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Napoleon outline: I. Historically misunderstood‐tyrannical, but keen minded and gifted. a. Hero of the French Revolution II. Rule of France: a. Legislature wanted a strong military leader with charisma to replace fragmentized directory. b. Title: initially first consul c. Domestic goal, put an end to civil chaos with his personality i. Strong legal code of 1804, reinstated some of the ideals of the revolution. Equality and security of property for males. ii. New banking system developed d. Religion: Concordat of 1801, agreement between Napoleon Bonaparte and Pope Pius VII that reestablished the Roman Catholic Church in France. Napoleon took the initiative in negotiating this agreement; he recognized that reconciliation with the church was politic. It would help consolidate his position, end the royalist–clerical rebellion in W France, reunite the clergy, which had been divided since the French Revolution, and win the support of the large majority of peasant‐farmers. By its terms Roman Catholicism was recognized as the religion of most French citizens. Archbishops and bishops were to be nominated by the government, but the pope was to confer the office. Parish priests were to be appointed by the bishops, subject to government approval. Confiscated church property, most of which had been sold to private persons, was not to be restored, but the government was to provide adequate support for the clergy. To implement the concordat Napoleon issued (1802) the so‐called Organic Articles; these restated the traditional liberties of the Gallican church (see Gallicanism) while increasing Napoleonʹs control of church activities. The Organic Articles were not agreed to by the pope, and he did not consider them binding. A century later, anticlericalism, intensified by the Dreyfus Affair, led to the imposition of severe restrictions on the church, culminating (1905) in the formal repudiation of the concordat, thereby separating church and state. e. Women shut out from reforms: family monarch, family state with men at the head. f. Liberal reforms such as freedom of press/state were abolished in favor of a rigid police state that controlled opinion and promoted brutality. III. Napoleonic wars: dream to restore the glory of France a. Crushed Austrians in 1799 b. Destroyed the second coalition against him, turned his sole attention to Britain…signed a treaty (amiens) in which he gained huge chunks of the Low Countries and Italy. c. He was not satisfied, tried to restrict trade with his continental system and crush Britain. His poor naval strength made this impossible however. d. Third coalition, Russia, Austria, and Sweded joined with Britain. Austerlitz: Russians and Austirans crushed. Gained more land. e. Took control of Germany in 1805, brought Prussia into the war along with Russia. Russia soon wanted out and signed an accord at Tilsit he now established the grand empire (762). f. Pushed hard for a cease in economic activity with Britain…he suffered the most, people didn’t follow. g. Spain and Portugal revolt with UK aid. h. Napoleon’s sanctions not working so in june 1812 he invades Russia with a huge force of 600k…returns battered by winter with 30k. i. Prussia defected the grand empire, joined with Russian and UK in the 4th coalition a war of liberation. Crushed Napoleon abdicated in April 1814‐ congress of Vienna held. Restoration of the bourbon dynasty see map 805. j. Napoleon exiled attempts one last return…thwarted at Waterloo. .
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