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STUDIA TROICA Band 1 · 1991

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STUDIA TROICA Band 1 · 1991 Sonderdruck aus STUDIA TROICA Band 1 · 1991 VERLAG PHILIPP YON ZABERN · MAINZ AM RHEIN INHALT - CONTENTS Teil A: Teil B: Troia und Troas - Aktuelle Ausgrabungen Weitere Forschungen und Rezeptionen und Umfeld 1. Troia 1. Forschungsgeschichte Manfred Korfmann: J ustus Cobet, Emre Madran and Troia - Reinigungs- und Dokumentations­ Nimet Özgönül: arbeiten 1987, Ausgrabungen 1988 und 1989 From Saewulfto Schliemann. A Preliminary Bibliography of Travel Books about Troy Günter Mansfeld: and the Troad . 101 Pinnacle E 4/5 - Bericht über die Ausgrabung 1988 . 35 Donald F. Easton: Troy before Schliemann 111 Stella G. Miller: Terracotta Figurines. New Finds at Ilion, 1988-1989 ........................ 39 2. Frühere Grabungen Charles Brian Rose: Dieıer Hertel.· The Theater of Ilion 69 Schliemanns These vom Fortleben Troias in den 'Dark Ages' im Lichte neuer Forschungsergebnisse . 131 2. Der Naturraum Stefan Hiller: İlhan Kayan: Two Trojan Wars? On the Destructions of Holocene Geomorphic Evolution of the Troy Vlh and Yiia . 145 Beşik Plain and Changing Environment of Ancient Man . 79 Jerome Sperling: The !ast Phase of Troy VI and Mycenaean Jehuda Neumann: Expansion . 155 Number of Da~ s that Black Sea Bound Sailing Ships were delayed by Winds at the Entrance to the Dardanelles near Troy's Site 93 3. Troas und Agais Dimitris Matsas: Samothrace and the Northeastern Aegean: The Minoan Connection . 159 Danksagung - Acknowledgements . 18 1 V, 182 Seiten, 102 Abb. im Text, 8 Farbtafeln © 1991 by Philipp von Zabern, Mainz anı Rhein ISBN 3-8053-1124-9 Preis: DM 148,- HOLOCENE GEOMORPHIC EVOLUTION OF THE BEŞiK PLAIN AND CHANGING ENVIRONMENT OF ANCIENT MAN İlhan Kayan I. Introduction and prehistoric-historic settlements in the environs of ancient Troia. This study found a transgression Troia and its environs form one of the most of rising sea level into the lower part of the interesting prehistoric and historic areas on the Karamenderes (Scamander) and Dümrek (Simois) Aegean coast ofTurkey (Figs. 1and2). The loca­ valleys during the Holocene (Fig. 2). The results tion of Troia has been a serious subject of discus­ were based on core drilling with radiocarbon dates sion among many scholars and some of them have from shells and some organic muds. In order to studied this prehistoric-historic site for a long determine the nature and depth of the sedimentary time. Many studies and excavations have been environments and their deposits, seven drill cores, done at Troia and the site played an important role the deepest down to 75 m, were obtained along the in advancing archaeology as a science. axis of Karamenderes and Dümrek flood plains. The Beşik plain and its environs are another well­ Core drilling was done in cooperation with known part of the Troad. Part ofthe importance of General Directory of Mineral Research and Ex­ this area is based on a harbor theory (Korfmann ploration Institute of Turkey (M.T.A.). Three­ 1986 and Latacz 1986). Some scholars have dimensional shapes of the sedimentary units suggested that the harbor of Troia was in Beşik deposited in each environment were delineated. bay instead of the mouth of the Karamenderes The older deposits in the valleys consisted of pre­ (Scamander) river, which joins the Çanakkale Holocene shallow marine sediments and early Strait (Dardanelles) in the north (Fig. 2). There­ Holocene river deposits covered by coastal and fore, fıeld investigations have been made in this shallow marine sediments from rising sea level small coastal plain. One study by Mey (1926) during the Holocene. Then, flood plain deposits of obtained important evidence from test pits on the the Karamenderes and Dümrek rivers overlaid the plain. They indicate that the present plain was an marine sediments progressively. Yang (1982) indentation of the Aegean sea in ancient times and studied the microfauna of the sediments to inter­ it was possible that the people of Troia used this pret the different sedimentary environments. bay asa naturally sheltered harbor. This evidence Paleogeographic sections, based on information is stili being discussed . about sediments below the present flood plain, Studies of Troia and its environs have shown that showed the pre-Holocene marine sedimentary the geomorphic environment was different from unit, about 40 m below the present sea !eve!, had the present during the earliest known stages of been cut by rivers during the pre-Holocene regres­ human occupancy of the area. This has led to some sion of the sea and then covered by fluvial coarse paleogeographical research. sediments. About 10.000 years before present, the General information on the geology and geography rising sea Jevel invaded the valley. The marine of the region is available from Darkot (1938 and transgression extended about 15 km south and 1938a), Yalçınlar (1949), Erinç (1955), Inandık inland by about 7.000 B. P., when sea level was (1958) and Erol (1969, 1976, 1981 and 1983). still much lower than at present (about -20 to Bilgin (1969) and Erol (1972) have studied and -10 m). The sea level continued to rise, but ata published specifically on the geomorphology of much slower rate. The Karamenderes and its lower the area. tributaries, like the Dümrek river, filled the nar­ Kraft-Kayan-Erol (1980 and 1982) investigated row marine embayment with alluvium. Sea !eve! the relationship between paleogeographical changes reached its present position about 6.000 B. P. 80 İLHAN KAYAN o 20 ı.o km ~ MOUNTAINS E:3 PLATEAU (DEEPLY DISSECTED) [;]. A LLUVIAL PLAINS, DE LTAS ,,r-' RIV E RS 1774 ELEVATIONS i N METE RS • MODERN CITY GÖK ÇE ADA Fig. l Geomorphological outlines of the Biga peninsula and location of the Beşik plain. Alluvial deposition from the rivers into the marine Dümrek flood plain and Aegean Sea were con­ embayment increased and the Karamenderes­ sidered in the study of Kraft-Kayan-Erol (Fig. 2). Dümrek flood plain formed . During the earliest The cliff along this straight coastline has been known human occupancy of the area, ca. 6.000 eroded and it receded through the wave action of B. P., the physiography was completely different. a rising sea level during the Holocene, especially The present flood plain of Karamenderes-Dümrek after the sea reached almost to its present level rivers was a marine embayment. in this early ca. 6.000 B. P. Along this steep coastline, the period, Kumtepe and a later Troia 1 were estab­ present Beşik plai n shows a different geomor­ lished on the coast of this narrow marine em­ phological history as a coastal depositional area. bayment. Mey ( 1926) established that there was a small Geomorphological changes along the coast of the bay here extending about 2 km inland. He narrow Neogene ridge between the Karamenderes- (1926) considered paleogeographical changes HOLOCENE GEOMORPHIC EVOLUTION OF THE BEŞiK PLAIN 81 HHJ HI GH PLATEAU (200-250 m ) ÇANAl<l<ALE ıs::::sl LOW PLATEAU (60-80 m ) D KARAHENDERES PLAIN .ı..lı.. OLD SWAHP S (DRIED UP ) ~ SCARPS Jlı:t- CLIFFS ~ BEACHES ~ RI VERS ... SPRINGS ~ VILLAGES 50 ELEVATIONS iN MET ERS e ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE S K KU MTEPE 5 BEŞiK - SIVRITEPE Y BE$1K - VASSITEPE A ARAPLAR GORGE +N J km Fig. 2 Geomorphological outlines of the Troia area and the B eş i k plain. since prehistorical times and dug some test pits on geomorphology was first studied and mapped the plain. He found marine sediments below the (Pi. 5). Small test pits were dug in 1983 in order present colluvial surface. Based on this, Mey to understand subsurface sedimentary environ­ hypothesised that Beşik bay had been a calm and ments, especially on the old coastal barrier extend­ sheltered bay-coast during the Trojan War and the ing NW-SE in the middle of the Beşik plain physiography was convenient for Achaean ships as (Fig. 3). However, high ground water, less than a natura] harbour. 2 m below the surface, prevented deeper test pits. Prof. Dr. M. Korfmann has initiated a new era in A small gouge auger also was incapable of sampl­ Troad research. The first project began on the ing deeper sections, especially in sandy sediments. Beş i k plain in 1981 with an intensive survey and in 1985, a large trench was opened by a machine excavation program especially aJong the north at the foot of Beş ik-Ya ssıtepe , below the newly edge of the plain, at Beşik-Sivritepe and Beşi k­ discovered cemetery. Erol fo und fine beach sands Yass ıtepe. Since its inception this new Troia pro­ here, up to 1 m above present sea level. However, ject has considered the important effects of the they were supralittoral sediments, not enough to paleogeographic change on cuJtural change. Korf­ indicate that sea level was higher than currently mann invited us to join the project and undertake during the late Holocene. studies of the environment and paleogeography of These studies ali showed that a systematic drill the area. Our work started with Prof. Dr. O . Erol coring program needed to be done to make in B eş i k plain and its environs in 1983. Present satisfactory paleogeographical reconstructions of 82 İLHAN KAYAN o __,500 m .... --CONTOUR LINES ___ ~ (lnterv•l 2m, duhed 1 m) s SPRINGS DRILL S OR TEST PITS: o 1-6 O. MEY 1926 M. KORFMANN 1982, 1985, 1988 • 1-7 O. EROL 1983 • 01-74 1. KAYAN 1986, 1987, 1988 Fig. 3 Topographical map of the Beşik plain and the drill sites. the Beşik plain. Of special interest was the vertical sediments using Edelman and Riverside augers. and horizontal position of old coastlines and their These penetrated a maximum of 7 m. In addition, relation to the newly discovered cemetery. Core a thin gouge auger was used for a quick examina­ drilling started in 1986.
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