Re-Thinking Synonymy: Semantic Sameness and Similarity in Languages and Their Description Book of Abstracts
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Semantic Shift, Homonyms, Synonyms and Auto-Antonyms
WALIA journal 31(S3): 81-85, 2015 Available online at www.Waliaj.com ISSN 1026-3861 © 2015 WALIA Semantic shift, homonyms, synonyms and auto-antonyms Fatemeh Rahmati * PhD Student, Department of Arab Literature, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch; Tehran, Iran Abstract: One of the important topics in linguistics relates to the words and their meanings. Words of each language have specific meanings, which are originally assigned to them by the builder of that language. However, the truth is that such meanings are not fixed, and may evolve over time. Language is like a living being, which evolves and develops over its lifetime. Therefore, there must be conditions which cause the meaning of the words to change, to disappear over time, or to be signified by new signifiers as the time passes. In some cases, a term may have two or more meanings, which meanings can be different from or even opposite to each other. Also, the semantic field of a word may be expanded, so that it becomes synonymous with more words. This paper tried to discuss the diversity of the meanings of the words. Key words: Word; Semantic shift; Homonym; Synonym; Auto-antonym 1. Introduction person who employed had had the intention to express this sentence. When a word is said in *Speaking of the language immediately brings the absence of intent to convey a meaning, it doesn’t words and meanings immediately to mind, because signify any meaning, and is meaningless, as are the they are two essential elements of the language. words uttered by a parrot. -
Within the Sphere of Analytic Philosophical Tradition, We Read Quine As a Critique. His Theory of Naturalized Epistemology Actua
CHAPTER FOUR ANTI-NATURALISM AND ANTI- REDUCTIONISM: A DEBATE BETWEEN QUINE AND KANT AND QUINE AND CARNAP Within the sphere of analytic philosophical tradition, we read Quine as a critique. His theory of naturalized epistemology actually hinges on his very interpretation of meaning. Besides, being a critique, Quine involves in conflict with other well-known philosophical theories previously developed by original philosophers, such as, Kant, Carnap and Chomsky. In this sequel, we propose to analyze and examine Quine‟s debate with other philosophers. Quine, while developing his theory of meaning, criticizes Kant‟s well-established distinction between analytic and synthetic judgments. He then criticizes the reductionism of Rudolf Carnap. Accordingly, this sequel may be segmented into two sub-sections. In Section One, an attempt will be made to show in what sense Kant‟s distinction between analytic and synthetic judgment has appeared to Quine as the First Dogma of empiricism. In Section Two, an attempt will be made to examine and explicate in what sense Carnap‟s reductionism appeared as the Second Dogma of empiricism to Quine. SECTION ONE ANTI-NATURALISM: A DEBATE BETWEEN QUINE AND KANT Quine in his “Two Dogmas of Empiricism” appeared in The Philosophical Review in 1951 raised some serious philosophical issues that would go against Kant as well as Carnap. According to Quine, Kant is responsible to create a philosophical dogma that would lead the distinction between analytic and synthetic. In this section, an attempt would be made to explore the root of 133 the debate between Kant and Quine regarding First Philosophy. In his paper Quine challenges two doctrines which are directly or indirectly linked to Logical Positivism. -
Philosophical Review
Philosophical Review Main Trends in Recent Philosophy: Two Dogmas of Empiricism Author(s): W. V. Quine Source: The Philosophical Review, Vol. 60, No. 1 (Jan., 1951), pp. 20-43 Published by: Duke University Press on behalf of Philosophical Review Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2181906 . Accessed: 19/01/2011 11:47 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at . http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=duke. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Duke University Press and Philosophical Review are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Philosophical Review. http://www.jstor.org TWO DOGMAS OF EMPIRICISM' M ODERN empiricismhas been conditionedin large part by two dogmas. -
Willard Van Orman Quine: the Analytic/Synthetic Distinction
Willard Van Orman Quine: The Analytic/Synthetic Distinction Willard Van Orman Quine was one of the most well-known American “analytic” philosophers of the twentieth century. He made significant contributions to many areas of philosophy, including philosophy of language, logic, epistemology, philosophy of science, and philosophy of mind/psychology (behaviorism). However, he is best known for his rejection of the analytic/synthetic distinction. Technically, this is the distinction between statements true in virtue of the meanings of their terms (like “a bachelor is an unmarried man”) and statements whose truth is a function not simply of the meanings of terms, but of the way the world is (such as, “That bachelor is wearing a grey suit”). Although a contentious thesis, analyticity has been a popular explanation, especially among empiricists, both for the necessity of necessary truths and for the a priori knowability of some truths. Thus, in some contexts “analytic truth,” “necessary truth,” and “a priori truth” have been used interchangeably, and the analytic/synthetic distinction has been treated as equivalent to the distinctions between necessary and contingent truths, and between a priori and a posteriori (or empirical) truths. Empirical truths can be known only by empirical verification, rather than by “unpacking” the meanings of the terms involved, and are usually thought to be contingent. Quine wrestled with the analytic/synthetic distinction for years, but he did not make his thoughts public until 1950, when he delivered his paper, “The Two Dogmas of Empiricism” at a meeting of the American Philosophical Association. In this paper, Quine argues that all attempts to define and understand analyticity are circular. -
Automatic Labeling of Troponymy for Chinese Verbs
Automatic labeling of troponymy for Chinese verbs 羅巧Ê Chiao-Shan Lo*+ s!蓉 Yi-Rung Chen+ [email protected] [email protected] 林芝Q Chih-Yu Lin+ 謝舒ñ Shu-Kai Hsieh*+ [email protected] [email protected] *Lab of Linguistic Ontology, Language Processing and e-Humanities, +Graduate School of English/Linguistics, National Taiwan Normal University Abstract 以同©^Æ與^Y語意關¶Ë而成的^Y知X«,如ñ語^² (Wordnet)、P語^ ² (EuroWordnet)I,已有E分的研v,^²的úË_已øv完善。ú¼ø同的目的,- 研b語言@¦已úË'規!K-文^Y²路 (Chinese Wordnet,CWN),è(Ð供完t的 -文YK^©@分。6而,(目MK-文^Y²路ûq-,1¼目M;要/¡(ºº$ 定來標記同©^ÆK間的語意關Â,因d這些標記KxÏ尚*T成可L應(K一定規!。 因d,,Ç文章y%針對動^K間的上下M^Y語意關 (Troponymy),Ðú一.ê動標 記的¹法。我們希望藉1句法上y定的句型 (lexical syntactic pattern),úË一個能 ê 動½取ú動^上下M的ûq。透N^©意$定原G的U0,P果o:,dûqê動½取ú 的動^上M^,cº率將近~分K七A。,研v盼能將,¹法應(¼c(|U-的-文^ ²ê動語意關Â標記,以Ê知X,體Kê動úË,2而能有H率的úË完善的-文^Y知 XÇ源。 關關關uuu^^^:-文^Y²路、語©關Âê動標記、動^^Y語© Abstract Synset and semantic relation based lexical knowledge base such as wordnet, have been well-studied and constructed in English and other European languages (EuroWordnet). The Chinese wordnet (CWN) has been launched by Academia Sinica basing on the similar paradigm. The synset that each word sense locates in CWN are manually labeled, how- ever, the lexical semantic relations among synsets are not fully constructed yet. In this present paper, we try to propose a lexical pattern-based algorithm which can automatically discover the semantic relations among verbs, especially the troponymy relation. There are many ways that the structure of a language can indicate the meaning of lexical items. For Chinese verbs, we identify two sets of lexical syntactic patterns denoting the concept of hypernymy-troponymy relation. -
Applied Linguistics Unit III
Applied Linguistics Unit III D ISCOURSE AND VOCABUL ARY We cannot deny the fact that vocabulary is one of the most important components of any language to be learnt. The place we give vocabulary in a class can still be discourse-oriented. Most of us will agree that vocabulary should be taught in context, the challenge we may encounter with this way of approaching teaching is that the word ‘context’ is a rather catch-all term and what we need to do at this point is to look at some of the specific relationships between vocabulary choice, context (in the sense of the situation in which the discourse is produced) and co-text (the actual text surrounding any given lexical item). Lexical cohesion As we have seen in Discourse Analysis, related vocabulary items occur across clause and sentence boundaries in written texts and across act, move, and turn boundaries in speech and are a major characteristic of coherent discourse. Do you remember which were those relationships in texts we studied last Semester? We call them Formal links or cohesive devices and they are: verb form, parallelism, referring expressions, repetition and lexical chains, substitution and ellipsis. Some of these are grammatical cohesive devices, like Reference, Substitution and Ellipsis; some others are Lexical Cohesive devices, like Repetition, and lexical chains (such us Synonymy, Antonymy, Meronymy etc.) Why should we study all this? Well, we are not suggesting exploiting them just because they are there, but only because we can give our learners meaningful, controlled practice and the hope of improving them with more varied contexts for using and practicing vocabulary. -
Lexical Semantics
Lexical Semantics COMP-599 Oct 20, 2015 Outline Semantics Lexical semantics Lexical semantic relations WordNet Word Sense Disambiguation • Lesk algorithm • Yarowsky’s algorithm 2 Semantics The study of meaning in language What does meaning mean? • Relationship of linguistic expression to the real world • Relationship of linguistic expressions to each other Let’s start by focusing on the meaning of words— lexical semantics. Later on: • meaning of phrases and sentences • how to construct that from meanings of words 3 From Language to the World What does telephone mean? • Picks out all of the objects in the world that are telephones (its referents) Its extensional definition not telephones telephones 4 Relationship of Linguistic Expressions How would you define telephone? e.g, to a three-year- old, or to a friendly Martian. 5 Dictionary Definition http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/telephone Its intensional definition • The necessary and sufficient conditions to be a telephone This presupposes you know what “apparatus”, “sound”, “speech”, etc. mean. 6 Sense and Reference (Frege, 1892) Frege was one of the first to distinguish between the sense of a term, and its reference. Same referent, different senses: Venus the morning star the evening star 7 Lexical Semantic Relations How specifically do terms relate to each other? Here are some ways: Hypernymy/hyponymy Synonymy Antonymy Homonymy Polysemy Metonymy Synecdoche Holonymy/meronymy 8 Hypernymy/Hyponymy ISA relationship Hyponym Hypernym monkey mammal Montreal city red wine beverage 9 Synonymy and Antonymy Synonymy (Roughly) same meaning offspring descendent spawn happy joyful merry Antonymy (Roughly) opposite meaning synonym antonym happy sad descendant ancestor 10 Homonymy Same form, different (and unrelated) meaning Homophone – same sound • e.g., son vs. -
Classification of Entailment Relations in PPDB
Classification of Entailment Relations in PPDB CHAPTER 5. ENTAILMENT RELATIONS 71 CHAPTER 5. ENTAILMENT RELATIONS 71 R0000 R0001 R0010 R0011 CHAPTER 5. ENTAILMENT RELATIONS CHAPTER 5. ENTAILMENT71 RELATIONS 71 1 Overview equivalence synonym negation antonym R0100 R0101 R0110 R0000R0111 R0001 R0010 R0011 couch able un- This document outlines our protocol for labeling sofa able R0000 R0001 R0010 R0000R0011 R0001 R0010 R0011 R R R R R R R R noun pairs according to the entailment relations pro- 1000 1001 1010 01001011 0101 0110 0111 R R R R R R R R posed by Bill MacCartney in his 2009 thesis on Nat- 0100 0101 0110 01000111 0101 0110 0111 R1100 R1101 R1110 R1000R1111 R1001 R1010 R1011 CHAPTER 5. ENTAILMENT RELATIONS 71 ural Language Inference. Our purpose of doing this forward entailment hyponymy alternation shared hypernym Figure 5.2: The 16 elementary set relations, represented by Johnston diagrams. Each box represents the universe U, and the two circles within the box represent the sets R1000 R1001 R1010 R1000R1011 R1001 R1010 R1011 x and y. A region is white if it is empty, and shaded if it is non-empty. Thus in the carni is to build a labelled data set with which to train a R1100 R1101 R1110 R1111 bird vore CHAPTER 5. ENTAILMENT RELATIONSdiagram labeled R1101,onlytheregionx y is empty,71 indicating that x y U. \ ;⇢ ⇢ ⇢ Figure 5.2: The 16 elementary set relations, represented by Johnston diagrams. Each classifier for differentiating between these relations. R0000 R0001 R0010 R0011 feline box represents the universe U, and the two circles within the box represent the setscanine equivalence classR1100 in which onlyR partition1101 10 is empty.)R1110 These equivalenceR1100R1111 classes areR1101 R1110 R1111 x and y. -
Automatic Text Simplification Via Synonym Replacement
LIU-IDA/KOGVET-A{12/014{SE Linkoping¨ University Master Thesis Automatic Text Simplification via Synonym Replacement by Robin Keskis¨arkk¨a Supervisor: Arne J¨onsson Dept. of Computer and Information Science at Link¨oping University Examinor: Sture H¨agglund Dept. of Computer and Information Science at Link¨oping University Abstract In this study automatic lexical simplification via synonym replacement in Swedish was investigated using three different strategies for choosing alternative synonyms: based on word frequency, based on word length, and based on level of synonymy. These strategies were evaluated in terms of standardized readability metrics for Swedish, average word length, pro- portion of long words, and in relation to the ratio of errors (type A) and number of replacements. The effect of replacements on different genres of texts was also examined. The results show that replacement based on word frequency and word length can improve readability in terms of established metrics for Swedish texts for all genres but that the risk of introducing errors is high. Attempts were made at identifying criteria thresholds that would decrease the ratio of errors but no general thresh- olds could be identified. In a final experiment word frequency and level of synonymy were combined using predefined thresholds. When more than one word passed the thresholds word frequency or level of synonymy was prioritized. The strategy was significantly better than word frequency alone when looking at all texts and prioritizing level of synonymy. Both prioritizing frequency and level of synonymy were significantly better for the newspaper texts. The results indicate that synonym replacement on a one-to-one word level is very likely to produce errors. -
COMPARATIVE FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS of SYNONYMS in the ENGLISH and UZBEK LANGUAGE Nazokat Rustamova Master Student of Uzbekistan
ACADEMIC RESEARCH IN EDUCATIONAL SCIENCES VOLUME 2 | ISSUE 6 | 2021 ISSN: 2181-1385 Scientific Journal Impact Factor (SJIF) 2021: 5.723 DOI: 10.24412/2181-1385-2021-6-528-533 COMPARATIVE FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS OF SYNONYMS IN THE ENGLISH AND UZBEK LANGUAGE Nazokat Rustamova Master student of Uzbekistan State University of World Languages (Supervisor: Munavvar Kayumova) ABSTRACT This article is devoted to the meaningfulness of lexical-semantic relationships. Polysemic lexemes were studied in the synonymy seme and synonyms of sememe which are derived from the meaning of grammar and polysememic lexemes. Synonymic sememes and synonyms are from lexical synonyms. The grammatical synonyms, context synonyms, complete synonyms, the spiritual synonyms, methodological synonyms as well as grammar and lexical units within polysememic lexemes have been studied. Keywords: Synonymic affixes, Lexical synonyms, Meaningful (semantic) synonyms, Contextual synonymy, Full synonymy, Traditional synonyms, Stylistic synonyms. INTRODUCTION With the help of this article we pay a great attention in order to examine the meaningfulness of lexical-semantic relationships. Polysemic lexemes were studied in the synonymy seme and synonyms of sememe which are derived from the meaning of grammar and polysememic lexemes. Synonymic sememes and synonyms are from lexical synonyms. The grammatical synonyms, context synonyms, complete synonyms, the spiritual synonyms, methodological synonyms as well as grammar and lexical units within polysememic lexemes have been studied. There are examples of meaningful words and meaningful additions, to grammatical synonyms. Lexical synonyms and affixes synonyms are derived from linguistics unit. Syntactic synonyms have been studied in terms of the combinations of words, fixed connections and phrases.[1] The synonym semes are divided into several types depending on the lexical, meaning the morpheme composition the grammatical meaning of the semantic space, the syntactic relationship and the synonym syllabus based on this classification. -
Automatic Synonym Discovery with Knowledge Bases
Automatic Synonym Discovery with Knowledge Bases Meng Xiang Ren Jiawei Han University of Illinois University of Illinois University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign at Urbana-Champaign at Urbana-Champaign [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] ABSTRACT Text Corpus Synonym Seeds Recognizing entity synonyms from text has become a crucial task in ID Sentence Cancer 1 Washington is a state in the Pacific Northwest region. Cancer, Cancers many entity-leveraging applications. However, discovering entity 2 Washington served as the first President of the US. e.g. Washington State synonyms from domain-specic text corpora ( , news articles, 3 The exact cause of leukemia is unknown. Washington State, State of Washington scientic papers) is rather challenging. Current systems take an 4 Cancer involves abnormal cell growth. entity name string as input to nd out other names that are syn- onymous, ignoring the fact that oen times a name string can refer to multiple entities (e.g., “apple” could refer to both Apple Inc and Cancer George Washington Washington State Leukemia the fruit apple). Moreover, most existing methods require training data manually created by domain experts to construct supervised- learning systems. In this paper, we study the problem of automatic Entities Knowledge Bases synonym discovery with knowledge bases, that is, identifying syn- Figure 1: Distant supervision for synonym discovery. We onyms for knowledge base entities in a given domain-specic corpus. link entity mentions in text corpus to knowledge base enti- e manually-curated synonyms for each entity stored in a knowl- ties, and collect training seeds from knowledge bases. edge base not only form a set of name strings to disambiguate the meaning for each other, but also can serve as “distant” supervision to help determine important features for the task. -
English Language a Level Transition Task Accent Dialect Phoneme
English Language A Level Transition Task The A Level English Language course is all about language use in the real world. We explore a range of fascinating topics such as: • How do children learn to speak, read and write? • How has the English language changed over time, and what is its future? • How has the internet and modern technology impacted our language use? • Do men and women, or people from different social groups and professions use language differently? • Does your accent reveal something about your identity? Alongside this, we also analyse examples of non-fiction and evaluate how the author represents the topic, and themselves, through their language use. This is what you will be practising for this task. Step 1: Write a short definition for each of the following terms in the glossary below. You may need to research the meanings of some of these terms. Term Definition Accent Dialect Phoneme Synonym Antonym Hypernym Register Semantic change Abstract noun Concrete noun Dynamic verb Stative verb Adjective Adverb Determiner Clause Passive voice Main clause Subordinate clause Deixis Discourse marker Orthography Step 2: For part of the examination, you will be asked to analyse a text, thinking about how the language and layout presents the author and the topic of the text. Read through the example annotations below. Step 3: Read the article below from The Washington Post, January 7th 2021, then annotate it with anything you notice about how the language presents the event. You can use the tips in the box below: Think about how Tips: