinisha- Ougeinia dalbergioides Benth). Linn.), Saihmalam (Twak- Cinnamomum zeylanicum Breyn Pennel.), Kampillaka- Itihaasa prasiddha generally grows in Kampilla desha (Mallotus philippinensis Muell.) and Korangakam -
Ayurpharm - International Journal of Ayurveda and Allied Sciences 161 Ayurpharm Int J Ayur Alli Sci., Vol. 7, No. 10 (2018) Pages 156 – 166 www.ayurpharm.com ISSN: 2278-4772 grows in Koranga desha (Amalaki- Emblica Kolam(Amalaki- Emblica officinalis officinalis Gaertn). Gaertn)
Kalabodhaka Swasthyakaraka: Abhaya, Avyatha and Pranada (Hareetaki- Terminalia Vasantha (Vibheetaki- Terminalia chebula Retz), Dhatree- sustains bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb.), Sharada dhatus and protects health like mother (Saptaparna - Alstonia scholaris (L).R Br), does (Amalaki- Emblica officinalis Chaitra vruksha (Amra- Mangifera indica Gaertn), Shishubheshaja- that which Linn.), Varshapushpika (Atibala- Abutilon is beneficial for pediatric diseases indicum Linn.), Varshaketu- Varshabu (Ativisha- Aconitum heterophyllum (Punarnava- Boerhavia diffusa Linn.) and Linn.), Arogyashimbhi –that which Maghava (Madhuka- Madhuca promotes health (Aragwadha- Cassia indica J.F.Gmel.).These synonyms indicate fistula Linn.) and Ashoka – that which the flowering seasons. eradicates worries (Saraca indica Roxb.). Avayava Sadrusha Vyadhi hetu: Arushakra- causes Amashayaphala- fruits resemble stomach blisters and swelling on touch (Panasa- Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.), (Bhallataka- Semecarpus Chaturangula- having four finger length anacardium L.f), Madahetu- causes fruits. (Aragwadha- Cassia fistula Linn.) Mada (Dhataki- Woodfordia ,Ostopamaphala- fruits resemble lips (Bimbi- fruticosa (L.) Kurz), Karshya – cause Coccinia grandis (Linn.) Voigt), emaciation (Asana- Pterocarpus Gandharvahastha- palmately lobed leaf marsupium Roxb.), Shiroruk- flowers (Eranda- Ricinus communis Linn.) and are intensely aromatic that they cause Gostanee – fruits resemble the udder head ache (Saptaparna- Alstonia (Draksha- Vitis vinifera Linn.) scholaris (L).R Br), Netrari (Snuhi- Euphorbia neriifolia Linn.) and Prani sadrusha: Vyagrapuccha- that Keshahantree- causes hair fall which resembles the tail of Lion and (Shami- Prosopis cineraria. (L.) Gandharvahastha- palmately lobed Druce). leaves (Eranda- Ricinus communis Linn.), Vajidantha- flowers resemble Based on avalilability: Bahwi and the teeth of horses and Simhasya – Vishwa Nagaram (Shunti-Zingiber Flowers resemble the open mouth of officinale Linn.) and Pura (Guggulu- lion (Vasa- Adathoda vasica Linn.), Commiphora mukul Hook.ex Stocks). Kakanasa, Varahakarni- leaves resemble the pig’s ear (Ashwagandha- Action on animals: Hayamara Withania somnifera Linn. ), (Karaveera- Nerium oleander Linn.) Nagakeshara- stamens resemble hood and Matsantaka phala of snake (Mesua ferrea Linn. ), (Madanaphala- Randia Gojihwa – leaves resemble the cow’s spinosa (Thunb.) Poir.). tongue (Onosma bracteatum Wall). Based on Mana: Karshaphala Liked by animals: Vatsadani- liked by (Vibhitaki- Terminalia calf (Guduchi- Tinospora cordifolia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb.) and (Willd.), Krodeshta -liked by Pigs (Mustha - Cyperus rotundus Linn.),
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Gajavajestha, Shrugalaka and Oil Yeilding: Snehaprada (Eranda- Bidalaka- liked by elephants, horses, Ricinus communis Linn.), Beejasneha jackals and cats (Vidarikanda- (Palasha- Butea monosperma (Lam.) Pueraria tuberosa (Willd.) DC). Taub.), Tailabeeja (Bhallataka- Semecarpus anacardium L. f.) and Movement of leaves: Vyadambaka Snehaprada (Jati- Jasminum (Eranda- Ricinus communis Linn.) and officinale Linn.). Chalapatra (Ashwattha- Ficus religiosa Linn. ) Worm infestations: Ghunapriya (Dantee- Baliospermum Liked by women: Streepriya, montanum (Willd.), Krimijagdham Yoshitapriya (Haridra- Curcuma (Ativisha- Aconitum heterophyllum longa Linn. and Ashoka- Saraca Linn.) and Ghunavallabha (Agaru- indica Roxb.), Kumari and Aquilaria agallocha (Lour.) Roxb.). Grihakanya (Kumari- Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f). Kshara yielding: Ksharashreshta (Palasha- Butea monosperma (Lam.) Offers to the gods: Shivapriya (Bilva- Taub.), Kshara vriksha (Mushkaka- Aegle marmelos Linn.) and Schrebera swieteniodes Roxb.) and Vishnupriya, Krishnapriya (Tulasi- Ksharamadhya (Apamarga- Ocimum sanctum Linn.) Achyranthes aspera Linn.)
Usage in Preparing madhya: Action on Dosha: Vatari (Eranda- Harihura (Draksha- Vitis vinifera Ricinus communis Linn.), Marutaghni Linn.), Sidhupushpi (Dhataki- (Ashwagandha- Withania somnifera Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz), Linn.), Vatahara (Palasha- Butea Shaundi (Pippali), Shaundikapriya and monosperma (Lam.)Taub.), Madirasaka. Kaphavirodhi (Maricha- Piper nigrum Linn.), Kaphaha (Vasa- According to Pathya: Pathya Adathoda vasica Linn.), Vatada (Hareetaki- Terminalia chebula Retz), (Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A.Webb) and Pathyashaka (Mundi- Sphaeranthus Kaphari (Shunti- Zingiber officinale indicus Linn.) and Pathyakari Linn.) (Dadima- Punica granatum Linn.). Flowering and Fruiting: Sakrutphala Flowers blooming on specific meaning fruiting occurs only once in Nakshatra: Agastya (Sesbania its lifetime- Kadali (Musa grandiflora Linn.) and Shravani paradisiaca Linn.) and Mrutypushpi (Mundi- Sphaeranthus indicus Linn.). meaning that the plant dies after flowering- Ikshu (Saccharum Protection against evil spirits: officinarum Linn.). Grahanashana (Saptaparni- Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br.), Bhutaghna DISCUSSION (Rasona- Allium sativum Linn.) and Bhutahanti (Mundi- Sphaeranthus Ancient physicians used to identify the plants indicus Linn.). based in their synonyms .As there was no scientific system of classification and nomenclature of plants, synonyms were the
Ayurpharm - International Journal of Ayurveda and Allied Sciences 163 Ayurpharm Int J Ayur Alli Sci., Vol. 7, No. 10 (2018) Pages 156 – 166 www.ayurpharm.com ISSN: 2278-4772 only tools. This nomenclature system has Swadukantaka – Gokshura (Tribulus witnessed evolution since ages. Earlier, during terestris Linn.) and Vikankata the Vedic period, many plants were in use. (Flacourtia indica (Burm.f.) Merr.) There was no question of confusion. Most of Sutiktaka and Varatikta – Nimba the plants were named based on historical (Azadirachta india A. Juss) and background like, Mahabala and Muchakunda Rohitaka (Tecomella undulata Seem.) [8] as they were the names of Gods. During Amogha- Shyonaka (Oroxylum samhita period also the names remained indicum(L) Kurz.) and Vidanga uncontroversial as very few names were used (Embelia ribes Burm. f.) as synonyms. Ananta- Sariva (Hemidesmus indicus (L.)R. Br.) and Durva ( Cynodon Nighantu period marked revolutionary steps in dactylon (L.) Pers.) the field of synonyms as the number of Rasala- Ikshu (Saccharum synonyms were increased significantly. officinarum), Amra (Mangifera indica Nighantus are the lexicons which are the Linn.) and Draksha (Vitis vinifera glossaries of the classical texts. It is believed Linn.) that, each of Bruhatrayee had separate [9] Nighantu. Earlier Nighantus contained only On the other hand synonyms made it very easy the names and synonyms whereas later ones to understand plant morphology even in the contained the synonyms along with the minute note. Synonyms not only help to properties of those plants. In order to describe identify the plant, but also to understand its the plants in detail, Nighantukaaras added habit, habitat, propagation, flowering – more number of synonyms which included the fruiting seasons, availability, main action and names of the different local varieties Rasapanchaka. Here are few examples: ,vernacular names, repetitions of the same names for multiple plants which eventually Eranda (Ricinus communis Linn.): can be gave rise to a group of plants named easily identified based on the synonyms given Sandhigdha dravyas. to the plant.
A plant whose botanical identity is Hastiparnaka, Gandharvahasta and controversial is considered as Sandhigdha Panchaguli- palmately lobed and large dravyas. Few examples for controversies leaves. rose due to the synonyms: Uttanapatraka – Leaf facing the
upwards
Amruta is the synonym used for more Deerghadanda– Long petiole than one plant like Guduchi Vyaghrapuccha- Inflorescence (Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers) resembling the tiger. and Vatsanabha (Aconitum ferox
Wall.) Shatavari (Asparagus racemosus Willd. ): Vijaya - Hareetaki (Terminalia
chebula), Bhanga (Cannabis sativum) Adharakantaka- spines in the stem and Vacha (Acorus calamus Linn.). which are curved Samanga –Lajjalu (Mimosa pudica Sukshma patra- leaves are very Linn,) and Manjishta ( Rubia minute cardifolia Linn.) Phanijihwaparni- Leaves resemble the Sadaphala – Narikela (Cocos nucifera tongue of snake Linn.) and Bilva (Aegle marmelos (L.)
Correa) Shatapadi- numerous tuberous roots
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Not just in the field identification, but also the Shramapaha and Yakshmaghni drugs can be identified in dry forms using (Draksha- Vitis vinifera Linn.)- that synonyms. Examples: which alleviates fatigue Puyari (Nimba- Azadirachta indica A. Ativisha (Aconitum heterophyllum Juss.)- that which alleviates pus Linn.): Synonyms like Shrungi – the Vidradhighna (Shigru- Moringa roots resemble horns, Bhangura- oleifera Lam.) – that which cures brittleness or fragility helps us to test abscess the quality of the samples of Ativisha. Yonishulaghni (Kalajaji- Nigella sativum Linn.) – that which alleviates Katuki (Picrorhiza kurroa): menstrual disorders Synonyms like Mastyashkala- Kushtavairi (Tuvaraka- Hydnocarpus rhizomes have surface resembling the laurifolia (Dennst) Sleummer.)- that scales of fish skin, Katvi-Tikta (bitter which alleviates skin disorders and unpalatable) and Chakrangi – Krimighna (Vidanga- Embelia ribes section of stem shows circular ring. Burm. f.)- that which alleviates intestinal worms Agaru ( Aquillaria agallocha Roxb): Kushtasudhana and Jwarantaka synonyms like Laghu (light in weight), (Aragwadha- Cassia fistula Linn.)- Loham (Blackish color like that of that which alleviates skin disorders and Iron) and Sugandhi (Aromatic). fever Kasaghni (Kantakari- Solanum Asthisamhari ( Cissus quadrangularis indicum Linn.)- that which alleviates Linn.): Synonyms like Chatusira cough (stem is quadrangular) and Sleepadari (Karanja- Pongamia Granthimaan (Nodular) pinnata (L.) Pierre)- that which alleviates sleepada (Filariasis) Synonyms also help us in choosing the drug of Switrabheshaja (Kakodumbara- Ficus choice in a particular given condition as plants hispida Linn.)- that which is used in have been given names based on their specific pediatric diseases action. Here are few examples: Few synonyms not just explain the action of Shulashatru (Eranda- Ricinus the drug, but also the mode of action of the communis Linn.)- that which drug like, alleviates pain Yukari (Langali- Gloriosa superba Dravani – that which liquefies the Linn.)- that which alleviates lice Kapha (Pippali- Piper longum Linn.) Udgarashodhana (Krishnabeeja- Sarini – that which cleanses the Nigella sativum Linn.)- that which Mutravaha Srotas by causing Mutra cleanses sarana (Punarnava- Boerhavia Kushtagni (Khadira- Acacia catechu diffusea Linn.) (L.f.) Willd.)- that which alleviates Shodhana – that which protects by skin disorders doing purification (Amalaki- Emblica Dadrughni (Chakramarda- Cassia officinalis Gaertn). tora Linn.)- that which alleviates Arevata- that which causes ringworm Malasarana acting as Mrudu rechaka (Aragwadha- Cassia fistula Linn.)
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CONCLUSION 3. Sharma PV. Namarupajnanam. 2nd ed. New Delhi: Chaukhambha Vishwabharati; 2011. p.9. Synonyms are the boon in Ayurveda and the 4. Gogte VM. Ayurvedic pharmacology and controversies created due to more number of therapeutic uses of medicinal plants. synonyms cannot be denied as well. Chaukambha publications; 2009. p. 216-218. Synonyms that are very much meaningful and 5. Prakash Hegde, et al. A text book of st the most relevant ones that are essential for the Dravyaguna Vijnana. 1 ed. Varanasi: Chaukambha publications; 2016. p. 460-466. identification of the plants must be 6. Sharma PV. Dravyaguna Vijnana, Part 1. 2nd differentiated from that of the synonyms that ed. Varanasi: Chaukambha Bharti Academy; create controversies regarding identity. Study 2010. p. 22-23. and Knowledge of synonyms is an important 7. Jackson, Benjamin, Daydon. A Glossary of aspect in both Samhitas and Nighantus to Botanic Terms with their Derivation and Accent. 4th ed. London: Published by Gerald Ayurveda Vaidyas. To conclude, I claim that Duckworth & Co; 1928. the role of Synonyms and plants are so very 8. Sashtry JLN. Dravyaguna Vijnana, Part 1. 2nd intimate that they are the two faces of the ed. Varanasi: Chaukambha Orientalia. same coin. 9. Sharma PV. Namarupajnanam. 2nd ed. New Delhi: Chaukhambha Vishwabharati; 2011. REFERENCES ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 1. Sharma PV. Namarupajnanam. 2nd ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Vishwabharati; 2011. The authors are grateful to the contemporary p. 9. authors Dr. Priyavat Sharma, Dr. JLN Sasrty, st 2. Tripathi Indradev, editor. Raja Nighantu. 1 Vaidya VM Gogte and Dr. Nishteshwar for ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Krishandas Academy; 2003. p.13. their huge contribution to the field of Dravyaguna Vijnanam.
Source of Support: Nil Conflict of Interest: None Declared
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