PROCEEDINGS THE 1ST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON LOCAL LANGUAGES

EMPOWERMENT AND PRESERVATION OF LOCAL LANGUAGES

Editors I Nengah Sudipa Ida Bagus Putra Yadnya Made Budiarsa I Nyoman Darma Putra

Udayana University Denpasar, 23—24 February 2018

“Empowerment and Preservation of Local Languages”

Proceedings The 1st International Seminar on Local Languages

Copyright © 2018 All rights reserved

Editors I Nengah Sudipa Ida Bagus Putra Yadnya Made Budiarsa I Nyoman Darma Putra

Cover Design Espistula Communications

Cover Photo Balinese Offering Cake “Sarad” by Arba Wirawan “Baligrafi” (2016) by I Nyoman Gunarsa, made for Jurnal Kajian Bali (Journal of Bali Studies)

Layout Made Henra Dwikarmawan Sudipa

Publisher Udayana University Press

Organized by Masters and Doctoral Programs of Linguistics Faculty of Arts, Udayana University

in collaboration with Local Languages Researcher Association

ISBN: 978-602-294-262-7 TABLE LIST OF CONTENT

Preface...... iii Message from the Dean of Faculty of Arts, Udayana University...... iv Message from The Rector of Udayana University...... v Table List of Content...... viii

KEYNOTE SPEAKER “HONORIFICS” IN THE USAGE OF PERSONAL PRONOUNS AND TERMS OF ADDRESS IN THE BALI AGA DIALECT Hara Mayuko...... 1

INVITED SPEAKER TOPONYMY AS A CULTURAL RESOURCE AND STRENGTHENING OF IDENTITY: A CASE STUDY ON SUNDANESE COMMUNITY IN SOUTHERN PART OF WEST JAVA Cece Sobarna...... 11

MEDIUM OF MODERNITY: IN THE CONTEMPORARY LITERARY LANDSCAPE I Nyoman Darma Putra...... 19

EMPOWERING PROPOSITIONS OF WISDOM IN PRESERVATION OF LOCAL LANGUAGES F.X. Rahyono...... 29

THE STRUCTURE OF RESULTATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS IN BALINESE I Nyoman Sedeng...... 39

PRESENTER DISTRIBUTION OF BAJO LANGUAGE FONOLOGY IN BAJO ISLAND DISTRICT SAPE DISTRICT BIMA NUSA TENGGARA BARAT Aditya Wardhani...... 47

THE VERB ‘CARRY’ IN : A NATURAL SEMANTIC METALANGUAGE ANALYSIS Adolfina Krisifu...... 55

“CAK CUK SURABAYA”: STRATEGY OF STRENGTHENING SURABAYA’S IDENTITY Akhmad Idris, Iga Bagus Lesmana...... 65

vii BALINESE LANGUAGE MAINTENANCE BY YOUNG GENERATION WHO COMES WORSHIPING TO JAGATNATHA TEMPLE WHILE OFFERING CANANG Anak Agung Putri Laksmi Dewi, Ni Wayan Manik Septianiari Putri...... 71

BALINESE LANGUAGE TEACHING LEARNING PROCESS AT ONE EARTH SCHOOL BALI Anak Agung Sagung Shanti Sari Dewi...... 77

MEANING OF VERB “LOOKING” IN BALINESE LANGUAGE: AN APRROACH OF NATURAL SEMANTICS METALANGUAGE Anak Agung Sagung Wid Parbandari...... 83

THE FIRST STEP IS ALWAYS DIFFICULT: THE REVITALIZATION OF IN SCHOOLS Anggy Denok Sukmawati...... 87

PHONOLOGICAL VARIATION AND LINGUISTIC MAPPING IN GRESIK: A STUDY OF GEOGRAPHICAL DIALECT Anis Zubaidah Assuroiyah, Namira Choirani Fajri...... 93

THE PHONOLOGICAL PROCESS AND RULE OF JAVANESE COASTAL LANGUAGE: GENERATIVE PHONOLOGY APPROACH Apriyani Purwaningsih...... 99

THE ROLE OF BISSU IN MATTOMPANG ARAJANG AS TRADITIONAL CULTURE AND KNOWLEDGE PRESERVATION OF BUGINESE IN BONE Arga Maulana Pasanrangi, Moch. Ricky Ramadhan, Moh. Caesario Nugroho, Ashabul Kahfi Susanto...... 105

SOCIAL DIMENSIONS OF CULTURE IN THE JAVANESE FOLKLORE AS A SOURCE OF CULTURAL EDUCATION AND IDENTITY FOSTERING ON ELEMENTARY SCHOOL STUDENTS Barokah Widuroyekti, Titik Setyowati...... 113

COMPARING THE LEVEL OF BALINESE LANGUAGE ACQUISITION USING THE VOCABULARY LEVEL TEST Denok Lestari, I Wayan Suadnyana...... 121

THE SOCIO-CULTURAL DIMENSIONS OF BALINESE VOCABULARY IN THE INDONESIAN COMPREHENSIVE DICTIONARY Deny Arnos Kwary, Ni Wayan Sartini, Almira Fidela Artha...... 127

viii YOUTH MOVEMENT: A STRATEGY TO PRESERVE LOCAL LANGUAGES Desak Gede Chandra Widayanthi...... 133

THE USE OF BALINESE IN ADVERTISEMENTS AS AN EFFORT OF PRESERVING LOCAL LANGUAGE Desak Putu Eka Pratiwi, I Komang Sulatra, Komang Dian Puspita Candra ...... 137

PERSONAL PRONOUNS IN Dewi Ismu Purwaningsih ...... 143

UTILIZATION OF PICTORIAL ILLUSTRATION FOR KOMERING-INDONESIAN DICTIONARY Dita Dewi Palupi ...... 149

SUNDANESE CULTURE AND LANGUAGE IN MANAQIB ACTIVITIES BY JAMAAH PESANTREN SURYALAYA-TASIKMALAYA Djarlis Gunawan ...... 155

THE KNOWLEDGE CREATION PROCESS OF TAMBO IN MINANGKABAU Febriyanto, Tamara Adriani Salim 161

INNOVATION IN CENK BLONK PERFORMANCE: A STRATEGY OF EMPOWERING LOCAL LANGUAGE THROUGH BALINESE SHADOW PUPPET Gede Yoga Kharisma Pradana ...... 173

ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE IN SONG LYRICS SETARA BETARA (SAME AS GOD) AND GUNUNG NENTEN TONG SAMPAH (MOUNTAIN IS NOT A RUBBISH BIN) BY SEVEN CEBLOCK Gusti Agung Ayu Kesuma Wardhani ...... 183

THE USE OF WORD “WATER” IN INDONESIAN AND BALINESE PROVERBS: AN APPROACH OF SEMANTICS COGNITIVE I Gde Pasek Kamajaya, Ni Made Bulan Dwigitta Prativi ...... 191

INTEGRATION OF CHARACTER EDUCATION VALUES IN BALINESE SHORT STORY “KUTANG SAYANG GEMEL MADUI” I Gde Nyana Kesuma ...... 197

BALINESE COMICS: AN EFFORT TO SUSTAIN AND ENFORCE THE BALINESE LANGUAGE AMONG CHILDREN IN BALI I Gede Gita Purnama A.P...... 203

ix LOANWORD PHONOLOGY IN TRANSLATING BALINESE CULTURAL TERMS INTO JAPANESE WITH REFERENCE TO JTB PUBLISHING BOOK ON BALI ISLAND I Gede Oeinada ...... 209

KARMAPHALA IN AKUTAGAWA RYUNOSUKE’S SHORT STORY ENTITLED HELL SCREEN I Gusti Agung Ayu Made Dianti Putri ...... 215

HIDDEN MESSAGE IN SIAP SELEM I Gusti Ayu Gde Sosiowati, I Made Rajeg...... 221

EMPOWERING LOCAL BALINESE TERMS TO INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY WITH DESCRIPTIVE UNDERSTANDING I Gusti Ngurah Parthama ...... 227

THE SYNTACTIC BEHAVIOR OF PERSONAL PRONOUN IN NUSA PENIDA DIALECT I Ketut Darma Laksana ...... 233

INTERACTIVE MULTIMEDIA AS NEW BALINESE LANGUAGE LEARNING FOR ELEMENTARY STUDENTS I Ketut Setiawan, I Nyoman Jayanegara ...... 239

THE APPLICATION OF METAFUNCTIONS IN BALINESE LANGUAGE OF SATUA BALI “I BELOG” I Ketut Suardana ...... 245

EXPLORING THE SOCIAL RULES BEHIND THE USE OF BALINESE COURTEOUS EXPRESSIONS: A SOCIAL APPROACH I Ketut Warta ...... 251

A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY OF MORPHOPHONEMIC PROCESSES OF THE BALINESE DIALECT OF NUSA PENIDA I Nyoman Adi Jaya Putra ...... 259

MOTIVATION STRENGTHENING IDENTITY THROUGH IN TATTOO MEDIA I Nyoman Anom Fajaraditya Setiawan, Putu Satria Udyana Putra ...... 265

MARATHI LOCATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS: A PRELIMINARY STUDY I Nyoman Aryawibawa ...... 271

x THE LINGUISTIC LANDSCAPE OF BALI: THE CASE OF THE TRADITIONAL YOUTH ORGANIZATIONS OF SEKEHA TERUNA I Nyoman Tri Ediwan ...... 277

AN ECOLINGUISTIC PERSPECTIVE REGARDING TOPONYMS IN GIANYAR SUB-DISTRICT, BALI I Putu Gede Hendra Raharja ...... 283

AN ANALYSIS OF DERIVATIONAL AND INFLECTIONAL IN NUSA PENIDA DIALECT I Wayan Agus Anggayana, I Ketut Mantra ...... 289

INDONESIAN DEFAMATION CASES UNDER POLICE INVESTIGATION: A FORENSIC LINGUISTICS STUDY I Wayan Pastika ...... 299

SYNCHRONIC GRAMMATICALIZATION AS FOUND IN THE BALINESE SERIAL VERBS I Wayan Sidha Karya ...... 309

VERBAL ABUSE OF CURSING IN BALINESE MYTHS I Wayan Simpen, Ni Made Dhanawaty ...... 315

THE SEMANTIC STRUCTURES OF DOING TYPES OF ACTION VERBS IN BALINESE LANGUAGE Ida Ayu Agung Ekasriadi ...... 321

THE EQUIVALENCE OF BALINESE FIGURATIVE EXPRESSIONS INTO ENGLISH Ida Ayu Made Puspani, Yana Qomariana ...... 329

STRATIFICATION PERSPECTIVE OF CATUR WANGSA IN TUTUR CANDRA BHERAWA: A STUDY OF SOCIOLOGY OF LITERATURE Ida Bagus Made Wisnu Parta ...... 338

RESHAPING THE PARADIGMN OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE LEARNING TO HARMONIZE LOCAL LANGUAGE MAINTENANCE Ida Bagus Putra Yadnya ...... 341

WAYANG FOR THE PRESERVATION OF AND CULTURE AN ANALYSIS OF MAHABHARATA EPISODE’S GATUTKACA GUGUR (THE FALL OF GATUTKACA) Indrawati, Sri Samiati Tarjana, Joko Nurkamto ...... 347

xi RELATIONSHIP OF SASAK AND SAMAWA LANGUAGES: DIACHRONIC STUDY IN THE LANGUAGE KINDSHIP OF AN ETHNIC GROUP IN INDONESIA Irma Setiawan ...... 355

PHONOLOGICAL INTERFERENCE OF BUGINESE INTO INDONESIAN BY BUGIS SPEAKERS IN CENTRAL SULAWESI (A TRANSFORMATIONAL-GENERATIVE PHONOLOGY STUDY) Jaya ...... 363

STYLISTIC-GRAMMATICAL CONSTRUCTIONS AND CULTURAL-MEANINGS IN MINANGKABAUNESE Jufrizal ...... 373

LEARNING STRATEGY OF BALINESE LANGUAGES BY USING CONTENT IN NEW MEDIA Kadek Ayu Ariningsih, I Nyoman Widhi Adnyana ...... 383

BALINESE CULTURAL TERMS IN ENGLISH MEDIA TOURISM PROMOTION PUBLISHED BY DENPASAR TOURISM OFFICE Kadek Ayu Ekasani, Ni Luh Supartini ...... 387

THE EXISTENCE OF BALINESE LANGUAGE IN TRANSMIGRATION AREA OF LAMPUNG PROVINCE Kadek Feni Aryati, I Putu Agus Endra Susanta ...... 397

ENRICHING AND NOT SIMPLY COMPETING: BALINESE LANGUAGE IN CONVERSATIONAL INTERACTION IN BALI Kadek Ratih Dwi Oktarini ...... 405

REDUPLICATION PROCESS OF BALINESE LANGUAGE IN MEN BRAYUT STORY Ketut Riana, Putu Evi Wahyu Citrawati, Gede Eka Wahyu ...... 415

CONSERVATIVE OR PROGRESSIVE (THE EXISTENCE OF JAVANESE LANGUAGE) Krisna Pebryawan ...... 421

HUMOR IN DOU MAMPINGA SA UMA-UMA ON MPAMA MBOJO: A RESEARCH OF PSYCHOLOGY LITERATURE AND ANECDOTAL TEXT OF INDONESIAN LEARNING K13 Kurniawan, Solihin ...... 427

COMMISSIVE IN BATAK KARO Laili Mahmudah ...... 435

xii LOSS AND GAIN OF INFORMATION OF THE CULTURAL TERMS IN THE SHORT STORY SEEKOR AYAM PANGGANG AND A ROAST CHICKEN IN RELATION TO THE TARGET LANGUAGE READER’S UNDERSTANDING Lina Pratica Wijaya ...... 441

PROMOTING THE LOST VOCABULARIES OF LOCAL LANGUAGES TO REVITALIZE THE DEVELOPMENT OF Lis Setiawati ...... 447

THE LEXICONS OF VERB ‘FALING” IN : NATURAL SEMANTIC METALANGUAGE APPROACH Luh Gde Inten Purnama Sari Setiawan, Ni Putu Yunita Dewi ...... 455

GEGURITAN KAPIPARWA: CHARACTER AND LANGUAGE ANALYSIS 461 Luh Putu Puspawati, I Made Suastika ......

SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION ON CHILDREN MIXED MARRIED BETWEEN JAVANESE AND BALINESE Luh Putu Ratnayanti Sukma ...... 467

‘LIR ILIR” PRAGMATIC ANALYSIS Lukia Zuraida ...... 473

LOCAL BEING WITHOUT NATIONAL: LINGUISTIC DILEMMA IN GILI KETAPANG PROBOLINGGO, EAST JAVA Lukiyati Ningsih, Khadijah Aufadina ...... 479

LOCAL LANGUAGE CONTENT IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM THROUGH THE MEDIA INFORMATION (LONG-COM PROGRAM) TO CHANGE SOCIETY’S PERSPECTIVE OF LOCAL LANGUAGE IN INDONESIA M. Izzudin Ma’ruf ...... 483

THE USE OF LINGUISTIC POLITENESS AND METAPHOR AMONG SASAK SPEAKERS IN RELIGIOUS SETTINGS Mahyuni, M. Amin, Arifuddin, Ahmad Junaidi ...... 489

CULTURAL MEMORY FOR THE SUSTAINABILITY OF SU’I UVI IN NGADHA FLORES Maria Matildis Banda ...... 505

xiii THE EXISTENCE OF DOLANAN SONG IN KINDERGARTEN AS A STRATEGY TO EMPOWER THE JAVANESE LANGUAGE : A CASE STUDY OF ROUDLOTUL ULUM KINDERGARTEN, MOJOKERTO Marta Widyawati, Dwika Muzakky Anan Taturia ...... 511

STRENGTHENING JAVANESE LANGUAGE MALANG ACCENT: A CASE STUDY TOWARD VIDEO BLOG BAYU SKAK ON YOUTUBE Mia Maulana Sarif ...... 517

REVEALING THE CULTURAL FEATURES OF LANGUAGE Monika Gultom ...... 523

GRAMMATICAL EQUIVALENCE IN THE ARABIC-JAVANESE TRANSLATION: THE EXPLORATION OF DIVERSITY IN GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES ACROSS LANGUAGES Muhammad Yunus Anis ...... 529

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SOCIAL MEDIA IN INFLUENCING USE LOCAL LANGUAGE (BALINESE LANGUAGE) Ni Luh Made Dwi Ari Septiani ...... 537

CONSTITUENT MERGING OF SIMPLE CLAUSES IN BALINESE Ni Luh Ketut Mas Indrawati ...... 539

THE USE OF NUSA PENIDA BALINESE PHONEME /h/ (A CASE STUDY OF NUSA PENIDA PEOPLE WHO LIVE IN DENPASAR) Ni Made Ayu Widiastuti ...... 547

HOW ANIMALS PERSONIFICATION ACCOMPLISHED IN CHILDREN’S STORY Ni Wayan Sukarini ...... 555

LINGUISTIC IDEOLOGY AND MULTI-IDENTITY (RE)CONSTRUCTION:A CASE STUDY OF THE MANGGARAI-FLORES DIASPORA IN BALI Ni Wayan Sumitri, I Wayan Arka...... 561

TOGA DANCE IN SIGUNTUR KINGDOM CULTURE AS MALAY HISTORICAL RELICS TO STRENGTHEN MINANGKABAU IDENTITY Nidya Fitri, Dewa Ayu Widiasri ...... 569

YAWII: A VERB OF MOTION TOWARD GOAL AND MOTION AWAY FROM SOURCE IN MEE Niko Kobepa...... 577

xiv LANGUAGES PRESERVATION IN CEPUNG: ORAL TRADITION, COLLABORATION­ OF SASAK AND BALI COMMUNITY ON ISLAND Nining Nur Alaini ...... 583

EXPLORATION ON VERB ‘BAHA’ IN PAKKADO, MANDAR, INDONESIA: A STUDY OF NATURAL SEMANTIC METALANGUAGE Nirwan ...... 589

CULTURAL VALUES IN TRADITIONAL EXPRESSION OF SASAK TRADITIONAL INTERCOURSE Niswatul Hasanah, Malihah Hafiz ...... 597

RECIPIENT ROLE IN BALINESE GIVING VERB CONSTRUCTIONS Nyoman Sujaya ...... 605

ADJECTIVES IN LUBUKLINGGAU DIALECT OF PALEMBANG AND ENGLISH THROUGH MORPHOLOGY AND SYNTAX ANALYSIS Oktaria Hasiyana ...... 613

A RITUAL TO COMMUNICATE WITH GOD OF THAI-KHMER GROUP: A CASE STUDY OF JOAL MAMAUD RITUAL, MUANG DISTRICT, SURIN PROVINCE, THAILAND Phra Dhammamolee, Yasothara Siripaprapãgon, Suthat Pratoomkaew, Thittayawadee Intarangkul, Suriya Klangrit, Samroeng Intayung ...... 623

JAVA ENCYCLOPEDIA BASED ON JAVANESE LOCAL KNOWLEDGE FOR MILENIAL GENERATION Prembayun Miji Lestari, Retno Purnama Irawati, Mujimin ...... 629

INSIGHT OF DIGITAL FOLKLORE IN RELATION TO EDUCATION Putu Irmayanti Wiyasa ...... 635

CONTRASTIF ANALYSIS BALI AND MANDARIN LANGUAGES PRONUNCIATION Putu Prinda D`amour Nisa ...... 641

STRENGHTENING AND DEVELOPING LOCAL LANGUAGE LITERATION THROUGH LOCAL CONTENT CURRICULUM OF PRIMARY SCHOOL: SYSTEMIC-FUNCTIONAL LINGUISTIC PERSPECTIVE Putu Sutama, Maria Arina Luardini, Natalina Asi ...... 647

FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE IN BALINESE PROVERBS WITH THE LEXICON OF FAUNAS Putu Zalsa Swandari Putri, Ni Made Mitha Suandari ...... 655

xv EXISTENCE OF LOCAL LANGUAGES IN THE VARIOUS GENRE OF POPULAR MUSIC IN INDONESIA Ranti Rachmawanti ...... 661

BANYUMAS JAVANESE DIALECT LANGUAGE IN THE TRADITIONAL CEREMONY OF BANYUMAS COMMUNITY MARRIAGE Ratih Kusumastuti ...... 667

THE EFFORTS TO MAINTAIN THE MOTHER TONGUE IN BEKASI Ratu Badriyah ...... 673

THE POWER OF BATAK TRADITIONAL SONG IN REPRESENTING LIVING VALUES Romaida Lubis ...... 679

TERMS OF ADDRESS IN THE BELITUNG ISLAND SOCIETY: A SOCIOLINGUISTIC APPROACH Sandy Nugraha 687

LINGUISTIC LANDSCAPE OF OUTDOOR SIGNS IN CUSTOMARY VILAGE OF TEGALTAMU, GIANYAR Sang Ayu Isnu Maharani ...... 693

LANGUAGE ATTITUDES AND LANGUAGE USE A GROUP OF PEOPLE TOWARDS LOCAL LANGUAGES IN THE RELATION TO ETHNIC IDENTITY Satyawati ...... 669

AGROLINGUISTIC ISSUES, AGRICULTURAL LEXICONS AND MUSEUM NAGARI IN WEST SUMATRA Sawirman ...... 703

METAPHORS USAGE IN THE MARRIAGE PROPOSAL RITUAL IN MANGGARAI, EAST INDONESIA Sebastianus Menggo ...... 709

PERCEIVED ADDRESS TERMS IN PM BY PAPUAN AND NON PAPUAN SPEAKERS: A PRELIMINARY STUDY Servo P. Kocu ...... 715

PHAHYA : WORD EFFECTS TO E-SARN PEOPLE’S LIFE Sowit Bamrungphak ...... 721

xvi LANGUAGE OF THE BAWEAN ISLANDERS: CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS IN SPEECH LEVELS Sri Wiryanti Budi Utami ...... 727

ANCIENT LANGUAGE IN SACRED RITUAL OF BUDDHIST THAI-KHMER PEOPLE IN MUANG DISTRICT, SURIN PROVINCE, THAILAND Suthat. Pratoomkaew, PhraRajdhammasansudhi Teerangku, Phramaha Khuntong Khemasiri, Phramaha Tongchai Thammathawee, Yasothara Siripaprapãgon ...... 733

FIRST PERSON POSSESSIVE CONSTRUCTION IN Tunggul Puji Lestari, Dwita Laksmita Rachmawati ...... 739

THE DERIVATED CLAUSE STRUCTURES IN , DIALECT RAI Ulinsa, Yunidar ...... 747

THE FORMATION OF IDIOM IN : PERSPECTIVE MORPHOLOGY SYSTEM Umar ...... 755

ORAL PROFICIENCY IN : AN ISSUE IN MAINTAINING TAMIL LANGUAGE Vijay Khana ...... 761

THE MAINTAINED USE OF JAVANESE LANGUAGE IN SURABAYA URBAN SOCIETY Wahyu Sekti Wijaya ...... 767

IDENTIFIYING SENTANI CHILDREN’S DIFFICULTIES IN LEARNING THEIR LOCAL LANGUAGE Wigati Yektiningtyas ...... 773

BOL : THE RITUAL AND ART OF DETECTING THE CAUSE OF ILLNESS IN KHMER PEOPLE SURIN PROVINCE,THAILAND Wan Suwanpong, Prayoon Saengsai, Yasothara Siripaprapãgon, Karisandh Sengmas, Somkid Sukjit, Suriya Klangrit ...... 781

ANCIENT SACRED LANGUAGE PRESENTED IN GALMORE RITUAL OF BUDDHIST THAI-KUI PEOPLE IN SURIN PROVINCE OF THAILAND Yasothara Siripaprapãgon, Wan Suwanpong, PhraKan KantaDharmmo, Suriya Klangrit, Samroeng Intayung ...... 787

xvii “PHAYAR” A LANGUAGE THAT REFLECTS THE DOCTRINE IN THE LIFE OF THAI-KUY ETHNIC GROUP IN SURIN PROVINCE OF THAILAND Yasothara Siripaprapãgon, Prayoon Saengsai, Wan Suwanpong, Suriya Klangrit, Samroeng Intayung ...... 793

KIEH IN MINANGKABAU’S TAMBO Yendra ...... 797

xviii RELATIONSHIP OF SASAK AND SAMAWA LANGUAGES: DIACHRONIC STUDY IN THE LANGUAGE KINDSHIP OF AN ETHNIC GROUP IN INDONESIA

Irma Setiawan Muhammadiyah University of e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract The language variation of a tribe in Indonesia has directly reflected language diversity and accent in its speech community. However, inter-tribal language diversity does not mean that it does not have a language closeness relationship. Thus, in this study, the problems examined is the identification of the relation of language of Sasak ethnic group and Samawa ethnic group. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to describe the language kindship (similarity) of and Samawa language. In addition, language kindship can create a sense of language solidarity in order to strengthen the unity among the various ethnic groups in Indonesia. The collected data was obtained by employing method consisting of interview with its basic technique and derivatives, observation (based on Swades vocabulary), and documentation. Sources of data were obtained from speakers of Sasak language and Samawa language who were communicating. The collected data was analysed by combination method namely descriptive qualitative and quantitative. This combination was employed to describe the research in systematic, categorized, patterned, anddialectometry . Data are presented formally and informally. In the end, this study discovers the relation or relativity of variations of the two ethnic languages that will strengthen the value of togetherness and tribal unity in Indonesia.

Keywords: Sasak and Samawa languages, diachronic relations, and language kindship

1. INTRODUCTION The language diversity ​​in (NTB) has made this province a multi- lingual varied area. This is possible because NTB is inhabited by three major ethnic groups, namely Sasak, Samawa, and Mbojo. These three ethnic groups are incorporated into an administrative region, namely NTB province. In daily life, local people tend to communicate according to their ethnic language, such as: use Sasak language, Samawa people use Samawa language, and Mbojo people use Mbojo language. This reality is largely fuelled by a sense of admiration for the identity and nuances of their respective localities. In line with Berry et al’s statement (in Mahsun, 1997: 2) propose the theory of identity known as the theory of social identity. According to them, the social identity is a part of the self-concept of the individual that comes from the knowledge of the membership in a group or social groups along with the value and emotional significance attached to the membership. This means that someone from all three ethnic groups in NTB has the possibility of embedding emotional value

355 Proceedings The 1st International Seminar on Local Languages and connectivity to the spoken language spoken by the ethnic itself. In the meantime, the tendency of attitudes that accentuate the identity can absolutely affect the harmony of society, because the attitude of society is very emotional to the existing elements in the ethnic environment. This situation can trigger horizontal conflicts in the struggles of social interaction of the people. Morevover, inter-ethnic or sub-ethnic intersections have occurred in NTB. For example, in a series of inter-ethnic conflicts in NTB, the Samawa ethnic conflict with Balinese on 4 April 2000, Sasak ethnic conflict with Balinese that occurred around 2013, and many other ethnic conflicts in NTB. More specifically, the Sasak sub-ethnic conflicts between the Petemon and Karang Genteng villages were conflicting due to the intervention of different dialect variants, resulting in the formation of a gap between the two sub-ethnic groups (Mahsun, 2001: 4). Therefore, it needs close attention and seriousness towards differences that tend to process and progress towards the survival of the community in NTB. It can be done by concerning on the things that can be prevented and minimized through actions that uphold the diversity that remains in one unity of the nation. This can be proven through a review of the origin of language in NTB, for example between Sasak (BSs) and Samawa (BSw). Historically, according to Mbete (1990) (in Mahsun, 1997: 3) the languages in NTB have the same language ancestor, that is, from the Proto Sasa-Samawa. Sasak language is the native language of Sasak ethnic group inhabiting the island of Lombok (NTB). Sasak ethnic is ethnic majority in Lombok Island (there are some ethnic minorities, such as: Java, Bali, etc.). The Sasak language has a dialect variant, Toir (in Mahsun, 1997: 3) divides into five sub-dialects, namely Ngeno-Ngene dialect, Meno-Mene, Mriak-Meriku, Kuto-Kute, and Ngeto-Ngete. The five sub-dialects are scattered into five administrative regions of the city / regency in Lombok Island. Samawa language is the indigenous language of ethnic Sawama who inhabit (NTB) Island. Mahsun (1997) in his research divides the variant of the Samawa dialect into four dialects, namely Jereweh dialect, Taliwang dialect, Tongo dialect, and Sumbawa Besar dialect. The whole dialect is spread over two administrative districts on the island of Sumbawa. Diachronic investigation is described (Kridalaksana, 2009: 48, Mahsun, 1995: 11) as a review of the approach to language by seeing progress over time. In this case, the investigation was conducted in two cognate languages, namely Sasak and Samawa. Common differences and similarities occur in every environment and this is largely due to social factors. As explained by Wijana et. al. (2006: 5); Setiawan (2013: 3) is about community intervention in language and language in society. In addition, related to the speech, the local language can be also as a pointer identity and local identity. This is in line with Berry et al. theory of social identity (in Mahsun, 1997: 2) which he claims that social identity is part of the self-individual conception derived from the knowledge of his membership in a group or social groups together with the values ​​and emotional significance which is attached to the membership. Thus, there is a tendency for a person to do speech act in accordance with his or her origin of the area, whether speaking in the environment or even outside the environment.

356 Bali, 23-24 February 2018 Empowerment and Preservation of Local Languages

Furthermore, the unity of clumps between the Sasak and Samawa languages is supported on the line of the Brandes (see Mahsun, 1997: 1) which divides the two Polynesian Malay groups, which he calls the subgroups of the Western Archipelago and the Eastern Archipelago, precisely among the Sasak - Samawa languages included in West Nusantara language group. Therefore, the proof of a single clump between BSs and BSw is important to be realized, so in this study, the researcher tries to tackle the problem entitled “Sasak and Samawa Language Relation: Diachronical Study on Familly Language of an Ethnic Group in Indonesia”. This study is expected to serve as a unifying tie between ethnics in NTB in particular or even for the whole ethnicity of the archipelago in general, because the true nature of its own language, in addition to be a community marker, as well as a lingua franca in social life.

METHOD2. In this research, there are two paradigms or research approaches, namely qualitative and quantitative. This is because researcher believes that using single paradigm only will lead us to gain less comprehensive data, thus it encourages researchers to employ two approaches. This is in line with Creswell’s statement (2012a: 535; 2012b: 311); (Brannen, 2005); compared to (Denzin & Lincoln, 2000) the use of two approaches (mixed methods) is applied in relation with the basic assumption as the best effort to gain an understanding of the research problem. The research setting in the study of the relation between the two ethnic languages does not employ the determination of population and sample as in general research, but this research underlay the object of study based on basic vocabulary (on Swades ) which then sorted and set to be used as reference data or sample research. In this case, it is determined by researchers that there are 25 data comparative vocabulary sample analysed. Related to the provisions of the sample, it is necessary to observe the revelation related to the research data, it takes some representative data samples for the overall representativeness of the data, because it is necessary to note that the sample data, it is sufficient enough to gather data from one person or one data but representative, otherwise, it is too risky because the data obtained cannot be cross-correlated for the sake of its validity (Samarin, 1988); compared to (Mahsun, 2007: 29). Methods and techniques of collecting and analysing data were conducted based on (Mahsun, 2007: 92) method of referring (skilful technique and competent technique), skill method (fishing technique and advanced skill advanced technique) and documentation to clarify the accuracy of the data itself. Data analysis method is done by description method and analysed with qualitative technique to categorize and manage the findings data. Analysing procedure is done by using inductive approach. The data obtained in the field is analysed by thinking based on specific things then drawn conclusions on things that are general. Thus, the data obtained can represent the entire object of research.

ISBN: 978-602-294-262-7 357 Proceedings The 1st International Seminar on Local Languages

3. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION This section represents the findings and discusses sveral things related to relation between Sasak language and Samawa language involving data description, relation between BSs and BSw, and isolek status of BSs and BSw.

4.1. Data Description The data used in this study were randomly assigned, by looking at the basic grammar (Swades) between the Sasak and Samawa ethnic languages. The vocabulary can be observed in table 4.0 below.

Tabel: 4.0: Basic Vocabulary as Research Reference Data No Glos DATA ANALYZED 1 2 Sasak Language (BSa) (BSw) 1 Abu Au au 2 Akar Akar akar 3 Apa apa, apə apa 4 Anjing acɔŋ asuq, acɔŋ 5 Baru baru bǝruq 6 Benar kǝnaq tǝtuq 7 Benih binɛq binɛq,biniq 8 Buah buaq buaq 9 Bunuh sǝmateq sǝmateq, bǝsǝmate 10 Burung kǝdit pio 11 Cacing lɔŋa caciŋ, bari 12 Cuci bisoq bisoq,mopoq 13 Danau ǝmbuŋ, kokoq tǝlaga 14 darah daraq gǝti 15 dua dua dua 16 hati ate ate 17 jauh jaɔq jɔq 18 kalau daraq gǝti 19 kiri kiri kiri 20 kuning kunǝŋ kuniŋ 21 peras pǝrǝs pǝraq, rǝmǝs 22 potong pɔlɔŋ pɔlak 23 siapa sǝi sai 24 telur tǝloq tele 25 tulang tɔlaŋ tɔlaŋ

358 Bali, 23-24 February 2018 Empowerment and Preservation of Local Languages

Based on table 4.0 above, it can be observed the reference data used by researchers in reconstructing the relation between the two ethnic languages. Related to the reference data, BSs and BSw have some similarities in vocabulary, ie on vocabulary; abu (ash), akar (), buah (fruit), hati (heart), kiri (left), and tulang (bone). Simply, there are six similar vocabulary and nineteen similar and unequal vocabulary, so the same degree of data between BSs and BSw is at the same percentage (24%) and similar and unequal (76%).

4.2. Kindship Relation of Sasak language (BSs) and Samawa Language (SSw) Relation is a form of connection between BSs and BSw as the language in one kindship of West Nusantara. The relationship between BSs and BSw is seen in three forms or relationships. This is obtained based on the results of the correlation analysis of language on the basic vocabulary with the same explanation as much as 6 vocabulary, ie on word / abu /, / root /, / buah /, / hati /, / kiri /, and / tulang/. Meanwhile, in a vocabulary whose relation is similar or related is found in 15 basic vocabularies, such as; ; /apa/ (a~ə/-#), /anjing/ (c~s/#V-V# dan ŋ~q/-#), /baru/ (a~ǝ/#K-K# dan Ø~q/-#), /benar/ (k~t/#-, e~ə/#K-K#, n~t/#K-K#, dan a~u/#K-K#), /benih/ (ɛ~i/#K-K#), /bunuh/ (Ø~bǝ/#- dan q~ Ø/-#), /cuci/ (b~m/#-, o~i/#K-K#, dan p~s/#V-V#), /dua/ (ǝ~a/-#), /jauh/ (~ Ø/#K-), /kalau/ (u ~i/#K-K#), /kuning/ (ǝ~i/#K-K#), /peras/ (ǝ~a/#K-K# dan s~q/-#), /potong/ (ɔ~a/#K-K# dan ŋ~k/-#), /siapa/ (ǝ~a/#K-), dan / telur/ (ǝ~a/#K-, ǝ~e/#K-K#, o~e/#K-K#, dan q~ Ø/-#). In addition, there is also a different basic vocabulary between BSs and BSw of 4 vocabularies, such as; /burung/, /cacing/, /danau/, dan /darah/. To be clearer, table 4.1 shows the close relation between BSs and BSw. No Glos Relation form Language Region ob- Relation type served 1 abu au BSs 1,2 sama au BSw 2 akar akar BSs 1,2 sama akar BSw 3 apa apa,apə BSs 1,2 a~ə/-# apa BSw 4 anjing acɔŋ BSs 1,2 c~s/#V-V# dan ŋ~q/-# asuq, acɔŋ BSw 5 baru baru BSs 1 a~ǝ/#K-K# dan Ø~q/-# bǝruq BSw 2 6 benar kenaq BSs 1 k~t/#-, e~ə/#K-K# n~t/#K-K#, tətuq BSw 2 a~u/#K-K# 7 benih binɛq BSs 1,2 ɛ~i/#K-K# binɛq, biniq BSw 8 buah buaq BSs 1,2 sama buaq BSw 9 bunuh sǝmateq BSs 1, 2 Ø~bǝ/#- dan q~ Ø/-# s ǝ m a t e q , BSw bǝsǝmate 10 burung kǝdit BSs 1 beda pio BSw 2

ISBN: 978-602-294-262-7 359 Proceedings The 1st International Seminar on Local Languages

11 cacing lɔŋa BSs 1 beda caciŋ, bari BSw 2 12 cuci bisoq, mopoq BSs 1,2 b~m/#-, o~i/#K-K#, dan bisoq BSw p~s/#V-V# 13 danau ǝmbuŋ, kokoq BSs 1 Beda tǝlaga BSw 2 14 darah daraq BSs 1 Beda gǝti BSw 2 15 dua dua,duǝ BSs 1,2 ǝ~a/-# dua BSw 16 hati ate BSs 1,2 sama ate BSw 17 jauh jaɔq BSs 1 a~ Ø/#K- jɔq BSw 2 18 kalau lamun BSs 1 u ~i/#K-K# lamin BSw 2 19 kiri kiri BSs 1,2 sama kiri BSw 20 kuning kunǝŋ BSs 1 ǝ~i/#K-K# kuniŋ BSw 2 21 peras pǝrǝs BSs 1 ǝ~a/#K-K# dan s~q/-# pǝraq, rǝmǝs BSw 2 22 Potong pɔlɔŋ BSs 1 ɔ~a/#K-K# dan ŋ~k/-# pɔlak BSw 2 23 Siapa sǝi BSs 1 ǝ~a/#K- sai BSw 2 24 Telur tǝloq BSs 1 ǝ~e/#K-K#, o~e/#K-K#, dan q~ Ø/-# tele BSw 2 25 tulang tɔlaŋ BSs 1,2 Sama tɔlaŋ BSw Table 4.1: Relation between BSs and BSw

Based on table 4.1 above, the type of the relationship is divided into three, namely the same relation, similar, and no relation. Thus, it can be constructed that the BSs connectivity with BSw has very identical, in the very sense of being related. This is supported by data of equal status and association. However, this subject cannot be generalized before the isolek status is observed in the calculation of dialectometry, i.e. the calculation of the degree of difference or the isolation relations between two or more dialects in this case between BSs and BSw.

Isolek 4.3. Isolek Status between BSs dan BSw Differences in isolek status of a language will determine the position of one language to another language, ie between BSs with BSw. Isolek is a marker or differentiator on the structure of a language itself, whether it is one language, similar (belongs to one kindship), or even different language. Absolutely, the explanation can be dragged through the calculation of dialectometry on the relation between BSs and BSw. The calculation of relations between these two languages can be observed in table 4.2 below.

360 Bali, 23-24 February 2018 Empowerment and Preservation of Local Languages

Table 4.2: The presentage of Different Isolek between BSs and BSw DP Different Word Code ΣDifference % ISOLEK STA- DB TUS 1-2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 No ------+ 6 difference 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 + - + + ------21 22 23 24 25 ----- *Note: (+) different, (-) similar, DP (observed region), and DB (range of difference)

Based on table 4.2 above, the percentage of lexicon difference between BSs and BSw is only 16% which means that the status of isolek is no difference. This indicates that the position and existence of Bss and BSw are grouped in a group of proto language, namely the Western Archipelago, so there is no reason stated that the two languages (BSs and BSw) as different languages. Furthermore, if the calculation of the lexicon’s different levels is reduced to the social conditions of society, it indicates that both ethnics historically belong to one language kindship. It is reaonable because the difference between BSs and BSw is almost not too contrast or high and ranges from 0 - 20% (dialectometry) which means it is considered no difference in lexicon, while when examined on the phonological aspects the results obtained between BSs and BSw are different dialect. This is based on a scale of determination ondialectometry in the range of 12-16% considered only different dialects.

4. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION Based on the above discussion, it can be concluded that BSs and BSw as regional languages of two ethnics are highly correlated. The reason, the results of dialectometric calculations of the basic vocabulary BSs and BSw showed the difference scale, amounted to 16% and that means, the isolek status on the lexicon is considered no difference and the phonology is only considered different dialect. Thus, it can be correlated that BSs and BSw are a language kindship and this shows that there is no reason for ethnic communities to interconnect or conflict with each other. Furthermore, the conflict in NTB between Sasak and Samawa ethnic is not solely generated on the basis of regional languages, because there is no difference lexicon and only a dialect difference. However, it should be observed on the phonological aspect. In this aspect, the potential for conflict may occur because of the protrusion of group identity through its regional dialect.

Thus, the results of this simple study are expected to provide a picture of the relationships between two languages in two different ethnic groups in NTB, namely Sasak and Samawa. Both of these ethnic groups are very closely related and clustered in one clump and

ISBN: 978-602-294-262-7 361 Proceedings The 1st International Seminar on Local Languages will eventually strengthen and tighten the tribal tribal races in NTB in particular or even in the archipelago in general.

Acknowledgment: My gratitude is delivered to all the people who have helped the research work smoothly and unhindered. To the dean of the Rector of Muhammadiyah University of Mataram and the University Research Institute which have provided assistance in the form of research funding, and especially to my faithful parents, my wife, and my son for their great support in the successful completion of this study.

362 Bali, 23-24 February 2018 Udayana University Press