Untersuchungen Zu Steve Reichs Music for 18 Musicians

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Untersuchungen Zu Steve Reichs Music for 18 Musicians Untersuchungen zu Steve Reichs Music for 18 Musicians vorgelegt von Diplom-Musikerzieher John Leigh aus Palo Alto, Kalifornien von der Fakultät I – Geisteswissenschaften der Technischen Universität Berlin zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktor der Philosophie - Dr. phil. - genehmigte Dissertation Promotionsausschuss: Vorsitzender: Prof. Dr. W. Sendlmeier Berichter: Prof. Dr. C.M. Schmidt Berichterin: Prof. Dr. H. de la Motte-Haber Tag der wissenschaftliche Aussprache: 22. Januar 2010 Berlin 2010 D 83 Inhaltsverzeichnis Vorwort i I. Klangorganisation Besetzung und Instrumentation 1 Gliederung 3 Die Übergänge 20 Die Prozesse 25 Prozess I 28 Die Teilprozesse Ia-Ij 45 Pattern I 56 Prozess II 69 Pattern II 77 Prozess IIIA 77 Prozess IIIB 79 Prozess /Pattern IV 80 Die Prozesse I bis IV 83 Die Vibraphoneinsätze 100 Harmonik 112 Versuch einer Interpretation der harmonischen Beziehungen 127 Versuch einer Interpretation der formalen Beziehungen 131 II. Theoretische Interpretation Music for 18 Musicians in der Evolution der Reichschen Kompositionstechnik Besetzung/Instrumentation 138 Formale Gliederung 142 Die Übergänge 146 Schichtung 145 Die Prozesse 151 Rhythmische Modi 162 Modus 165 Harmonik 171 Momente der Tradition in Music for 18 Musicians 177 Music for 18 Musicians und der „Minimalismus“: Steve Reichs Music for 18 Musicians, Terry Rileys In C und Philip Glass’ Music in Twelve Parts 210 Teil III. Empirische Untersuchung: Ein Vergleich zwischen Section II aus Steve Reichs Music for 18 Musicians und Bourreaux de solitude aus Pierre Boulez Marteau sans maître Einleitung 232 Durchführung und Design der Untersuchung 236 Der Fragebogen 237 Die Präsentation 239 Beschreibung der Stichproben 264 Inferenzstatistische Analyse der Daten 264 Interpretation der Resultate der Untersuchung 268 Anhang 273 Literatur 278 Vorwort Es ist 36 Jahre her, dass eine Aufführung von Four Organs in der Carnegie Hall einen Tumult auslöste.1 Inzwischen haben sich die Werke von Steve Reich international verbreitet; sein Ensemble hat durch Konzertreisen, Schallplatten-Einspielungen, im Konzertwesen, wie auch in den kritischen Auseinandersetzungen der Gegenwartsmusik eine zentrale Position erobert. Was mit „Minimalismus“ bezeichnet wird, hat einen durchdringenden Einfluss auf die Theater-, Film- und „Populärmusik“2 der letzten Jahre ausgeübt. Schon Anfang der 1970er Jahre haben Terry Riley und John Adams mit ihrer Lehrtätigkeit an der Mills College und am San Francisco Conservatory Eingang in die akademischen Kreise gefunden. Steve Reichs Music for 18 Musicians spielte durch seine große Beliebtheit bei der Etablierung des musikalischen „Minimalismus“ im Allgemeinen und in Reichs eigenem kompositorischen Schaffen im Besonderen eine Schlüsselrolle. Es sind aber nicht nur die Popularität und der weiterführende Einfluss, weshalb sich Music for 18 Musicians als Gegenstand einer gründlichen Untersuchung aufdrängt. Wie kein anderes Werk von Reich stellt es eine Kulmination vorangegangener Techniken dar und agiert damit gleichzeitig als Scharnierstelle zwischen minimalistischen und post-minimalistische Tendenzen. Die Popularität, Bekanntheit und Bedeutung von Music for 18 Musicians stehen einer strukturell-analytischen Unerschlossenheit gegenüber: Es gibt keine groß angelegte Publikation, die sich ausschließlich mit dem Werk, geschweige seiner strukturellen Ebene, befasst.3 Die vorliegende Arbeit soll diese Lücke schließen. Untersuchungen zu Steve Reichs Music for 18 Musicians ist in drei Teilen verfasst. Der erste Teil, die Klangorganisation, untersucht unterschiedliche Ebenen der musikalischen Struktur. Die Wahl der untersuchten Ebenen hat sich von der Struktur der Musik selber, aber auch von einigen Hinweisen aus Reichs Schriften leiten lassen. So z.B. führte der Reichsche Prozessbegriff dazu, dass sich entwickelnde melodische Teile in diesen Untersuchungen als Prozess bezeichnet werden. Die konsequente Bezeichnungssystematik (z.B. Prozess Ia, 1 Vgl. hierzu Reich 2002, S. 50. Auch eine Aufführung von Drumming im Jahre 1972 in Bremen hat die folgende, in Deutschland weit verbreitete Kritik von Clytus Gottwald hervorgebracht: „Ich habe den Eindruck, man versucht der Artikulation der Zeit dadurch zu entgehen, dass man sie totschlägt“. [vgl. Raab 1981, S. 169] 2 Es gibt sogar eine Art „Tribut“ der Technoszene an Steve Reich, in dem Werke von ihm in Techno umgewandelt werden. [Reich Remixed, Nonesuch 1999] 3 Claus Raabs Aufsatz Musik der Allmählichkeit und der Präsenz: Graduelle Verfahren in Music for 18 Musicians von Steve Reich [Raab 1981], der sich mit einigen strukturellen Momenten des Werks befasst, konzentriert sich dennoch auf zeitliche Verläufe und Fragen der Inhaltlichkeit. Auch Keith Potters Kapitel über Reich in seinem Buch FourMusicalMinimalists enthält eine Analyse von Music for 18 Musicians. Wenn auch die Kürze ihre Darstellung eine Skizzenhaftigkeit bedingt, sind doch einige wesentliche Momente des Werkes darin erläutert. Allerdings finden die polymodale Ordnung und die großflächigen Vernetzungen keine adäquate Darstellung. i Pattern IIb usw.) soll die Beziehungen der einzelnen Teile zueinander verdeutlichen. Reich äußert sich in seiner charakteristischen Klarheit über die Form von Music for 18 Musicians: „The relationship between the different sections is thus best understood in terms of resemblances between members of a family“.4 Ein wichtiger Aspekt dieser Untersuchung ist deshalb die Umformulierung dieses Leitsatzes in eine wissenschaftliche Systematik. Gerade die Spannung zwischen Repetition, die als Hauptmerkmal des „Minimalismus“ gilt, und Variantenbildung, die im stärksten Maße die strukturelle Ebene von Music for 18 Musicians prägt, ist zentral bei der Einschätzung des Werkes. Wenn von „relaxed evolution and cumulative legato flow of Reichs sonic vegetation” gesprochen wird,5 trifft es vielleicht ungewollt den Kern der Sache. Denn „sonic vegetation“ kann sowohl als gedankenloses „Hinvegetieren“ wie auch als „organische Klangorganisation“ aufgefasst werden. Die exakte Untersuchung der „organischen“ Momente zeigt eine hoch entwickelte Vernetzung, die, wenn überhaupt meditativ, dann als geistige Meditation auf höchstem Niveau aufgefasst werden muss. Eine zweite Ebene von Music for 18 Musicians, die im ersten Teil der Untersuchungen viel Raum einnimmt, ist die Modusbestimmung. Sie ist von größter Wichtigkeit. Wenn auch modale Tendenzen in der Literatur über Reich Erwähnung erfahren6, ist doch die Positionierung von Music for 18 Musicians als polymodales Werk in der Nachfolge von Bartók und Strawinsky noch nicht in aller Klarheit vollzogen worden. Das liegt vielleicht in der harmonischen Konstruktion des Werkes begründet: Die Harmonik von Music for 18 Musicians ist in Schichten aufgebaut, sodass polymodale Strukturen durch vagierende Kadenzharmonik subsumiert und dadurch verdeckt werden. Auch hier hilft nur das sorgfältige Durchkämmen der einzelnen Schichten, um nicht nur das Prinzip der Polymodalität sichtbar zu machen, sondern auch die Vielfalt ihrer Anwendung zu zeigen. Während der erste Teil der Untersuchungen rein deskriptiv den werkimmanenten strukturellen Ebenen gewidmet ist, versucht der zweite Teil, diese in einem größeren Kontext zu beleuchten. Dies geschieht in Form von analytischen Vergleichen zwischen Music for 18 Musicians und Werken quer durch die Musikgeschichte. Auch hier liefern Reichs Schriften viele Anhaltspunkte (z.B. seine Erwähnung von Organum als Inspirationsquelle für die cycle 4 Reich 2002, S. 89. Dieses Zitat bezieht sich nach Paul Hillier auf Wittgensteins Philosophische Untersuchungen. Dort geht es sich ab Paragraph 66 um das, was Wittgenstein „Familienangehörigkeit“ nennt. Vom Begriff „Spiel“ aus untersucht Wittgenstein, inwiefern unterschiedliche Arten von Spielen noch eine Gemeinsamkeit haben und führt weiter zur Frage der Genauigkeit der Sprache und die Grenzen des sprachlichen Vermittelns. [Wittgenstein 1953, Paragraph 66ff.] 5 Kostelanetz 1997, S. 91. 6 Vgl. hierzu z.B. Potter, Seite 156 und 247, in der Bartók zwar zweimal erwähnt wird, ohne aber den Begriff der Polymodalität. ii of chords)7. Der zweite Teil schließt mit einem Vergleich zwischen Music for 18 Musicians und Music in Twelve Parts von Philip Glass. Hier werden nicht nur zwei Personalstile verglichen, sondern vor allem strukturelle Momente herangezogen, um mögliche Grenzen zwischen musikalisch minimalistischen und postminimalistischen Tendenzen zu ziehen. Der dritte, wesentlich kürzere Teil der Arbeit ergänzt die ersten zwei Perspektiven durch eine empirische Wahrnehmungsuntersuchung. Die empirische Untersuchung geht vor allem der Frage nach dem Komplexitätsgrad von Music for 18 Musicians nach. Der Vergleich mit Boulez’ Bourreaux de solitude schließt gleichzeitig den Kreis der analytischen Untersuchungen des zweiten Teils, indem ein Vertreter des „europäischen Serialismus“ herangezogen wird. An dieser Stelle möchte ich mich bei Dr. Fred Mengering für seine Ratschläge im Design und vor allem seine Hilfe bei der Auswertung der Daten der empirischen Untersuchung bedanken. Der Text von Fred Mengering zum methodischen Teil im dritten Teil dieser Arbeit ist kursiv gesetzt. Für seine Assistenz bei der Untersuchung bin ich Michael Hiemke zu Dank verpflichtet. Weiter möchte ich mich bei den zwei Gutachtern, Prof. Dr. Christian Martin Schmidt und Prof. Dr. Helga de la Motte bedanken. Ohne Helga de la Mottes kluge und gezielte Unterstützung im langen Prozess der Fertigstellung dieser Arbeit hätte sie in dieser Form nicht vorliegen können. Dresden, August
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