Establishment of Biotechnology Parks

G. Narahari Sastry Center for Molecular Modeling Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Hyderabad – 500 007, http://203.199.182.73/gnsmmg/

Three day residential training program in “Best Practices in PPP” @ APHRDI, Bapatla On 10th September, 2018

Key Areas : Biotechnology

• Agriculture • Health • Environment, Ecology R&D spending in pharmaceutical / biotechnology sector

$128 billion $158 billion ????

2008 2017 2030

Increasing Indian Agriculture

Growing Population: Expected to grow from 1.3 billion in 2018 to 1.9 billion by 2050

Reducing Arable Land : Per capita availability of agricultural land

0.33ha 0.14ha 0.05ha 1951 2001 2035

Rising food prices??? Food Scarcity Crisis

Source: Union Agriculture Ministry India would be short of 14 MMT of food grains if the present growth rate of food grain production continues. Source: Press Information Bureau, Government of India Ministry of Agriculture Will require high yield seeds & fertilizers to improve agriculture productivity along with effective Pest control. Strong need for more efficient crop production Estimated Yield Losses due to Pests

Major crops in this Actual losses 100% analysis: Rice, Wheat, Barley, Corn, Potatoes, 40-42% loss caused by Soybeans, Cotton and pests, Coffee weeds Today diseases Prevented Crop losses from pests losses 58-60% ....etc remain high despite due to control of modern crop protection 30% pests, weeds and diseases

Yield without Actual yield with crop Theoretically crop protection protection attainable yield

http://blog.agrivi.com/post/yield- losses-due-to-pests

GUENTER BACHLECHNER. Bayer Crop Science5 AG, www.growcanadaconference.ca Dream of a Indian Farmer...

Good seeds

Enough water

Suitable fertiliser

Effective Crop Protecting Agents 6 What is a Knowledge Society ?

 That uses knowledge holistically to empower and enrich people– and is an integral driver of sustainable development (societal transformation)  A life-long learning society committed to innovation  Has the capacity to generate, diffuse, utilize and protect knowledge - creates economic wealth and social equity  Enlightens people towards an integrated view of life as a fusion of mind, body and spirit

Planning Commission Report, India 2001 The Age of Science

“The 20th century’s unprecedented gains in advancing human development and eradicating poverty came largely from technological breakthroughs” Sustainability • The ability to maintain …(everything) over long periods of time. • Sustainability of an ecosystem is the ability of that ecosystem to maintain its structure and function over time in the face of external stress.

Does Nature belong to humans alone • The plants and animals with whom we share this planet have a right to exist – whether or not they are useful to humans.

• Do you think it is fair for humans to make another species go extinct? Biodiversity helps us heal ourselves

Over a hundred different species of plants are known to provide medicine for humans. Forty percent of the medicines found in pharmacies are derived from plants. Without the Rosy Periwinkle, many more children would die from Childhood Leukemia.

Does the cure for cancer or the common cold lie in a local plant? • The more links in a food web, the more stable it is. Human Evolution

Silicon Age Stone Age Carbon Age

Copper Age Gold Age

Bronze Age Silver Age Iron Age Health and Aging

PSYCHOLOGICAL PHYSIOLOGICAL

AGING

ECONOMIC HEALTH

SOCIAL Frailty

Frailty - characterized by decline in physiologic reserve and function across multiorgan systems, leading to increased vulnerability for adverse health outcomes.

Frailty phenotype criteria (3 or more/5)

• Unintentional weight loss • Weakness • Exhaustion • Slowed walking speed • Low level of physical activity

Health is a complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absece of disease or infirmity Pathogenesis of frailty syndrome Methods to assess the nutritional status

• A - Anthropometric measurements • B - Biochemical estimations • D - Dietary pattern through diet surveys

Chronological age vs biological age A Great Scientist who is highly responsible for increasing the average life span of humans in the last century Yellapragada Subbarao was born in a poor Telugu in district in Old , now in , . He was born as the fourth child amongst seven children to Y. Jagganatham and Y. Venkamma. Though his father worked as a revenue inspector, the family suffered from many hardships of poverty due to the loss of several of his close relatives at a young age.

Yellapragada Subbarow was an Indian biochemist whose discovery was followed by a long chain of achievements, including the discovery of the ATP molecule (which gives energy to our body), and Aureomycin, a first of its kind that was stronger than both penicillin and streptomycin; it helped save Yellapragada Subbarao millions of lives around the world. He also helped develop , one of the first agents that is still used widely. Humans were not the only ones to benefit from his research; Hetrazen, a drug used to treat fibrosis in animals, was introduced by him too. He also spearheaded US medical research during World War II

A fungus genus has been named Subbaromyces in his honor. Here we can clearly see the passion and dedication towards his work. The first innovator of IVF in India Dr. Subhas mukhopadhyay the unsung hero, who discovered the easiest and most successful way of producing a test tube baby. In fact, he was the first Asian to discover such a process but never got his recognition during his lifetime.

However, in 2002, after 21 years of his death, ICMR (India Council of Medical Research) recognized his work for the first time.

Subhash mukhopadhyay Dr. Subhash Mukhopadhyay created history when he became the first physician in India (and second in the world after British physicians Patrick Steptoe and Robert Edwards) to perform the In vitro fertilization resulting in a test tube baby “Durga” (Kanupriya Agarwal) on October 3, 1978.

Sadly, his study never got the attention it truly deserved. When he did go public with his life's most crucial find, he was accused of 'claiming' to have created the world's first test tube baby. He was also questioned for going to the media without bureaucratic approval and creating a test tube baby with simple tools inside his home. People were not willing to believe. (ek doctor ki maut)

Corticosterone Asthma Malaria Cancer Quinine Choloroqine

DRUG Diabetes DISCOVERY Infections Penicillin

Insulin

AIDS Aspirin Alzheimer Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors Pain/ Headache

Donepezil Synthesized molecules Human Body: A Chemical factory Drug-target-pathway-gene-disease relationships

Gene Pathway 1 T1 Gene Gene Gene Pathway 2 Gene T2 Gene Gene Gene Gene Pathway 3 Disease Drug Gene Gene Gene Gene Pathway 4 T3 Gene Gene

Pathway 5

T4 Pathway 6

Targets Pathways Genes associated with pathways

People perform best in the field that excites them the most “I have a friend who's an artist and has sometimes taken a view which I don't agree with very well. He'll hold up a flower and say "look how beautiful it is," and I'll agree. Then he says "I as an artist can see how beautiful this is but you as a scientist take this all apart and it becomes a dull thing," and I think that he's kind of nutty. First of all, the beauty that he sees is available to other people and to me too, I believe. Although I may not be quite as refined aesthetically as he is ... I can appreciate the beauty of a flower. At the same time, I see much more about the flower than he sees. I could imagine the cells in there, the complicated actions inside, which also have a beauty. I mean it's not just beauty at this dimension, at one centimeter; there's also beauty at smaller dimensions, the inner structure, also the processes. The fact that the colors in the flower evolved in order to attract insects to pollinate is interesting (beautiful); it means that insects can see the color. It adds a question: does this aesthetic sense also exist in the lower forms? Why is it aesthetic? All kinds of interesting questions which the science knowledge only adds to the excitement, the mystery and the awe of a flower…” ― Richard Feynman Conveying the excitement of discovery?

Serotonin

Neurotransmitter and happiness OPPORTUNITIES IN BIOTECHNOLOGY

ENZYMES

DRUGS

RECOMBINANT ANTI BIOTICS, VACCINES PROTEINS/DNA

NUTRION PRIMARY/SECONDARY METABOLITIES

AGRICULTURE

29 INSTITUTIONAL SCIENTIFIC TECHNICAL KNOWHOW LINKAGE SERVICES

ADMIN IPR SUPPORT SUPPORT

CORPORATE EMERGING FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT ENTERPRENEURAL MANAGEMENT SUPPORT NEEDS PUBLICITY ENTERPRENEUR & TRAINING ADVERTISING

VENTURE CAPITAL NEW BUSINESS MARKETING STRATEGIES SUPPORT MODELS 30 NEW IDEAS INFORMATION

TESTING ON/OFF SITE RESEARCH SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT SCALE UP & TECH DESIGN PLANT ON SITE PACKAGING DESIGN

SEMI TRAINED COMMERCIAL; PERSONNEL MANUFACTURE

ON OR PARTLY OFF SITE REG TEST CLEARANCES MARKETING

31 NATURE OF ASSIGNMENTS SUITED FOR BTIC

PROCESS PRODUCT SERVICES

 SCALE UP  NEW FORMULATIONS  TESTING  TROUBLESHOOTING  NEW CHEMICAL  DESIGN DATA  JOB WORKS ENTITIES  CONSULTANCY  EQUIPMENT  IMPORT  PROJECT REPORTS PERFORMANCE SUBSTITUTION  INFORMATION  EVALUATION 32 Innovation and Entrepreneurship International

Exponential Global Growing Focus: Knowledge Competitive National-Int’l Human Growth Market Disequilibria Condition

Techno. Productivity Competitive Economic Innovation & Quality Performance Growth Entrepreneur

Government Capital: Infrastructure Domestic, Enabling Seed-Risk- Tech-support International Policies Development System Rivalry

National IICT/ TO TRANSFORM TODAY’S SCIENTIFIC CSIR INNNOVATIONS INTO TOMORROW’S TECHNOLOGIES AT AFFORDABLE COST AP DBT GOVT BTIC SOC A CSIR- IICT model

R&D INDUS INSTTS TRY SPBP PUBLIC FUNDING : Rs 35 Crores PRIVATE FUNDING: Operation Maintenance Services

“ MILES TO GO WITH SMILES TO KEEP MOMENTUM” 34 PROCESS R PHILOSOPHY OF RISK REDUCTION 1 CONCEPT

TS 1 to 4: VALUE ADDITION TO A TECHNOLOGY R 1 to 3 : PROJECT RISK LEVELS LAB SCALE MARL : MAXIMUM ACCEPTABLE RISK LEVEL R2 PROCESS

RISK BENCH SCALE MARL PRE (BTIC) PILOT SCALE DEVELOPMENT (BTIC)

R3

TS1 TS2 TS3 TS4 TECHNOLOGY ENRICHMENT FIG: RISK VS TECHNOLOGY ENRICHMENT Concepts •Technological innovation is the process which drives a concept towards a marketable product or service. It contributes towards raising productivity and competitiveness – the engines of economic growth •The entrepreneur is the change-agent who identifies an innovation to match a market opportunity, and mobilizes the human and financial resources to develop the product or service at competitive costs and quality, in order to meet (or create) the customer’s needs •Competitiveness is the state achieved at enterprises by wise decisions on the use of factor endowments, within an environment of supportive policies, sound infrastructure and rivalry in a globalizing economy S & T as an engine for development

There seem to be consensus among policy makers and economists that at least half, if not more, of the economic growth in countries is directly attributable to science and technology.

In a globalizing, knowledge driven world with increasing importance of service industries and technological competitiveness, S&T and knowledge contribution for development can only become higher. Big Data in Biology

Metabolic

Genomic Pathways Humans have approximately 30,000 genes Variations Cell Signalling Gene Biological Expression Space Genomic Variations

Protein Interactions Enzyme One gene may form many proteins Activity

One protein can interact with several other “There is hardly any social problem on which science cannot make some contribution” -D. K. Price, Scientific Estate

Science for policy and Policy for Science

Science is never sufficient to solve a problem completely; it is, however, always necessary. Incubation has its limitations...

• elitist — caters only to potential “winners” • depends on government — in policy, initial funding • limited outreach, expensive —few ventures per cycle • skills-intensive — requires strong management • poor at generating jobs — but creates good ones • creates dependency — shelters the entrepreneur

…but incubators are growing due to their special features: • One-stop facility to provide counsel, skills, access, shared facilities • Networking to mobilize external services, mentoring, finance • Facilitation to tackle burdensome regulations, enter markets • Promote cultural change and entrepreneurs learning from each other Incubating the Incubator: Mission-Strategy-Performance-Sustainability

Opportunity Resources for Governance + Technology & Market incubator and Management & social Cost-effective tenants Services trends performance

Business Shared Vision Implement Consolidate Reputation Plan Mission Operate Internationalize & Impact

Sponsors Community Entrepreneur Monitor Sustainability State-Private support development operations

Technical University/ Evaluate infrastructure professional results linkages Re-engineer the organization Incubator Development Timeline ‘Father’s Oldsmobile’ Speed But IT Economy incubators call for acceleration at ‘Internet speed’

Project Preparation: 6 - 8 Months Build consensus

Planning: Business Plan

8 - 12 Months* Implementation: Start Incubator

2 - 4 Years Initial Operations: Facility Established

2 - 4 Years Monitor & Replicate: Sustainable Operations

? Globalize: International Operations When does public support make sense?

• When it helps overcome market constraints, improves access to information, reduces proportion of failed firms • Becomes a symbol of government commitment to SMEs • Is limited to initiate the incubator process: not new building construction but a renovated/rented space, not a continual subsidy but till operations are stabilized • When an incubator is an extension of the state’s role in providing public goods - knowledge, infrastructure • Mechanism to promote technology commercialization • Modifies the cultures of risk-taking, teamwork, delegating, networking, information sharing • Facilitates transition from planned to the market economy

Almost half of the world total number of incubators is now in developing countries

1,200

1,000 1,000 1,000 900

800

600

400 350

200 150 150

0 North America Western Eastern Asia South & Africa, Middle Europe Europe (except M.E.) Central East & Others America Essentially, all incubation is local. There are no global ‘best practices’ Practices must be adapted due to the influences of: •Macroeconomic conditions •Public policies and regulations •Professional Infrastructure/ IT connectivity •Investments in knowledge (education & research), health, environment •Cultural attitudes -- Nature vs nurture –History -- colonial legacy –Geography -- tropical climate

Concepts •Technological innovation is the process which drives a concept towards a marketable product or service. It contributes towards raising productivity and competitiveness – the engines of economic growth •The entrepreneur is the change-agent who identifies an innovation to match a market opportunity, and mobilizes the human and financial resources to develop the product or service at competitive costs and quality, in order to meet (or create) the customer’s needs •Competitiveness is the state achieved at enterprises by wise decisions on the use of factor endowments, within an environment of supportive policies, sound infrastructure and rivalry in a globalizing economy Role of Government in Innovation System

• Start with political framework & endowments • Commit resources to building knowledge & skills • Formulate innovation system & policy instruments • Strengthen infrastructure for ICT application, and IPR protection, competitiveness and exports • Promote strategic partnerships for technology & trade • Stimulate the cultures of net-working, risk-taking • Facilitate linkages to university, research, finance, Establish metrology, standards/quality centers • Priorities to anti-poverty, pro-environment, defense Mobilize public-private partnerships based on trust & respect Sources of Incubator Income

1. Workspace -Initially close to but below market rates 2. Facilities - IT infrastructure, etc. at market rates 3. Training and Consulting Services Basic services such as business planning can be subsidized Specialized services provided at market rates 4. Other - “Out-wall”, referrals, leasing, etc. 1, 2, 3 and 4 should cover operating expenses 5. Equity - Big potential upside, but difficult to implement Initially, services cost recovery is limited and external support is necessary, but progressively fees and rents can be raised towards sustainability Myths about Incubators 1. “The incubator is a building with shared facilities.” It is a means to nurture and improve chances of success.

2. “Incubators make money” Not for initial 3-5 years. Now some run on a for-profit basis.

3. “Incubators rapidly create employment” Incubators create enterprises, some of which grow rapidly to generate jobs directly (and 2x as many indirectly).

4. “It’s government’s job to finance incubators” Yes, initially, to provide appropriate support for overcoming market constraints. Once demonstrated, the private sector must get involved, in enlightened self interest.

5. “Entrepreneurs are born, not made” Maybe, but ED programs, from school onwards, help identify entrepreneurs and enhance skills for self-employment

Industrial Revolutions

• Tools 2,000,000 B.C. • Metallurgy 3600 B.C. • Steam power 1764 • Mass production 1908 • Automation 1946

Industrial Revolutions • The First Industrial Revolution took place from the 18th to 19th centuries in Europe and America. The iron and textile industries, along with the development of the steam engine, played central roles in the Industrial Revolution.

• The Second Industrial Revolution took place between 1870 and 1914, just before World War I. It was a period of growth for pre-existing industries and expansion of new ones, such as steel, oil and electricity, and used electric power to create mass production. Major technological advances during this period included the telephone, light bulb, phonograph and the internal combustion engine.

• The Third Industrial Revolution, or the Digital Revolution, refers to the advancement of technology from analog electronic and mechanical devices to the digital technology available today. The era started during the 1980s and is ongoing.Advancements during the Third Industrial Revolution include the personal computer, the internet, and information and communications technology (ICT)

• The Fourth Industrial Revolution builds on the Digital Revolution, representing new ways in which technology becomes embedded within societies and even the human body.[10] The Fourth Industrial Revolution is marked by emerging technology breakthroughs in a number of fields, including robotics, artificial intelligence, nanotechnology, quantum computing, biotechnology, The Internet of Things (IoT), 3D printing and autonomous vehicles.

Explosive Growth of Knowledge

00 AD 1750 doubled doubled 1750 AD 1900 doubled doubled 1900 AD 1950 doubled doubled 1950 AD 1985 doubled doubled

The information/knowledge is doubling every 5 years from1985 onwards

More new information has been generated in the last 35 years than in the previous 5000 Agricultural Industrial Information Knowledge Society Society Society Society

Innovation Knowledge products

Networks Information products

Technology Industrial products

Raw Materials Agri products

Societal Transformation

“Development of Informatics for Societal Health Advancement-DISHA” (A CSIR lead initiative to bring together doctors, scientists and policy makers)

Under the Chairmanship of Shri D. Chakarapani

A Brain Storming Session “Research in Health Care Sector”

Presented by: G. Narahari Sastry On behalf of DISHA Team http://dishaswasthyabahrat.org Hosted at CSIR-IICT

8th October 2016 CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology

Genesis Health care is a major Social, Economical, Political and Scientific Challenge for any Nation. Obviously, each country should worry about its problems !

Highly Innovative Excellent Basic Research Inadequate Research ! Lags in Translation ! (Especially in India) Doctor/Medicine Scientist/Research • Aging Population • Strain on Economy • Affordable Health Care Medical Tourism: Yoga, pranic healing, therapies Every country has unique and specific challenges sidelining research in medicine will have dangerous long term implications. OBJECTIVE

Bring out the Best Indian Brains in Medicine, Science and Engineering in Health Care Sector to Solve our Problems

Motto

• Excellence in research • Innovation in applications Indian • Transparency in policy Health Care • Team work and thinking big System • Commitment to the cause • Long term, sustained interest OUTLINE : Agenda Points of Discussion

Research in Medicine

Data Procurement and Processing of Patient Data

Startups: Apps. & Diagnostics Indian can only address India’s problem Bottom-up Approach: triggering research at multiple levels Stop aping the West !!! Identifying Major Bottlenecks in Healthcare

Mega Projects Better late than Never

“Development of Informatics for Societal Health Advancement-DISHA” (A CSIR lead initiative to bring together doctors, scientists and policy makers)

http://dishaswasthyabahrat.org Hosted at CSIR-IICT