DOCSLIB.ORG

Instruments, Materials, and Devices

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Instruments, Materials, and Devices CHAPTER 8 Instruments, Materials, and Devices ZVI METZGER, BETTINA BASRANI and HAROLD GOODIS Chapter Outline DIAGNOSTIC MATERIALS AND DEVICES Iodine Potassium Iodide Assessment of Pulp Sensibility Choosing the Ideal Irrigant Assessment of Pulp Vascularity Intracanal Medication Assessment of Cracks and Fractures New Irrigation and Disinfection Techniques and Devices Assessment of Images ROOT CANAL FILLING MATERIALS ENDODONTIC INSTRUMENTS Solid Materials Hand Instruments Sealers and Cements Instruments for Cleaning and Shaping the Root Standards and Properties Canal Space DELIVERY SYSTEMS FOR ROOT CANAL Devices for Periapical Débridement Through a Root OBTURATION MATERIALS Canal Access Carrier-Based Systems Devices for Measuring Root Canal Length Injection Techniques Instruments for Root Canal Obturation Rotary Techniques Devices for Removing Root Canal Obstructions TEMPORARY RESTORATIONS MATERIALS FOR DISINFECTING THE PULP SPACE LASERS Chemomechanical Preparation Neodymium-Doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet Lasers Sodium Hypochlorite Erbium-Doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet Lasers Chlorhexidine Diode Lasers MTAD and Tetraclean Erbium/Chromium-Doped Yttrium Scandium Gallium Ethylenediamine Tetra-acetic Acid Garnet Lasers Hydrogen Peroxide The past decades have seen many changes in the practice of validity or appropriateness in different clinical situations. endodontics, such as in materials, techniques, equipment, When tests are evaluated, there are some terms that may lead instrument design, and the types of metals used to manufac- to more definitive and possibly quantifiable endodontic diag- ture endodontic instruments. However, the goals of non- noses. These terms are sensitivity, the ability of a test to identify surgical endodontic therapy has not changed: “Root canal teeth with disease; specificity, the ability of a test to identify systems must be cleaned and shaped: cleaned of their organic teeth without disease; and predictive value, the ability of a test remnants and shaped to receive a three-dimensional hermetic to foretell what the diagnosis actually is. (fluid-tight seal) filling of the entire root canal space.”332 Pulp stimulation with cold or heat is the oldest method of evaluating the pulp’s health and its ability to respond to exter- DIAGNOSTIC MATERIALS AND DEVICES nal stimulation, but evaluation of pulpal response must not be confused with vitality testing, which requires assessment of Assessment of Pulp Sensibility pulpal circulation.140 One of the greatest diagnostic challenges in clinical practice is the accurate assessment of pulp status. A variety of pulp testing Cold Tests approaches exist, and there may be confusion as to their Cold thermal testing causes contraction of the dentinal fluid within the dentinal tubules, resulting in a rapid outward flow of fluid within the patent tubules. This rapid movement of dentinal fluid results in hydrodynamic forces acting on the δA The authors acknowledge the excellent scholarship of Drs. Van Himel and K John McSpadden in authoring previous editions of this chapter. nerve fibers within the pulp-dentin complex, leading to a sharp 223 Hargreaves_Chapter 8_main.indd 223 12/7/2009 5:36:35 PM 224 PART I • THe CORe SCienCe Of endOdOnTiCS sensation lasting for the duration of the thermal test. A variety prepared by delivering CO2 into a custom-made plastic cylin- of cold tests may be employed; the major difference between der, and the stick is applied to the buccal surface of the tooth. them is the degree of cold applied to the tooth.140 This method is particularly effective when trying to assess A simple means of applying a cold stimulus to a tooth is to teeth that have been restored with full-coverage metal restora- 397 314 wrap a sliver of ice in wet gauze and place it against the buccal tions. Rickoff reported that CO2 snow applied to a tooth surface, comparing the reaction between the test tooth and a for 5 minutes did not jeopardize the health of the pulp, nor control tooth. Pencils of ice can be made by filling a plastic does it damage the surface of the enamel.300 On the other hand, straw with water and freezing it in an upright position in a CO2 may cause pitting of the surface of porcelain restorations freezer.352 when applied for as little as 5 seconds.203 When testing with a ethyl chloride (−41° C) may be sprayed onto a cotton cold stimulus, the advantage of refrigerant sprays and frozen pledget, resulting in the formation of ice crystals (Fig. 8-1) carbon dioxide is that the cold stimulus does not go into a prior to application to the tooth. dichlorodifluoromethane liquid phase but rather a gas phase. This allows testing to be (ddM) (−50° C) is a compressed refrigerant spray that can also specific to one tooth at a time, without cold water from melted be sprayed onto a cotton pledget for cold testing (Fig. 8-2). ice stimulating adjacent teeth. More recently, ozone-friendly non-chlorofluorocarbon sprays ice-cold water is another useful and inexpensive test. The have been introduced in certain countries. tooth being tested should be isolated with a rubber dam and Another effective cold stimulus is frozen carbon then bathed with water from a syringe. Cold tests should be dioxide (CO2), also known as dry ice or carbon dioxide snow applied until the patient definitely responds or the stimulus 121 (−78.5° C). for testing purposes, a solid stick of CO2 is has been applied for a maximum of 15 seconds. One of the significant benefits of ice-water testing is that it can be used on any tooth regardless of the type of restoration that may be present. Overall, cold tests appear to be more reliable than heat tests,93,341 and there is a general consensus that the colder the stimulus, the more effective the assessment of tooth innerva- tion status. Heat Test Warm thermal testing is not employed as often as cold testing because most patients are more sensitive to cold stimuli, and warm thermal tests have been traditionally more difficult to perform. Heat testing can be undertaken using a stick of heated gutta-percha or hot water. A gutta-percha stick, preferably base-plate gutta-percha, is heated with a naked flame or an 149 FIG. 8-1 ethyl chloride sprayed onto a cotton pledget, resulting in electric heater until it becomes soft and glistens. it is then the formation of ice crystals. (Courtesy Dr. R. Portigliatti.) applied to the Vaseline-coated surface of the test tooth. it is purported that a tooth surface temperature as high as 150° C can be achieved with this technique319: gutta-percha softens at 65° C and may be heated in delivery devices up to 200° C. This test may be difficult to use on posterior teeth because of limited access. A further disadvantage is that excessive heating may result in pulp damage.280 Prolonged heat application will result in biphasic stimulation of Aδ fibers initially, followed by the pulpal C fibers. Activation of C fibers may result in a lingering pain, therefore heat tests should be applied for no more than 5 seconds. However, inadequate heating of the gutta-percha stick could result in the stimulus being too weak to elicit a response from the pulp.140 The use of hot water, administered through an irrigating syringe under rubber dam isolation, has also been described as a means of thermal testing. frictional heat may be generated by using a rubber cup intended for prophylaxis (without paste) against the buccal aspect of a tooth. The normal use of thermal tests on teeth has been shown not to be harmful to healthy pulp tissue.170 The System B (Sybronendo, Orange, CA) allows dentists to set specific temperatures for warm thermal testing. After the surface of the tooth has been lubricated, a test tip can be attached to the handle of the System B and the temperature set at 150° f. The preheated tip is placed on the surface of the tooth, and the patient’s response is evaluated. FIG. 8-2 Hygenic endo-ice. (Courtesy Colténe/Whaledent, Cuyahoga One of the problems of testing with heat is that often a K Falls, OH.) nonvital tooth increases in pain secondary to heat stimuli. in Hargreaves_Chapter 8_main.indd 224 12/7/2009 5:36:37 PM chapter 8 • Instruments, Materials, and Devices 225 the clinical situation whereby a patient reports pain to heat There are several considerations regarding optimal place- and relief with cold stimuli, the application of cold to individu- ment of the tester electrode. The response threshold is reached ally selected teeth may eliminate the patient’s tooth pain. when an adequate number of nerve terminals are activated to Therefore, in these situations, the application of cold with attain what is termed a summation effect.281 An area of high relief of pain can be diagnostic for a nonvital pulp. neural density should have a relatively fast and strong response and requires the least electric current. Therefore, the most Electric Pulp Test desirable area of assessment in incisor teeth is at the incisal The objective of the electric pulp test (ePT) is to stimulate edge.32 The tester should be applied on the tooth surface adja- intact Aδ nerves in the pulpal-dentin complex by applying an cent to a pulp horn, the area of highest nerve density within electric current to the tooth surface. A positive result stems the pulp. This position equates to the incisal third region of from an ionic shift in the dentinal fluid within the tubules, anterior teeth and the mid-third region of posterior teeth. The causing local depolarization and subsequent generation of an threshold for response may be influenced by the thickness of action potential from intact Aδ nerves.292 the enamel and dentin overlying the pulp. Thus, the response The electric pulp tester is a battery-operated instrument threshold for healthy teeth may be lowest in incisors, slightly connected to a probe that is applied to the tooth under inves- greater in premolars, and greatest in molar teeth.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • U.S. Government Printing Office Style Manual, 2008
    U.S. Government Printing Offi ce Style Manual An official guide to the form and style of Federal Government printing 2008 PPreliminary-CD.inddreliminary-CD.indd i 33/4/09/4/09 110:18:040:18:04 AAMM Production and Distribution Notes Th is publication was typeset electronically using Helvetica and Minion Pro typefaces. It was printed using vegetable oil-based ink on recycled paper containing 30% post consumer waste. Th e GPO Style Manual will be distributed to libraries in the Federal Depository Library Program. To fi nd a depository library near you, please go to the Federal depository library directory at http://catalog.gpo.gov/fdlpdir/public.jsp. Th e electronic text of this publication is available for public use free of charge at http://www.gpoaccess.gov/stylemanual/index.html. Use of ISBN Prefi x Th is is the offi cial U.S. Government edition of this publication and is herein identifi ed to certify its authenticity. ISBN 978–0–16–081813–4 is for U.S. Government Printing Offi ce offi cial editions only. Th e Superintendent of Documents of the U.S. Government Printing Offi ce requests that any re- printed edition be labeled clearly as a copy of the authentic work, and that a new ISBN be assigned. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512-1800; DC area (202) 512-1800 Fax: (202) 512-2104 Mail: Stop IDCC, Washington, DC 20402-0001 ISBN 978-0-16-081813-4 (CD) II PPreliminary-CD.inddreliminary-CD.indd iiii 33/4/09/4/09 110:18:050:18:05 AAMM THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE STYLE MANUAL IS PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION AND AUTHORITY OF THE PUBLIC PRINTER OF THE UNITED STATES Robert C.
    [Show full text]
  • Apex Locators in Detecting Lateral Canals, Extent of Perforating Internal Root Resorption and Open Apex
    International Journal of Medical and Health Research International Journal of Medical and Health Research ISSN: 2454-9142 Received: 23-03-2020; Accepted: 18-04-2020; Published: 25-04-2020 www.medicalsciencejournal.com Volume 6; Issue 4; 2020; Page No. 29-30 Apex locators in detecting lateral canals, extent of perforating internal root resorption and open apex Samriti Sharma1, Satish Sharma2* 1 MDS, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Private Practitioner, Jammu & Kashmir 2 MDS, Assistant Professor, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, GMC Rajouri, Jammu & Kashmir Abstract Aim: The present study compared the accuracy of Root ZX mini and CanalPro in determination of working length in open apex, location of lateral canals at different levels and determination of extent of perforating internal root resorption. Methods: Seventy-five decoronated single rooted teeth with single canal were divided into three groups- simulated lateral canals at 3, 5 and 8 mm from the apex, simulated perforating internal root resorption and simulated open apex. Actual length was measured by visual method and electronic length of samples embedded in alginate model. Results: The accuracy of both the apex locators in EL determination was significantly higher in apical lateral canals compared to middle and coronal canals and in apical extent of internal resorption as compared to coronal extent (P<0.05). Conclusion: Both EAL’s are accurate in working length determination in simulated clinical scenarios. Keywords: Apex locators, lateral canals, open apex, perforating internal root resorption Introduction passing 1 mm beyond the apex to increase the apical Proper working length (WL) determination is a precursor width to 1.3 mm in diameter.
    [Show full text]
  • 6 Daily Bulletin Washington, DC
    Wednesday, July 29, 2009 Volume 81, Number 6 Daily Bulletin Washington, DC 81st Summer North American Bridge Championships Editors: Brent Manley and Paul Linxwiler Ledeen grabs Two high seeds fall Senior Swiss crown in Spingold’s first full day The team captained by James Cayne, seeded No. 3 in the Spingold Knockout Teams, is now on Truscott USPC the sidelines after losing 141-140 to a California Senior Swiss squad captained by Mike Levinson. Teams Levinson, seeded No. 62, is playing with Paul champions: McDaniels, Andrew Gumperz and Michael non-playing Crawford. captain Beta Nahapetian, They took an early lead against Cayne and Benito Garozzo, built an 18-IMP lead at halftime, but Cayne came Lea Dupont, back to go ahead 118-111 with a quarter to go. Karen Allison Levinson won the final set 30-12 to advance. and Mike Ledeen. Continued on page 5 Defending champs The foursome of Michael Ledeen of Chevy Ledeen. His best previous finish was second in the ousted from Wagar Chase MD, Karen Allison of Las Vegas, and Keohane North American Swiss Teams. His Benito Garozzo and Lea Dupont of Palm Beach teammates have each won previous NABC titles, The top-seeded squad in the Wagar Women’s FL topped the field in the Truscott/U.S. Playing (and Garozzo, of course, has multiple world titles Knockout Teams was eliminated from play in Card Senior Swiss Teams, posting a total of to his credit), but this is the first time any have yesterday’s quarterfinal round. The team of Lynn 127.18 Victory Points to win the two-day event.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 17.Pdf
    Richard E. Walton DRAINAGE OF AN ABSCESS Irrigation PERlAPlCAL SURGERY Radiographic Verification lndications Flap Replacement and Suturing Anatomic Problems Postoperative Instructions Restorative Considerations Suture Removal and Evaluation Horizontal Root Fracture CORRECTIVE SURGERY Irretrievable Material in Canal Indications Procedural Error Procedural Errors Large Unresolved Lesions After Root Canal Resorptive Perforations Treatment Contraindications Contraindications (or Cautions) Anatomic Considerations Unidentified Cause of Treatment Failure Location of Perforation When Conventional Root Canal Treatment is Accessibility Possible Considerations Simultaneous Root Canal Treatment and Apical Surgical Approach Surgery Repair Material Anatomic Considerations Prognosis Poor Crown and Root Ratio Surgical Procedure Medical (Systemic) Complications HEALING Surgical Procedure RECALL Flap Design ADJUNCTS Semilunar lncision Light and Magnification Devices Submarginal incision Surgical Microscope Full Mucoperiosteal lncision Fiber Optics Anesthesia Guided Tissue Regeneration lncision and Reflection Bone Augmentation Periapical Exposure WHEN TO CONSIDER REFERRAL Curettage Training and Experience Root End Resection Determining the Cause of Root Canal Treatment Root End Preparation and Restoration Failure Root End-Filling Materials Surgical Difficulties Principles of Endodontic Surgery . CHAPTER 17 381 ndodontic surgery is the management or preven- tion of periradicular pathosis by a surgical approach. In general, this includes abscess drainage,
    [Show full text]
  • The Use of Micro-Computed Tomography to Determine The
    167 Journal of Oral Science, Vol. 63, No. 2, 167-169, 2021 Original article The use of micro-computed tomography to determine the accuracy of electronic working length with two apex locators Hisashi Suguro1,2), Anna Nishihara3), Takahito Tamura4), Takeshi Nakamura4), Yurika Toyama4), and Osamu Takeichi1,2) 1) Department of Endodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan 2) Division of Advanced Dental Treatment, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan 3) Division of Oral Structural and Functional Biology, Nihon University Graduate School of Dentistry 4) Division of Applied Oral Sciences, Nihon University Graduate School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan (Received September 7, 2020; Accepted January 9, 2021) Abstract anatomical structure is complex [5-7]. Anatomical changes in AC site, size, tooth type, and age cause WL assessments to be unreliable [5-7]. It is well Purpose: This study evaluated the precision of electronic working length known that the AF is not always at the radiographic apex of the root, which by microcomputed tomography using two electronic apex locators (EALs). is often located on the lingual/buccal or mesial/distal side [2]. At present, Methods: Twenty single-rooted permanent teeth without caries or restora- while many radiographs are taken, electronic apex locators (EALs) are also tions were selected as the subject teeth. The positions of the minor apical widely used. The development of EALs, used with appropriate radiographs constriction (AC) and major apical foramen (AF) were measured by elec- [8-12], has enabled the assessment of WL to be more accurate and predict- tronic root canal length, and microcomputed tomography was performed able, and has made EALs more accurate and reliable in determining WL with the file inserted and fixed in the root canal.
    [Show full text]
  • The Accidental Life Master Attendance
    Wednesday, July 28, 2010 Volume 82, Number 6 Daily Bulletin 82nd North American Bridge Championships Editors: Brent Manley and Paul Linxwiler Cohen squad grabs Four teams left in Wagar KO The four teams remaining in the Wagar Senior Swiss crown Women’s Knockout Teams will do battle today to The team of Ken see who makes it to the championship round. Cohen, Neal Satten, The matchups, by captain, are Sam Dinkin Rick Rowland (npc) versus Geeske Joel and Valerie Westheimer and Thomas Weik versus Sylvia Moss. overcame a rocky In Tuesday’s quarterfinal round, No. 1 seed start in the Truscott/ Dinkin played only three quarters against the U.S. Playing Card No. 8 seed led by Joann Glasson before the latter Senior Swiss Teams withdrew facing a 155-85 deficit. to win the four- In the other matches, No. 2 Westheimer session contest. It defeated No. 7 Phyllis Fireman 132-109; No. was the first NABC 6 Sylvia Moss, down 6 IMPs with a quarter to victory for Satten, go, won the final set by 50 IMPs to prevail 157- Rowland and Weik, 113 over No. 3 Connie Goldberg, and No. 4 Joel but the fourth for knocked off No. 5 Susan Miller 122-94. captain Cohen. In the qualifying Schwartz, O’Rourke exit round, the Cohen Spingold in Round 2 squad was below The top-seeded squad led by Richard Schwartz average at halftime. was upset in second-round action in the Spingold A solid second half, Truscott/USPC Senior Swiss champs Rick Rowland, Neal Satten, Thomas Weik and Ken Cohen.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 11 Structure and Functions of the Dentin and Pulp Complex
    CHAPTER 10 Records and Legal Responsibilities 391 Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com Fig. 10-14 A, Before injury. B-D, Student who was burned by an inadequately maintained hand piece that over- heated. This lawsuit settled for $280,000. Dentist's Liability for Staffs' Overuse of antibiotics risks resistant-strain development Acts or Omissions and side effects. Studies demonstrate generally no increased therapeutic efficiency of endodontic therapy with antibiotics A dentist is liable for the acts or omissions of the dentist's when performed in the absence of facial swelling.68 Unless staff under the doctrine of respondeat superior ("let the persistent infections occur or compelling systemic reasons master answer"). This is termed vicarious liability, which exist (e.g., uncontrolled diabetes, antibiotic prophylaxis nec- means that the dentist is responsible, not because he or she essary because of mitral valve regurgitation), antibiotics did anything wrong personally, but because the dentist should not be prescribed prophylactically.21a Neither pain nor assumes legal responsibility for the conduct of employees and localized swelling justify antibiotics. However, extraoral agents who act in the course and scope of their employment. swelling, cellulitis, or lymphadenopathy may require sur- The dentist should instruct the staff in advising patients gical drainage or antibiotics or both. The Centers for Disease regarding posttreatment complaints. For example, if the staff Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates
    [Show full text]
  • Chess & Bridge
    2013 Catalogue Chess & Bridge Plus Backgammon Poker and other traditional games cbcat2013_p02_contents_Layout 1 02/11/2012 09:18 Page 1 Contents CONTENTS WAYS TO ORDER Chess Section Call our Order Line 3-9 Wooden Chess Sets 10-11 Wooden Chess Boards 020 7288 1305 or 12 Chess Boxes 13 Chess Tables 020 7486 7015 14-17 Wooden Chess Combinations 9.30am-6pm Monday - Saturday 18 Miscellaneous Sets 11am - 5pm Sundays 19 Decorative & Themed Chess Sets 20-21 Travel Sets 22 Giant Chess Sets Shop online 23-25 Chess Clocks www.chess.co.uk/shop 26-28 Plastic Chess Sets & Combinations or 29 Demonstration Chess Boards www.bridgeshop.com 30-31 Stationery, Medals & Trophies 32 Chess T-Shirts 33-37 Chess DVDs Post the order form to: 38-39 Chess Software: Playing Programs 40 Chess Software: ChessBase 12` Chess & Bridge 41-43 Chess Software: Fritz Media System 44 Baker Street 44-45 Chess Software: from Chess Assistant 46 Recommendations for Junior Players London, W1U 7RT 47 Subscribe to Chess Magazine 48-49 Order Form 50 Subscribe to BRIDGE Magazine REASONS TO SHOP ONLINE 51 Recommendations for Junior Players - New items added each and every week 52-55 Chess Computers - Many more items online 56-60 Bargain Chess Books 61-66 Chess Books - Larger and alternative images for most items - Full descriptions of each item Bridge Section - Exclusive website offers on selected items 68 Bridge Tables & Cloths 69-70 Bridge Equipment - Pay securely via Debit/Credit Card or PayPal 71-72 Bridge Software: Playing Programs 73 Bridge Software: Instructional 74-77 Decorative Playing Cards 78-83 Gift Ideas & Bridge DVDs 84-86 Bargain Bridge Books 87 Recommended Bridge Books 88-89 Bridge Books by Subject 90-91 Backgammon 92 Go 93 Poker 94 Other Games 95 Website Information 96 Retail shop information page 2 TO ORDER 020 7288 1305 or 020 7486 7015 cbcat2013_p03to5_woodsets_Layout 1 02/11/2012 09:53 Page 1 Wooden Chess Sets A LITTLE MORE INFORMATION ABOUT OUR CHESS SETS..
    [Show full text]
  • U.N.C. Endo Lit Summary (V
    U.N.C. Endo. Lit. Summary By Peter Z. Tawil, DMD, MS, FRCD(C) Diplomate, American Board of Endodontics U.N.C. Endo Lit Summary (V. 2014) By Peter Zahi Tawil, DMD, MS, FRCD(C) 1 Diagnosis Smoking and Endo Krall et al 2006 • 811 patients VA in Boston • Smokers are 1.7 times more likely to have a root canal • There is a statistical dose-response relationship between cigarette smoking and the risk of root canal treatment. Bergstrom J 2004 (Journal of Oral Sciences) • Tobacco smoking not associated with apical periodontitis HIV & Endo Shetty 2006 • 157 HIV patients • No statistically significant differences were noted when the success of the root canal therapy was related to the symptomatic clinical presentation, the antiretroviral therapy, or the viral load. Suchina, Hicks et al 2006 (Houston, TX) • Despite obturation deficiencies and the immunocompromised state of the patients, endodontic therapy has a relatively high degree of success in the majority of HIV/AIDS patients. HIV infection and AIDS should not be considered as a contraindication to endodontic therapy in this patient population. Quesnell et al 2005 (JOE / Chicago) • 33 HIV pt and 33 healthy. PAI score no difference at 12 months. Cooper et al1993 • Short-term success was determined by follow-up appointments 1-3 months following obturation. No complications were experienced in either group, except with one HIV infected patient. The results of this clinical study indicate that root canal treatment can be carried out following standard procedures and without antibiotic prophylaxis.
    [Show full text]
  • 877-772-3888 Fax: 714-632-8821
    Endodontics Prestigedentalproducts.com Tel: 877-772-3888 Fax: 714-632-8821 Prestige Dental Products, Inc. Prestigedentalproducts.com Endodontics Tel: 877-772-3888 Apex Locators 5th generation Apex Locator by dual frequency type. Endo Combo Package (Parkell) Best accuracy in any root canal condition (Dry, Bleeding, Wet, Sa- line, EDTA, NaOCl or Chlorhexidine etc...) Can measure the apical constriction exactly without mis-measurement. Developed & up- Includes: graded based on the technology of e-Magic Finder (EMF-100 Series) - Formatron Apex Locator Apex Locater. - Digitest II Pulp Vitality Tester Measurement by eye and ear at the same time: Available for checking the apex by digital No., graph and beep sound. When the file is closer to the apex, indication sound is intermittent beep sound. When reaches to the apex It provides continuous beep sound and red Apex indication for user's convenient and saving time, it helps to Endo Combo Package - Includes Digitest 29-110301 find apex easily and quickly. II Pulp Vitality Tester and Formatron Apex Locator Color Display: From graph 2.0 to 1.0, Indicates graph by blue col- or. From graph 0.9 to 0.5, Indicates graph by green color. From Touch-Proof Wire Assembly 29-110302 graph 0.4 to -0.5, Indicates graph by red color. From the 0.5mm to - Quick Test Probe 29-110303 0.5mm. The tooth graphic and Apex indication will be blink with color display. Replacement Ground Clips 29-110304 I-Root A Type Digital Apex Locator, Reamer Holder 29-110305 Rechargeable battery / Without PM 29-11747 Metal Probes for
    [Show full text]
  • Efficacy of Computer-Aided Static Navigation Technique On
    Journal of Clinical Medicine Review Efficacy of Computer-Aided Static Navigation Technique on the Accuracy of Endodontic Microsurgery. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Álvaro Zubizarreta-Macho 1,César Castillo-Amature 1, José María Montiel-Company 2 and Jesús Mena-Álvarez 1,* 1 Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Alfonso X El Sabio University, 28691 Madrid, Spain; [email protected] (Á.Z.-M.); [email protected] (C.C.-A.) 2 Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to analyze the efficacy of the computer-aided static navigation technique on the accuracy of root apex location in endodontic microsurgery. Material and Methods: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis, based on Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) recommendations, of clinical studies that evaluated the apex location rate of the computer-aided static navigation tech- niques applied to endodontic microsurgery. A total of four databases were consulted in the literature search: Pubmed-Medline, Scopus, Cochrane, and Web of Science. After eliminating duplicated articles and applying the inclusion criteria, seven articles were selected for the qualitative and the quantita- Citation: Zubizarreta-Macho, Á.; tive analysis. Results: The root apex location success rate stated at 96.8% (confidence interval (CI): Castillo-Amature, C.; 93.0–100%) of the cases performed through a computer-aided static navigation technique. The pre- Montiel-Company, J.M.; diction interval ranges from 91.4% to 100%.
    [Show full text]
  • Surgical Procedure Is Dictated by the Clinical Findings Once the Site Is Exposed and Explored
    University of Baghdad Oral Surgery Lecture College of Dentistry 5th Grade Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery Department Dr. Auday Mahmood Principles of endodontic surgery Endodontic surgery is the management or prevention of peri-radicular pathosis by a surgical approach. Peri-radicular surgery (PRS) (endodontic surgery) is a generic term for treatment that encompasses three main categories of surgical endodontic procedures: 1. Periapical curettage of persistent peri-radicular disease, including removal of the root apex (root end resection) and retrograde filling of the root canal. 2. Surgical repair of root surface irregularities such as external root resorption defects or iatrogenic perforations. 3. Root resection of posterior teeth to remove diseased roots and retention of roots suitable for further coronal restoration. Conventional endodontic treatment is generally a successful procedure; however, in 10% to 15% of cases the symptoms can persist or spontaneously recur. Findings such as a draining fistula, pain on mastication, or the incidental noting of a radiolucency increasing in size indicate problems with the initial endodontic procedure. Many endodontic failures occur a year or more following the initial root canal treatment, often complicating a situation because a definitive restoration may have already been placed. This creates a higher "value" for the tooth because it now may be supporting a fixed partial denture. Periapical Surgery (apicectomy or apicoectomy) Periapical (i.e., periradicular) surgery includes a series of procedures performed to eliminate the symptoms. Periapical surgery includes the following: 1. Appropriate exposure of the root and apical region 2. Exploration of the root surface for fractures or other pathologic conditions 3. Curettage of the apical tissues 4.
    [Show full text]