Barcelona in 1714

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TOURISTIC TOUR BY COOLTUR TURISME CULTURAL

BARCELONA IN 1714

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In 1700 died Carlos II, king of Spain. He had no descendants. This fact triggered one of the major international conflicts since the European powers came to dispute the control of the vast Spanish Empire, proposing their own candidates for the Spanish crown.

Catalan and most of the kingdoms of the Aragon Crown supported the Archduke Charles of Austria, candidate of the Hague Alliance. On the other hand, Philip of Anjou, grandson of Louis XIV of France, was supported by the Spanish kingdom and France.

The war lasted, in Europe, from 1701 to 1713. Internationally, the forces of the two candidates to occupy the Spanish crown were very balanced. This conflict ended when, in 1711, an unexpected event changed the course of events: Archduke Charles, after the death of his brother Joseph I, inherited the Austrian throne, losing the support of England to occupy the Spanish crown. England was afraid of the excessive power of the Habsburg dynasty in Europe, with the possible formation of a large Austrian bloc to dominate the European continent.

In Catalonia, the war started in 1705 after the proclamation of Charles III of Austria, and the conflict passed with variable success until the abandonment of the Hague Alliance in 1712. But Catalonia still prolongs the resistance until 11 September of 1714, when Barcelona fell, after thirteen months of siege. The victory of Philip V supposed the abolition of the Catalan government bodies and the imposition of the Castile institutions and laws through the Decree of Nova Planta in 1716.

From Cooltur we invite you to visit some of the battlegrounds and institutional buildings that had an important role in the conflict that changed Spain's influence in the world and ended with the Catalan institutions.

Sant Antoni’s Bastion

Sant Antoni’s Bastion was located on the third enclosure wall that enclosed the eastern part of the city. It was built facing the old Portal de Sant Antoni, which opened at the end of the street of the same name. By the mid-fourtheenth century the sections of the wall between la Rambla and the Tallers street were built. This was the most important building of this sector, becoming the triumphal gate of the city used by the www.cooltur.org © COOLTUR Turisme Cultural #unmondecultura kings, princes and ambassadors.

This Portal took its names from a little chapel located near this construction. This gate was flanked by two polygonal towers: Sant Urbà on the right and Sant Ibó on the left.

During the Segadors War (1640- 1652) continued the reforms and modernization of this gate until a new Bastion, the Sant Antoni’s

Bastion, was built in 1644.

During the Succession War of Spain didn’t occur any significant military action in this bastion, except for the fact that during the Battle of Montjuic, in 1705, the Borbon reinforcements came trhough this Bastion. 400 grenadiers riding, mostly Irish, tried to reinforce the garrison of the castle. In his ascension they clashed with the British column that ran the Austriacist ex-Viceroy of Catalonia, Prince George of Darmstadt, and due to language confusion and darkness, managed to enter the castle with several English prisoners and slay the Prince.

In the nineteenth century this bastion was brought down gradually to build Sant Antoni’s market. The comprehensive reform of this market, in 2009, exposed the remains of this fortification.

Head over to the southeast by Comte d'Urgell Street to the Ronda de Sant Antoni 62 m Turn left per Sant Antoni Abat Street 230 m Turn right by the Pedró Square 52 m Continue along Hospital Street Go to the roundabout. www.cooltur.org © COOLTUR Turisme Cultural #unmondecultura

350 m Hospital Street, 73

Hospital de la Santa Creu

In the early fifteenth century, Barcelona had six small hospitals: Desvilar or Almoina Hospital, Marcús Hospital, d’en Colom Hospital, Vilar or Sant Macià Hospital, Santa Eulàlia Hospital and Santa Margarida Hospital. These hospitals were created by religious orders or individuals. All of them depended of the Consell de Cent (Catalan Government) or the Chapter of the Barcelona’s Cathedral, but the major part of its revenue came from public charity.

In early 1401, all of these institutions had economic difficulties. It’s for this reason that the civil government and the religious authorities decided to built a new and unique hospital. With this unique hospital the authorities would improve the administration and the management of the revenues. Pope Benedict XIII approve this decision by a bull who authorized the establishme nt of the Santa Creu Hospital.

This new hospital, one of the oldest hospitals in the world, was designed as a large building with four wings with a rectangular shape, two floors high and arranged around a courtyard, following the model of a cloister. This new building was built in 1450. During the eighteenth century this building was expanded, and throughout the nineteenth century minor operations were performed.

During the Spanish Succession War, in 1706 and 1713-1714, this www.cooltur.org © COOLTUR Turisme Cultural #unmondecultura hospital hosted the wounded soldiers of the two armies as it was recorded in the income books.

Actually, this building is occupied by the Catalunya Library. The Hospital is located in the Ronda Guinardó.

Go east on Hospital Street to the Canonge Colom Square 250 m Turn right by Les Rambles 18 m Turn left onto Boqueria Street 190 m Turn left on Banys Nous Street 5m Turn right on Call Street 130 m Continue straight onto Sant Jaume Square 28 m Palace of the Generalitat de Catalunya

Diputació General

Initially, the Diputacions del General were a temporary committees to collect the tax of the pactum, a pact between the King, the Cortes and the earth, designated, for the first time, in 1289.

The new form of warfare of the fourteenth century created the need to create a tax system, where all citizens should pay. This system was created to supply the economic problems that the different kingdoms had.

One of the problems that the king had was the constitutional system that the Aragon Crown had. This fact forced the king to negotiate with the Parliament. The result of these negotiations, in 1358 – 1359, the parliament gave a big economic donation to finance the long war against Castilla. Also, it was agreed to designate 12 deputies to create the Provincial Council of the General in Catalonia as representing the three estates who had gathered in Parliament. www.cooltur.org © COOLTUR Turisme Cultural #unmondecultura

This commission was continuing to raise the taxes in Catalonia and manage real government debt. The Standing Committee, the Provincial Government of General de Catalunya, was under the authority of the ecclesiastical deputy, which was considered the President of the Generalitat.

The institution established its headquarters in Barcelona. On December 3, 1400 representatives acquired the original house on Sant Honorat Street, with subsequent extensions would result in the current Palau de la Generalitat de Catalunya.

From this period are the Gothic gallery, part of Sant Honorat (main entrance at the time), the state rooms on the first floor, the Sant Jordi chapel and the Gothic facade of the Carrer del Bisbe, with images by Pere Joan. The gothic gallery is the best preserved, and maintains the original form. The Bisbe Street façade has a door crowned by a crest with pinnacles, gargoyles and a balustrade with a rich tracery.

In the late sixteenth century the building was expanded. The expansion, made by Pere Blai, began in 1597 with the demolition of some houses. The new façade follows the inspiration of the Italian Renaissance. This building was finished between 1616 and 1619. The most important part of this construction was the Sant Jordi’s chapel, located in the centre of the first floor. In the eighteenth century, this chapel was transformed into the Sant Jordi’s Hall.

The front door of this building is flanked by four plain Doric columns of Roman origin. These columns were made in Troy and moved to Tarragona.

This government took more power after 1413. In its economic and administrative functions, it was added the implementation of the decisions agreed in the Catalan Court. This government had the jurisdiction of politics, judicial power and military control. This fact culminated in several wars against the crown along the XVI-XVII centuries.

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As regards its role during the War of Succession, the Archduke Charles of Austria, already become Carlos III, called the Cortes at the Sant Jordi’s Salon in 1705. In those sessions the new king restored many privileges, uses and Catalan customs. The operation of the institution responded to a republican conception of politics based on consensus through dialogue and representation of all sectors involved.

Head over to the northeast by Sant Jaume Square to the Bisbe Street 15 m Turn right at Ciutat Street 48 m Ciutat Street 1

Casa de la Ciutat

This is a Gothic facade of the city council. This façade was made in 1399 by Arnau Bargués. During the XIX century, when it was built the main façade in Sant Jaume Square, this part of the building was close to be destroyed. The works of demolition were stopped thanks to the protests of the Bones Lletres Academy and the Royal Academy of Fine Arts of Sant Jordi. Unfortunately this façade was mutilated, where the door was shifted to the right.

The Consell de Cent was the civil government during the war in 1714. As it was a tradition during a war, the Santa Eulalia flag was raised on the

windows. This flag was picked up for the battle in three occasions: 26 January 1641 for the Montjuic Battle, in 1706 for the Montjuic Battle, and during the siege of Barcelona on 11 September of 1714, when the Minister Rafael Casanova was wounded in battle.

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Head over southeast per Ciutat Street onto Hercules Street 150 m Continue along Regomir Street Destination will be on the left 55 m Regomir Street, 13

Vilana-Perlas Palace

Although it has traditionally been attributed to Gualbes family, according to Albert Garcia- Espuche this grand palace was owned by Ramon de Vilana-Perlas and Camarasa, Marquis of Rialp, one of the most important- Austrian nobles of Barcelona of the early eighteenth century.

The building occupies a large plot and maintains the structure of the palace of the XIV century with patio, two towers and gallery, as well as some original features. It is especially remarkable the baroque portal of the early eighteenth century.

Vilana-Perlas was appointed Secretary of Universal Office of Carlos III in 1707 and awarded the title of Marquis of Rialp in 1710.

Until 1713, Vilana-Perles lived in this Palace. After the defeat of 1714, this building was occupied by José Patiño, mayor of Catalonia in 1713 and president of the Government. José Patiño was one of the architect of the Nova Planta Decree.

Head over to the southeast by Regomir Street onto Correu Vell Street 100 m Turn left onto Ample Street 65 m Turn right at Fusteria Street 58 m Turn left on Antonio López Square 60 m Turn left on Via Laietana 10m Turn right on Consolat de Mar Street

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88 m Calle del Consolat de Mar, 35

Buildings of Consolat de Mar Street

These arcaded buildings are one of the few vestiges of the La Ribera Neighbourhood. The rest of this neighbourhood was destroyed after 1714.

These porches were much more extensive. In this site where located the workshops of the carpenters who worked in the Drassanes (Shipyards).

These porches were toppled during the construction of the Via Laietana in the XIX century.

Turn to the northeast by Consolat de Mar Street to Orgues Street 51 m Turn right at the Placeta de Palau Destination will be on the left

Llotja de Mar

King Peter the Ceremonious authorized the construction of a closed room (known as Sala de Contractacions) to protect the trader to the weather. Pere Arvei was the architect who directed the work, between 1384 and 1397. This is a large room separated by three semicircular arches supported by four columns. The roof is made with wood. In 1457 was added an upper floor to situate the Consulat de Mar. In 1714 this building became the war headquarter.

After the war this building was modernized. In 1775 the Free School of Design and the Academy of Fine Arts were located in this building.

From 1915 to 1994 he was the headquarters of the Barcelona Stock Market. Now it is the Chamber of Commerce of Barcelona. www.cooltur.org © COOLTUR Turisme Cultural #unmondecultura

During the Spanish Succession War was represented the scene of the first performance of an Italian opera in Spain. After that, on July 2, 1708, Antonio Caldara's opera Il più bel nome was released. In the following months several operas were sung, some of which were world premieres.

After the war the operatic activity was stopped until 1750 when the opera started again at the Santa Creu theatre.

Go southeast by Placita of Palau to the Isabel II Promenade 37 m Turn left at Isabel II Promenade 74 m Turn right at the Placita of Palau 160 m Placita del Palau – Migdia Bastion

Migdia Bastion

The construction of the sea wall started in the sixteenth century. This wall was demanded by Charles Emperor, who would to protect the city against the pirates. This construction was paid by Barcelona’s citizens. The financial problems lengthened these works about 150 years. Before the Spanish Succession War, Barcelona was protected for eleven bastions.

Migdia’s Bastion was near to the Pla de Palau. Its orientation made it a good point to protect the city against the sea attacks. This bastion was one of the most violent scenes during the Spanish Succession War on September 11 of 1714.

On Septembre 11 of 1714, at 7.00, the Borbon right flank reaches the Jonqueres bastion. There was a strong battle, where the

www.cooltur.org © COOLTUR Turisme Cultural #unmondecultura troops of the Minister Rafael Casanova, who carried Santa Eulàlia’s flag, could stop the Borbon flank. Meanwhile, on the left flank, the Borbon army arrived in front of the Migdia Bastion. Borbon army started to shoot the buildings with the result that they could open large gaps. Fortunately for the army who protected this bastion, they could stop the Borbonic troops.

Head over to the northwest by Placita of Palau to the Marquesa Street 220 m Turn Slight left to stay on Placita of Palau. 42 m Turn right on l'Espaseria Street 80 m Turn left on l'Anisadeta Street 8 m Turn right on Santa María Square Destination will be on your right 21 m Santa María Square

Santa Maria del Mar

Santa Maria del Mar, formerly Santa Maria de les Arenes, is a Gothic church built between 1329 and 1383. This church is located in the Ribera district. Berenguer de Montagut and Ramon Despuig were the foremen of the construction of this church.

The actual church is erected on the oldest church of Santa Maria de les Arenes, documented in 998. This temple was risen above the place where were finding the Santa Eulàlia relics. In 1005 appears the name of Santa Maria del Mar. This church was in the neighbourhood of Vilanova del Mar, a suburb of Barcelona.

During the Spanish Succession War this church was turned into a palatal church when Charles III (or Jordi Hessen-Darmstadt) built a skywalk to connect this church with the Viceroy or Real Palace.

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The only vestige of that passage is the current Malcuinat Street; the difference of the stone colour between the fourth and the fifth window from the nearest wall indicate us where this skywalk was. This church was chosen to celebrate the wedding of Archduke Charles and Princess Elizabeth of Brunswick on August 1, 1708.

Head over to the southeast on Santa Maria Square towards the l'Anisadeta Street 21 m Turn left on l'Anisadeta Street 8 m Continue on Santa María Street Destination will be on your right

Fossar de les Moreres

Ancient minor or secondary cemetery of Santa Maria del Mar, it was used until 1775, when burials were forbidden inside the walls for a public health reason.

After the battle of Septembre 11 of 1714 this site became a mass grave where were buried the bodies of the city defenders against the Borbon troops. This area was close to the war zones. Santa Maria del Mar was used as a field hospital during the battle.

Despite the disappearance of the cemetery, paved in the early nineteenth century, the place always maintained its iconic character and patriotic meaning.

During the 1989 refurbishment, this area was covered with red bricks, symbol of the blood spilled during the battle.

Head over to the east by Fossar de les Moreres Square onto Malcuinat Street 12 m Girard Slight left to stay on Fossar de les Moreres Square 39 m Turn right at Born Promenade 43 m Turn left by Montcada Street 53 m Continue along Montcada Street Destination will be on the left 28 m

Dalmases Palace

This building was reformed during the XVII century. It still preserves a Gothic church of the XV century. The façade is simple, with balconies framed with stones, and followed by carved gargoyles. The most interesting part is the ladder of the inner courtyard which highlights the twisted columns supporting the arches and sculpted frieze evoking the Rape of Europa and Neptune's chariot. It is one of the most interesting works of Catalan Baroque.

This reform was built during 1690 by Pau Ignasi de Dalmases, noble and erudite Catalan, son of a wealthy merchant. He was one of the creators of the Desconfiats Academy, an intellectual and erudite circle. During the Spanish Succession War he supported the Borbon army until the king imprisoned him as a conspirator. Then he started to support the Austriacist army. Charles sent him as ambassador to the United Kingdom and Netherland to try to revive the war in favour of the Catalans.

When Philip V pardoned him, Pau Ignasi de Dalmases came back to Barcelona and worked as academic. He left an extensive correspondence and his library rested to www.cooltur.org © COOLTUR Turisme Cultural #unmondecultura

Dalmases family until in 1916 was acquired by the Catalonia Library.

The General Staff used this Palace as headquarters during the siege of 1713- 1714.

Go southeast along Montcada Street onto Arc de Sant Vicenç Street 28 m Continue on Montcada Street 53 m Turn left to Born Promenade 170 m Turn left on Comerç Street 12 m Turn slightly right. 2m

El Born Cultural Centre

Ancient market, in 2003 the government started a process of making a library and a civic centre in the old district of la Ribera. This district is where the Spanish Succession War took more importance in Barcelona.

When the war was finished, the new King forced the citizens to break down their own houses because the new Government would to build a Ciutadella. The old citizens of this district came to live in huts along the beach until the new district of Barceloneta was built in 1753. It’s possible to visit the remains of this old district as they were before the siege.

As an anecdote, the condition of the neighbourhood has allowed to identify the exact spot where he fell wounded Marshal Antonio de Villarroel, while commanding the cavalry charge of unsuccessful counterattack against the breach of the walls of Santa Clara.

Head over to the southeast toward Ribera Street 2m Turn left onto Ribera Street 99 m Turn right at Picasso Avenue 58 m Turn left on Destillers Street 100 m

Parc de la Ciutadella

This park is the result of the demolition of the Borbon Citadel. This citadel, built on the old Ribera district, was designed to guard the city of Barcelona after the Spanish Succession War. This construction with the Montjuic Castle closes the city of Barcelona.

The fortification had a diameter of 547 meters from its centre to its five bastions (King, Queen, Prince, Don Fernando and Don Felipe); if we include also the moat, it would be extended to 617 m of diameter. The two bastions confronted the city had a height of 16 meters. The rest of the bastions had a height of 11 meters. This fact is an evidence that the intention of the Government was to control the city. The moat had a deep of 6 meters. The dimensions of this citadel were over 28,6 hectares, equated to the great European strengths as Lille or Sant Ferran of Figueres.

Throughout the nineteenth century Barcelona was bombed several times, from this citadel, to suppress popular uprisings against the military government of the state. After many demands, it wasn’t until the Revolution of 1868 when the city could bring

www.cooltur.org © COOLTUR Turisme Cultural #unmondecultura down this fort. After this demolition the City Council transformed this space into a park.

Go east 38 m Slight right onto the Joan Fiveller Square 100 m Turn left on Joan Fiveller Square 80 m Turn right l'Institut Escola Street 40 m Turn slightly left. 24 m Turn slightly right. Destination will be on your right 23 m Joan Fiveller Square

Borbon buildings

The only remains of the fortress of Ciutadella are the Baroque Chapel (even today is a military chapel); the Military Governor Palace (with a classical style that it had been an School during the Republic, a fire station and, actually, the Verdaguer Institute); and finally the Arsenal (current Parliament of Catalonia).

(The following items are currently buried and included in the itinerary as a curiosity. Perhaps in the near future they will be visible)

Go southwest 3m Turn slight right onto Joan Fiveller Square 42 m Turn slight right onto Joan Fiveller Square 31 m Turn left on Joan Fiveller Square 48 m Turn slightly right. 13 m Turn slightly left. 4 m Turn slightly right. 39 m Turn slightly left. 17 m Turn slightly right. 79 m Turn slightly left.

Remains buried of the Sant Daniel Portal

In 2005 were discovered the remains of the Sant Daniel Portal, one of the entrances of the medieval wall of the XIV century. This portal was reformed several times. This gate consisted of two polygonal towers reinforced with two rakes and a stone bridge to save a pit.

During the siege of 1714 this point was one of the hardest hit parts of the wall. On 13 and 14 of August, this sector received a violent frontal assault between the two www.cooltur.org © COOLTUR Turisme Cultural #unmondecultura

armies. This assault was rejected for the defenders of Barcelona. This attack caused heavy casualties on the both sides.

On Septembre 11 of 1714 the defences couldn’t stop the Borbon attack. The Borbon army could enter into the city where the attack continued.

Surprisingly the portal was preserved as it had been after the battle until it was torn down to build the Citadel. During the archaeological works it was possible to locate some impact of guns, ammunition, trench and other items related to the last battle.

Go southwest 17 m Turn slight right onto Distillers Street 83 m Turn left onto Distillers Street 30 m Turn slight right onto Distillers Street 77 m Turn left onto Distillers Street 13 m Turn right on Distillers Street 400 m Arc de Triomf, Passeig Lluís Companys

Portal Nou Bastion

Built as a forward defense to the medieval city walls, this Bastion was attached to the Portal Nou and preserved medieval towers. Vaguely pentagonal, an exit was built on its eastern flank through an arched bridge. This Bastion had some reforms for the different wars against France from 1635. It’s known that this bastion was partially destroyed in the siege of 1697. During the Spanish Succession War, this bastion received most of the Borbon attacks. Nearby to this bastion there was an entrance of the Rec Comtal, a waterway.

This bastion was demolished after 1714 for the construction of the Borbon Citadel.

From COOLTUR hope you enjoyed this tourist tour and we wish you will have a good day.