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Gezer 2013 Report 1 Steven M. Ortiz and Samuel R. Wolff GEZER 2013 REPORT (License No. G57-2013) Figure 1: Aerial (north at top) INTRODUCTION The Tel Gezer Excavation project is a long-term joint American-Israeli project addressing chronological reevaluations, ethnic and social boundaries, and state formation in the southern Levant. To date, the project has conducted six summer field seasons. The sixth season of the renewed excavation of Tel Gezer took place between 17 June and 12 July 2013. The excavations were directed by Dr. Steven M. Ortiz of the Tandy Institute for Archaeology at Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary and Dr. Sam Wolff of the Israel Antiquities Authority. 2 The excavations were sponsored by the Tandy Institute for Archaeology at Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary. The project also receives financial support by a consortium of institutions: Andrews University, Ashland Theological Seminary, Clear Creek Bible College, Marian Eakins Archaeological Museum, Lancaster Bible College and Graduate School, Lycoming College, and Midwestern Baptist Theological Seminary. The excavations were carried out within the Tel Gezer National Park and benefit from the cooperation of the National Parks Authority. The excavation project also received support from Kibbutz Gezer and the Karmei Yosef Community Association. The Project is affiliated with the American Schools of Oriental Research. Figure 2: 2013 Participants Nearly 80 participants from the consortium schools as well as other students and volunteers from several countries (U.S., Israel, Palestinian Authority, Russia, Korea, Hong Kong) participated in the project. The Tel Gezer expedition included: Gary Arbino (senior field archaeologist), Cameron Coyle (field archaeologist), Connie Gane (supervisor), Trey Thames (assistant project administrator); area supervisors: S. Baker, M. Barbosa, J. Chatfield, J. Jewell, B. Longino, R. DeWitt-Knauth, K. Miller, J. Moody, G. Nagagreh, T. Thames, S. von Wrick; assistant area supervisor: A. Wegman; zooarchaeology: L. Horowitz; architect/draftsman: J. Rosenberg; 3 computer database designer: D. Pride; pottery registrar, J. Harrison; material culture registrar and conservator: Lin Pruitt (also acting as camp manager). The research goal of the project is to investigate state formation and regional boundaries in the northern Shephelah by investigating the Iron Age cultural horizon at Tel Gezer. These broad research trends in Iron Age archaeology are being addressed by current research projects in the Shephelah and Southern Coastal Plain; specifically ethnic and political boundaries in the Judean Hills and the Philistine coastal plain. Goals and Changes for the 2013 Season Our goals for the 2013 season were: 1) expand the exposure of the 9th century (Stratum 7) to the north in Field E; 2) continue to remove the 8th century (Strata 6a and b) in Field E, particularly to see if the walls of Stratum 7 abut the casemate wall; 3) excavate (and remove) the late Iron Age fortification system in order to better understand its construction and expose the Late Bronze Age pillared building below it, and 4) connect Field B with Field A to obtain a complete stratigraphic picture of Fields A, B and Field VII of the HUC excavations. As well as to determine the 8th century city plan. Major changes in field strategy are 1) addition of Cameron Coyle, PhD student at SWBTS to replace Bob Mullins as Field Archaeologist of Field E. One of the major components of the excavation was our field school. Several potential consortium schools were also participating and investigating our academic and research program. Dr. Connie Ganes brought a team of staff and volunteers from Andrews University as a trial season to determine joining our project full time. In addition, faculty members from potential consortium schools were also involved with the project: Dr. Steve Sanchez, Emmaus College and professor Rusty Osborne of the University of the Ozarks. 4 OVERVIEW Work continued in the two major fields (E and W). Field E encompasses an area west of the Iron Age Gate Complex (Field III of the HUC excavations). The goals of this area are to investigate the urbanization process of the Iron Age City. This field includes an east-west section of squares from the Iron Age gate to the west exposing the city fortification system and its relation to building activity built up against the city wall. To accomplish the goals of field E, we first had to continue to remove the 8th century Administrative buildings. This involved nearly a week of removing the walls of administrative buildings A and B of the 8th century stratum. Once a majority of the walls were removed, excavation squares were reestablished and the field went down systematically to earlier strata. Field W is located west of Field E. The goal of this field is to 1) investigate the several Iron Age occupation horizons of the tel, The goals for Field W was to continue excavations of the Iron Age walls and excavate expediently to the Late Bronze Age strata (Upper Sondage) and continue exploring the fortification systems in the sondage. The field strategy of Field W was to remove the walls of the Stratum 7 and 8 (9th and 8th centuries BCE). Major work at the start of the season was to lower the western balk for safety and to assist in the removal of soil from the field. This was accomplished by excavating Squares V3-V10. In addition, the excavation of squares A4, B4, and C4 was done to bring these squares down from topsoil to the Iron Age levels exposed in adjoining squares. This also helped to unite structures in the domestic and the public quarters of the city. The work in both fields progressed slowly due to the following factors: 1) reinterpretation of the Iron Age II retention wall system as a reused Iron Age I city wall, 2) difficult stratigraphy of the various Iron Age walls in Field W necessitated slow and careful removal of various walls. In Field E, it was assumed that we would quickly be on our Stratum 7 (9th century BCE) levels immediately. In reality, the 8th century BCE tripartite Building A had very extensive foundations as well as disruption of this area by several Hellenistic structures (Wall 61023, Kilns 41010 and 61058) as well as pits and earlier excavations by Macalister. The discernment of two building phases of the 8th century BCE buildings (e.g. Stratum 6) also slowed the removal of the Stratum 6 building as we spent time documenting and excavating the rebuilding of Building A. The 9th 5 century was only discerned in two squares with the possible remnants of wall lines in other squares (W61040 and W61043). 2. Summary of Results Major results of the 2013 season were: 1) Excavation of the Bronze Age, dated to the 14th century based on the complete vessels (storage jar, jar, krater, and cooking pot). 2) Recovery of an Egyptian scarab, faience jewelry, gold leaf, and three cylinder seals 3) Iron Age I city wall and plan with three more complete store jars found. 4) An emerging plan of the Iron Age I occupation with at least four discernable units built into the city wall, complete with alley ways, bins, and a phytolith/plaster surface with a tabun (Surface 52068, Tabun 62067, Bin 62077). 5) Determined that there is an additional component or building north of the Stratum 6 (8th century BCE) Building B. This consists of a massive plastered surface (Surface 62021) with a large east-west wall 41056 parallel to the north wall of Building B. It is possible that this component is part of the industrial Building C. 6) The cobble street south of the Four Room house continued east as a hard ‘concrete’ surface (Surface 62078). Perhaps the area between Building C with the olive oil industry, the four room house and the Plastered room/building formed a courtyard or activity area. 7) Another building in square Z5 beneath the 8th century cobbled/concrete street and plastered building dating to the 9th century (Stratum 7). 8) Remnants of Stratum 7 walls north of the building complexes A-C (Squares C6, D6, and E6). In addition, two tabuns (Tabun 61070 and Tabun 61010) as well as two ash surfaces were found. 9) Walls of the 10th century (Palace 10000) in the 1984 Dever excavations were found to continue into Field E, providing a partial plan of the Stratum 8 city. It also confirms what was found in the 2011 season, that the 9th century (Stratum 7) was not as well preserved in the squares in the eastern part of Field E. 10) Several more architectural elements and features of the Hellenistic city also were excavated, providing a more robust plan of the Hellenistic stratum. Unfortunately no surfaces were found to date this phase more accurately. These features are the remnants of a wall in square A5 (Wall 62011) that is part of the building complexes of the Hellenistic stratum in Field W. Also an additional kiln (61058) as well as part of a Hellenistic wall (61023) were found in Square E5. 11) Some additional post Hellenistic remains were found, part of a stratum consisting of some walls and a sump (Pit 61029), probably dating to the 19th century village or later. These elements should probably be dated to our stratum 2. While Stratum 2 was confined to the activities associated with Macalister, the 20th century village as well as the buildings of the Berman estate should be a contemporary historical phase. 6 Tel Gezer Master Stratigraphic Chart 2006-2013 Preliminary Strata Field E Field W HUC (formerly A) (formerly A-sondage and B) Excavations Topsoil, Modern HUC dump Trenches, rock piles 1 Excavation Dumps HUC Dump (V, W, Y)
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