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F?',!',!2?+!D*':)*0!)/2'B'20!.S!2?+!.*P)&',)2'.&$!F?+!D*':)*0!)/2'B'20!D7)0,! )!7)*P+!D)*2!'&!4+S'&'&P!2?+!'4+&2'20!.S!2?+!.*P)&',)2'.&$!_T&!.*P)&',)2'.&!',!#?)2!'2!4.+,_!G!3++*W! I]MJN$!H&!2?+!/),+!.S!)!%&'B+*,'20W!2?+!D*':)*0!)/2'B'2'+,!)*+!+ !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 6 Evidence to back up this assumption is provided by Bolton institute, which has recently decided to get rid off faculties as they were deemed a functionally inert managment layer in a recent review. 7 There are many other ways of constructing the primary activity of an organisation other than the expicit one. This can lead to interesting and fruitful alkternative conceptualisations of an organisations identity. A police force, for example, may be viewed as a 'body for public protection' or 'a body for public oppression'. The different statements about identity provide different constaints on the specifics of system modelling. ! ! 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F?',!?),!1*.%P?2!%,!2.!2?+!'4+)!2?)2!2?+!,./')7!4':+&,'.&!.S!F3[W!#?'/?!,++V,!+2?'/)7!,.7%2'.&,!2.! 7./)7!G7./)7!'&!2?+!,+&,+!2?)2!2?+0!)*+!/.&&+/2+4!'&!,.:+!#)0!2.!.&+!.*P)&'()2'.&!)72?.%P?!2?+0!/.%74! 1+!%D,2*+):!.*!4.#&,2*+):!)&4!P+.P*)D?'/)770!4',D+*,+4N!,./')7!4'7+::),!',!,2*'B'&P!2.#)*4,! ,.:+2?'&P!2?)2!#+!/)77!,./')7!,%,2)'&)1'7'20!)&4!'&!,.:+!#)0!',!/.&2*'1%2'&P!2.!)&!+2?'/)7!G.*!:.*+! +\%'2)17+lN!S%2%*+!S.*!7'B'&P!,0,2+:,$!9+&/+!2?+!4',/%,,'.&!?),!:.B+4!S*.:!2?+!,./')7!1.22.:!7'&+!.S! )&!.*P)&'()2'.&W!.*!#.*VD7)/+W!'&2.!2?+!&.2'.&!.S! !)&4!,./'+20!),!)!#?.7+!1+/)%,+! )77!.S!,./'+20!',!'&2+*7'&V+4$! ! ! b$I!Q?)2!',!'2l! ,%,2)'&+4 ,%,2)'&+4!S.*! ! ! /.::%&'/)2'.& ,./')7! ,0,2+: ,%,2)'&)17+!,0,2+: ! ;%*2?+*:.*+W!)72?.%P?!'&!,.:+!*+,D+/2,!37)/Vo,!4+S'&'2'.&!+/?.+,!2?+!.S28\%.2+4!,%,2)'&)1'7'20! 4+S'&'2'.&!.S!h4+B+7.D:+&2!2?)2!:++2,!2?+!&++4,!.S!2?+!D*+,+&2!#.*74!#'2?.%2!/.:D*.:','&P!2?+! )1'7'20!.S!S%2%*+!P+&+*)2'.&,!2.!:++2!2?+'*!.#&!&++4,i!GfEQ>keW!I]MLN!'2!:)V+,!&.!O%4P:+&2,! )1.%2!2?+!20D+!.S!,./')7!,0,2+:!2?)2!',!,%,2)'&+4!.*!'2,!':D)/2!.&!S%2%*+!P+&+*)2'.&,$!H2!7+)B+,!*..:! S.*!,./')7!%D?+)B)7X!'S!/%**+&2!,./')7!&.*:,!)*+!&.2!,%,2)'&)17+!.B+*!2?+!7.&P!2+*:W!1+/)%,+!,)0W!2?+0! )*+!%&O%,2W!2?+0!#'77!1+!.B+*2%*&+4!G+$P$!'S!,./')7!*+7)2'.&,?'D,!)*+!1),+4!.&!)!/7),,!,0,2+:!)&4!)2! ,.:+!2':+!'2!',!.B+*2?*.#&!2?+&!'2!#),&o2!,./')770!,%,2)'&)17+!'&!2?+!7.&P!2+*:N$!F?',!':D7'+,!)! ,2*'B'&P!S.*!,./')7!1)7)&/+!G)!V'&4!.S!,./')7!+\%'7'1*'%:!:)01+N!)&4!2?+!&.2'.&!.S!+\%'20!#?+*+!&.! .&+!P*.%D!',!7'B'&P!)2!2?+!+ !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 11 “over a billion people live on less than a dollar a day, more than 800 million are malnourished, and over two and a half billion lack access to adequate sanitation.” ! ! '&2+*4+D+&4+&2!)&4!%72':)2+70!S.*:!.&+!P7.1)7!,./')7!,0,2+:!2?+!,%,2)'&)1'7'20!.S!.&+!/.::%&'20!G.S! P+.P*)D?0!.*!'&2+*+,2N!%72':)2+70!4+D+&4,!.&!2?)2!.S!.2?+*,$!! ! F.!)/?'+B+!,./')7!,%,2)'&)1'7'20W!'2!,++:,W!#.%74!1+!2.!)/?'+B+!7),2'&P!P7.1)7!?)*:.&0W!)&4!&.2!O%,2! 1+2#++&!,./')7!,0,2+:,!1%2!)7,.!1+2#++&!,./')7!,0,2+:,!)&4!2?+'*!+&B'*.&:+&2,$!52*'B'&P!S.*!)!&+#! %2.D')y!5.:+2?'&P!2?)2![%?:)&&!GI]]LN!/)%2'.&,!%,!)1.%2!7..V'&P!S.*!1+/)%,+W!?+!,)0,W!'2!/)&!.&70! 7+)4!2.!&+#!4',)DD.'&2:+&2,$!C+*?)D,!2?+&W!*)2?+*!2?)&!)!:+)&'&P7+,,!\%+,2!S.*!)!%2.D')&!,./')7! ,%,2)'&)1'7'20!P*.%&4+4W!D+*?)D,W!'&!#+7781+'&PW!'2!',!1+22+*!2.!,+227+!S.*!2?+!,2*%PP7+!'2,+7S!)&4!2?+! /.&,2)&2!7+)*&'&P!2?)2!2?',!':D7'+,$!C+*?)D,!.%*!S./%,!,?.%74!1+!.&!2?+!h,%,2)'&)17+!\%+,2!S.*!,0,2+:,! .S!'&\%'*0i!G3)#4+&W!I]]LXbNZ!,%,2)'&)1'7'208),8D*./+,,W!7+)*&'&P!2.!:)&)P+!'&!)!,?'S2'&P!#.*74!G>. ! ! ! F?+!1*.)4+*!,./')7!,%,2)'&)1'7'20!4+1)2+!2?)2!7..V,!)2!,./')7!P*.%D,!'&,'4+!)&4!.%2,'4+!2?+!#.*VD7)/+! 2+&4,!2.!4*)#!:.*+!.&!,./')7!#+7S)*+!S.*!'2,!S*):+#.*V,$! @.,2!4+S'&'2'.&,!.S!n/.::%&'20o!'&/7%4+!*+S+*+&/+!2.!n,./')7!'&2+*)/2'.&!#'2?'&!)!P+.P*)D?'/!)*+)!)&4! ?)B'&P!P.)7,!.*!&.*:,!'&!/.::.&o!G37)/V!m!9%P?+,W!cKKIXIN$!F.4)0!2?+!P+.P*)D?'/!)*+)!/)&!1+! + !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 13 A resilient community is one that "takes intentional actions to enhance the personal and collective capacity of its citizens and institutions to respond to, and influence the course of social and economic change". The Community Resilience Manual, developed by the Community for Community Enterprise in Canada http://www.communitybuilders.nsw.gov.au/getting_started/needs/canadian_resil.html NSW Gov (18/02/05) The Premier's Department of New South Wales (Australia) coordinates this site as a joint government and community project 14 http://www1.worldbank.org/prem/poverty/scapital/home.htm (retrieved from the internet 18/02/05) I`!?22DX--###$'&S+4$.*P-1'17'.-,./')7"/)D'2)7$?2:!G*+2*'+B+4!S*.:!2?+!'&2+*&+2!IM-Kc-K`N! ! ! F?+!>'B'/!e'/2'.&)*0IJ!4+S'&+,! !),!2?.,+!,2./V,!.S!,./')7!2*%,2W!&.*:,!)&4!&+2#.*V,!2?)2! D+.D7+!/)&!4*)#!%D.&!2.!,.7B+!/.::.&!D*.17+:,$!9.#+B+*!Q..7/./V!GcKKIXLKN!,%PP+,2,!2?)2!2?+! ,':D7+!4+S'&'2'.&!.SX!h&.*:,!)&4!&+2#.*V,!2?)2!S)/'7'2)2+!/.77+/2'B+!)/2'.&i!?),!P)'&+4!/.&,+&,%,! ):.&P!,/?.7)*,W!,%PP+,2'&P!2?)2!n2*%,2o!',!)&!.%2/.:+!.S!,./')7!/)D'2)7!*)2?+*!2?)&!1+'&P!D)*2!.S!,./')7! /)D'2)7!'2,+7S$!!Q?)2+B+*!2?+!D*+/',+!4+S'&'2'.&!2?+!/+&2*)7!D*+:',+!',!2?)2!,./')7!&+2#.*V,IL!?)B+! B)7%+Z!#?.!#+!V&.#W!)&4!2?+!'&/7'&)2'.&!2.!4.!2?'&P,!S.*!+)/?!.2?+*W!2?)2!)*',+,!S*.:!V&.#'&P!+)/?! .2?+*W!',!B)7%)17+!2.!'&4'B'4%)7,!)&4!P*.%D,$!H2!',!&.2!,%*D*','&P!2?+&!2?)2!2?+!&.2'.&!.S!,./')7!/)D'2)7!',! *+P)*4+4!),!2?+!:.,2!/.::.&70!D*.D.,+4!S*):+#.*V!S.*!)44*+,,'&P!,./')7!,%,2)'&)1'7'20!G[+?2.&+&W! cKK^N$!H&!?',!+ !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 16 http://www.cpn.org/tools/dictionary/capital.html Carmen Sirianni and Lewis Friedland editor-in-chief and research director of the Civic Practices Network,!Civic Dictionary (retrieved from the internet 18/02/05) 17 http://www.bowlingalone.com/socialcapital.php3 (retrieved from the internet 18/02/05) 18 Presumably ‘well being’ would fit here too. ! ! !! 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'&?+*'2+4!10!4+,/+&4)&2,!),!,2.*+4!2':+NZ!#?.!?),!2':+!S.*!,./')7!)&4!/%72%*)7!)/2'B'2'+,W!S.*!2?+!,?++*! 7%<%*0!.S!D)0'&P!S%77!)22+&2'.&!2.!1+)%20!G'&!)77!'2,!,D'*'2%)7!)&4!)*2',2'/!:)&'S+,2)2'.&,N!'&/7%4'&P! ,D+&4'&P!2':+!#'2?!S):'70!)&4!S*'+&4,!!G2?)2!,.:+!:'P?2!*+S+*!2.!),!n1.&4'&Po!.*!1%'74'&P!n,./')7! /)D'2)7oN!)&4!#?.!',!2..!1%,0!:)V'&P!+&4,!:++2l!Q?.!?),!2':+!S.*!+4%/)2'.&!)&4!',!2?+*+S.*+!:.*+! 7'V+70!2.!1+!)17+!2.!+)*&!2?+!/.,2!.S!7'B'&P!'&!)!,:)77+*!&%:1+*!.S!?.%*,l!Q?.!?),!:.*+!2':+!S.*! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 19 We recognize that the differentiation of work and leisure is a cultural construct, implying that leisure is not-working, hence the use of basic necessities and pass-time. However, passing most of one’s life-time in attending to life’s necessities is considered, in some cultures a normal and healthy thing to do, and there are others where the basic necessities are not bought with money earned from other work. 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E%:1+*!.S!,%1,2)&2')2+4!/.:D7)'&2,! =RH! *+P)*4'&P!1*+)/?+,!.S!/.&,%:+*!D*'B)/0! C*+:)2%*+!4+)2?!S*.:!?+)*2!4',+),+! [.&4.&bK! TB+*)P+!7'S+!+ !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 30 London First Sustainability Unit. A Triple Bottom Line for London: An Index of London’s Sustainability 2003, http://www.london-first.co.uk 31 Sustainable Development –the UK Government’s approach. Headline Indicators 2004, http://www.sustainable- development.gov.uk ! ! f&+:D7.0:+&2! [.&4.&! C+*/+&2)P+!.S!#.*V'&P!)P+!D+.D7+!'&! f6!P.B! #.*V! k4%/)2'.&! [.&4.&! w%)7'S'/)2'.&!)2!)P+!I]!! f6!P.B! 9.%,'&P!/.&4'2'.&! f6!P.B! T//+,,!2.!/.::%&'20!'&S.*:)2'.&! QoP.&P!>.%&/'7bc! G#+1,'2+!B','2,N! 5%DD70!.S!&+#!7'1*)*0!:)2+*')7,! QoP.&P!>.%&/'7! C%17'/!)//+,,!/.:D%2+*,! QoP.&P!>.%&/'7! R)&P+!.S!,+*B'/+,!S.*!/?'74*+&!)&4!0.%2?! QoP.&P!>.%&/'7! 5+*B'/+,!S.*!.74+*!D+.D7+!)&4!2?.,+!#'2?! QoP.&P!>.%&/'7! 4',)1'7'2'+,!)&4!/)*+*,! A.7%&2++*'&P!G.DD.*2%&'2'+,W!,%DD.*2W! 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Q.*VD7)/+!,)2',S)/2'.&! ! ! ! I! ! C?'7'DD.,!E'/.7.D.%7.,c! ! ! F?+!:+)&'&P!.S!2?+!4+B+7.D:+&2)7!D*./+,,W!),!'2!?),!1++&!S.*:+4!'&!2?+!#+,2+*&!#.*74!)S2+*!2?+! c&4!#.*74!#)*W!#),!),,./')2+4!#'2?!2?+!1+7'+S!2?)2!)77!2?+!/.%&2*'+,!.S!2?+!D7)&+2!/.%74!*+)/?!2?+! +/.&.:'/)7!)&4!2+/?&.7.P'/)7!,2)&4)*4,!.S!2?+!4+B+7.D+4!'&4%,2*')7!/.%&2*'+,!.S!#+,2+*&!k%*.D+!)&4! &.*2?+*&!T:+*'/)!'&4+D+&4+&270!.S!2?+'*!+/.&.:'/!)&4!,./')7!?',2.*0$!F?+!D.'&2!#),!2.!)4.D2!2?+! #+,2+*&!*)2'.&)7!/*'2+*')!G'&!1.2?!\%)&2'2)2'B+!)&4!\%)7'2)2'B+!2+*:,N!)&4!2.!4+S'&+!)!4+B+7.D:+&2)7! D*./+,,!'&!/.:D7')&/+!#'2?!2?+:$!F?+!S.*:)2'.&!.S!,./'+20!P*)4%)770!#.%74!/?)&P+!)&4!#.%74! )/\%'*+!2?+!,):+!,2*%/2%*)7!)&4!'&,2'2%2'.&)7!S+)2%*+,W!),!2?.,+!.S!2?+!,.8/)77+4!hS'*,2!#.*74ib$!! T!,D+/'S'+4!4':+&,'.&!.S!4+B+7.D:+&2!#),!2?+!D.7'2'/)7!.&+$!H2!#),!)!4':+&,'.&!*+7)2+4!2.!2?+! D.7'2'/)7!,0,2+:!)&4!2?+!D.7'2'/)7!D*./+,,+,$!F?%,W!#+!/.&,2*%/2+4!'&!)44'2'.&!2?+!2+*:!)&4!2?+! :+)&'&P!.S!!hD.7'2'/)7!4+B+7.D:+&2iW!#?'/?W!.S!/.%*,+W!#),!1),+4!.&!2?+!/.&/+D2'.&!.S!#+,2+*&! '&4'*+/2!)&4!*+D*+,+&2)2'B+!4+:./*)/0^$! !!!H2!#),!)&!.D2':',2'/!B'+#$![+2o,!2)V+W!S.*!+<):D7+W!2?+!V&.#&!4+B+7.D:+&2)7!,/?+:+!.S! Q$Q$$!R.,2.#X!iF?+!2*)4'2'.&)7!5./'+20i8iF?+!D*+/.&4'2'.&,!S.*!2)V+!.SSi8oF?+!2)V+!.SSi8iF?+!4*'B+! 2.!:)2%*'20i8iF?+!TP+!.S!?'P?!:),,8!/.&,%:D2'.&iG!S*.:! `N$! [+2o,W!)7,.W!*+:+:1+*! !.S!4+B+7.D:+&2!.S!=)1*'+7!T7:.&4!)&4! 3'&P?):!C.#+77!'&!2?+'*!1..V! J!.*!.S!=):1*'+7! T7:.&4W!U):+,!5$!>.7+:)&W![%/')&!Q$!C0+W!e%&V#)*2!T$!R%,2.#!+2!)7$!'&!2?+'*!1..V! ! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! I!T!B+*,'.&!.S!2?',!D)D+*!#),!D*+,+&2+4!)2!2?+!^2?!H&2+*&)2'.&)7!>.&S+*+&/+!dS!5./'./01+*&+2'/,W!U%&+!c]8U%70!`!cKKbW! >.*S%W!=*++/+$! c!f&'B+*,'20!.S!>*+2+W!&'/.7.DY.2+&+2$P*$! 3 J. P. Nettle, "Strategies in the study of Political Development" in Colin Leys (ed.) Politics and Change in Developing Countries: Studies in the Theory and Practice of Development, London, Cambridge University Pres, 1969, pp. 15-22. 4 Keith r. Legg, Politics in Modern Greece, Stanford, Stanford University Press, 1969, pp. 1-18 ("Introduction" with references to modern theories about "the political development"); Colin Leys, "Introduction" in Colin Leys (ed.) Politics and Change in Developing Countries, op. cit., pp. 1-12; Lucian W. Pye, "The Concept of Political Development" in Jason L. Finkle and Richard W. Gable (eds), Political Development and Social Change, 2nd ed., New York, John Wiley and Sons, 1971, pp. 43-51. 5 W. W. Rostow, The Stages of Economic Growth, 2nd ed. London, Cambridge University Press, 1971, pp. 4- 17. 6 Gabriel Almond and Bingham Powell, Comparative Politics: A Developmental Approach, Boston, Brown and Co., 1966. ! ! $!kB+&!'&!F)7/.22!C)*,.&o,!2?+.*0!.S!,./')7!,0,2+:,!2?+*+!+<',2,!)&!'4+)!)1.%2! /?)&P+$!3%2!#?)2!V'&4!.S!/?)&P+l!F$!C)*,.&,!,D+)V,!)1.%2!h'&,2'2%2'.&)7'(+4!*)2'.&)7'()2'.&iM!)&4! )1.%2!hS)/2.*,!.S!/?)&P+i]W!#?'/?!)*+!'&2*.4%/+4!'&2.!2?+!,./')7!,0,2+:,!2?)&V,!2.!2?+!)1.B+! :+&2'.&+4!'&,2'2%2'.&)7'()2'.&!Gh'&,2'2%2'.&)7'()2'.&!.S!,/'+&/+iIK!)&4!.S!'2,!)DD7'/)2'.&,!'&!B)*'.%,! 2+/?&'/)7!S'+74,N$!H&!2?+!/),+!.S!h/?)*',:)2'/!*+B.7%2'.&)*0!:.B+:+&2iII!?+!',!,V+D2'/)7!)1.%2!2?+!*+)7! h,./')7!7+)Di!),,./')2+4!#'2?!,2)17+!*)4'/)7!/?)&P+,!)&4!?+!)4.D2,!S'&)770!2?+!h7.&P8*%&! /.&2'&%)&/+iIcW!),!2?+!*+S+*+&/+!D.'&2!)&4!2?+!%&4.%12+4!*+)7'20W!#?'/?!2?+!h*+B.7%2'.&)*0! :.B+:+&2i!,?.%74!1+!)4)D2+4!2.$!! ! H!/.%74!:+&2'.&!:)&0!.2?+*!4+B+7.D:+&2)7!'4+),!)&4!,/?+:+,!.S!#+,2+*&!,./')7!,/'+&2',2,W! +,D+/')770!.S!2?+!T&P7.85)<.&!,/'+&2'S'/!#.*74!G+$P$!#.*V,!.S!e)B'4!TD2+*IbW.S![%/')&!C0+I^W.S!;*+4! R'PP,I`W!.S!5$E$!k',+&,2)42IJW!.S!6)*7!Q$!e+%2,/?ILW!.S!5):%+7!C$!9%&2'&P?2.&IMN$H&!)77!2?+,+!#+,2+*&! 4+B+7.D:+&2)7!/.&/+D2'.&,!)&4!2?+.*'+,!2?+*+!',!)!P*)4%)7!G)//.*4'&P!2.!)!,/?+:+!.S!+<)/2!,2)P+,!.*! &.2N!/?)&P+!.S!2?+!+<',2'&P!,./')7!,2*%/2%*+!2.#)*4,!)!:.*+!D*.P*+,,'B+!,./'+20!#'2?!:.*+!!S)'*! 4',2*'1%2'.&!.S!2?+!+<',2'&P!P..4,!)&4!:.*+!4+:./*)2'/!D)*2'/'D)2'.&!.S!D+.D7+!'&!4+/','.&!g!:)V'&P! D*./+,,+,$!GF?+!hD*.P*+,,'B+i!+7+:+&2!)//.*4'&P!2.!#+,2+*&!D+*/+D2'.&,!)1.%2!4+B+7.D:+&2!',!&.2! )7#)0,!'4+&2'S'+4!#'2?!2?+!h,./')7',2i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n2?+.*+2'/)7!/.&2+&2i!'&!'2,!,./'.+/.&.:'/!)&4!?',2.*'/)7!2+*:,!S*.:!2?+!,2)&4D.'&2!.S! 2?+!,./'.7.P0!.S!V&.#7+4P+!)&4!2?+!,./'.7.P0!)&4!?',2.*0!.S!,/'+&/+!)&4!'4+),$!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 7 Gabriel Almond and James S. Coleman (eds), Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1971, pp. 3-64, 109- 138, 183-233, 354-365, 391-444. 8 Talcott Parsons, The Social System London, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1967, p. 505. 9 Ibid, p. 505. 10 Ibid, p. 505. 11 Ibid, pp. 520-535. 12 Ibid, p. 521. 13 David E. Apter, The Politics of Modernization, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1969. 14 Lucian W. Pye, Aspects of Political Development: An Analytic Study, Boston, Little Brown and Co, 1965. 15 Fred W. Riggs "Agraria and Industria: A Typology of Comparative Administration" in William J. Siffin (ed.) Towards the Comparative Study of Public Administration, Bloomington, Indiana University Press, 1957 pp. 23-116; Administration in Developing Countries, Boston, Houghton Mifflin, 1964. 16 S.N. Eisenstadt, Modernization; Protest and Change, Englewood Cliffs, Prentice-Hall, inc., 1966. 17 Karl W. Deutsch, The Nerves of Government, New York, The Free Press of Glencol, 1966. 18 Samuel P. Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies, New Haven, Yale University Press, 1976. ! ! Q+!/)&!/.&/+'B+!'&!P+&+*)7!7'&+,!2?+!)1.B+!:+&2'.&+4!2?+.*'+,!),!S%&/2'.&)7!.&+,W! '&4+D+&4+&270!.S!D)*2')7!4'SS+*+&/+,!):.&P!2?+:$!Q?)2!)*+!2?+!,)7'+&2!S+)2%*+,!.S!2?+,+!2?+.*'+,l! $!F?+!'&?+*+&2!/.&S7'/2,!):.&P!,./')7!P*.%D,!)&4!/7),,+,!),! /?)&P+!S)/2.*,I]!2.#)*4,!)!,./'+20!#'2?!:.*+!O%,2!)&4!4+:./*)2'/!,2*%/2%*+,!)*+!*)2?+*!.%2!.S!2?+'*! ,/.D+$!F?+0!)*+!*)2?+*!/.&,'4+*+4!),!S)/2.*,!),,./')2+4!#'2?!40,S%&/2'.&,W!2?+!+SS+/2,!.S!#?'/?!:'P?2! 1+!7':'2+4!2?*.%P?!2?+!h/.**+/2'B+i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cK$!5.:+!V&.#&!+<):D7+,X!F!C)*,.&,oW!e$k),2.&o,W!=$!T7:.&4o,!2?+.*+2'/)7! ,/?+:+,W!'&!#?'/?!2?+!/7),,'/)7!:.4+7!.S!h'&D%28.%2D%2gS++41)/Vi!.S!I,2!.*4+*!>01+*&+2'/,!',! .1B'.%,70!D*+,+&2$!T&.2?+*!+<):D7+!S*.:!>.&2'&+&2)7!,./'.7.P0!',!2?+!/),+!.S!E'V7),![%?:)&&cI$! F?)2o,!#?0!2?+!h)//%,)2'.&!.S!/.&,+*B)2',:iW!#?'/?!)2!S'*,2!#),!),,./')2+4!#'2?!S%&/2'.&)7',:W! #),!)7,.!:)4+!)P)'&,2!,0,2+:,!2?+.*0$!T&4!2?)2o,!#?0!,0,2+:,!2?+.*0!)&4!,./'./01+*&+2'/,!,?.%74! 1+!,+D)*)2+4!S*.:!2?+!S%&/2'.&)78,2)2'/!2?+.*+2'/)7!S*.&2W!2)V'&P!,+*'.%,70!'&2.!)//.%&2! ),!?%:)&!/*+)2'.&,!'&S7%+&/+4!10!/.&/*+2+! ,./'.+/.&.:'/!)&4!?',2.*'/)7!/'*/%:,2)&/+,$! [+2o,!%&4+*7'&+!,.:+!/.::.&!D.'&2,!1+2#++&!,0,2+:,!2?+.*0!)&4!S%&/2'.&)7',:$!! IN!!HS!.&+!)DD*.)/?+,!2?',!/.:D)*',.&!S*.:!)!?',2.*'/)7!D.'&2!.S!B'+#W!.&+!S'&4,!2?)2!2?+!,0,2+:! /.&/+D2!4+B+7.D+4!'&!2?+!4+/)4+,!.S!cKo,!)&4!bKo,!'&!D)*)77+7!#'2?!2?+!+7)1.*)2'.&!.S!S%&/2'.&)7! '4+),cb$!3+*2)&7)&SS0!S'*,2!D*+,+&2+4!?',!hP+&+*)7!,0,2+:,!2?+.*0i!'&!I]bL8I]bMc^$!H&!2?+!,):+!4+/)4+! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 19 K. Marx Fr. Englels, Manifesto tou Kommounistikou Kommatos (Manifest of the Communist Party), Athina (Athens), "Sinchroni Epochi", 1977 pp. 18-36; Jonathan H. Turner, The Structure of Sociological Theory, 5th ed., Belmont, Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1991, pp. 181-185, 254-282 (about conflict and critical theorising). 20 Jonathan H. Turner, op. cit., pp. 116-130. 21 Ibid, pp. 93-130. 22 Tom Baumgartner, Tom R. Burns and Philippe Devillè "Actors, Games, and Systems: The Dialectics of Social Action and System Structuring" in R. Felix Geyer and Johannes Van der Zouwen Sociocybernetics, Leiden, Martinus Nijhoff Social Sciences Division, 1978, pp. 27-54. 23 Michael Decleris, "The Evolution of Systems Thinking" in Michael Decleris (ed.), Systems Science Manual, Athens, 1991, pp. 14-16. ! ! F$!C)*,.&,!#.*V+4!'&!2?+!,0,2+:,!S'+74c`$!3.2?!#+*+!'&S7%+&/+4!10!1'.7.P'/)7!2?+.*0$!F$!C)*,.&,!#),! '&S7%+&/+4!10!2?+!1'.7.P',2,!9+&4+*,.&!)&4!>7)%4+!3+*&)*4cJ$! 3+*2)&7)&SS0!)&4!C)*,.&,!/.&/+'B+4!)!#+77!.*P)&'(+4!h/.:D7+ !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 24 Ibid, p. 16; Ludwig Von Bertalanffy, Theorie Generale des Systemes, Paris, Dunod, 1973. 25 Michael Decleris, "The Evolution of Systems Thinking", op. p. 16. 26 Ibid, p. 14. 27 O. Shannon and W. Weaver The Mathematical Theory of Communication, Illinois, University of Illinois, Press, 1949. 28 Gerbner, G. "Toward a General Model of Communication", Audio Visual Communication Review, IV:3, 1956; Lasswell, H., "The Structure and Function of Communication in Society" in L. Bryson (ed.), The Communication of Ideas, New York, Institute for Religious and Social Studies, 1948. 29 Wiener, Norbert, Cybernetics or Control and Communication in the Animal and Machine, Cambridge, MIT Press, 1961. 30 Michael Decleris, op. cit., pp. 19-20 (reference to the contribution of A. Rosenblueth, N. Wiener, J. Bigelow); A. Rosenblueth, N. Wiener and J. Biglow "Behaviour, Purpose and Teleology", Philosophy of Science, 10, 1943. 31 Chestnut, Systems Engineering Methods, New York, 1967; Hall, Systems Engineering, Princeton University Press, 1962; Michael Decleris, op. cit., p. 20. 32 R. Felix Geyer and Johanes Van der Zouwen, "Introduction" in R. Felix Geyer and Johannes Van der Zouwen, Sociocybernetics, op. cit., pp. 1-3; Felix Geyer, The Challenge of Sociocybernetics, paper presented in the 13th World Congress of Sociology, (Bielefold, July 18-24, 1994), pp. 5, 7-13. ! ! ^N!3.2?!.S!2?+:!)//+D2!2?)2!)&!+&2'20!G'&!)!&.*:)7!,'2%)2'.&N!',!/?)*)/2+*'(+4!10!)&!'&2+*&)7! ,2+)40!/.?+*+&/+$! `N!3.2?!.S!2?+:!4.!&.2!)//+D2!/.&S7'/2,!),!1),'/!'&?+*+&2!S+)2%*+!.S!2?+!*+)7'20!! JN!3.2?!.S!2?+:!)//+D2!,.:+!P+&+*)7!D*'&/'D7+,!)&4!/.&/+D2'.&,!'&4+D+&4+&270!.S!2?+!B)*'.%,! /.&2+&2,!)2!)&!+:D'*'/)7!7+B+7$!;.*!2?+,+!D*'&/'D7+,!)&4!/.&/+D2'.&,!2?+*+!+<',2,!)!,%DD.,+4!P+&+*)7! /.&,+&,%,!.S!)77!.1,+*B+*,!G)2!S'*,2!2?+!,D'*'2!.S!h.1,+*B+4!,0,2+:,i!4.:'&)2+,N! LN!3.2?!.S!2?+:!)//+D2!2?)2!+)/?!D)*2!.*!+7+:+&2!.S!)&!+&2'20!S%7S'77,!)!/.&/*+2+!#.*V!2?)2!/.B+*,! /.&/*+2+!&++4,!.S!2?+!#?.7+!+&2'20!GS%&/2'.&,N!)&4!/.&2*'1%2+,!2.!'2,!:)'&2+&)&/+!)&4!2.!'2,!,+7S8! *+D*.4%/2'.&!'&!2?+!S%2%*+$! MN!3.2?!.S!2?+:!)*+!1),+4!.&!)!*)2'.&)7!D+*/+D2'.&!.S!2?+!#.*74W!),!'2!?),!4+B+7.D+4!'&!Q+,2+*&! /'B'7'()2'.&W!,'&/+!2?+!+*)!.S!2?+!k&7'P?2+&:+&2!.&#)*4,$!F?+!,):+!D+*/+D2'.&!#),!2?+!1),',!S.*!2?+! '4+)!)&4!2?+!D*.P*):,!.S!4+B+7.D:+&2$! ! ;*.:!2?+!,2)&4D.'&2!.S!2?+!,./'.7.P0!.S!,/'+&2'S'/!V&.#7+4P+W!.&+!/)&!:)'&2)'&!2?)2!2?',! *)2'.&)7!D+*/+D2'.&!.S!2?+!#.*74!)&4!2?+!1+7'+S!2?)2!?%:)&'20!/)&!)22)'&!D*.P*+,,!)&4!D*.,D+*'20! 2?*.%P?!,/'+&2'S'/!)&4!2+/?&.7.P'/)7!V&.#7+4P+!',!),,./')2+4!#'2?!2?+!D*+4.:'&)&/+!.S!2?+!1.%*P+.',! /7),,!)&4!'2,!B)7%+!,0,2+:bb$! 5%/?!)!2?+,',W!.S!/.%*,+W!4.+,!&.2!:+)&!2?)2!#+!4.!&.2!*+/.P&'(+!)!*+7)2'B+!)%2.&.:0!.S!'4+),! )&4!.S!2?+!'&2+77+/2%)7!#.*74!.*!.S!2?+!D*.P*+,,!.S!,/'+&2'S'/!V&.#7+4P+$!Q+!S./%,!.&70!.&!2?+! /.&&+/2'.&W!.&!2?+!),,./')2'.&!1+2#++&!2?+!2#.!D.7+,X!)N!,./')7!/7),,!)&4!1N!*)2'.&)7!V&.#7+4P+!Q+! 4.!&.2!:)'&2)'&!2?)2!2?+!.&70!/)%,+!.S!2?+!7)22+*!',!+ !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 33 Panajotis Kondilis, I Parakmi tou Astikou Politismou (Der Niedergang der Burgerlichen Denk - und Lebensform), 3rd ed., Athens, Themelio, 2000, pp. 179-181. 34 Even George Soros is very anxious. See his book The Crisis of Global Capitalism (I Krissi tou Pagomiou Kapitalismou, I Anikti Kinonia se Kindino) The Crisis of Global Capitalism, Open Society in Danger, Athina (Athens, Nea Sinora, 1999). ! ! )*+!&+P7+/2+4$!@.*+!2?+.*+2'/)770!.&+!/)&!,)0!2?)2!2?+!hS)*8S*.:8+\%'7'1*'%:ib`!,'2%)2'.&!)&4! ,D+/'S'/)770!2?+!D*./+,,!.S!*)4'/)7!D.,'2'B+!/?)&P+!)&4!D*.P*+,,!2?*.%P?!,./')7!/.&S7'/2,!',!*)2?+*! 1+0.&4!'2,!,/.D+$!H&!/.&2*),2!#'2?!2?+!B'+#!.S! W!'2!4.+,!&.2!1+7'+B+!2?)2!)!,'2%)2'.&!.S! ,./')7!+&2*.D0!G),!2?+*+!+<',2,W!S.*!+<):D7+W!'&!)!*+B.7%2'.&)*0!D+*'.4!.*!'&!)!D+*'.4!.S!)!*+P':+! /.77)D,+N!/)&!1+!)!D*+8,2)P+!S.*!2?+! !G7+2o,!*+:+:1+*!2?+!h4',,'D)2'B+!,2*%/2%*+,i!)&4!2?+!h1'S%*/)2'.&!D.'&2i! .S!2?+! N$!! H2!',!)&!)DD*.)/?!#?'/?!',!.DD.,+4!2.! !)&4!1+7'+B+,!2?)2!)!,./'+20!/)&!S'&4!'2,! h4+B+7.D:+&2)7!*.)4i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bL$!H&!Q$Q$R.,2.#o!,!4+B+7.D:+&2!2?+.*0W!S.*!+<):D7+W! 2?+!7),2!,2)P+!.S!2?+!4+B+7.D:+&2!D*./+,,!',!2?)2!.S!)! W!)!,./'+20!.S! '&2+P*)2+4!/)D'2)7',:!#'2?!:),,!D*.4%/2'.&!)&4!:),,!+ ! ! 2?)2!.S!6$!@)*<$!T&4!2?+!h)/2.*i!.S!F$!C)*,.&,W!2?+!h)/2.*iW!#?.!D.,,+,,+,!:)&0!h*.7+,iW!'&!2?+!7),2! )&)70,',W!*+S7+/2,!)!#+,2+*&!/.&,2*%/2'.&!.S!a)&!'&4'B'4%)78/'2'(+&a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h.*P)&'(+4!/)D'2)7',:iW!'&!2?+!7),2!)&)70,',W!',!)&!'&4'B'4%)7g.*'+&2)2+4!.&+! )&4!'&!'2,!B)7%+!D)22+*&,W!2?+!'&4'B'4%)7W!2?+!:)*V+2!+/.&.:0!)&4!2?+!hD+*,.&)7!4*+):!.S!D*.,D+*'20iW! ?)B+!D*'.*'20$! ;%*2?+*:.*+W!'S!.&+!,)0,!2?)2!2?+!,):+!,./'+20!?),!4+B+7.D+4!)7,.!2?+!,D'*'2!.S! W! .&+!',!*'P?2$!H2,!P.)7,!)*+!),,./')2+4!#'2?!2?+!D?+&.:+&)!.S!h'&4%,2*')7',:i$!T&4!'&4%,2*')7',:W!'&!'2,! 2%*&W!',!),,./')2+4!#'2?!,.8/)77+4! ^I!)&4!2?+! $!F?',!)1'7'20!',!+<2*+:+70!4+B+7.D+4!'&!#+,2+*&!/'B'7'()2'.&$!F?+! !#),! /)77+4!2.!,+*B+!2?+!h%,+S%7i!)&4!2?+! !.*P)&'(+4!&+#!)4B)&/+4!#)0,!.S!+ !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 40 Talcott Parsons, The Social System, op. cit., pp. 243-248. 41 Max Horkheimer, I Eklipsi tou Logou (The Eclipse of Reason), Kritiki, 1987, pp. 33-43 42 Let's remember the famous !"!"#$%&' ()"*")"! (i.e. we work in the field of science and philosophy for the "theory itself and not for practical purposes") of the ancient greek thinkers! 43 Karl Marx., To Kefaleo (The Capital), Athina (Athens), Ekdosis Sinchroni Skepsi, 1975, pp. 738-769. 44 Ibid, pp. 774-788. ! ! F?+!+ !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 45 I. Wallenstein, The Modern World System: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World - Economy in the Sixteenth Century, London, Academic Press, 1974, The Capitalist World-Economy, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1979, The Modern World System: Mercantilism and the Consolidation of the European World Economy, London, Academic Press, 1980, Historical Capitalism, London, Verso, 1983. 46 Samir Amin, Unequal Development, 1976. 47 A. G. Frank, Capitalism et Sous-Developpement en Amerique Latin, Paris, 1968, The Economic Impact on Under-developed Societies, Oxford, 1959, Crisis in the World Economy, London, Heinemann, 1980. 48 Vassilis Filias, Kinoniologia tis Ipanaptixis (Sociology of Underdevelopment), Athina (Athens), Sinchroni Epochi, 1996, pp. 133-150. 49 The research program has been supported by the Greek Ministry of Environment and Public Works. The report-study for the two first stages of the research (in which all the empirical surveys have been finished) has been submitted to the appropriate Ministry Committee and was approved in June 2003. 50 The final report-study about the results of the research program with object "#ample census of the households in the historical Center of Corfu and study on the existing problems and the perspectives and the ! ! :),,!2.%*',:! /.:D%7,.*0! /?.'/+W!2?)&V,!2.!2?+!#+)V&+,,+,!.S!2?+!D*':)*0!)&4!,+/.&4)*0!,+/2'.&!.S!2?+!+/.&.:0 B)7%+! ,0,2+:,!.S!2?+!2#.!#.*74,!)*+!4'SS+*+&2 /.77+/2'B+!B)7%+!,0,2+: ?),!&.2!1++&!/*+)2+4!'&4+D+&4+&270!.S!D.#+*! *+7)2'.&,?'D, 4'SS+*+&/+!.S!/%72%*+,!)&4!D+*,D+/2'B+, '&2+*&)7!?%:)&!#.*74 ?)*:.&0!#'2?!2?+!+,,+&/+!.S!2?+!%&'B+*,+! *)2'.&)7!/+*2)'&20 !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! repercussions of its restoration" has been submitted to the appropriate committee of DEPOS A.E. (Public Company of Urban Planning and Housing) and was approved in October 2002. 51 James Petras, Imperialismos, Kinonikes Taxis kai Ikonomiki Anaptixi (Imperialism, Social Classes and Economical Development), Athina (Athens), Stochastis 1983, pp. 99-109, 143-54. 52 Let's remember the meaning of the response of the Indian leader Seattle (he was leader of the Duwamish tribe in North Western America) to the U.S.A. president Franklin Pierce in 1854) "...The land does not belongs to us, but we belong to it...". Another interesting text written by Indians (Iroquois) was the text, which was presented at the International Conference of Indian Ethnic Groups in Geneva in 1977. This text with the title !White Man, Listen..., Message of the Iroquois to the Western World! includes a profound critical analysis of the western civilization. 53 A characteristic example of this philosophical attitude is that of Zenism (D.T. Suzuki, Zen, Athina (Athens), 1975). ! ! *+S7+<'B+!h!.1,+*B'&P!?%:)&!,0,2+:,i!&.#!?),!D*'.*'20`^ 2?+!B'+#!.S!/.&S7'/2!2?+.*'('&P 2?+.*+2'/)7!,0&2?+,', /%72%*)7!.,:.,',! /.:D7+<'20!2?+.*0 ,./')7!4+2+*:'&',:! ,./')7!+&P'&++*'&P !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 54 Heinz Von Foerster Cybernetics of Cybernetics, paper presented at 1970 annual conference of the American Society for Cybernetics; Bernd R. Hornung, Towards a Sociology of Process and Information, Information, Communication, and Action in a Constructivist Approach, paper presented at the 3rd International Conference on Sociocybernetics, Leon, (Mexico) June 24th - July 1st, 2001. 55 Karl R. Popper, The Poverty of Historicism, London, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1961, pp.147-152. 56 M. Mitchell Waldrop, Complexity, the Emerging Science at the Edge of Order and Chaos, New York, Simon and Schuster (Touchstone book), 1993, pp. 9-13. 57 Karl R. Popper, op. cit., pp. 105-119. ! ! S7+<'17+!)&4!&+P.2')2+4! '4+&2'S0!4+B+7.D:+&2!#'2?!!+/.&.:'/!P*.#2? '&/*+),+!.S!\%)7'20!.S!?%:)&!7'S+! @)&!4.+,!&.2!D*./++4!1),+4!.&70!.&!:)2+*')7!#+)72?W!.&!*)2'.!)&4!.&! /+*2)'&!D*+4'/2'.&, :%72'84':+&,'.&)7!)&4!:%72'8B)*'.%,!*+)7'20 ! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 58 John A. Busch and Gladys M. Busch, Sociocybernetics, A Perspective For Living In Complexity, Social Systems Press, 1992. 59 At this point one can mention the Ivan Illich's critique against the current industrial economic development, which, according to him, leads to the subversion of vernacular skills. ! ! 9%:1+*2.!R$!@)2%*)&)W!€!I]cMW!S'*,2!,2%4'+4!:+4'/'&+!'&!>?'7+W!2?+&!)&)2.:0!'&!k&P7)&4W!#),! )#)*4+4!)!C?$e$!'&!1'.7.P0!)2! !'&!I]`MW!)&4!,%1,+\%+&270!#.*V+4!)2!2?+! !G@$H$F$N$!H&!I]JKW!?+!*+2%*&+4!2.!#.*V!#'2?!2?+! W!#?'/?!?+!.&70!7+S2!S.*!.//),'.&)7!D+*'.4,!.S!*+,+)*/?!)&4!2+)/?'&P!)1*.)4$!9+!',! 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