CORNWALL BIRDWATCHING & PRESERVATION SOCIETY SIXTY-FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT BIRDS IN - 1 995

' 65 Years of working for birds in Cornwall and ' The Chough (Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax) is the emblem of the Cornwall Birdwatching and Preservation Society.

The Chough was known to be in decline long before the turn of the century, and in the 1920's T.A.Coward wrote in his 'Birds of the British Isles & their eggs' " it is a species that is going under."

In 1931 the Society was formed, with the key objectives of preservation and conservation - objectives that are carried on to this day.

Bird-watchers, such as our founder Colonel Ryves and Jim Willcocks and Matchell Cox, closely monitored the breeding populations over the following years, but by 1946 only two broods were reported (10 birds). In 1948 our annual report reported that there was no evidence of any breeding on the north coast. By 1957 only one pair remained, and each year they carried nesting material to the traditional nesting site at Stem Cove, near Mawgan Porth, but without any breeding. In the spring of 1968 one bird was found dead, but still the other lingered on, but by mid-1973 it was gone.

Our emblem is therefore a constant reminder to us that our conservation and research work is vital to prevent any further loss of a bird species in Cornwall, or indeed in the UK. However, comments and papers in this year's report highlight the decline of farmland birds and the Barn Owl - but hopefully this time our surveys and subsequent actions may assist in the preservation of these species.

Many thanks to Kim Atkinson for her kind permission to use the Chough print overleaf. (Anybody interested in obtaining a copy of the print should contact CBWPS General Secretary, whose address can be found on page 164). CORNWALL BIRDWATCHING AND PRESERVATION SOCIETY SIXTY-FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT BIRDS IN CORNWALL - 1 995 Editor: Greg Conway

Editorial Assistants : Richard Hooton Andy Pay, Steve Rogers, John Ryan, Graham Sutton.

CONTENTS PAGE Editorial & Review of the Year 2 Weather Report 1995 6 Systematic List for 1995 10 Red-throated Diver to Common Coot. G.J.Conway 11 Oystercatcher to Puffin. Dr J.F.Ryan 54 Rock Dove to Mistle Thrush. S.Rogers 87 Cetti's Warbler to Corn Bunting. A. R. Pay 108 Exotica 132 BBRC Decisions 133 Pending records 134 First & last dates of migrants - Summer visitors 135 Contributors 136 Ringing Report 1995 138 1994 Barn Owl Survey of Cornwall 145 The RSPB Aquatic Warbler ringing study at Marsh 150 Long-toed Stint at 155 Bay-breasted Warbler, Land's End, Cornwall 158 Richard's Pipit showing characteristic's of the race 'dauricus' 159 Gazetteer and Map Centre pages

1995 BUSINESS REPORT Chairman's Report 160 Conservation Officer's Report 162 The Society's Rules 163 Officers 1995/6 164 1995 Accounts 165

Published by CORNWALL BIRDWATCHING & PRESERVATION SOCIETY. (Registered Charity number 255899)

Printed by St.George Printing Works Ltd. (01209) 217033 2 EDITORIAL REVIEW OF THE YEAR Greg Conway A total of 292 species were reported in 1995 and found to be acceptable. In excess of 40,000 records were received from 280 observers. This is a 25% decrease in the number of contributors compared with recent years, but somewhat surprisingly there has been an increase in the number of records received. Frigatebird sp. is the only new species to be added to the county mainland list. However, Bav-breasted Warbler and Tree Swallow are both potential firsts but await formal acceptance. Blackpoll Warbler and Pechora Pipit were recorded for the second time. Other notable records include the third Radde's Warbler, fourth and fifth Dusky Warblers, fifth Baillon's Crake and Scops Owl, sixth Citrine Wagtail and Upland Sandpiper, eighth Wilson's Storm Petrel and Whiskered Tern. In all a remarkable year with so many rarities in spring and autumn. Also, very noticeable was the continuing, somewhat dramatic, increase in Canada Goose and Little Egret numbers. January: Over-wintering birds from 1994 included Pied-billed Grebe at Stithians. Barnacle Goose on the Lynher Estuary along with the regular Spoonbill, Ring-necked Duck at Drift Reservoir, single Long-tailed Ducks at Loe Pool and the Estuary, and a single Snow Bunting at Gwithian. Regular adult Ring-billed Gulls frequented Par Beach and Copperhouse Creek (2) with two first winters at Boating Lake. On the Carrick Roads a flock of 15 Black-necked Grebes remained along with two Velvet Scoter. Also, the Desert Wheatear at was later relocated and remained until March 20th and a female Garganey at Marazion was glimpsed intermittently throughout the first winter period. A record count of 263 Avocets was made on the f amar Estuary. Hen Harrier roosts at Trewey Common and Tregonetha Downs held three and four birds respectively. The relatively mild conditions encouraged substantial numbers of warblers to winter with around 160 Chiffchaff and 63 Blackcap. The discovery of a Dusky Warbler at Marshes 11th was not totally unexpected as one was already wintering in . At the beginning of the month there was a Velvet Scoter at Porthpean and a Little Auk, found dead at Bude. A lone party of four Crossbills at Crowdy Reservoir, subsequently proved to be the biggest flock of the year. From the 20th to the months end severe storms raged, concentrating seabirds in sheltered coastal bays. On the 21st around 2000 Fulmars and 3000 Gannets amassed in St Ives Bav and a Little Auk was seen near Bude. Around 3000 Razorbills were in St Ives and Carbis Bay (28th/29th). An adult Ring-billed Gull arrived at Drift Reservoir 24th, possibly pushed across the Atlantic by recent storms, and a Black Guillemot was around the the following day. February: Good numbers of the rarer Grebes were counted during the month involving groups of six Red-necked Grebe at Helford River and Carbis Bay. On the Carrick Roads the Black-necked Grebe flock increased to a peak of 19 and were joined by a Long-tailed Duck, early in the month. Nearby, there were two Black Guillemots in the mouth of the Helford River, one remained around Falmouth Bay into March. Apart from a near record flock of approximately 1000 Bramblings at Penryn few large finch flocks were reported. The drake Ring-necked Duck from Drift Reservoir visited Long Rock Pool where a second winter Ring-billed Gull was later sighted and a drake Green-winged Teal returned to Loe Pool for a second winter. A Long-eared Owl was found roosting at Silverwell and a Yellow-legged Gull associated with a flock of Lesser Black-backed Gulls near Colliford Dam. Two most unseasonal records involved a Sandwich Tern at Hayle Estuary (4th) and an exceptionally early Common Swift over St Ives (9th). 3

March: Good numbers of Red-necked Grebe were counted following an influx of spring migrants, involving 38 birds. Counts of nine, seven and six were made at Very an Bay. Chapel Point and Falmouth Bay. Over 100 Black-throated Diver were counted in the sheltered south coast bays, with a single flock of 68 roosting in Very an Bay. while at West Pentire a near record raft of 74 Red-throated Divers gathered. A first winter Ring-billed Gull at Swanpool and an adult Yellow-legged Gull at Drift Reservoir were presumably spring migrants. Fine weather early in the month allowed the first migrants to push north. The first Barn Swallow of the year arrived at Hannafore Point on the 4th followed by Sand Martin at Maer Lake and Wheatear at Gwithian 10th, and an exceptionally early Willow Warbler was at Marazion Marsh (18th). Six Sandwich Terns arrived at three sites on the 20th along with the first of 12 Hoopoes. The first apparent fall of spring migrants occurred on the 23rd involving another early Common Swift at Polruan, three House Martins at Seaton and 19 Black Redstarts around . Few migrants were noted during the remainder of the month except for a Common Tern at St John's Lake 24th and an Osprey over Swanpool 30th. April: A small arrival of summer migrants occurred on the 3rd bringing the first Cuckoo of the year, a Black-tailed Godwit of the "Icelandic race* and over 2000 Sand Martins were counted over Marazion Marsh. Apart from a very early Lesser Whitethroat at Par and a Wryneck found dead at St John on the 5th where were few new arrivals until the 8th. Over the following eight days migrants streamed into and over the county. Reed Warbler, Redstart and Tree Pipit arrived (8th), followed by Grasshopper Warbler. Golden Oriole and Yellow Wagtail the next day. However, all was overshadowed by the discovery of a Scops Owl at Henna Cliff near Morwenstow. The following day s saw the arrival of Sedge Warbler, Whitethroat, Whinchat, Short-eared Owl and Ring Ouzel, with an early returning Pied Flycatcher at Lanhydrock (11th). The first of eight Little Ringed Plovers was at Walmsley Sanctuary 13th and a male Serin was at Church Cove the following day. During the latter half of the month an elusive male Sardinian Warbler was found at and a fine male Kentish Plover visited Par Beach. From the 23rd onwards there were regular falls of arriving migrants, involving counts of 300 Willow Warbler at Penlee Point 24th and Trevose Head 26th, however a massive arrival occurred on the 29th resulting in one of the largest spring falls for decades. On the Lizard alone there were 500 Willow, 30 Sedge and 7 Grasshopper Warblers, 65 Whitethroat, 83 Blackcap and 43 Wheatear, whilst at Land's End numbers were smaller but included a fine male Woodchat Shrike and a Short-toed Lark. During the month there were four Marsh Harriers and five Ospreys, the forerunners of what was to become one of the best spring raptor passages ever witnessed in the county. May: The month was dominated by rare and scarce migrants, many of which emanated from the Mediterranean region. A Richard's Pipit at Marazion Marsh and Nightingale at Millbrook 3rd, followed by a male Subalpine Warbler at Gwithian the next day, started the ball rolling. From then on the pace increased rapidly, starting on the 6th with the remarkable discovery of a male Baillon's Crake in resplendent breeding plumage at Stithians Reservoir, a species last recorded in the county 119 years ago. Elsewhere on the same day there was another male Subalpine Warbler at Church Cove and Honey Buzzard over New Mill. There then followed a steady stream of rare and scarce migrants including three Woodchat Shrike, seven Marsh Harrier, four Osprey, Tree Sparrow, two Montagu's Harrier, Whiskered Tern, Little Stint and Goshawk, along with a Spoonbill at Hayle and a flock of 11 Black Tern at Crowdy Reservoir. Towards the end of the month a large shearwater, probably Cory's, was seen off Hannafore Point and Temminck's Stint put in a brief appearance at Maer Lake 25th. A most unusual record was a Hawfinch which appeared in a garden 28th, regularly returned to feed until June 2nd. June: As usual few rarities were noted during the month, however, a Buff-breasted Sandpiper at Maer Lake 15th and a first summer Ring-billed Gull at Marazion 23rd were quite unexpected, but not so was an adult Rosy Starling at Helston. 4

Other interesting summer records included an adult Yellow-legged Gull at Lamorna Cove, immature Montagu's Harrier at Gribbin Head and a lone Crossbill at Luckett Wood. An adult Spoonbill at Maer Lake along with three on the Lynher Estuary heralded a mini invasion which continued into July. Four male Quail were calling from cereal fields on the Mid-Cornwall Moors by mid-month which appears to be the stronghold of recent years. Two pairs of Great Crested Grebe each raised single young at Colliford Lake. Dartford Warbler continued to increase with 13 breeding territories noted throughout the county with six pairs breeding at Kit Hill. Canada Geese also had a successful breeding season with 63 young raised at five sites. Little Egrets summered at nine sites but there was no evidence of attempted breeding. Common Redpoll, Siskin and Crossbill were all conspicuously absent from the moorland plantations. July: Nightjar numbers remained fairly stable involving 16 churring males. Little Grebe, Tufted Duck and Black-headed Gull all bred successfully, however, breeding success was somewhat diminished by lowering water levels during the summer. The last named species bred for the first time at Maer Lake. Summer seawatching produced two Cory's Shearwater off Porthgwarra 23rd and an excursion to the Runnel Stone Buoy on 27th was rewarded with an early Great Shearwater. Little Egrets gradually increase at regular sites as the annual autumn immigration commenced and two spoonbill briefly lingering on the Camel Estuary. An early Honey Buzzard flew over Drift 22nd and an adult Black Stork was noted over St Buryan 31st, and may have been the same bird seen later at Walmsley Sanctuary and around the Camel Estuary on August 8th-15th. August: Two pairs of Hobby bred, and two young Long-eared Owls were heard and seen in Golitha Wood late in the month, suggesting the possibility of local breeding. A Spotted Crake at Marazion Marsh 2nd was the first of at least 14 individuals, all but three occurring at this site. The first of eight Aquatic Warblers at Marazion was found on the 6th. The first nearctic waders of the autumn included a Lesser Yellowlegs and, the first of three. Pectoral Sandpiper, all occurring at Drift Reservoir. Seawatching produced single Cory's Shearwater at Porthgwarra and Cape Cornwall 13th and 4795 Manx Shearwater off Pendeen 25th. Other sightings included two Honey Buzzard, three Little Ringed Plover, Stone Curlew on Hayle Estuary 8th, Woodchat Shrike at Cot Valley 29th and, Icterine and Wood Warblers at Nanquidno 31st. Somewhat unusual was a Slavonian Grebe at Loe Pool 13th and an early Jack Snipe was flushed at Marazion Marsh 30th. September: An interesting variety of rarities occurred during the month including Citrine Wagtail 3rd and Black Kite 17th at Land's End, a juvenile Rosy Starling and a Red-eyed Vireo dropped onboard the Scillonian III a few miles off Gwennap Head 30th. A good selection of waders were present with notable occurrences of Red-necked Phalarope (three), Baird's Sandpiper (two), Dotterel (two), Buff-breasted Sandpiper, Little Stint (107) of which a flock of 32 gathered at Lower Tamar Lake. Seawatching proved very rewarding following a couple of good gales, producing a Wilson's Storm Petrel off St Ives Island 24th, along with 24 Leach's Storm Petrel and 24 Grey Phalarope. Large shearwaters proved particularly scarce this year but a good day at Pendeen on the 8th produced six Cory's and 15 Great Shearwaters. The first Yellow-browed Warbler of the autumn arrived at Cot Valley 23rd and a Hoopoe was at Treen 28th. Other scarce migrants encountered include four Red-backed Shrike, three Ortolan Bunting, Honey Buzzard, Red Kite, Icterine Warbler, two Tawny Pipit, Melodious Warbler, Spoonbill, three Barred Warbler, two Red-breasted Flycatcher and the first of a dozen Wryneck! October: An impressive cast of rarities dominated the month commencing with a well documented Bay-breasted Warbler at Land's End 1st, a Pechora Pipit at Nanquidno 5th, Red-eyed Vireos at Trevilley 8th and Pendeen 15th, Radde's Warbler at Porthgwarra 13th, Long-billed Dowitchers at Marazion Marsh 18th and Porthgwarra 21st, White-winged Black Tern at Hayle Estuary 18th, Blue- 5 winged Teal at Tehidy Country Park and Upland Sandpiper at Polgigga 21st. Dusky Warbler at Kenidjack 23rd and Blackpoll Warbler at Kenidjack 29th. Scarce migrants included two Barred Warbler. Hawfinch, two Melodious Warbler, two Short-toed Lark. Honey Buzzard, Red-backed Shrike, Dotterel, Serin. Tawny Pipit. Woodchat Shrike, nine Richard's Pipit, two Red-breasted Flycatcher, Golden Oriole, two Ortolan Bunting, Bluethroat and a probable Marsh Warbler. In addition four Pallas's and around 24 Yellow-browed Warbler produced a record year for these little Siberian gems. Other interesting species included a Yellow-legged Gull at Millbrook. Red Kite in the Upper Fowey Valley. Spoonbills on the Lynher Estuary (10th) and Camel Estuary, a pair of Whooper Swans wandered over much of West and at Hayle Estuary there was an elusive Pink-footed Goose and a recorded flock of 75 Pintail. Seawatching was less than exceptional but 77 Arctic Skuas were logged at Porthgwarra 7th. while at Pendeen on the 25th there were seven Pomarine Skua and four Sabine's Gull, and two Long-tailed Skua on 27th. During the month at least 264 Little Egrets were present setting a new county record, with a notable roost of 80 on the Tamar Estuary. Thrush movements were verv conspicuous in the latter half of the month consisting of over 20.500 Redwing logged on the 22nd with 10000 on the 28th/29th together with 1900 Fieldfare and 1000 of the latter on 31st. November: Nearctic species continued to at throughout the month involving a Spotted Sandpiper arrived College Reservoir 5th. an American Golden Plover frequented the Hayle Estuary and Copperhouse Creek from the 12th, a Tree Swallow at Clodgy Point reported on the 12th, a female American Wigeon at Drift Reservoir 28th and a drake Green-winged Teal arrived back at Loe Pool 30th. The only other rarity was a new juvenile Rosy Starling at Maenporth 10th. A Waxwing at 6th was most unexpected and may have been a forerunner of the invasion which occurred in the new year. Other sightings involved single Whooper Swans at Camel Estuary and Porthgwarra, a Little Auk off Hannafore Point, an adult Ring-billed Gull on the Camel Estuary, a Yellow-legged Gull at Hayle and three Red-necked Grebe returned to Carbis Bay. Late summer migrants included a Reed Warbler at Nanquidno 7th. a probable Marsh Warbler at the same site and Sand Martin at Marazion Marsh 13th. a House Martin at Porthcurno 19th and a very late Osprey was noted on the Camel Estuary 11th. December: The mild conditions throughout the month allowed large numbers of warblers to overwinter notably around 185 Chiffchaff, 105 Blackcap and 18 Firecrest, along with two Yellow- browed Warblers, at Relubbus and Falmouth. A Bittern was seen on two occasions early in the month at Bude Marshes. Increasingly cold conditions toward the end on the month brought about an influx of various waterfowl Notably three Smew, four Ruddy Duck, 12 Scaup, over 50 Eider and a Long-tailed Duck. Other interesting wildfowl included a Red-crested Pochard on the Lynher, 12 White-fronted Geese at Walmsley Sanctuary, Tundra Swan at Porth Reservoir and a Red-breasted Goose, of presumed feral origin, flew over Port Gaverne. The regular adult Ring-billed Gull returned to Copperhouse Creek and a first winter was briefly at Maenporth Beach. A massive flock of 26 Black-necked Grebes had gathered at Carrick Roads by the 21st, along with four Velvet Scoter by the end of the year. Elsewhere there were five Black-necked Grebe on the Lynher Estuary and two Red-necked Grebes frequented the Hayle Estuary. A single male Hen Harrier had returned to the Tregonetha Downs roost and the last Barn Swallow of the year was noted in Church Cove 4th. Three wintering Wood Lark flocks involving 12, 14 and 16 birds had formed at Boscathnoe Reservoir, Maker Heights and Penryn, respectively. 6

Acknowledgements: To Andy Pay. Steve Rogers. John Ryan, Graham Sutton. Dave Thomas and particularly Richard Hooton for their invaluable assistance in the analysis, writing and production of this report. Also, Mashuq Ahmad and Stuart Jack for assistance with analysis and writing. To Dave Conway for WeBS counts. To Steve Madge for CFNHC records. To Mashuq Ahmad, John Ryan and Graham Walbridge for providing details of sightings reported to Birding South West. To Mashuq Ahmad, Andy Blonden, Tony Collinson, Paul Hopkins. John Johns, Peter and Carole Leigh, John Ryan, Graham Sutton and Peter Walsh for photographs. To Steve Bird, Richard James, Paul Semmens and John Walters for drawings To Dave Flumm, David Ferguson, Derek Lord. Dave Lewis. Philip Round and Matt Southam for articles. To the county records panel, consisting of Steve Madge. Andy Pay, Steve Rogers, John Ryan. Graham Sutton and Vic Tucker, for their assistance with the assessment of county rarities and contentious records. Photographs in the report are available from the following photographers: Carol & Peter Leigh, 6 John Levers Way, St Thomas, Exeter EX4 1ED. Peter Walsh, 16 Atlantic Crescent. Sennen, Penzance TR19 7AS.

WEATHER REPORT 1995 January 1995: It was a very mild month with higher than average rainfall but lower than average sunshine. Whilst rainfall was not a record there was only one day. the 12th. when it did not rain. Thunderstorms were observed on the 20th, air frost on the night of the 3 rd and ground frost on i 1 separate nights. Hail fell on 9 separate days and snow fell on the 19th. Fresh to strong winds were again much in evidence with gales on the 17th- 19th. 21st and 23rd. The highest gust was measured on the 19th at 61 knots. February 1995: It was a very cold, dull month with much higher than average rainfall but lower than average sunshine. Rainfall was not a record, but was observed on every day. Thunderstorms were observed on the 17th and ground frost on the nights of 1 st and 26th. There were no air frosts recorded, the minimum air temperature for the month being 1 5 °C. Hail or "soft" hail fell on 7 separate days and slight rain and snow was observed on the 21st. Fresh to strong winds were again much in evidence with gales recorded on the 11th, 16th. 21st and 22nd. March 1995: It was a month with higher than average sunshine and rainfall. 'Wintry' rain was observed on the first 8 days of the month with occasional snow flurries. Snow did settle on the high ground to the east on the morning of the 2nd. Dry days were conspicuous by their presence, a total of 8 being without rain. Ground frost occurred on 10 separate nights with a slight air frost on the night of the 7th. Fresh to strong winds were frequent visitors but gales were recorded on two davs only, the 5th and 17th. April 1995: It was a rather dry and dull month with sunshine and rainfall a little lower than average. Dry days were very much in evidence, with a total of 15 days being completely dry. Thunderstorms were observed on the 18th. Showers of'soft' hail fell on the 18th, 19th and 20th, with slight snow flurries also on 20th. Ground frost occurred on 7 separate nights, but there were no air frosts. The wind was not a particularly significant feature and there were no gales. May 1995: Records not available. June 1995: It was a drier, brighter and warmer month than long term figures would suggest. The last week was notable for the 'Mediterranean' conditions but a maximum temperature for the month of 28.8 °C. on the 28th was still below the all time record of 31.3 °C. recorded in 1976. Rainfall was less than half of the average figure with sunshine considerably higher. Dry days were very much in evidence with measurable rainfall on only 5 days, more than half of the months total falling overnight on the 2nd. The wind was not a particularly significant feature. July 1995: It was a significantly drier, brighter and warmer month than long term figures would suggest. The maximum temperature for the month of 27.9 °C. on the 25th was well below the all time record. Rainfall w as about a third of the long term average figure, with sunshine considerably higher. Dry days were very much in evidence with measurable rainfall on only 9 days. The wind was not a 7 particularly significant feature although the months maximum gust of 44 knots was recorded on the 25th. August 1995: It was a significantly drier, brighter and warmer month than long term figures would suggest. Once more the lack of rainfall coupled with very warm temperatures were the noteworthy features. A new record maximum temperature for August of 31.3 °C. was recorded on the 3rd. the previous high for August being 30.6 °C. Rainfall was about a quarter of the long term average figure with sunshine considerably higher. Dry days were very much in evidence with measurable rainfall on onlv 9 davs. The wind was not a particularly significant feature, being no more than fresh ( 17 to 21 Knots ). September 1995: Following the hot. dry. recent spell September brought some relief for those seeking water and cooler weather. Rainfall was almost 50% up on the long term average figure with sunshine also somewhat higher. Dry days were conspicuous by their absence; there were only three 19th-21 st during the month. The wind was not a particularly significant feature. There were no gales. October 1995: The month was generally drier, brighter and warmer than long term figures would suggest. Rainfall was almost 25% down on the long term average figure with sunshine_somewhat higher. Despite the relative lack of rainfall only 6 days were completely dry. The wind was not a particularly significant feature although gales were recorded on the 24th

November 1995: The month was generally drier, brighter and warmer than long term figures would suggest. The first seven days yvere completely dry. thereafter rain fell on all but three days. The wind was not a particularly significant feature with no gales being recorded. Ground frost was observed on 6 separate nights with a slight air frost overnight on the 17th and 18th. There was no snow. December 1995: The month yvas generally drier, brighter yet cooler than long term figures would suggest. Slight snow was observed on the 6th and 15th. but amounts yvere negligible. The yvind was not a particularly significant feature although often fresh to strong, but with no gales being recorded. Ground frost was observed on 13 separate nights with a slight air frost on 6 separate occasions. 8

WILDFOWL and WADER COUNTS The organising and collating of these important counts is the responsibility of D. A.Conway. Tregenna. Cooksland. . PL31 2AR. Volunteer counters are always required and anyone interested is asked to contact Dave at the address above.

SUBMISSION OF RECORDS

All records should be submitted by the 31st January 1996. together with relevant descriptions. It would be much appreciated if records were sent in at quarterly or half yearly intervals, as this would help spread the immense work load and facilitate the early production of the Annual Report. Ideally records should follow diary order (i.e. species seen at a site on a particular day), records in species or site order are equally acceptable. Details to include in your records Please make sure that your name, address and year to which the records refer is clearly stated on the first page. To be of maximum use. your records should contain as much of the following information as possible, if relevant:- Species - English name (new or old). Date - 5.10. 5/10 or 5 Oct are all acceptable. Location - as accurate as possible, using names appearing on the current 1:50.000 Ordnance Survey maps, if possible, and including a grid reference for less well-known sites. Number - indiv iduals. pairs, singing males, etc. Age - adult, juvenile, first winter, immature, female/imm.. etc. Sex - male or female Direction - N. S. E. W. NW. NE. SW and SE (for flying birds).

Which records are required? All records are worth sending in but those for the categories listed below are particularly useful:- - First and last dates for summer migrants - All breeding records for common and rare species - Scarce and rare species - Counts of migrants and other large concentrations (eg. finches, wildfowl, gulls, thrushes, waders, seabirds, etc.) RARITIES County rarities All county rarities are given below in the County Rarities List. Species in Group 1 require a full description, from all observ ers. whereas those in Group 2 only require a descnption if requested. Descriptions should follow the criteria giv en below and be supported bv original notes taken in the field. National Rarities Descriptions of national rarities should be sent to the County Recorder, who will then forward them to the British Birds Rarities Committee (BBRC) for appraisal. These descriptions should follow the criteria listed below or can be submitted on special BBRC forms, available from the County Recorder or Secretary BBRC. Mr M.J.Rogers, Bag End, Churchtown, , St Ives, Cornwall TR26 3 AZ. Please enclose copies of field notes and photographs where possible as these are most helpful.

Criteria for county and national rarity descriptions Note: All descriptions, no matter how brief, are of great value so do not be put off by the list below. This list is for guidance, to show the type of information which may be useful to include in a description. Always include as much detail as possible, ev en the most trivial or obv ious features should be noted as these are often invaluable when it comes to assessing records. Try to make notes and sketches in the field, or at least before you refer to any text books. 9

Information to included in a description:- Species Previous experience of the species Location Experience of similar species Date(s) (first and last if known) Weather conditions Time(s) A brief summarv of how the bird was found Number and/or identified Age and Sex Full details of plumage and bare parts (bill, legs The finder and/or identifier and eves) Duration of observation Calls* Distance from bird(s) Distinctive behaviour (while feeding, flying, etc.) Optical aids used Any other distinctiv e features Species nearby for comparison

COUNTY RARITIES LIST

Group A - Species requiring a full descriptions Cory's Shearwater Kentish Plover Yellow Wagtail - races except Great Shearwater Temminck's Stint flavissima Purple Heron Pectoral Sandpiper Rufous Nightingale White Stork Buff-breasted Sandpiper Bluethroat Bean Goose Red-necked Phalarope Savi's Warbler Pink-footed Goose Long-tailed Skua Aquatic Warbler Snow Goose Sabine's Gull Marsh Warbler Ruddy Shelduck Ring-billed Gull Icterine Warbler "Green-winged Teal" Yellow-legged Gull Melodious Warbler Ring-necked Duck Roseate Tern Barred Warbler Ferruginous Duck Rose-ringed Parakeet Pallas's Leaf Warbler Surf Scoter Long-eared Owl Red-breasted Flycatcher Honey Buzzard European Bee-eater Woodchat Shrike Montagu's Harrier Short-toed Lark European Serin Northern Goshawk Horned Lark Twite Rough-legged Buzzard Richard's Pipit Common Rosefinch Corn Crake Tawny Pipit Little Bunting Common Crane "Scandinav ian" Rock Pipit Ortolan Bunting Stone-curlew

Group B - Species not requiring a description, unless requested. Red-necked Grebe Osprev Cetti's Warbler Black-necked Grebe Hobby Yellow-browed Warbler Leach's Storm-petrel Spotted Crake Bearded Tit Great Bittern Little Ringed Plover Willow Tit Tundra Swan Dotterel Golden Oriole Whooper Swan Pomarine Skua Red-backed Shrike White-fronted Goose Iceland Gull Great Grey Shrike Greylag Goose Glaucous Gull Red-billed Chough Garganey Arctic Tern "Hooded Crow" Red-crested Pochard Black Guillemot Tree Sparrow Greater Scaup Little Auk Hawfinch Velvet Scoter Hoopoe Lapland Longspur Smew Wryneck Cirl Bunting Ruddv Duck Wood Lark - Plus any uncommon races Red Kite Water Pipit Marsh Harrier Bohemian Waxwing

In addition, the Recorder may at any time request full details of an unusual occurrence. 10 SPECIES LIST FOR 1995

Species are listed in the order shown in f The British Birds List of Western Paleartic Birds' published in 1993 and obtainable from 'British Birdshop'. Subbuteo Books. Treuddvn. Mold. Clvwd CH7 4LN, priced £1.

The current list uses the proposed new species names. In most cases species sightings are placed in date order, i.e. localities with January records listed first and December records last. This is aimed at facilitating the extraction of data from reports.

The table or graph headed 'Approximate monthly county total' illustrates the maximum possible number of birds present in the County during each month. Mobility of individual birds is taken into account and this should help explain any anomaly between this table and the next section. The 'Regular reports and maximum numbers' table gives maximum counts for selected sites for each month. For mam species, a complete review of historical data has been undertaken and from these the 'Monthly breakdown' and 'Top sites' have been calculated. Wherever possible due regard has been given to rare birds wandering from site to site but with several species, particularly seabirds. this is not possible.

Abbreviations used within the report include the following : Est. - Estuary Res. - Reservoir CP - Country Park JUV. - juvenile imm. - immature BBRC - British Birds Rarities Committee RSPB - Roval Societv for the Protection of Birds

The symbol ' -' in various tables indicates that either no birds were present or that no count was received for that particular month.

Please note the following name definitions : Porthgwarra includes the area south of the line drawn from Cam Les Boel to St Levan. Mount's Bay refers only to the part of the bay between Mousehole and Marazion. St Austell Bay includes Par Bay. Pentire Point refers to the headland north of Polzeath. Penlee Point refers to the headland south of . not the point near Mousehole. Porth Mear refers to the v alley near Porthcothan. not the cove of a similar name near Zennor.

References Penhallurick. R.D.. The Birds of the Cornish Coast, . 1969. Penhallurick, R.D., The Birds of Cornwall and the Isles of Stilly, Penzance. 1978. Cornwall Birdwatching and Preservation Society Reports 1931-1994. Caradon Field and Natural History Club Report 1995. Birding World Vol. 8. 11 RED-THROATED DIVER - Gavla stellata Uncommon winter visitor. Passage migrant.

Thinly distributed along the entire coastline, however, large concentrations of spring migrants regularly occur, albeit briefly, along the north coast off headlands between and Port Isaac, and more recently off the south coast at Seaton. At the beginning of the year numbers were low but steadily increased, peaking in mid-March. Thereafter numbers rapidly diminished, apart from a small number of spring migrants, with very late birds at Porthgwarra May 24th and Jun 1st. Autumn passage was virtually non-existent, involving only five birds, the first of which arrived on the Hayle Est. Nov 4th. By the end of the year typically small numbers had returned to regular wintering sites. All records are plotted on Map 1 which illustrates the Map 1 : Red-throated Diver - winter species' strong affinity for the north coast. distribution 1995 Approximate monthly county totals: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 29 54 107 3 3 1 - - - - 5 14 Regular reports & maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Trevose/Harlyn 9 27 3 1 ------Mount's Bay - 2 - - 2 - - - - - 1 2 Rarne Head - 5 4 - - - 1 - - - 3 3 Seaton 1 16 22 ------6 West Pentire - 74 ------St Ives/Carbis Bay 5 ------No other site held more than three birds. Inland records relate to singles at Marazion Marsh, flying high overhead, Dec 18th and Stithians Res. Dec 31st. The flock of 74 off West Pentire Mar 12th is the largest concentration in the county since 86 off Trevose Head in February 1987. By the following day only 16 remained. In addition, the maximum count at Seaton is a new record for this site.

BLACK-THROATED DIVER - Gavia arctica Winter visitor. Passage migrant. Chiefly a bird of the more sheltered south coast with large gatherings regularly occurring between Dodman Point and Falmouth Bay. Veryan/Gerrans Bay regularly holds five percent of the UK wintering population. Reasonable numbers occasionally occur in St Austell Bay. Mount's Bay and St Ives Bay.

Numbers in the first winter period were well above average, largely as a result of extensive fieldwork by the RSPB, until the end of March. Typically the largest concentrations occurred in Veryan and Gerrans Bays where numbers were the highest since 1989. Peak counts occurred in late February with the majority of birds remaining into mid-March. Thereafter reported numbers were very small, apart from 16 in St Ives Bay Apr 10th of which eight remained to May 1st. The last spring migrants involved two east ofTRame Head May 7th and a single in Carbis Bay May 10th.

The first for the autumn was noted in Penzance Harbour Oct 17th. It was followed by seven other widely scattered records up to the end of November. 12 Approximate monthly county totals : Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 104 122 118 27 10 - - - - 4 2 7

Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec St Ives/Carbis Bay • 2 2 1 16 9 - - - - - 1 - Carrick Roads - 5 2 ------2 Falmouth Bav 54 2 5 1 ------Vault Beach" - 8 2 ------Gerrans Bay 36 12 29 3 ------1 Very an Bay 76 75 68 2 ------Helford River 1 4 1 ------Mount's Bay 1 7 3 1 - - - - - 1 - 1 Rame Head 4 4 - 3 2 - - - - 2 - 1 Seaton - 3 2 ------Hannafore 1 1 ------1 -

Numbers in the second winter period were exceptionally low involving seven birds at six sites, no doubt due to minimal observer coverage at regular sites. The flock of 54 in Falmouth Bay Jan 21st involves birds displaced from Very an/Gerrans Bays during violent storms with southerly gales; this short term movement occurs almost annually. Elsewhere singles were noted at Hot Point Feb 25th. Feb 25th - 27th. West Pentire Mar 13th, one flying west off St Agnes Head Mar 17th. Lamorna Cove Apr 2nd. Harlyn Bay Dec 17th. and Camel Est. Dec 27th. There were two at Jan 30th. Most unusual was one flying south over Holmbush Oct

22nd? having crossed the clay district RL. Map 2 : Black-throated Diver - winter All 1995 records are plotted on Map 2. Compare with distribution 1995 Red-throated Diver (see Map 1).

Black-throated Divers (Richard James) 13 GREAT NORTHERN DIVER - Gavia immer Winter visitor. Passage migrant. Although the most widespread of the diver species (see Map 3). most birds tend to be solitary and rarely form anything more than small "rafts", unlike the more gregarious Red and Black-throated Divers. Concerted surv ey work has further confirmed the significance of the stretch of coast from St Austell Bay to the Helford River for this species, within which internationally important numbers (>50) have been located, albeit thinly distributed. Both St Ives Bay and Mount's Bay hold good wintering numbers. As with the other diver species increased observer coverage in the first three months of the year has resulted in some of the highest monthly totals for many years. In January/February a massive count of at least 70 was made between Gribbin Head and the Helford River. with reasonable numbers noted at Seaton and St Ives Bay. Spring passage was very evident in May with 12 off Rame Head and six off Porthgwarra. A number of late spring birds include singles at Kenneggy and Loe Bar May 31st. which probably relate to two in Jun 1st with the last noted off Rame Head Jun 10th. Approximate monthly county total: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 107 95 74 18 28 4 - - 1 7 17 40 Regular reports & maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Camel Est. 2 3 2 ------1 1 St Iv es/Carbis Bav 7 5 4 ------2 1 St Austell Bay 9 5 7 1 2 - - - - - 5 2 Mev agissey Bav 11 5 3 ------Falmouth Bay 3 6 10 6 2 ------Carrick Roads 1 4 3 ------4 Gerrans Bav 14 10 8 ------Very an Bay 6 7 9 ------Helford River 9 8 6 ------1 Mount"s Bay 2 5 1 5 1 - - - - - 3 6 St John's Lake 2 1 1 1 - - - - - 1 - 1 Rame Head 5 3 1 2 12 2 - - - 1 - 13 Whitsand Bay - 2 1 1 1 ------1 Seaton 5 10 7 _ - - 2 6 2 2 - - - - - 1 1 2 2 Hayle Est. 3 4 2 ------1 2 ------1 - 1 Porthgwarra - - - - 6 - - - - 2 - - Autumn passage commenced with an adult flying close inshore at Hannafore Sep 30th. It was followed by seven others at five sites during October. Returning birds continued to arrive throughout the second winter period, though numbers were below average. Hovvev er, 13 past Rame Head during December were noteworthy. Elsewhere there were six at Zone Point Jan 23rd but no other site held more than two. Inland singles were noted at Siblyback Res. from 1994 to Jan 22nd, Loe Pool Feb 5th and Drift Reservoir Dec 28th-29th. Unusual was a bird picked up exhausted in a field near Cubert Jan 21st which was later released.

Map 3 : Great Northern Diver - winter distribution 1995 14 PIED-BILLED GREBE - Podilymbus podiceps Rare vagrant. The adult which had first appeared in 1992 remained at Stithians Res. until Mar 7th. It re-appeared on Sep 13th. but was not seen subsequently. One hybrid also remained from 1994 and was regularly noted up to Oct 23rd. On May 15th it was heard calling but there was no suggestion of attempted breeding DE.FHH.RAJ. et al.

LITTLE GREBE - Tachybaptus ruficollis Scarce resident. Occasionally breeds. Passage migrant. Winter visitor. Breeding was proven with single pairs at Loe Pool (three young). Sunvvell Ponds. Wolsdon Pond (three young) and Swanpool (one young). Other breeding season records involved pairs at Tehidv CP (nest failed) and Long Rock Pool, and a male calling at Walmsley Sanctuary Apr 15th. No breeding was noted at Stithians Res. due to the extremely low water level. Numbers were well above the average of recent years with high totals in both winter periods. A distinct influx occurred between Nov 1st and 6th involving over 57 new birds. Approximate monthly county total: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 116 131 111 19 20 13 15 31 50 62 151 136 Regular reports & maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec St Johns Lake 9 7 7 - - 1 3 12 10 10 Millbrook 6 6 3 - - 4 5 6 5 Lynher Est. 4 5 7 1 - - - - - 1 4 lb Siblyback Res. 1 6 2 - - - - - 1 4 5 5 ------2 4 1 - - Fowey Est. 2 3 1 ------3 Tresillian 16 9 9 1 - - 1 3 6 11 17 13 Carrick Roads - 6 ------1 Penryn River 4 2 2 - - - - - 1 - 2 1 Swanpool 10 5 7 4 2 3 2 3 3 6 34 12 Argal 1 2 3 - - - 1 2 2 7 5 2 Stithians Res. 1 4 8 - 2 - 1 - - - - - Helford River 6 21 6 ------1 1 10 Loe Pool 10 15 10 - - - 2 10 10 1 12 6 Marazion 2 1 2 3 2 2 - 2 2 2 1 2 Drift Res. 12 12 10 7 _ - 1 7 16 14 Hayle Est. 13 10 12 - - - 1 2 1 5 19 24 Harlyn Pools 1 - 3 ------2 5 - Camel Est. 12 8 9 2 6 - - - 2 2 7 7

GREAT CRESTED GREBE - Podiceps cristatus Rare resident. Breeds. Scarce passage migrant and winter visitor. Bred successfully at Lower Tamar Lake in 1930 but no further attempts were made until 1985. Summary of recent breeding records: figures represent young raised; n - nest unsuccessful: p = present but not known to have bred. 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 1989 1988 Lower Tamar Lake P 2 2 2 3 1 1 1 Crowdy Res. n 1 2 P 3 - 2 . - Colliford Res. 2 n P 1 P - - - Dozmary Pool P P - - - - Loe Pool P - - . - - - Polbathic 6 - 5 4 4 n - - 15 At Colliford Res. four pairs were present of which two each raised single young. One of these pairs accounts for the record at Dozmary Pool. Single pairs were present on Loe Pool. Lower Tamar Lake and Crowdy Res. (nest failed), but no young were raised. A lack of successful breeding at regular sites was due to decreasing water levels throughout the breeding season. Numbers in both winter periods were average. The first for the autumn was a juvenile at Carnsew Pool Jul 12th-15th followed bv an adult there Jul 20th-23rd. Approximate monthly county total: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 25 23 25 10 1 4 3 8 11 16 32 Regular reports & maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Tamar Est. 1 1 4 5 - 1 - - - 1 5 St John's Lake 4 5 8 1 ------2 7 Lynher Est. 11 6 7 3 - 1 1 2 7 11 11 16 Dozmary Pool - • - - - 2 ------Colliford Res. - - - 3 8 4 - - - - - Crowdy Res. - 3 3 3 3 3 - - - - Lower Tamar Lake 3 4 - - 4 - 1 - 2 - - - Polkerris 2 2 1 ------2 Loe Pool 1 3 1 - 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 Carrick Roads 2 2 1 ------1 No other sites held more than one bird.

RED-NECKED GREBE - Podiceps grisegena Scarce winter visitor and passage migrant. The majority winter on the south coast between St Austell Bav and the Helford River but are also regularly encountered at north coast sites such at St Ives Bay. Hayle Est. and Camel Est (see Map 4). The totals for the first three months of the year are by far the highest for many years, due largely to concerted survey fieldwork. Largest concentrations occurred at Veryan Bay, St Ives Bay and Falmouth Bay. and the Helford River. At least nine birds overwintered from 1994 with numbers increasing in Jannuary then remaining static until mid-March when an influx of spring migrants combined with the wintering population to give peak counts. Numbers diminished rapidly with the last bird of the spring lingering in Falmouth Bay until Apr 17th. The first bird of the autumn returned to Hannafore Point Nov 7th which was one of only a dozen reported in the second winter period Monthly breakdown: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 23 25 38 1 ------4 8 St Ives/Carbis Bay: three from 1994 to Jan 24th. then two until four Feb 5th, six Feb 6th with thre noted until Feb 21st. two Mar 5th. In the second winter period one Nov 10th. two Nov 19th. thro Nov 24th-26th RB. JHH.NJP.SR. et al. Gerrans Bay: one Jan 6th, one Feb 5th. three Feb 18th, two Mar 19th DCg.GJCBKM. Helford River: one from 1994 throughout Jan. six Feb 2nd. six Feb 23rd. three Mar 4th, two Mar 21s GJC. GWD.ARP.LAHS. Falmouth Bav: one from 1994 to Feb 12th. but two Jan 28th. then up to four Feb 17th-Mar 4th. fiv< Mar 11th. six Mar 4th-10th. two Mar 21st. with one to Apr 17th RCJ.DE.GJC.ARP. et al. Hannafore Point: four individuals noted Jan lst-Mar 11th but no more than two seen on a single date singles Nov 7th and Dec lst-24th RMB.JS.RS.EJW. et al. Drift Res.: one Jan 7th-Mar 5th GH.SR.GRW.MW. et al. Loe Pool, one Jan 7th RK. Penryn River: singles Jan 12th-26th, Mar 20th CLB. Chapel Point: one Jan 13th, seven Mar 13th GJC. 16 Vervan Bav. six Jan 14th. one Feb 18th. nine Mar 14th GJC. Lamorna Cove: one Jan 16th BDB. Porthmellin Head: three Jan 23rd GJC. Zone Point: one Jan 23rd GJC. Carrick Roads: one Feb lst-21st. two Dec 21st DCg.GJC.DE. Carnsew Pool: one Feb 17th RK and another Dec 6th into 1996 per DSF. Lynher Est.: two Feb 26th. one Dec 17th PE.GDL. Seaton. one Mar 4th SCM. St John's Lake: one Mar 10th EHW. Porthpean: one Mar 13th GJC. Mount's Bav: one Mar 18th RK. Vault Bay: one Mar 19th AJM. Porthoustock: one Mar 23rd RK. Spit Beach: one Mar 28th DJCs. Map 4 : Red-necked Grebe - Havle Harbour: one Dec 9th into 1995 NJP.SGR.JFR. winter distribution 1995 et al. Loe Bar: two Dec 21st BSW.

SLAVONIAN GREBE - Podiceps auritus Uncommon passage migrant and winter visitor. Largest parties occur along the south coast between St Austell Bay and the Helford Riv er with small numbers regularly frequenting north coast sites such as St Ives Bay, Hayle Est. and Camel Est (see Map 5). This species has become somewhat less numerous in recent years. Numbers remained around average at both ends of the year, despite extensive coverage during the first three months. 19 birds overwintered from 1994 which were joined by more new arrivals during the month. During February and March a number of wintering birds departed but ov erall numbers remained static as spring migrants took their place. The last bird of the spring was noted at Seaton Apr 13th and the first bird of the autumn returned to Hannafore Point Nov 7th. Approximate monthly county total: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 34 29 30 5 ------11 19 Regular reports & maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec St John's Lake 1 1 ------_ 1 Lynher Est. 1 3 2 - _ 3 5 Seaton 1 . 5 4 _ _ _ _ . Looc 5 4 2 1 - _ 3 St Austell Bay 5 1 3 - _ _ Veryan Bay - - 1 - _ _ _ _ _ Gerrans Bav 3 7 7 ______Falmouth Bay 5 5 4 ______2 Carrick Roads 2 3 ______1 Mount's Bay - - - - - _ _ 1 2 St Ives Bay 1 - - - _ _ _ _ _ 1 1 Camel Est. 4 4 4 ------3 3 17 Elsewhere singles were noted at Porthmellin Head Jan 23rd, Zone Point Jan 23rd and Mar 19th. Penryn River Jan 25th-Mar 13th and Restronguet Creek Dec 18th. whilst on the Helford River there were two Jan 15th and one Feb 23rd.

A rare inland record involved a single at Colliford Res. Jan 15th.

Map 5: Slavonian Grebe - winter distribution 1995 BLACK-NECKED GREBE - Podiceps nigricollis Scarce passage migrant and winter visitor. The rarest of the grebes in Cornwall, occurring like the others, mainly off the south coast between St Austell Bay and Falmouth (see Map 6). More likely to be encountered on freshwater sites than the Slavonian Grebe. In recent winters numbers have increased almost annually, particularly on the Carrick Roads, reflecting a doubling of the UK breeding population over the last two decades. Approximate monthly county total: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 18 21 11 1 - _ 2 2 2 33 Monthly breakdown: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 179 114 51 22 2 - - 7 20 18 64 154 Carrick Roads: 15 overwintered from 1994. However, only 13 were reported between Jan 8th and Feb 1st but a peak count of 19 was recorded on Feb 4th. Thereafter numbers fell, with 17 Feb 8th-12th and lastlv eight Mar 20th. The first returning birds comprised a flock of 24 Dec 17th which increased to 26 Dec 21st and remained into 1996 GJC.DE.IK.BKM. et al. Colliford Res.: two Jan 7th with one to Jan 14th EJW. Loe Pool: two Jan 12th and two Sep 4th-12th one remaining to Sep 24th RK.SK.ARP.CCW. St John's Lake/Torpoint: singles Jan 30th. Mar 19th and Dec 23rd into 1996 BTC.SCM.DGM.EJW. Mount's Bav: one Feb 2nd CCW. Penrvn River: one Feb 10th-11th DE.RCJ. Helfbrd River: singles Feb 14th. Dec 24th GWD. LAHS. Stithians Res.: singles Feb 18th. Mar 21st-Apr 7th but two Mar 23rd CLB.RCJ.BKM. et al. Long Rock Pool: one Oct 4th-21st GHT.BRP. et al. Drift Res.: one Oct 14th RAJ. Lvnher Est.: two Nov 18th-Dec 9th. three Dec 17th, five Dec 23rd RMB.AB.PB.SCM. et al.

A minimum of 48 new birds surpasses the 1988 total and takes the countv total to c.631 since 1930.

Top sites: Carrick Roads - 260, Mount's Bay - 70, Map 6: Black-necked Grebe - winter Lvnher Est. - 34, St Ives Bav - 26 and Camel Est. - 24. Distribution 1995 18 NORTHERN FULMAR - Fulmarus glacialis Resident. Breeds. Most leave British waters to moult during September and October. Passage migrant. First bred in Cornwall in 1944 and has subsequently colonised the entire coastline. Breeding success is best assessed in July/August when adults leave their ledges to moult, leaving well grown young in nests. Breeding records for 1995 were reported from the following localities (with comparative data for 1989 - 1994). Figures represent maximum numbers of pairs on ledges or young (c) counted; p = present not counted. 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 1989 Plaidy\ Looe 3c 3 - - - - - St Anthony Head 11 3 2 6 6 - 7 Swanpool 2c 2c 8 5 2 - - Maenporth 10 ------Pigeon Ogo 12 ------Lamorna Cove lc - - - - - . - GodrevA/Derrick Cove 45 102 71 76 - - 67 S amphire/Porthcadj ack P 5 2 9 - 5 Ralph's Cupboard P 14 15 12 - - 10 Western Cove P 104 105 119 - - 106 4c 5c - - - - - Porth Joke P 6c ...... - ; - 5 3 Pentire Point West 7c 5c 2c 10c 5c 4c P Pentire Point East 3c - - - - - Lewannick P lc 3c 6c 3c 2c P Trevose/Rannie Point 7 320 242 269 334 349 304 30 - - - - - Tresungers Point 412 ------No dramatic decreases have been noted although there is insufficient comparative data to comment on the health of the breeding population. An unexceptional year with few large concentrations apart from the storm driven birds in St Ives Bay on Jan 21 st. Peak counts: Rame Head: 1101 west 697 east between Jan 6th Lizard Point: 106 west between Aug 8th and 10th and Dec 29th with 94 Apr 13th. with 41 Aug 9th. Hannafore Point: 113 between Jan 21st and Dec Porthgwarra: 402 west between Aug 11th and Oct 30th with 41 Jan 21st, 40 Feb 11th. 25th with 144 Aug 15th. St Ives Bav: 2000 Jan 21 st. Cape Cornwall: 415 west Aug 13th. Carbis Bay: 200 Jan 22nd. Pendeen Watch: 50 west Aug 14th. St Ives Island: 2342 west between Mav 28th and Sep 24th with 900 Sep 7th and 600 May 28th. Inland singles were noted at Wadebridge Mar 17th, Cremyll Mar 28th, Holmbush Jul 7th. 29th. (two Aug 2nd, 3rd. Aug 5th. Camel Est. Aug 13th and Hayle Est. Aug 21st. Sep 1st.

CORY'S SHEARWATER - Calonectris diomedea Scarce passage migrant (mainly late July to early September) with occasional good years. Pre-1959 data is sketchy, although noted by Ryves (1948) as occurring around Wolf Rock. Since 1980 records have proven annual with regular reports from the main sea-watching points in the wes of the county. Porthgwarra. two west Jul 28th JHH and one west Aug 13th SML.MCH. Cape Cornwall: one west Aug 13th SML.MCH. Pendeen Watch: six west Sep 8th DSF.JHH.RLS. 19 This meagre total reflects a number of records omitted, lacking documentation. The county mainland total advances to c.8478 since 1959. Monthly breakdown: Jan Feb Mar Apr Ma\ Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - - 1 2 2 6 1794 6563 103 3 2 2 Top sites: Porthgwarra - 7938. Pendeen Watch - 214. Scilloman III - 100. Cape Cornwall - 95.

GREAT SHEARWATER - Puffinus gravis Scarce passage migrant (mainly mid-August to late September) with occasional good years. Runnel Stone Buov: one Jul 27th GD. Pendeen Watch: 15 west Sep 8th (0600-1200 hrs) DSF.JHH.RLS. St Ives Island: 3 west Sep 8th (1830-2015 hrs) VAS. The county mainland total advances to c. 4153 since 1930. As with Cory's Shearwater, a number of records have been omitted owing to an absence of documentation. Monthly breakdown: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - - - 2 '- 2 80 536 3431 101 2 - Top sites: Porthgwarra - 3030, MV Scillonian III - 637. Pendeen Watch - 261. St Ives Island - 115.

Large shearwater sp. Hannafore Point: one (probably Cory's) May 20th DCg.

SOOTY SHEARWATER - Puffinus griseus Passage migrant (mainly late June to mid-September). Pendeen Watch: 304 west between Aug 13th and Oct 27th (34 in August. 242 in September and 28 in October) with max. of 125 Sep 14th, 40 Sep 8th. 30 Sep 24th. Porthgwarra: 57 west between May 28th and Oct 25th (singles in May and August, three in September and 52 in October) with a max. of 48 Oct 25th. St Ives Island: 61 west between September 3rd and 27th with max. of 35 Sep 8th and 12 Sep 24th. Lizard Point: five Oct 6th and one Oct 7th. Elsewhere: one Lamorna Cove Jul J 6th. two Runnel Stone Buoy Jul 27th (during boat trip from Penzance), three Cape Cornwall Aug 13th. two Mevagissev Aug 28th. one Penberth Oct 7th and two Cot Valley Oct 25th. A total of 436 is above average but well below the high counts of recent years.

Top sites: St Ives Island - 6213. Pendeen Watch - 5032. Porthgwarra - 3310. Cape Cornwall - 455. Newquay - 341.

MANX SHEARWATER - Puffinus puffinus Passage migrant (mainly late March to October). Possibly breeds. Feeding parties off-shore in summer, presumably from breeding colonies on the island off the coast of South Wales. The last known mainland breeding colony, at Kellan Head, is believed to have become extinct in 1937. Subsequently numerous corpses have been recovered on a regular basis from north coast headlands where apparently suitable breeding habitat exists - riddled with rabbits burrows. The possibility of breeding occurring on mainland headlands and off shore islands is worth further investigation. Another less than exceptional year with few large counts logged. In the first winter period there were two St Ives Bay Jan 21st. one Carbis Bay Jan 22nd, two Godrevy Point and three Pendeen Watch Feb 24th. Spring passage commenced with 70 at Godrew Point Mar 26th, with significant movement off St h es on Mav 17th. 28th/26th and Jul 15th. The last birds of the vears was noted at Pendeen Watch Nov 5th. 20 Regular reports and maximum numbers: Pendeen Watch: 6530 west on 22 dates between Feb 24th and Nov 5th with max. of 4796 Aug 25th. Rame Head: 609 west and 27 east on 33 dates between Apr 8th and Sep 8th with max. of 264 (in one hour) May 29th. Porthgwarra: 1265 west on 18 dates between Apr 29th and Oct 25th with no more than 300 noted on a single date. Rumps Point: 500 May 3rd. St Ives Island 16586 west on 14 dates between Mav 17th and Sep 27th with max. of 4200 Mav 17th. 2500 Mav 28th. 6000 Mav 29th. 2700 Sep 3rd. Clodgy Point: 6000 west Jul 15th. 250 Jul 29th. At Rumps Point at least nine birds were heard calling on four nights between Apr 29th and Aug 27th. Again the possibility of breeding is raised.

MEDITERRANEAN SHEARWATER - Puffinus yelkouan Uncommon passage migrant (mainly late July to late October). Another above average year involving around 311 birds with three early individuals: one in January, two in February; and the last noted Oct 25th.

St Ives Island: 70 west between Feb 11th and Sep 27th (two in February, one in May. one in August and 66 in September) with max. of 18 Sep 8th and 37 Sep 24th. Porthgwarra: 126 west between May 27th and Oct 12th (nine in Mav. one in June. 67 in July, 24 in August, four in September and 21 in October) with max. of 12 on Jul 23rd. Jul 31st. Oct 7th and 11 on Jul 28th and Aug 19th. Rame Head: 17 between May 29th and Sep 30th (one in May. two in June, four in July, five in August and five in September). Pendeen Watch: 75 west between Aug 22nd and Oct 25th (36 in August. 28 in September and 11 in October) with max. 9 Aug 25th and 18 Aug 26th.

Elsewhere: one Godrevy Point Jan 28th. one Lizard Point Jul 14th. seven Jul 18th. one Clodgy Point Jul 30th. five Cape Cornwall Aug 13th. two Towan Head Sep 8th and three Bass Point Oct 6th.

The county mainland total advances to c. 5729 since 1956 prior to which data is incomplete.

WILSONS STORM-PETREL - Oceanites oceanicus Rare vagrant to Cornish coastal waters. Encountered annually during pelagics into the Western Approaches but still an extreme rarity for land-based observers. Most records have occurred after prolonged storms. St Ives Island: one Sep 24th JFR. Accepted by BBRC.

The countv mainland total advances to eight. Previous records were in 1838. 1967. 1978. 1983 (two) and 1986 (two). Monthlv breakdown: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 3 5

EUROPEAN STORM-PETREL - Hydrobates pelagicus Uncommon passage migrant (mainly mid-May to mid-September). Small feeding parties in summer months (mainly north coast). Breeding was last proven in 1968, but may occur undetected on islands off the north coast. Exceptionally rare inland. A below average vear with onlv two dates on which significant movements occurred (Jun 17th and Aug 25th). St Ives Island. 43 between May 17th and Sep 11th with 14 May 29th, 16 Sep 8th. Porthgwarra: 137 between Mav 24th and Oct 7th with max. of 33 Aug 12th, 29 Jun 18th and Aug 15th. Towan Head: six May 29th. one Sep 8th. 21 Downderry: singles Jun 3rd and Jul 8th. Clodgy Point: seven Jun 13th. Rame Head: 42 between Jun 16th and Aug 26th including 21 Jul 15th and 17 Jul 16th. Hannafore Point: 148 west Jun 17th. Looe: 300 Jun 17th. PortwTinkle: ten Jun 17th. Rumps Point: 16 Jul 1st and 30th. all trapped and ringed. Cape Cornwall: one Jul 27th. three Aug 13th. Pendeen Watch: 154 west between Aug 24th and Sep 24th with max. of 91 Aug 25th. 31 Aug 26th. Bass Point: 45 Oct 6th. Mount's Bav: three Oct 7th.

European Storm-petrel (Steve Bird)

LEACH'S STORM-PETREL - Oceanodroma leucorhoa Scarce passage migrant (mainly early September to late October and generally a little later than European Storm-Petrel). Rare inland. Pendeen Watch: six Sep 24th DSF.JFR. St Ives Island: 29 west Sep 24th RB.JFR.VAS.DCg. et al. and five Sep 27th BSW. Bass Point: one Oct 6th GWD. The county mainland total advances to c. 2133 Monthly breakdown: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 3 - 1 3 2 4 - 27 1179 543 215 155 Top sites: St Ives Island - 1475, Newquay - 246. Pendeen Watch - 138, Godrevy - 63, Bude - 48. 22 NORTHERN GANNET - Moms bassanus Passage migrant throughout the year. Bred on Gulland Island, until 1478 but the nearest current colony is on Grassholm Island, Pembrokeshire. Apart from large concentrations of storm driven birds in St Ives Bay during late January, the only notable counts occurred on Oct 25th. Regular reports and maximum numbers: St Ives Bay. 2000 feeding on whitebait Jan 1st. 3000 Jan 21st. 2000 Jan 25th. Rame Head: 8660 logged on 79 dates between Jan 2nd and Dec 29th with 479 Jun 30th. Bass Point: 1000 west per hour Jan 16th. Porthmeor Beach: 1500 Jan 22nd. Carbis Bay: 3000 Jan 22nd. 2000 Jan 23rd. 2500 Jan 29th. St Ives Island: 3000 west Jan 28th, 1200 west in one and a half hours Sep 7th. Porthgwarra: 1000 west in one hour Sep 13th. 2000 west in hour and a half Oct 25th. Cot Valley: 6000 west Oct 25th. Unusual was one found dead in a field at Trengothal Farm Oct 26th.

GREAT CORMORANT - Phalacrocorax carbo Widespread resident. Breeds in low numbers on all coasts. Occurs inland on all reservoirs and most other freshwater localities from time to time. The few breeding reports received indicate further increases at Looe Island and Mullion Island. Numbers in both winter periods were higher than normal, more so in the first winter period. The large monthly total for September is due to migrants en route to their wintering grounds. Breeding reports (with comparative data for 1989-1994) figures represent number of pairs, b = bred, p = present but no evidence of successful breeding. 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 1989 Looe Island 40+ 35 11 p 15 b b Mullion Island 50 b b b 29+ b b Hell's Mouth 7 7 5 8 6 6 7 The Mouls 10 20 7 P P 6 6 Approximate monthly county total: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 202 244 188 123 105 130 152 215 286 214 232 249

Regular reports & maximum numbers (away from breeding sites): Jan reb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Rame Head 5 7 4 10 14 14 5 11 5 3 1 3 Tamar Est. 50 47 16 14 11 19 32 19 56 57 63 38 St John's Lake 14 7 7 9 6 8 11 11 23 8 12 12 Lynher Est. 7 9 7 7 12 18 8 13 19 16 14 8 Siblvback Res. 4 8 5 3 5 4 10 12 22 3 7 6 Colfiford Res. 8 6 6 10 6 11 15 28 21 21 23 26 5 5 14 3 3 4 3 3 6 9 3 2 Carrick Roads _ 11 3 _ 6 11 3 7 12 6 12 Stithians Res. 3 2 6 1 . _ 4 4 2 1 Argal Res. 3 1 3 2 2 1 1 4 2 8 9 Helford Est. 4 16 12 1 2 4 2 1 10 11 8 6 Loe Pool 6 12 5 . 2 6 26 3 5 8 9 Hayle Est. 1 10 3 2 1 1 4 3 2 4 7 10 Camel Est. 7 18 18 16 20 18 26 30 24 40 18 26

Significant counts elsewhere include - 15 Nare Head Mar 19th, 15 Marazion Marsh Apr 8th, 13 Millbrook Lake Sep 10th, 12 Fowey Est. Sep 11th, 16 Holmbush Sep 23rd, 28 Hannafore Point Dec 1st and 12 West Looe River Dec 23rd. 23 SHAG - Phalacrocorax aristotelis Widespread resident, breeding in small colonies on all coasts. Passage migrant. Forms large "rafts" at favoured feeding sites in winter. Rare inland. No significant overall change was noted at breeding sites. However, information for the county is limited. Breeding reports (with comparative data for 1989 to 1994) figures represent number of pairs, b = bred, p = present but no evidence of successful breeding. 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 1989 Bawden Rocks 10 15 10 - - - Godrevy Island 54 41 P 53 P 33 40 Godrevy Point 4 - - - - - Hell's Mouth 4 ------Looe Island 20+ 29 24 P 10 P P Mullion Island 50+ P P P P P P The Mouls 12 30 9 P P 5 P St Agnes/Trevaunance 20 15 20 20 - A number of larger than average counts for this species is largely due to greater observer effort, particularly at south coast sites. Regular reports and maximum numbers: Rame Head: 2857 west and 833 east between Jan Falmouth Bav: 153 Feb 2nd. 151 Feb 23rd. 83 2nd and Dec 29th with max. of 150 Sep 8th. 131 Mar 21 st. 10*0 Sep 1 st and Nov 23rd. 280 Dec Sep 9th, 118 Dec 24th. 21st. Gnbbin Head: 103 Jan 11th. 54 Feb 8th and Mar Caw sand: 62 Feb 4th. 13th. Gerrans Bay: 58 Feb 18th. Mevagissev Bav: 113 Jan 13th. Bass Point: 150 on sea Feb 25th. Vervan Bav: 137 Jan 13th. 117 Feb 18th. 174 Cataclew's Point: 87 Feb 28th. Mar 14th. Housal Bav: 256 Mar 1st. Zone Point: 218 Jan 23rd, 102 Feb 21st. Dodman Point: 63 Mar 14th.

Frigatebird sp. - Fregata sp. Exceptionally rare vagrant. Porthoustock: one female/imm. 13 Jun 1700 hrs RP.. and seen two hours later off GL.NLb.BW. This is the first county mainland record. Accepted by BBRC.

GREAT BITTERN - Botaurus stellaris A rare winter visitor occurring mainly between late October and early March. Occasional passage migrant. Bude Marshes: one in flight Dec 3rd HM1. and probably the same Dec 11th GPS. The county mainland total advances to c. 110. Monthlv breakdown: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 36 25 8 1 - - 1 2 4 2 11 19 Top sites: Marazion Marsh - 28. Loe Pool - ten. Par - nine. Porth Res. and Camel Est. - four each.

LITTLE EGRET - Egretta garzetta Formerly a rare vagrant but now an increasingly common passage migrant and winter visitor, A few birds may be resident and breeding seems imminent. Around 88 birds overwintered from 1994 with numbers steadily increasing until a peak of 144 was reached in February. Thereafter numbers decreased but remained static throughout much of March and April until May when the majority vacated the county. During June 21 birds summered at nine sites but again no breeding attempts were noted. From July onwards birds returned in dramatic numbers which peaked in October vastly surpassing last year's record monthly total. During the autumn a massive roost containing 80 birds assembled on the Lynher Est. Oct 6th. as well as 24 impressive roosts on the Camel and Tamar Est. each holding up to 49 and 42 birds, respectively. By December numbers had halved. The annual trend in increasing numbers looks set to continue. Approximate monthly county total: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 88 144 97 98 27 21 56 179 252 264 222 131 Regular reports and maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Tamar Est. 4 6 6 8 1 5 5 42 34 33 26 7 St John's Lake 7 7 8 9 3 - 2 7 9 16 10 11 Lynher Est. 20 43 15 16 4 4 8 35 60 80 76 21 Looe Est. 8 11 10 9 - - 1 5 5 11 11 11 Fowey Est. 16 16 11 14 - - - 15 3 - 12 Carrick Roads 1 4 3 1 - 1 - 7 1 7 2 1 Ruan Lanihorne 4 5 4 - - 1 10 14 22 18 10 3 Tresillian 1 7 3 - 2 - 1 4 7 6 7 2 Truro River - 3 - 2 1 2 1 13 2 5 6 2 Penryn River 2 1 2 1 • 1 1 2 2 1 1 Helford River 1 3 2 10 1 1 2 11 21 10 11 5 College Res. ------3 - - - 1 Marazion 1 1 1 1 3 1 2 - 1 4 1 • - Drift Res. ------1 - 2 4 1 2 Hayle Est. 6 4 7 5 3 - 2 - 11 12 17 11 Gannel Est. 2 3 2 2 - 2 2 2 6 9 5 4 Camel Est. 13 29 24 15 8 4 18 33 49 38 33 25 Maer Lake ------1 - - 1 Elsewhere: one Castle Beach Jan 3rd, one Swanpool Apr 1st, two The Lizard Apr 29th, one Rame Head Apr 30th and Dec 29th. two Mount's Bay Sep 6th. one Upper Tamar Lake Sep 8th one Argal Res. Sep 20th and Nov 11th, one Lamorna Cove Nov 2nd and Dec 16th. one Kennack Sands Nov 12th, one Nov 15th, one Clodgy Point Nov 18th, one Port Gaverne Dec 8th-14th. two Bude Marshes Dec 11th, two Gyllyngvase Beach Dec 8th and three Dec 13th, one Pentireglaze Dec 14th. one Par Beach Dec 16th, one Maenporth

GREY HERON - Ardea cinerea Resident. Breeds. Scarce passage migrant. Breeding was reported from the following heronries during 1995 (with comparative data from 1987- 1994); figures represent number of occupied nests, p = present but not counted, nc = no count. 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 1989 1988 1987 Shillingham, Lynher Est. 15 18 23 19 24 16 16 17 - Trenant, Looe 7 7 8 9 7 9 11 13 6 Pelvn. Percuil 6 7 5 4 7 6 7 7 9 Pill" Farm, Fal Est. 1 1 5 6 4 nc 6 5 . Kea Wood, Malpas 6 5 9 7 10 12 10 13 13 Borlase Wood, Philleigh 2+ 7 6 5 4 4 5 9 6 Devoran 4+ 2 1 1 - - - - - Polwheveral, Helford 11 11 12 13 12 11 10 11 11 Marazion Marsh 4 3 3 3 2 3 4 6 7 Pinkson Creek, Camel Est. p 12 13 14 18 14 16 14 17 Treraven. Wadebridge 2 ------The site at Treraven, Wadebridge, is new and has taken over from the former heronry at Sladesbridge. A mere 58 occupied nests is the lowest since 1986 and a big drop from the previous year. This low number is partly due to a lack of information from regular sites. However, the cold winter may have had an influence. No details were received from the Fowey Est., , Newbridge, Cardinham or North Hill. 25 Regular reports and maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Tamar Est. 15 15 4 6 13 11 15 30 25 54 13 8 St John's Lake - 2 4 3 2 11 11 15 20 10 12 27 L\nher Est. 10 11 5 11 10 14 7 10 12 8 7 15 Looe Est. 8 13 9 10 1 _ 12 7 20 8 5 3 Fowey Est. 4 3 14 - - - . . 6 _ Tresillian 4 6 4 7 6 1 4 4 5 4 6 Truro River 6 20 12 10 15 14 13 5 12 13 6 5 Restronguet 5 12 4 3 1 6 3 6 2 5 3 - Helford River - 18 22 17 19 13 11 10 11 10 6 4 Loe Pool 3 3 1 1 1 2 3 7 3 1 4 7 Marazion - 3 6 6 4 16 8 23 13 3 4 1 Drift Res. 5 3 3 1 1 3 5 9 8 6 7 7 Havle Est. 1 2 1 4 3 9 7 10 6 9 4 5 Pofth Res. - - - 2 2 8 8 5 3 _ _ 1 Camel Est. 28 33 15 15 28 26 34 14 32 39 22 3 A count of 54 on the Tamar Estuary in October was a new site record. Suspected migrants include one west Mar 24th and two east Jul 1st at Rame Head, a flock of eight at Porthgwarra Sep 17th flying in the direction of the Isles of Scilly and one at Land's End Nov 1st. However, one record of a definite migrant concerns an individual found dead near Cardinham Dec 28th, having been ringed during the summer as a nestling in Denmark. See ringing report for more details. One noted in Holmbush Oct lOth-Nov 3rd was thought to be raiding local garden ponds.

BLACK STORK - Ciconia nigra Rare vagrant. St Bury an: adult Jul 31st JL.IMcP. Walmsley Sanctuary: adult Aug 8th-15th DAC.RLS. et al. This somewhat elusive individual was later noted on the Camel Estuarv around Burniere Point and also wandered as far as Groglev. Both accepted by BBRC. Assuming that just one bird was involved the countv mainland total advances to 10 - all but two since 1988. Monthlv breakdown: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - - - - 3 1 1 2 1 1 1 - Around 20 were noted in the UK during the year.

GLOSSY IBIS - Plegadis falcinellus Rare vagrant 1994 Record Hayle Est.: one Sep 23rd. EGG. et al. Accepted by BBRC Presumed the same bird as at Buryas Bridge Sep 27th 1994.

EURASIAN SPOONBILL - Platalea leucorodia Rare passage migrant. Occasionally overwinters, particularly on the Lynher Estuary. Lynher Est.: The wintering adult from 1994 remained until Feb 19th. Three were noted on Jun 7th with two adults intermittent up to Jul 15th. An adult returned on Oct 10th and remained into 1996. AB.PB.MLt.SCM.VRT. et al. Havle Est.: adult Mav 16th and Jun 24th-Jul 3rd. RB.SK.BKM.LPW. et al. St Burvan: adult Jun 12th BSW. Polgigga: adult Jun 13th-18th RB.VAS.BKM. Maer Lake: adult in full breeding plumage Jun 20th GPS. 26 Camel Est.: adults Jul 14th. Jul 16th-20th (initially noted at Walmslev Sanctuary) and Oct 23rd-25th (probably present Oct 22nd) GJC.JHH.DIJ. Loe Pool: adult Sep 17th-29th RK.JMW. The birds at St Buryan, Polgigga and Hayle Estuary (June) all relate to the same individual. Presumably the usual bird returned to w inter on the Lyntier Estuary. At least 10 individuals were involved in the above sightings, the most since seven in 1991. They coincided with a widespread influx throughout the UK. The county mainland total advances to c. 189 since 1900. Monthly breakdown: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 7 6 10 17 16 16 5 1 18 48 35 10 Top sites: Ruan Lanihorne - 29, Camel Est. - 25. Tamar Est. - 24. Hayle Est. - 23. Marazion Marsh - 20 and Lynher Est. - 19.

MUTE SWAN - Cygnus olor Resident. Breeds. Moulting herds in autumn. Winter visitor. After a period of decline during the 1970's and 1980's there has been a distinct improvement over recent years. Mortality caused by lead poisoning, through the ingestion of discarded lead fishing weights, is considered to have been strongly related to this decline. The increase in numbers has. somewhat significantly, coincided with the use of alternative materials for these items. The plight of birds on the Fal Estuary is still causing concern and is the subject of on-going research. A number of ailing individuals were recov ered throughout the year, many affected by heavy metal poisoning. However the precise source of this poisoning still remains a mystery.

Successful breeding was reported from the following localities (with comparative data for 1988- 1994). Figures represent number of young; n = nest unsuccessful or outcome unknown; more than one figure indicates more than one nest.

1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 1989 1988 Cargreen 4 n ------Forder. n 2 - 2 - - - - Wilcove 4 ------Torpoint 9 7 4 8 - - - - St John's Ford n n ------Millbrook n n 4 3 5 6 - - St Erney n ------Polbathic 6 - 5 4 4 n - - Looe n n - - 5 - - n Polperro Harbour 7 - 8 - 8 - - - Polridmouth 7 6 5 3 - - 4 - Par Beach Pool 7 6 5 3 - - 4 - Ruan Lanihorne 7 3 7/6 4 5 5 3 Truro River 5/0/0 - - - - 7 7 - Penryn River 1 - - - - Swanpool 3 5 5 4 7 1 n n College Res. 7 2 ------Argal Res. 1 4 6 - - - - - Marazion 5 1 n 6 5 - - - Tehidy CP 3 4 9 - - - Trenance Lake 5 7 1 6 - - - Approximate monthly county total: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 255 236 208 173 202 247 257 238 233 234 270 297 27 Regular reports and maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr Ma\ Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Tamar Est. 9 10 8 6 4 7 8 4 - 4 12 21 St John's Lake 7 9 8 4 5 13 11 11 13 12 4 4 Lynher Est. 8 16 6 2 8 11 9 28 13 6 10 12 Looe Est. 12 11 3 10 - 17 24 16 20 32 29 28 Fowev Est. 25 32 15 8 - - - - 9 - - 35 Par 8 7 4 3 9 - 6 - 9 8 2 10 Devoran 46 25 19 25 22 25 19 20 18 18 70 58 Helford Est. 8 2 12 7 13 8 10 5 10 8 5 5 Loe Pool 2 2 1 5 6 9 21 20 20 8 5 Hayle Est. 16 11 16 25 20 16 10 - 4 30 26 35 Camel Est. 52 52 56 14 37 44 50 42 36 48 44 28 It is reassuring to see that the population has remained around the same high level as 1994. possibly a slightly increase.

TUNDRA SWAN - Cygnus columbianus Scarce passage migrant and winter visitor. Annual since 1959. Porth Res.: adult Dec 28th into 1996. BSW. The county mainland total advances to c.473. since 1930. Monthly breakdown: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 119 48 33 6 - - - - - 27 134 106 Top sites: Camel Est. - 64. Dozman Pool - 59. Havle Kimbro Pool - 56. Tamar Lakes - 46, Hayle Est. - 33.

WHOOPER SWAN - Cygnus cygnus Scarce passage migrant and winter visitor. Annual since 1971. Kenidjack: two adults Oct 1st. The same individuals were involved in sightings at Pendeen Watch Oct 2nd, Trevorrian Pool Oct 3rd. Marazion Marsh Oct 4th. Nanjizal Oct 5th-10th MCCo.PCo. SMCo. et al. Porthillv: adult Nov 5th DIJ. Porthgwarra: adult Nov 18th DAC.GJC.DIJ. The county mainland total advances to c.453 since 1930. prior to which data is incomplete.

JaMonthln y Febreakdownb Mar : Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 90 21 14 1 - - - - 1 58 169 99 Top sites: Camel Est. - 77. Tamar Lakes - 46. Havle Est. - 37. Marazion - 38. Havle Kimbro Pool - 23.

PINK-FOOTED GOOSE - Anser brachyrhynchus Rare passage migrant and winter visitor. Crowdy Res.: single Jun 15th-18th. JHH. Havle Est.: single Oct 13th into 1996. This elusive individual was onlv noted on six dates. JHH.NRP.JFR.VAS. et al. The Crowdy indiv idual is of presumed feral origin and as such is excluded from the county totals. The county mainland total advances to c.66. Monthly breakdown: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 4 3 1 - 1 - - - 28 21 3 5 Top sites: Mawgan Porth - 20, Camel Est. - 15, Hayle Est. - seven, Tamar Lakes - six. 28 WHITE-FRONTED GOOSE - Anser alblfrons Scarce passage migrant and winter visitor. Most Cornish records relate to birds of the Eurasian race (Anser albifrons) but small parties of the rare Greenland race (Anser albifrons flavirostris) occasionally occur. The species was formerly more numerous in the county with a regular wintering flock at Walmsley Sanctuary from 1935-1973. The size of this flock peaked at an average of 146 birds between 1961 and 1965 (excluding a huge influx during the arctic weather of 1963). but since 1973 birds have wintered with less regularity with none between 1982 and 1988 and again 1990/91. Reasons for this decline are not fully understood but the damming of the River Amble is probably a significant factor. This has resulted in a lack of salt-water inundation which in turn has considerably influenced the ecology of the site, particularly the vegetation. Walmslev Sanctuary.: 12 Dec 17th GJC.RCJ.ARP. et al. Drift Res.: three Dec 18th GH. The lowest total since 1986.

GREYLAG GOOSE - Anser anser Scarce passage migrant and winter visitor. Many records undoubtedly refer to feral escapes and wanderers. Annual since 1973. Treburlev: two Apr 3rd. AJM. Upper Tamar Lake: one Jul 6th-Aug 11th JHH. Crowdy Res.: two Jun 15th-Jul 16th Polbathic Creek: two Sep 22nd AB.PB. STB.BTC.JHH. St German's two Sep 24th AB.PB. Colhford Res.: one Jul 2nd GJC. Siblyback Res.: two Nov 6th-25th RS.JS.PAW. The majority of the above records relate to feral birds, involving no more than nine individuals. The county mainland total advances to c. 196 since 1930. Monthly breakdown *: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 13 10 8 2 4 2 11 2 9 43 61 23 * one bird was "undated . Top sites: Camel Est. - 54. Near Kynance - 33. Stithians Res. - 16. Tamar Lakes - 14.

SNOW GOOSE - Anser caerulescens Vagrant. Feral escape or wanderer : two 'blue phase' Sep 16th AB.PB. : one Oct lst-8th EJW. The above records relate to birds of feral origin. Most recent records relate to feral birds associating with mobile flocks of Canada Geese. BAR-HEADED GOOSE - Anser indicus Rare but increasingly feral resident or escape. Bude Canal: one Apr 14th-Sep 16th Colliford Res.: one Jun 9th DAC.DIJ. AJM.RDP.GPS. et al. River Tiddv: one Sep 16th AB.PB. Crowdy Res.: Mav 16th-Aug 9th AJB.SJB.BTC. Upper Tamar Lake: one Dec 29th CLBo.GJC. etal. These sightings probably involve just two birds, which regularly accompany Canada Goose flocks during the winter months, often wandering across the border into Devon.

CANADA GOOSE - Branta canadensis Resident. Breeds. Passage migrant. Winter visitor. Prior to 1983 this species was almost exclusively confined to the far south-east of the county, except for occasional migrants. Records between 1968 and 1975 consisted of an average of just over one bird per annum. Before this period there were only nine records. 29 Away from the Lv-nher Estuary, where a small feral population has existed for mam years, breeding was first confirmed in 1983. Subsequently breeding has occurred with increasing regularity, particularly at Colliford and Crowdy Reservoirs. This species is undergoing a population explosion, with numbers trebling in the UK since 1976. Within the county numbers have steadily increased but virtually doubled in the last year; very few are recorded in the western half of the county. At the present rate of increase it will not be long before numbers reach plague proportions as in other parts of the country-. The largest numbers occur between June and August when birds migrate (presumably from South Western counties) to the moorland reservoirs to moult. At this time they are completely flightless and require protection from predators, afforded by these large water bodies. Breeding records were received for the following localities (with comparative data for 1987-1994). Figures represent number of young; B = bred; n = nest, outcome unknown; p = present during breeding season: 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 1989 1988 1987 Crovvdv Res. 6 11 11 9 2 6 21 15 6 Colliford Res. 31 30 3 9 2 P P 5 5 LvTiher Est. 17 P P B B P 6 - - Siblyback Res. P 5 - - - - - Rosedale Pond 8 B 6 ------Breeding was reported for the first time on the . below Bodmin Parkway (three young) and Tredinnick (pair incubating). • Approximate monthly county total: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 430 271 148 113 85 790 792 1109 354 482 517 801 Regular reports and maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Tamar Est. - 30 28 5 6 - - 26 - 1 - 68 Lvuher Est. 120 13 19 2 3 18 28 70 300 227 119 108 Siblvback Res. 63 54 8 2 2 4 7 73 13 76 200 111 Colliford Res. 144 135 52 86 60 353 377 205 18 97 161 208 Camel Est. - - 8 9 2 ------Crovvdv Res. 30 39 33 9 12 415 380 300 23 81 37 106 Tamar Lakes 73 ------435 - - - 200 Not surprisingly the maximum counts at Lvnher Estuary, Upper Tamar Lake. Colliford. Crowdy and Siblyback Reservoirs were all new site records.

BARNACLE GOOSE - Branta leucopsis Uncommon passage migrant and winter visitor. Feral escape. Colhford Res.: one Jan 14th-Jul 30th but 12 voung Jun 10th DAC.EJW. Gannel Est.: one Mar 19th BSW. Crovvdv Res.: one intermittently, probablv the Colliford Res. bird. Mav 16th-Sep 3rd STB.BTC. et al. Porth Res.: one Aug 1 lth-Sep 12th JHH.PMcV. Lynher Est.: one Jan lst-22nd, probably overwintered. DCg.MG.KG.AJM. All except the Lynher bird are thought to be feral. The countv mainland total remains at c.242 (plus c.40 feral individuals). The family party at Colliford is the first record relating to feral breeding involving this species. However, the possibility that these young are hybrids must be considered as only one parent was present (cf 1994 records below). Monthly breakdown: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 10 26 17 - - - - - 33 86 54 16 30 Top sites: Tamar Est. - 30. Godrew/Gwithian & Porthgwarra - 24 each. Camel Est. - 19, St Ives - 14.

BRENT GOOSE - Branta bernicla Uncommon passage migrant and winter visitor. Both dark-bellied (B.b.bernicla - from Western Siberia) and pale-bellied (B.b.hrota - from Arctic Canada and Greenland) races occur, the former predominating. No regular wintering flock exists despite increasing numbers of each race occurring in recent years. Only three birds were recorded in the first winter period along with three in the spring, one of the lowest seasonal totals for mam vears. The last birds of the spring were singles at Havle Est. Apr 23rd-May 3rd and Colliford Res. Apr 29th. The first of the autumn was a family of four 'pale-bellied' birds at St John's Lake Sep 2nd (a typical date for this race), followed by singie 'dark-bellied' birds at Rame Head and Hayle Estuary Oct 21st. During the second winter period at least 18 were noted, many sightings involving a number of mobile birds. A small build up occurred around mid-December involving a flock often on the Hayle Estuary and five on the Camel. However, few remained into 1996. Approximate monthly county total (all races): Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 3 - - 3 "1 - - - 4 5 18 17 Regular reports and maximum numbers (all races): Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Camel Est. - - - 1 - - - - 1 5 5 Hayle Est. 1 1 - - - - 1 4 10 St John's Lake ------4 3 1 Elsewhere: singles were noted at Gannel Est. Jan 6th, Landulph Jan 10th and Dec 28th. Ruan Lanihorne Jan 23rd, Hannafore Point Apr 8th-9th. (two) Dec 30th, Walmslev Sanctuary Apr 16th- 26th. Colhford Res. Apr 29th. Rame Head Oct 21st, Par Beach Nov 6th, Marazion Beach Nov 26th- Dec 3rd, (three) Dec 29th and Falmouth Nov 15th. Other records involved two at Godrevy Point (flew in off the sea) Nov 4th. Nov 5th, Lynher Est. Nov 30th and Sennen Dec 5th. with three off St Ives Island Oct 22nd. Birds of the 'pale-bellied' race were noted as follows: St John's Lake: four (two juvs) Sep 2nd-3rd. : one Dec 9th. Camel Est.: three Nov 17th.

RED-BREASTED GOOSE - Branta ruficollis Very rare vagrant. Escapee. Port Gaverne: one Dec 29th MLe. Located on the beach at 1015hrs but later seen flying around the cove (1415hrs). After five minutes it flew off down the coast until reaching Varley Head whereupon it turned and headed inland. A very intriguing record of a bird which arrived after a period of northerly winds combined with very low temperatures over much of Western Europe, raising the possibility of genuine vagrancy However, it is far more likely to have originated from captivity. Therefore, this species has not been admitted to the Cornish List. This is the first record to appear in these reports. This bird may also be responsible for sightings on the Taw and in the south-east of the county in early 1996. Goose sp. Crowdy Res.: one 'blue phase' (Snow Goose type) Aug 11th JHH. Lamorna Cove: one flying out to sea Dec 10th (Canada/Barnacle) BDB. The Crowdy bird was particularly small, resembling a Ross's Goose. However, the blue phase of this species is extremely rare. Hybrid Goose Colliford Res.: one (Barnacle x Canada) Apr 15th DAC. Above: (left) adult Black Stork, Camel Estuary, August - P. Leigh (right) juvenile Spotted Sandpiper, College Reservoir, November - P. Hopkins Below: (left) adult Bail Ion's Crake, Stithians Reservoir, May - P. Hopkins (right) Spotted Crake, Marazion Marsh, August - P. Walsh (left) juvenile Wood Sandpiper, Maer Lake, August - G. P. Sutton (right) Long-toed Stint, Marazion Marsh, June 1970 - J. H. Johns (left) juvenile Baird's Sandpiper, Upper Lamar Lake, September, - G. P. Sutton (right) adult Sanderling, Bude, May - G. P. Sutton 31 Colliford Res.: one (Bar-headed x Snow) Apr 29th DAC.

1994 Records Colliford Res.: seven (Canada x Barnacle) May 28th GJC. All just slightly larger than Mallard. Three resembled 'minima type' Canada, another three were intermediate between Canada and Barnacle while the other was virtually pure Barnacle. Colliford Res.: adult (Barnacle x Bar-headed?) with seven goslings May 29th EJW. Colliford Res.: one (Canada x Barnacle) GJC. Resembling 'minima type' Canada but breast black.

EGYPTIAN GOOSE - Alopochen aegyptiacus Rare visitor. Feral escape or wanderer. This category "C" species occurs as a feral species in the UK, mainly East Anglia, but with small populations elsewhere, including East Devon. Wadebridge: one first noted in 1987 was present throughout the year FMC.DIJ. et al. Lynher Est.: one Nov 13th noted in Shillingham Creek the following day GDL. The county mainland total advances to c.27

MUSCOVY DUCK - Carina moschata Feral escape or wanderer. Breeds. This species has recently been added to Category D4 of the British List as a result of a small breeding population in Cambridgeshire Records of apparently feral birds (away from farmyards and wildfowl collections) are required to document the progress of this recent breeding species. Pendavev. : one Jan 6th-23rd DIJ. Looe Est.: one Apr 17th per CFNHC. Colliford Res.: three Feb 4th EJW. Holmbush: one flew northeast Apr 19th RL. Helston: one Feb 18th AJM. Calstock: an adult with seven juveniles Aug 6th Par Beach Pool: one Feb 18th AJM. AJM. Gannel Est.: two Mar 19th with one until Sep Porth Res.: one Sep 12th TSH. 17th TSH.SGR. St Johns Ford: one Dec 28th EJW. The record at Calstock is apparently the first relating to confirmed breeding of feral birds in the county.

RUDDY SHELDUCK - Tadorna ferruginea Vagrant, but the majority, if not all, are presumed escapes from wildfowl collections or wanderers from feral populations in the Netherlands. Crowdy Res.: one Jun 13th AJB.SJB. Neal Point: three Nov 4th RMB, two noted at Halton Quay the following day. Havle Est.: three Nov 5th-28th. intermittently noted on Copperhouse Creek. RB.EGG.GGG.DSF.et al. The arrival of the three, or possibly six. in November fits well with the suggested pattern of occurrence of suspected wild vagrants. The county mainland total adv ances to c. 34. Monthly breakdown * : Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1 - - 1 3 2 6 2 2 6 12 - * one bird was undated*. Top sites: Havle Est. - 10. Tamar Est. - 8. Camel Est. - 7. Drift Res. - 6. Upper Tamar Lake - 3.

COMMON SHELDUCK - Tadorna tadorna Resident. Breeds in low numbers on most of the main estuaries. Passage migrant. Winter visitor. After the breeding season the majority of birds vacate the county to converge at regular moulting grounds, returning at the end of October. The nearest site is Bridgwater Bay. Breeding reports were received from the following localities (with comparative data for 1988-1994). Figures represent maximum number of ducklings; figures followed by 'b' indicate number of broods. 32 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 1989 1988 Tamar Est. 10 5 13 16 22 11 18 St John's Lake 22 13 7 - . 4b 7 - Lvnher Est. 30 34 9 22 9 3b Ruan Lanihorne 25 34 15 23 26 37 24 10 Truro River 4 o 36 . . . . Tresillian River 7 - - 32 6 20 26 10 Hayle Est. 15 18 7 12 8+ 34 18 30 Camel Est. 18 6 14 63 23 24 3 24 Elsewhere a pair raised four young at Coldrose Farm. Truro (a new breeding site) and a pair returned to Pentire in April but were not seen subsequently. Breeding productivity was far better in 1995 than the last two vears. Approximate monthly county total: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 801 884 744 812 497 435 183 175 46 59 321 609 Regular reports and maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Tamar Est. 82 89 50 48 30 36 - 4 . 3 60 92 St John's Lake 197 222 135 104 17 33 16 3 3 5 75 127 Lviiher Est. 215 198 138 239 131 112 37 16 15 25 90 187 Fowey Est. 10 19 10 12 ------. Ruan Lanihorne 81 27 77 120 91 93 27 15 1 2 20 36 Tresillian 31 37 45 38 30 37 18 69 15 10 30 42 Truro River 96 84 108 64 30 25 12 29 7 15 47 Devoran 6 16 7 4 5 4 1 - - - 13 Helford River 31 29 20 10 10 4 - - - - 1 Hayle Est. 23 25 22 43 37 46 23 20 4 1 1 28 Camel Est. 20 120 117 110 125 40 42 7 - 10 30 56 In both winter periods numbers were well below the norm of recent years.

MANDARIN DUCK - Aix galericulata Rare passage migrant and winter visitor. Feral release and escapee. A Category "C" species. The majority of Cornish records probably originate from a small feral population in the Plym Estuary area of South Devon. Seaton Pool: drake present from 1995 remained throughout the year SCM.GJT.AE. et al. Millbrook: drake Apr 1st AJM. Long Rock Pool: drake Mav 5th per DSF. St John's Lake: drake Sep 10th-11th SCM. The Seaton bird may account for the records at Millbrook and St John's Lake. The county mainland total advances to c.56 - all since 1973. Monthly breakdown * : Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 3 1 6 4 - - 7 6 6 16 4 * two birds were "undated*.

Top sites: Lynher Est. - nine. Camel Est. - eight. Retallack - six, St Johns Lake/Millbrook - seven, Fowey Est./Lerryn - six..

EURASIAN WIGEON - Anas penelope Abundant winter visitor. Passage migrant. Occurs in very large numbers in cold weather. Numbers in both winter periods were slightly down on 1994 but still very respectable. In January only 75% remained from 1994 with numbers rapidly dropping after mid-February. The last for the spring were five at Stithians Res. May 6th with single drakes at Walmsley Sanctuary. May 17th and Maer Lake May 20th (possibly the same bird). 33 A drake at Colliford Res. Jul 1st max have summered but the first apparent autumn migrant arrived at Siblyback Res. Aug 18th. followed by five on the Hayle Est. Aug 31st. After September wintering flocks steadily increased in number. Approximate monthly county total: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2957 2224 423 43 7 - 1 6 710 1648 2830 3100 Regular reports and maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Lynher Est. 895 307 136 - - - - 94 242 371 372 Colliford Res. 48 26 3 1 - - 1 - 19 41 25 37 Ruan Lanihorne 300 275 50 ------11 33 192 Stithians Res. 200 248 - - 5 - - - - - 25 140 Hayle Est. 802 566 171 40 - - - 5 500 1200 1810 1400 Gannel Est. 45 12 ------47 Camel Est. 240 200 50 1 1 - - - 20 76 287 400 Maer Lake 269 260 3 1 1 - - - 12 33 49 231 The maximum count at Hayle Est. in November is the highest since a reported count of 2000 ir November 1988. In both years numbers decreased significantly in December suggesting that these peaks are due to migrants stopping to feed 'en route' to more southerly w intering grounds.

AMERICAN WIGEON - Anas americana Rare vagrant. Drift Res.: female Nov 28th-Dec 4th GH.JFR. et al. This is the first record for this site. Accepted by BBRC. The 16th county mainland record - all since 1981. Monthly breakdown: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - - - 1 "1 - - - 10 1 3 - Top sites: Hayle Est. - 7, Skewjack - 4. Loe Pool - 2.

GADWALL - Anas strepera Winter visitor. Passage migrant. Although numbers fluctuate from year to year depending on the severity of winter weather, the species has become more regular at several localities over the last fifteen years. Top sites are Marazion Marsh, Loe Pool, Par Beach pool and Maer Lake, although Drift Res. holds the record single day count. Monthly counts were lower than in previous years although an influx in December significantly boosted numbers. The last for the spring were a pair at Loe Pool Apr 8th. The only summering record is of a drake at Stithians Res. Jun 24th, this may be the bird from Par. last noted Mar 4th. An early returning bird was at Drift Res. in August but no others arrived until mid-September. Again no birds were noted at the Tamar Lakes, a once regular wintering site. Approximate monthly county total: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 35 8 10 5 1 1 8 10 12 55 Regular reports and maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Camel Est. 9 5 5 2 - - - - - 2 1 Drift Res. 5 2 2 - _ 1 - 2 2 12 Loe Pool 2 - 2 - - - 1 - 2 19 Marazion Marsh 5 - 2 1 - - 2 4 2 6 Par 7 1 1 - - - - 2 - - 2 Stithians Res. 7 - - - - 1 - - - - - 5 Elsewhere only recorded in the autumn and second winter period as follows: 34 Singles were noted at Siblyback Res. Sep 8th. St John's Lake Dec 3rd. Tehidy CP Dec 14th-27th. Porth Res. Dec 17th and Lvnher Est. Dec 23rd. with two at Swanpool Sep 29th. Upper Tamar Lake Dec 4th-24th. Maer Lake Dec 28th. At the Hayle Est. there were four Oct 11th. eight Dec 24th. two Dec 30th. At Dozmary Pool there were four Nov 4th.

COMMON TEAL - Anas crecca Abundant winter visitor. Passage migrant. Breeding has been confirmed only sporadically over the last twenty years. AH such records have emanated from with Crowdy Reservoir the most popular site. Breeding was confirmed at Crowdy Res. where a female was accompanying seven young Jun 15th. Elsewhere during the breeding season single pairs were present at Maer Lake and Colliford Res. At the latter site a female with seven juveniles noted Jul 2nd were almost certainly the family from Crowdy Res. Substantial numbers overwintered from 1994. remaining to the end of January, before rapidly dissipating. The last spring migrant was noted at Marazion Marsh May 3rd and the first to return in the autumn were three at Stithians Res. Jul 7th. During the autumn and early winter numbers were typical for the time of year but a massive influx in December increased numbers to almost double the average of recent years. Approximate monthly county total: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1970 877 309 115 10 10 16 193 351 1162 1936 3842 Regular reports and maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Tamar Est. 58 36 ------2 15 250 St John's Lake 48 34 ------6 86 Lviiher Est. 298 113 43 2 - - - 22 57 17 216 Colliford Res. 200 200 38 3 • 2 - 8 35 53 19 25 97 Devoran 172 ------300 Stithians Res. 31 2 - - - 3 5 - 17 30 80 Loe Pool 25 31 13 - - - - 6 32 85 80 293 Marazion 35 15 18 8 1 - 23 13 7 10 96 Havle Est. 328 212 40 6 - - 1 5 70 700 1100 950 Drift Res. 30 20 9 . 2 50 50 1 47 70 Camel Est. 170 97 43 50 - - - - 57 121 400 Crowdy Res. 60 8 56 4 2 8 - 2 35 30 52 Maer Lake 294 132 64 30 5 2 2 12 82 123 324 452 Elsewhere 50 Ruan Lanihorne Jan 2nd. 60 Porth Jan 21st and 80 Dec 11th. and 100 Catchall Dec 5th. The peak counts at the Hayle Est. in the second winter period are estimated but still represent the biggest totals since 1987.

Green-winged Teal - Anas crecca carolinensis Vagrant. The North American race of Common Teal. Loe Pool: male Feb 18th-Mar 3rd and Nov 30th into 1996 RK.ARP.GHT. et al. Assuming that the above records relate to the same male, which first appeared in 1994. the county mainland total remains at c.40 occurrences involving c.30 individuals. Monthlv breakdown: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 6 5 3 3 1 - - - - 8 6 8 Top sites: Hayle Est. - nine. Stithians Res. - six, Marazion and Lynher Est. - four each. 35 MALLARD - Anas platyrhynchos Abundant resident. Breeds. Passage migrant. Winter visitor. Feral release for wildfowling purposes at many sites. Successful breeding was reported from 19 localities from across the county and suspected at many others. Throughout the year numbers were somewhat down on 1994. Approximate monthly county total: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1006 809 576 568 453 723 974 1307 1568 1195 1297 1451 Regular reports and maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Tamar Est. 57 41 14 24 23 49 10 13 50 64 140 110 St John's Lake 53 36 29 30 25 35 51 73 81 63 35 48 L\iiher Est. 141 87 63 38 13 35 40 63 161 244 171 170 Looe Est. 37 12 21 13 - - 24 79 113 52 78 74 Siblyback Res. 35 44 14 11 7 59 61 64 52 32 38 Colliford Res. 38 15 6 17 20 46 45 98 28 38 37 62 Fowey Est. 70 48 15 - - - - - 37 - - 80 Par 98 96 96 25 - - - - 60 106 86 94 Tresillian 23 23 11 14 7 16 1 15 7 24 32 65 Devoran 14 2 2 10 7 10 2 4 15 48 87 60 Swanpool 28 40 30 30 30 66 84 80 60 42 46 62 Loe Pool 56 46 10 12 22 32 106 103 68 55 42 120 Marazion 33 19 20 20 49 37 52 21 19 33 51 33 Havle Est. 5 - - 1 4 4 21 34 47 51 15 28 Tehidv CP - 41 40 29 64 58 82 63 89 85 Porth Res 10 10 10 19 55 78 75 120 - - 70 Gannel Est. - 18 31 23 38 86 107 127 191 - - - Camel Est. 64 80 46 38 24 43 46 34 59 34 28 6 Crowdv Res. 13 9 - 4 18 10 10 25 11 60 67 34 No other site held more than 50 birds.

NORTHERN PINTAIL - Anas acuta Scarce winter visitor and passage migrant. Apart from feral birds the species has only bred once in Cornwall - in 1978. Apart from the regular wintering flock on the Lynher Est. few additional birds were noted during the first winter period, many of which had departed by the end of February. The only migrants noted during the spring were at Marazion Marsh with a drake Mar 11th-14th and a female Apr 1 lth-Mav 3rd (two Apr 29th).

Autumn passage commenced with a single on the Lynher Estuary Sep 3rd? shortly followed by a dozen others during the month, including nine at Dozmary Pool. Passage was evident throughout October and included an exceptional flock of 75 which flew west over the Hayle Estuary Oct 21st GH. During the second winter period the Lynher Estuary was the only site to hold a significant wintering flock. The Hayle Estuary record constitutes the largest flock since 1985. when 92 were counted on the Lynher Est., and appears to be the second largest flock recorded this century. Approximate monthly county total: r i Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 39 32 15 2 1 - - - 13 95 23 41 Regular reports and maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Camel Est. - 1 - - - - 1 4 4 Dozmarv Pool ------9 2 1 - 36 Lvnher Est. 34 30 14 - - 1 10 9 29 Hayle Est. 5 1 - - - - - 1 75 5 2 Loe Pool ------1 3 . 3 Maer Lake ------1 1 1 Marazion - - 1 2 1 - . 1 . Tamar Lakes ------1 2 - Elsewhere: singles at Rame Head west Sep 22nd, Crowdy Res. Oct 21st. Harlyn Pools Nov 4th. Drift Res. Nov 5th. St John's Lake Dec 3rd. Catchall Dec 5th and Hannafore Point female west Dec 28th.

GARGANEY - Anas querquedula Scarce passage migrant (mainly spring) with numbers fluctuating from year to year. Has bred on at last six occasions including three successive years 1981-3. Marazion Marsh: female Jan 8th-29th, mav have overwintered from 1995, SMC.GRW.MW, female Mar 11th-19th and Apr 6th-16th. drake Apr 16th-29th. pair Aug 6th-16th. one Aug 17th-22nd. drake Sep 9th DSF. et al. Walmsley Sanctuary: drakes Mar 25th and May 26th DIJ.GPS. Stithians Res.: drake Mav 4th and Mav 31st, one Aug 1st. two Aug 7th-8th. one Aug 10th-26th, two Aug 28th-Sep 1st DE.MCH.RCJ.SK.SML.BKM. et al. Loe Pool: pair May 10th, one Aug 11th-13th and Sep 13th-14th RCJ.RK.ARP. Maer Lake: female Aug 11th JHH. Ryan's Field: two Aug 11th-12th per DSF. Drift Res.: two Sep 2nd-3rd. one Sep 10th GH. The county mainland total advances to: c.718 since 1930. The female at Marazion Marsh may well have overwintered but where vvas it during December 1994 9

JaMonthln y Febreakdownb Mar : Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1 2 238 173 86 11 36 116 36 20 1 3

Top sites: Marazion - 260. Stithians Res. - 89. Par - 38, Hayle Kimbro Pool - 37.

BLUE-WINGED TEAL - Anas discors Rare Vagrant. Tehidy Country Park: first winter Oct 10th-14th DE.MJH.JFR. et al. The county mainland total advances to 27 - all since 1976. Last recorded in 1992. During the autumn nine other individuals occurred in the UK, constituting the largest influx since 1982. Monthly breakdown: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Si Oct Nov Dec 3 - - - 2 - - 3 14 5 - -

Top sites. Tamar Lakes - eight, Stithians Res. - four. Marazion - three.

NORTHERN SHOVELER - Anas clypeata Winter visitor. Scarce passage migrant. A very good year, surpassing 1994 but not quite as productive as 1993. The high numbers in December resulted from a large influx of birds displaced by the harsh winter weather, which affected much of the UK, producing the highest second winter total since 1983. The last bird of the spring was at Loe Pool Apr 29th. However, a male was at Maer Lake on the very unusual date of Jun 10th. In the autumn the first return was to Stithians Res. Jul 29th followed by a light passage into October.

Approximate monthly county total: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 112 46 34 9 - 1 1 2 8 25 56 150 37 Regular reports and maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Lvnher Est. 2 ------1 - 8 Stithians Res. 5 - - - - 1 2 2 4 Loe Pool 10 11 1 - - - - 8 10 22 42 Helston Lake 29 11 10 - - - - _ . Marazion 21 12 14 1 - - - - - 7 5 20 Havle Est. 1 ------8 41 Drift Res. 2 ------1 5 Camel Est. 25 3 2 - _ - 5 5 8 Maer Lake 10 6 5 4 - 1 - - - - 2 9 Fovvev Est. 70 48 15 - - - - - 37 - - 80 Elsewhere one to four birds were noted at Colliford Res.. Dozmary Pool. Tamar Est.. St John's Lake. Lower Tamar Lake. Mawgan Porth. Polgrean Farm. Polhawn Cove. Tehidy CP and Lynher Est. whilst 11 were at Bude Marshes and eight at Siblyback Res.

RED-CRESTED POCHARD - Netta rufina Vagrant. Feral escape. Lvnher Est.: first winter female noted at Wacker Quav Dec 10th and presumably the same at Jupiter Point Dec 18th RMB.SCM.GDL. The date suggests the possibility of a genuine vagrant. However, there are a significant number of birds in collections across the county which may escape at any time. The county mainland total advances to 18. Monthly breakdown: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 3 1 1 2 - - 1 - 5 - 1 3

Top sites: Tamar Lakes and Loe pool - five each. Swanpool - three.

COMMON POCHARD - Aythya ferina Winter visitor. Passage migrant. Probably bred at Crowdy Reservoir in 1977. Numbers in the first winter period were well below the average of recent years. In December a substantial influx occurred giving the highest second winter total for at least the last six years. The largest gathering was again at Loe Pool where the December count equalled the highest count since 1985. also at the same site. During the summer singles were noted at Colliford Res. and Long Rock Pool, with two at Loe Pool. Approximate monthly county total: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 212 195 63 5 3 4 6 26 46 54 175 428 Regular reports and maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Siblyback Res. 33 16 1 - - - - - . 16 39 32 Dozmary Pool 25 20 1 - - - - 2 7 24 11 23 Colliford Res. 3 5 2 2 - 1 2 9 24 12 13 16 Par 32 13 6 - - - 1 - 1 14 Stithians Res. 15 14 7 - 1 - - 1 - - - Loe Pool 65 103 40 2 2 2 4 14 13 94 200 Drift Res. 14 5 - _ - - - - 6 - 50 Long Rock Pool 5 10 - - - 1 - - 1 1 9 50 A flock of up to 20 on the Tamar Est. in December was unusual. 38 RING-NECKED DUCK - Aythya collaris Annual vagrant with some individuals becoming resident. Drift Res.: drake Jan lst-Mar 10th GH.RAJ.GRW.MW. et al. Long Rock Pool: drake Feb 15th BRP. Both records relate to a single drake which has wintered in the west of the county since 1991. The county mainland total remains at 36 - all since 1976.

JaMonthln v Febreakdownb Mar : Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 11 2 - 1 '- - - - 4 9 5 4 Top sites: Stithians Reservoir - 11. Drift Res. - six. Tamar Est. and Loe Pool - four each

Ring-necked Duck (Paul Semmens) TUFTED DUCK - Aythya fuligula Winter visitor. Passage migrant. Occasionally breeds. Breeding season reports were received from the following localities during 1995 (with comparative data for 1989-1994). B = breeding confirmed; p = present, success unknown. 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 1989 Colliford Res. B 2B P P P P P Dozmary Pool p P - P - - - Argal Res. p P P - - - - Loe Pool p P P P - P - Swanpool p - - - P - - Siblyback Res. p ------At Colliford Res. a nest containing 11 eggs was found Jul 1st and 4 ducklings were seen Jul 17th DAC.GJC. Reduced water levels at Stithians and Crowdy Res. are no doubt responsible for the absence of breeding season records at these sites. Good numbers were again noted at both ends of the year, but particularly in December. 39 Approximate monthly county total: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 304 310 220 136 37 14 124 115 186 100 193 371 Regular reports and maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Siblyback Res. 60 36 17 29 5 1 19 2 38 18 49 41 Colliford Res. 25 7 12 16 9 5 34 35 53 32 38 35 Dozmary Pool 21 24 4 9 - . 21 - 2 16 7 17 Swanpool 53 59 37 12 - 2 2 - 5 6 33 70 Argal Res. 33 50 20 3 3 1 1 1 1 8 21 22 Stithians Res. 11 20 18 18 8 ------1 Loe Pool 45 43 34 43 11 5 45 67 83 15 29 58 Helston Lake 12 16 18 - • - - 1 1 - - 20 Drift Res. 28 27 31 - - - 1 8 - 3 15 70

Apart from 13 at Porth Res. Dec 29th. no other site held more than ten birds.

GREATER SCAUP - Aythya marila Uncommon passage migrant and winter visitor. Numbers fluctuate from year to year with highest counts in severe weather. Again, low numbers were noted in the county. Three overwintered from 1994 which were joined by seven others in the first winter period. Three were recorded in the spring with singles during the summer at Loe Pool and Swanpool. Only two were noted in the autumn but nine arrived in the second winter period. Approximate monthly county total: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 6 3 1 2 3 2 2 1 1 3 5 10 Millbrook: resident female noted throughout the year RMB.MG.KG. et al., first appeared in 1992. Stithians Res.: pair from 1994 joined bv a single Jan 7th DE. female Jan 24th-Feb 12th, one Apr 15th STB.PWd.REW. Swanpool: two females (one immature) Jan 14th. drake Jul lst-8th CLB.RCJ. Torpoint: drake Feb 4th DGM.RS.JS. Loe Pool: pair Mav 13th-19th. single Jun 17th. female Oct 31st RK.RAJ. Long Rock Pool: female Oct 28th-30th RB. et al. Drift Res.: one first winter drake Nov 24th GH, three Dec 26th JHH. Siblyback Res.: three (one first winter drake) Nov 27th-Dec 27th EJW. et al. Cargreen: three (one drake) Dec 9th RS.JS. Lynher Est.: three (two drakes) Dec 27th into 1996 PSC.

COMMON EIDER - Somateria mollissima Uncommon passage migrant and winter visitor. A few summer. There are only eight documented records pre-1900 and only records in eight years between 1931 and 1951. However, since 1952 this species has proved annual. Only two indiv iduals overwintered with five additional birds noted in the spring. During the autumn seven birds were noted, all on passage. Throughout December at least 50 individuals arrived. However, the true figure may have involved in excess of 75 birds. Many of these birds remained in the county only briefly whilst escaping the bitter Arctic conditions which gripped the UK towards the monuYs end. Around 40 remained into 1996 but numbers rapidly diminished. Approximate monthly county total: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2 1 6 ------2 5 50 Regular reports and maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Camel Est. 1 ------12 40 Carrick Roads - - - _ 19 Mount's Bav ------4 Par - - 5 - - - - - 3 5 Newquay - 1 1 ------1 St Ives Bay ------4 Whitsand Bav ------5 Elsewhere: Bass Point one Oct 6th and 19th. Port Gaverne female Dec 1st Hayle Est. 20 Dec 5th with three remaining to 13th. Swanpool Beach three Dec 13th with one remaining to 14th. Helford River one Dec 21st - 26th but two Dec 23rd. Rame Head one east Dec 27th and eight east 29th and Lizard Point one first winter male Dec 31st.

LONG-TAILED DUCK - Clangula hyemalis Uncommon passage migrant and winter visitor. Frequently encountered on freshwater sites. Numbers fluctuate from year to year. Assuming that two birds overwintered then only two new birds were involved. Loe Pool: female from 1994 - May 17th. also noted on Helston Boating Lake RK. Fowey Est.: one Jan 28th-Mar 4th RAJ.PAW, probably overwintered from 1994. Carrick Roads: drakes Feb 1st and Mar 19th GJC. Drift Res.: immature drake Dec 1 lth-27th DSF.GH. The county mainland total advances to c.411 since 1930. Monthly breakdown: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 51 33 45 14 4 3 1 1 1 48 108 102 COMMON SCOTER - Melanitta nigra Winter visitor. Passage migrant (mainly late June to mid-October). A few summer. Significant wintering flocks regularly occur along sheltered coasts such as Gerran's Bay. St Austell Bay and Whitsand Bay. Good numbers were present at traditional sites in the first winter period. Passage throughout the spring, summer and autumn was good. However, few birds were located at wintering sites in December. Approximate monthly county total: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 99 127 45 102 218 202 395 157 63 213 314 29 Regular reports and maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Rame Head 14 5 11 59 72 196 172 27 32 21 - 3 Whitsand Bav 8 23 20 15 - 20 - 3 9 2 St Austell Bay 26 50 1 6 - 1 - 58 Gerran's Bav 39 22 1 . _ 20 . Lizard - 20 1 - 17 40 33 Mount's Bay - 3 - 6 15 . 125 ' i St Ives Island ------7 - 62 Porthgwarra - - - 12 54 - 94 11 13 32 - - Pendeen Watch ------18 6 148 - - Fowev Est. 70 48 15 - - - - - 37 - - 80 Inland there was a drake at Drift Res. Nov 19th DSF.

VELVET SCOTER - Melanitta fusca Rare passage migrant and winter visitor (mainly November to February). Carrick Roads: pair Jan lst-Feb 4th with one remaining to Feb 21st. two Dec 17th. four female/immatures Dec 30th into 1996 GJC.DE.RCJ.BKM. et al. Porthpean: female Jan 3rd DE. 41 The county mainland total advances to c391 all since 1930. Monthly breakdown: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 48 78 24 12 2 - - 1 2 40 102 82 Top sites: St Ives - 82. Carrick Roads - 48. Mount's Bay - 36. Whitsand Bay/Rame Head - 30.

COMMON GOLDENEYE - Bucephala clangula Winter visitor. Passage migrant. Regularlv encountered on most estuarine and freshwater sites throughout the county. During recent years there has been a distinct decrease in the number of birds visiting Cornwall. This has become evident at Carrick Roads where the wintering flock is 60% below the average of the 1970's and earlv 1980's. Numbers in both winter periods were around the average of recent years. Typically the largest flocks were at Carrick Roads and Stithians Res. but the peak count at Dozmary Pool was a good number for that site. The last remaining bird in spring was at Long Rock Pool May 25th and the first for the autumn were singles at Loe Pool and Stithians Res. Oct 23rd. Approximate monthly county total: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 59 61 28 9 4 - - - - 3 22 47 Regular reports and maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec St John's Lake 2 1 ------Colliford Res. 7 6 1 2 - - - - _ 3 7 Dozmary Pool 2 2 - 3 1 - - _ - 11 2 Carrick Roads 9 20 2 _ - - _ 15 Argal Res. 8 6 7 ------Stithians Res. 6 11 11 ------1 - 2 Loe Pool 4 ------1 2 4 Drift Res. 2 2 1 ------1 3 Haylc Est. 1 1 ------1 6 Camel Est. 8 9 3 ------1 4 5 The peak count at Carrick Roads is the highest since 1991.

Smew (Richard James) 42 SMEW - Mergus albellus Scarce winter visitor and passage migrant. Crowdy Res.: redhead Dec 24th STB. Drift Res.: redhead Dec 28th GH.VAS. Siblyback Res.: redhead Dec 26th GDL. Assuming just one bird was involved in all three sightings the countv mainland total advances to c.303 since 1930. Monthly breakdown: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 139 92 20 2 "1 - - - - 2 13 34

Top sites: Siblyback Res. - 79. Camel Est. - 30. Colliford Res. - 28. Tamar Est. - 26. Loe Pool 14.

RED-BREASTED MERGANSER - Mergus serrator Winter visitor. Uncommon passage migrant. Rare inland. The majority of birds occurring in the countv are encountered at Carrick Roads. They gather to roost, along with grebes and other waterfowl, off Turnaware Point and Loe Beach. At dawn they break up into small flocks to feed within the Fal Estuary complex. During both winter periods numbers far surpassed those of the last decade. The peak count at Carrick Roads is the highest there since 1979 and the third best ever, marginallv exceeding the count of 74 in 1994. The last in spring was a redhead at Torpoint Mav 13th. Most unusual was a redhead at Loe Pool on Jul 3rd. Autumn passage was virtually non-existent but commenced with a redhead Sep 21st. Approximate monthly county total: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 106 70 67 15 3 - 1 - 1 1 5 88 Regular reports and maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Tamar Est. 2 2 2 2 - - - - - 1 4 St John's Lake 6 6 3 1 1 - - - - - 11 Lynher Est. 13 11 10 8 - - - - - 1 7 Carrick Roads 76 41 30 - - _ 58 Ruan Lanihorne 2 5 12 - - - - - Penryn River 4 2 2 1 - - - - - Camel Est. 2 2 2 - - - - - 1 1 1 3

GOOSANDER - Mergus merganser Uncommon winter visitor and passage migrant. Probably breeds annually on the Cornwall/Devon border. Tvpically most birds were noted at the regular sites on Bodmin Moor and at Stithians/Argal Res. A certain amount of interchange occurs between sites within these two areas, which is taken into account in the figures below. Numbers were below average in the first winter period. The last birds to depart in spring were a female at Marazion Beach Apr 9th and a lingering redhead at Crowdy Res. Apr 10th. A redhead at Colliford Res. Oct. 1st was the first bird of the autumn. Few were noted during the second winter period. Approximate monthly county total: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 21 20 10 2 - - - - 2 2 9 Regular reports and maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Argal Res. 6 4 3 ------1 Colliford Res. 1 4 - - - - 1 - 2 Crowdv Res. 9 2 6 1 - - - - - 1 - 4 43 Dozmarv Pool - 3 _ _ - _ _ _ _ 2 Drift Res. 1 2 1 - - - - - 1 1 Siblvback Res. 5 4 ------1 1 Stithians Res. 4 5 3 ------Elsewhere: Hayle Est. five redheads Feb 18th, Marazion Beach female Apr 9th. Loe Pool one Nov 13th-18th. drake Dec 10th. redhead Dec 12th. Cadsonbury one Dec 21st. The countv mainland total advances to c. 1003. Monthly breakdown: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 420 134 88 13 3 - - 3 1 22 144 235 Top sites: Crovvdy Res. - 142. Siblyback Res. - 101. Drift Res. - 79. Hayle Est. - 74, Argal Res. - 73. Stithians Res. - 66. Camel Est. - 63. RUDDY DUCK - Oxyura jamaicensis Scarce winter visitor and passage migrant. Annual since 1977. Loe Pool, female from 1994 - Mar 26th. ten Sep 21st, female Dec 31st into 1996 RK.SK.BKM.ARP. GHT. et al. Drift Res.: female Feb 17th-18th JFR. female Dec 31st into 1996 GH. et al. Colliford Res.: two females/immatures Oct 28th EJW. Siblvback Res.: female Dec 10th into 1996 RMB.MPF.SCM. et al. Argal Res.: one Dec 31st BKM.

On Dec 31st a definite influx occurred involving up to four birds. Of these the Argal Res. bird may have been noted at a second site on this same date. The annual total of 16 new birds is the second largest since c.26 in 1982. Also, the flock often at Loe Pool is the largest ever recorded, seven at Stithians Res. in 1985 being the previous highest. The county mainland total advances to c.99. all since 1977.

Monthly breakdown: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 39 20 2 - - - 1 - 15 16 17 5 Top sites: Loe Pool - 37, Stithians Res. - 22. Drift Res. - 9.

HONEY-BUZZARD - Pernis apivorus Rare passage migrant. A potential breeding species (cf. annual breeding in Devon since 1979). New Mill: one Mav 6th CBC. Gulval. one Aug 22nd CCW. later seen at Ne^ Drift Res.: one Juf 22nd GH. Mill. Penzance CBC. Gurnard's Head: one flew in off the sea Aug 15th Holmbush: one Sep 4th RL. EGG. Trev lllev: one Oct 15th SGR.VAS. The countv mainland total advances to c.93. all but nine since 1972. Monthly breakdown * : Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - - - 6 18 5 1 9 22 22 - 1 * five birds were "undated. Top sites: Hayle and Porthgwarra/St Levan - nine each, Rame Head - seven.

BLACK KITE - Milvus migrans Rare vagrant. Land's End: one Sep 17th RAw.DSF.BKM.RWW. Accepted by BBRC. The tenth countv mainland record, since 1975. This species has occurred in all but one year since 1989. reflecting the increase of records in N.W. Europe and the UK over recent years, a trend which looks set to continue. 44 Monthly breakdown: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - - - 1 5 - - - 2 2 - -

RED KITE - Mllvus milvus Rare passage migrant and winter visitor. There are various ancient claims of breeding in Cornwall but none are considered fully authentic. Rumours still persist of birds summering in apparently suitable breeding habitat in the county, so the possibility of successful breeding should not be overlooked. It is surprising that this species is not occurring with more regularity now that new breeding populations have been successfully reintroduced to a number of sites within the UK Webbs Down, Halvana: one flew over the A30 Sep 8th SJF. Trezibbett Farm. Upper Fowey Valley: one hunting Oct 10th AB.PB. The county mainland total advances to c. 92 since 1952. There were no records between 1930 and 1952. There are twelve 19th century records. Monthly breakdown: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 8 4 12 7 6 4 4 1 8 22 10 6

MARSH HARRIER - Circus aeruginosus Rare passage migrant and winter visitor. A dramatic increase in records over recent years is no doubt related to an expanding UK breeding population. Marazion Marsh: female/immature Feb 18th, male Apr 3rd-4th, female flew in off the sea being mobbed by a Buzzard Apr 24th. female May 2nd and May 12th, male Aug 8th DSF.BKM.JFR. et al. Skewjack: female Apr 9th, one Aug 10th JHH. et Stithians Res.: one May 7th BSW. al. St Just: immature Aug 17th BSW. Walmslev Sanctuary: male Apr 11th, female Apr Perranporth: one Aug 19th BSW. 13th DIJ. Camel Est.: female/immature. Aug 19th, Aug Maer Lake: female May 2nd TJD.GPS. 28th - 31st, Sep 8th, may all relate to one Polly Joke: female May 6th SGR. individual LL.BR.REW. Predannack Airfield: male May 6th ML.AL. Kynance Cliff: female Aug 31st SK. Crowdy Res.: female May 7th AMJD. Goonhillv Downs: female/immature Oct 29th Kynance Cove: one May 7th BSW. GWD. A number of other reports lacked adequate documentation. A record annual total of 20 individuals advances the county mainland total to c. 137 since 1930. The majority of birds arrived in spring with notable passage around May 6th/7th.

Figure 1 : Marsh Harrier Countv Totals 1976-1995 45 Monthly breakdown: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 3 3 14 20 33 2 1 12 18 23 4 4 Top sites: Marazion - 32. Sennen - 12. Lizard Downs - 13. Porthgwarra and - seven each.

HEN HARRIER - Circus cyaneus Scarce passage migrant and winter visitor. Forms communal roosts in winter. Traditional roosts on mid-Cornwall moors and the Penwitl moors are well documented but sites on Bodmin Moor and Lizard Downs have received les; attention. Very low numbers were noted at all the regular winter grounds. The last for the spring was a single at Ryan's Field May 9th. During the autumn a female a Perranporth Airfield Aug 18th and a ringtail at Nanjizal Sep 9th were the first and third earliest ever respectively. Approximate monthly county total: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 11 6 6 6 3 - - 1 2 4 5 4 Bodmin Moor Single ringtails were noted at Polvphant Jan 12th. Colliford Res. Jan 14th and Crovvdv Res. Jan 29th and Oct 19th. Mid-Cornwall Moors At the Tregonetha Downs roost three (a female, first winter male and adult male) remained from 1994, noted intermittently until Mar 5th but joined by another adult male Jan 22nd. Two adult males were present Mar 11th-19th with a late female Apr 1st, all of which may have been migrants. An adult male returned on December 4th and remained into 1996. Elsewhere there was a ringtail at Lockengate Moor Feb 26th, first winter male at Mar 5th (later seen at Tregonetha Downs) and a female at Boslymon Oct 22nd. West Penwith Moors The roost at Trewey Downs attracted three ringtails Jan lst-Feb 15th, one Mar 16th and two Dec 22nd, along with males Jan 3rd and Nov 27th-Dec 4th. Around and Sancreed there were males Jan 22nd, Mar 3rd and Dec 8th-25th with ringtails Mar 16th-22nd, Apr 7th and Oct 25th. At other sites in the first winter period there were ringtails at Castle-an-Dinas Jan 7th, Boswednack Jan 20th, Bone Valley Feb 2nd and Eagles Nest Mar 13th with males at Lelant Golf Course Jan 8th and Zennor Jan 15th-Feb 2nd. During the spring there was a ringtail at St Bury an Apr 12th, females at Tredinnick Apr 29th and Bosporthennis May 3rd, male at Ryan's Field May 9th and a single at Land's End May 5th. In the autumn there were ringtails at Nanjizal Sep 9th and Land's End Oct 22nd, females at Porthgwarra Sep 17th and St Just Nov 12th, a single at Cot Valley Oct 23rd and a first winter male at Porthgwarra Nov 18th. Lizard Peninsula Yet again none remained in either w inter period. Probably just two males were involved in sightings at Caerthillian Cove Apr 4th, Kynance Cove Nov 12th and Lizard Village Nov 18th. Elsewhere Migrants involved males at Penhale Apr 11th and Landulph Marsh Nov 17th and a female at Perranporth Airfield Aug 18th-20th, seen at Trevissome Aug 19th.

MONTAGU'S HARRIER - Circus pygargus Rare passage migrant. Formerly a regular breeding species in Mid Cornwall, last noted in 1975. Summering birds occasionally occur, indicating the possibility of future breeding. Predannack Airfield: male Mav 8th MW.GRW. Porthgwarra: adult male May 11th JDB.MKW. Gribbin Head: immature male Jun 23rd RLS. 46 A number of other reports await documentation. The county mainland total (published records only) advances to 94. since 1930. Monthly breakdown: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - - 1 19 41 5 2 14 9 2 1 - Top sites: Porthgwarra - 17, Lizard Dowiis/Goonhilly/Kynance - 14. St Just - 6. Harrier sp. - all sightings relate to birds not specifically identified

Crowdy Res.: one very dark bird May 7th BTC. Zelah Hill: adult male June 10th PG. Porthgwarra: one ringtail Oct 22nd JFR.

NORTHERN GOSHAWK - Accipter gentilis Rare passage migrant (mainly autumn) and winter visitor. A few pairs breed annually in Devon. In Cornwall summering individuals have been noted irregularly since the mid 1980's but proof of breeding remains absent. Predannack Airfield: female May 14th ML.AL. Kit Hill: one Jun 20th AJM. The county mainland total advances to c.88. Monthly breakdown: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 4 6 4 10 lb 2 2 12 13 17 6 2

EURASIAN SPARROWHAWK - Accipter nisus Common and widespread resident. Breeds. Passage migrant. Reports were received from 105 localities during the year. Breeding was proven at Housel Bay. Lamorna Valley, Loe Pool, Little Petherick Creek, The Lizard, Tehidy CP and Zennor. Pairs were present during the breeding season at Crowdy Reservoir, Maenporth. North Hill and Whitecross. No obvious migrants were apparent during the spring. In the autumn numerous sightings in the West Penwith valleys and around The Lizard, between mid-September and mid-October almost certainly relate to true migrants, as opposed to dispersing locally bred birds. An influx occured in early October, including three at the following sites: Holmbush Oct 6th. Nanquidno Oct 8th and Porthgwarra Oct 10th. Reported prey items include Common Snipe. Collared Dove. House Martin. Blackbird, numerous Starlings and two House Sparrows.

Eurasian Sparrowhawk (John Walters) 47 COMMON BUZZARD - Buteo buteo Abundant resident. Breeds. Passage migrant. Breeding reports were received from Gulval, Kit Hill (six pairs). Lamelgate (six pairs). Lamorna Valley. Marazion (two pairs). Messack Point. Boswednack. St Erney and Ziggersun Wood. Reports suggest that this species is prospering throughout the county. Large gatherings include: eight at Polly Joke Mav 21st and Venton Vedna Oct 5th (following a muck spreader), ten at Marazion Marsh Sep 28th. 15 at Pelvnt Nov 17th. 15 between Porthgwarra and St Levan and 16 at Duloe Apr 18th. Six at St Ives Apr 11th. which flew out to sea, mav have been migrants.

OSPREY - Pandion haliaetus Scarce passage migrant. Svvanpool: one Mar 30th per RCJ. Prussia Cove: one May 17th CCW. Tamar Bridge: one Apr 11th (seen later at Tamar Innis Fish Farm. Bugle: one Mav 19th - 21st Est.) MG.KG. RFF. Tamar Est.: adults Apr 11th. Jun 10th, Aug 8th. Lvnher Est.: one Sep 9th-23rd AB.PB.EJW, Sep 3rd-24th. juvenile Oct 1st PE.GDL. another Oct 8th/9th per MG. Drift Res.: Apr 1 lth-21st DSF.GH. et al. Tresillian River: one fishing Aug 28th BKM. Hayle Est., one Apr 20th and Oct 21st per DSF, Grumbla: one Sep 18th BSW. Tregonetha Downs: one Apr 24th DMY. Helford River: one Oct 15th and Oct 24th RDR. Restronguet Creek, one Apr 28th JHW. et al. Stithians Res.: one May 6th SK.CCW. Nanjizal: one Oct 21st BKM. also seen at Camel Est.: one Mav 10th, adult and juvenile Sep Polgigga. 19th. one Nov 11th FMC.DIJ.DJCs.CCW. The birds at Swanpool and the Camel Est. are the fifth earliest in spring and the second latest in autumn, respectively. At least 24 birds were involved in one of the best years on record for the species. The county mainland total advances to c. 199. Monthly breakdown: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - - 5 26 35 7 10 51 57 17 2 - Top sites: Camel Est. - 35. Ruan Lanihorne - 21, Tamar Est. - 22, Hayle Est. - 14, Lynher Est. - 12.

COMMON KESTREL - Falco tinnunculus Common resident. Breeds. Passage migrant. Many more reports were received for 1995 than in recent years, involving records from 124 localities. JWJ. reports that sightings around Tregathenan are less frequent than in former years. However, there is insufficient information with which to determine any real change in population size. Breeding was confirmed at Godrevy Point (five young), Phillack two pairs (four young each), Clodgv Point and Porthoustock Quarry. The regular pair at Kit Hill did not nest, probably due to increased public disturbance. An unusual sight involved one chasing a Rabbit at Marazion BRP. Possible autumn migrants include three Nanquidno Oct 8th. four at Trevillev Oct 13th, four at Nanquidno Oct 15th with three at and Porthgwarra the same day.

MERLIN - Falco columbarius Scarce passage migrant and winter visitor. Occasionally roosts communally, often associating with Hen Harriers. Again, low numbers were reported in both winter periods. Spring passage apparently commenced on Mar 19th with singles at Colliford Res. and Towan Beach and ended with a male at Loe Pool May 19th, involving nine individuals. 48 Autumn passage commenced with a male at Ruan Lanihorne Aug 14th and continued into mid- November. At least 48 birds were involved, producing the best autumn since 1991. Approximate monthly county total: Jan Feb Mar Apr Max Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 7 6 6 4 "1 - - 1 5 38 10 8 Regular reports and maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Colliford Res. 1 1 - - - - - 1 1 1 Crowdy Res. 1 - - - 1 1 Tregonetha 1 - - - - 2 - Predannack _ - 1 1 1 Land's End ------1 - Porthgwarra - - - 1 - - - - 1 2 - -

HOBBY - Falco subbuteo Scarce passage migrant (increasing). Rare breeding species in East Cornwall, regular since 1991. During the breeding season birds were recorded at six localities. Of these breeding was confirmed at two sites (fledged young noted at both) and suspected at another, whilst at the remaining three sites single birds were noted near suitable breeding habitat. Drift Res.: singles Apr 23rd, Sep 9th GH.RAJ. Marazion Marsh: one Aug 2nd another Oct 27th Penlee Point: one Apr 24th DRC. CLBo.GJC.DSF.PJ. : one Mav 1st RJB. West Looe: one Aug 9th SCM. Kit Hill: one May*6th DCg. Newport: one Aug 25th-31st AMJD. Wicca: male May 6th VAS. Ninestones Bridge: one Aug 26th DCg. North Coiintry: one May 7th DCg. Calstock: one Sep 2nd JH. Bodmin Moor: singles Mav 9th and 27th. Jun Tregantle Fort: adult Sep 2nd SCM. 24th and 28th Anon. Five Lanes: one Sep 7th AMJD. Land's End: one May 14th BSW. Hessenford. three Sep 9th RMB. Truro: one May 15th GHT. Sconner Farm: one Sep 16th SCM. Skewjack: one Mav 22nd BKM. St John's Lake: one Sep 16th SCM. Rame Head: two May 24th PJR. Pelynt: one Sep 17th CB.CB. Sancreed: one Jun 7th DSF. Caerthillian Cove: singles Sep 20th and 30th SK. Porthcurno: one Jim 23rd BSW. et al. Porthgwarra: singles Jul 9th. Sep 30th. Oct 21st Colliford Res., one Sep 24th EJW. DJB.RAJ.SR. Bearah Tor: one Oct 8th PAW. Sheviock: one chasing hirundines Jul 29th SCM. Nanquidno: one Oct 8th BSW. Another record breaking year involving at least 44 individuals. Over the last decade this species has occurred with increasing regularity throughout the county. This trend looks set to continue given the steady increase of the UK breeding population. The county mainland total advances to c.300 (plus c.65 young) since 1930. Monthly breakdown: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - - - 38 136 74 45 68 98 44 - -

PEREGRINE FALCON - Falco peregrinus Resident. Breeds. Passage migrant. Winter visitor. During the year records were received from 138 localities covering all parts of the county. At least 10 eyries fledged young successfully with many other pairs at regular breeding sites throughout the summer. Four inland breeding sites were occupied, three of which raised young, but the other was abandoned, possibly due to human intervention. 49 Confirmed prey items include Common Greenshank, Black-headed Gull. Whimbrel. Common Snipe and three Feral Doves; other attempted kills involved a Herring Gull. Collared Dove and two Northern Lapwings. Some interesting observations of hunting birds include two chasing a Mallard at Bonvthon Aug 15th, three chasing a thrush at Portnadler Bav Oct 29th and a single bird chasing a Storm petrel off Rame Head Aug 4th.

Peregrine Falcon (Richard James) 50 RED-LEGGED PARTRIDGE - Alectoris rufa Feral release. Resident. Breeds. Thousands of hand-reared birds have been released for shooting purposes in various parts of the county, especially in mid and east Cornwall, over the last twenty years. However, breeding success of these feral birds remains very low, the reasons for which are not fully understood. St Keyne: three Mar 10th. Trevail: one Sep 10th. Dannonchapel: one Mar 21st. St Enodoc Golf Course, one Oct 12th. five Oct Gribbin Head: four March 13th, two Apr 14th. 27th. Higher Tremarcoombe: two May 1st-14th. Gwenter: one Oct 22nd. Trerulefoot: one Mav 21st. Porthcurno: one Oct 22nd. Mitchell: breeding confirmed, pair with six Nanquidno: eight Dec 31 st. juveniles Jul 7th. Another relatively poor year with only one instance of confirmed breeding. The records in the west of the county appear to relate to a small scale release at Nanquidno.

GREY PARTRIDGE - Perdix perdix Feral release. Scarce resident. Breeds. The Grey Partridge has been declining nationally for mam years, but this decrease has accelerated over the last decade. Most obvious is the retraction in range from the western UK. Reasons for the decline are centred in modern intensive farming practices. However, the provision of weed rich stubbles over the winter months and unsprayed 'headlands' around crop fields during the summer, combined with the sensible use of 'set-aside', would go a long way toward providing the year round requirements essential for the survival of this species. Tregonce: three Feb 25th, male calling Mar 19th. St Winnow: one during Jun. Hawker's Cove: pair Mar 19th. Lansallos: pair Jul 8th. Dannonchapel: one Mar 21st. Rame Head: one Aug 27th. Hendra Farm: one Mar 29th. St German's: two Sep 11th. Pentire Point: one Mar 31st, two Dec 12th. Penlee Battery: pair early Sep. Forder: pair Apr 6th. Reskajeage Downs: three Oct 16th-Nov 23rd. Pentireglaze. two May 2nd-24th. Penare: ten Oct 27th. Tregonhawke: one May 26th. Doyden Point: eight Dec 19th. The birds at Reskajeage are the first DML has recorded at this site. The population seems to have declined further since 1994 but appears to be hanging on in the two main strongholds situated around the Camel Est. and in the far southeast of the county.

COMMON QUAIL - Coturnix coturnix Scarce passage migrant and summer visitor. Occasionally breeds. Numbers fluctuate from year to year. Has overwintered. Annual since 1975. Davmans Farm: one Jun 18th DIJ. Denzell Downs: three Jun 18th-22nd, four Jun 28th, one Jul 2nd DAC.DIJ. Bear's Downs: one Jul 2nd DIJ. The countv total advances to c.262 (plus 63 young) since 1930. Monthly breakdown: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1 - 1 3 66 109 44 24 8 4 2 -

COMMON PHEASANT - Phasianus colchicus

Resident. Breeds. Thousands released annually for sporting purposes, thus ensuring that populations are maintained at a high level. Despite the few reports received there does not appear to be any change in abundance, with records coming from most parts of the county. No gathering larger than 20 was reported. An albino female was at Tresillian Mar 26th. 51 GOLDEN PHEASANT - Chrysolophus pictus Feral release. Escapee. Category 'C species, sedentary, nearest breeding population in Hampshire. Grampound: male Jan 8th RAJ. This is the fifth county record since 1986. prior to which several free-running birds frequented the Helford/St Anthony Head area in both 1981 and 1982. All records relate to escapees or feral releases of this popular captive species.

WATER RAIL - Rallus aquaticus Rare resident. Breeds in low numbers. Passage migrant. Winter visitor. Breeding season information was received from the following sites (with comparative data for 1988- 1994). Figures represent the number of young seen; p = present, success unknown. 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 1989 1988 Marazion/Long Rock 1 P P 2 P P P 4 Croft Pascoe Pool p 2 ------Maer Lake 1 1 ------No breeding reports were received from the Tamar Est.

Numbers in both winter periods were the lowest for recent years. The last bird to depart during the spring was at Par Beach Pool Apr 14th and the first autumn return involved two at Loe Pool Aug 8th.

Approximate monthly county total: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 22 18 22 7 2 - 3 9 9 33 38 34 Regular reports and maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Tamar Est. 2 2 - - - - - 1 - - 3 3 Par Beach Pool - 1 2 1 - - - 4 - 4 Tresillian 1 1 ------1 1 1 - Swanpool 2 1 ------1 1 4 5 Maenporth 1 3 2 ------2 Loe Pool 2 2 2 - - - - 2 - - 1 2 Marazion 1 2 3 2 - - - 5 3 7 5 4 Drift Res. 2 1 1 ------Harlyn Bay ------2 - Walmsley Sanctuary. 1 - 1 ------1 - Bude Marshes 2 - 2 2 ------2 - Maer Lake 4 4 3 1 1 - 2 3 - 2 - Unusual was one found trapped in a canoe at Port Gaverne Nov 11th. It was later released MLe. SPOTTED CRAKE - Porzana porzana Rare passage migrant (mainly mid-August to late September). Rare winter visitor. Bred in 1860,1862 and 1874. The dramatic increase in records at Marazion Marsh during recent years is due to active management at this site. This has provided excellent habitat in which passage birds can feed as well as facilitating access for observers. Marazion Marsh: a minimum of 11 birds between Aug 2nd and Sep 4th with maxima of four on Aug 23rd and Aug 30th. one trapped and ringed Aug 11th DSF.GGG.JFR.et al. Bray's Cot Pool: one Aug 6th-7th SPJ.GPS. Loe Pool, one Aug 13th-Sep 24th RK. Havle Kimbro Pool: one Sep 19th GWD.

The county mainland total advances to c. 111 since 1930. 52 Monthly breakdown: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - 3 1 2 1 - 3 53 40 7 1 - Top sites: Marazion/Long Rock - 63. Sennen - 7. Tamar Lakes - 6. BAILLON'S CRAKE - Porzana pusilla Rare Vagrant. Stithians Res.: adult male May 6th PC. et al. Accepted by BBRC. The fifth county mainland record and the first for 119 years. Previously recorded in 1877. 1858 with two undated records prior to 1858. This was a very welcome surprise for the lucky crowd of observers who managed to see it. Unfortunately it had moved on bv the following morning. However, the same or another appeared on Lundv Mav 15th-16th.

Baillon's Crake (Steve Bird) MOORHEN - Gallinula chloropus Resident. Breeds. Passage migrant. Winter visitor. After a period of apparent decline during the 1970's and 1980's. due mainly to habitat loss, a more enlightened attitude toward habitat conservation and creation in recent years has enabled the Moorhen to regain some lost ground. Reports were received from 18 sites during the breeding season with pairs present at many other sites. Breeding success was relatively poor, no doubt influenced by the low water levels at many sites during the summer. Throughout the year counts were lower than 1994 but far better than those of preceding years. Approximate monthly county total: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 185 150 150 126 95 95 140 149 131 128 140 129 53 Regular reports and maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Tamar Est. 11 4 3 - "1 3 4 - - _ St John's Lake 5 4 5 5 9 1 3 1 3 1 6 Par 7 4 4 6 - - - - 2 6 7 2 Tresillian 3 5 4 3 3 2 - 4 3 5 4 7 Swanpool 17 11 9 8 18 10 20 7 8 6 14 11 Loe Pool 6 5 5 2 2 2 6 14 11 8 - 15 Pendarves 10 7 5 6 7 5 9 14 12 nc nc nc Tehidy CP nc nc nc 13 14 12 12 18 21 27 34 32 Marazion 2 4 3 5 5 4 4 38 36 31 2 5 Drift Res. 18 18 16 10 3 6 6 2 2 2 3 5 Porth Res. nc 2 1 5 4 11 9 6 _ _ 3 Walmsley Sane. 25 18 21 21 16 4 18 3 3 2 3 nc Maer Lake 47 41 41 36 10 12 23 19 17 26 31 32 Apart from 17 at Bude Marshes Nov 8th no other sites held more than ten birds.

COMMON COOT - Fulica atra Resident. Breeds annually at Marazion Marsh, Swanpool and Stithians Reservoir, but only sporadically elsewhere. Passage migrant. Common winter visitor. Successful breeding was reported from the following sites during 1995 (with comparative data for 1988-1994). Figures represent number of pairs; B = bred; p = present, success unknown.

1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 1989 1988 Colli ford Res. 1 P P 2 3 P - . Crowdy Res. 1 P 1 . 1 1 Swanpool 10 3 6 3 1 1 2 2 Par Beach Pool 2 2 3 1 - p - - Stithians Res. 13 13 p 2 5 p 1 2 College Res. 1 - - - 1 - - Loe Pool B P - - - - 7 Marazion Marsh 2 P p 12 1 3 2 10 Walmslev Sanctuarv 2 2 2 - - - - - At Stithians Res. all nests failed to fledge any young. Elsewhere during the breeding season birds were noted at Hayle Kimbro Pool. Cargenwen, Dozmary Pool. Drift Res.. Helston Boating Lake. Trenance Lake. Pendarves. Siblyback Res. and Harlyn Pools.

Common Coot (Richard James) 54 Throughout the year counts were lower than those for 1994. but around the average of recent years. Approximate monthly county total: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 376 349 207 178 141 202 278 387 499 232 227 473 Regular reports and maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep ( 3ct Nov Dec Siblyback Res. 63 60 18 1 1 3 14 27 42 3 44 Dozmary Pool 6 5 2 . 3 7 16 32 48 24 30 24 Colliford Res. 18 6 7 12 12 20 13 4 6 14 2 Par 28 22 18 12 - - 12 . 18 14 38 59 Stithians Res. 14 37 10 8 13 26 1 . 2 Argal Res. 59 21 - - - - 2 15 37 78 74 14 Swanpool 63 58 55 55 53 56 60 64 56 53 60 69 Loe Pool 72 58 29 30 26 47 110 173 213 33 _ 163 Helston Lake 10 36 16 7 11 13 21 20 33 - 50 Marazion 11 14 17 8 6 9 10 24 31 22 18 6 Drift Res. 10 11 17 3 2 3 - - - 1 11 The count of 213 at Loe Pool in September is the highest anywhere in the county since 1989.

OYSTERCATCHER - Haematopus ostralegus Resident. Breeds in low numbers (mainly north coast). Common passage migrant and winter visitor. Confirmed breeding was noted at Hell's Mouth, , Rumps Point and The Mouls, with no more than one pair at each site. Another pair probably bred at Lantivet Bay. Birds were noted to be sitting on eggs on May 28th and June 22nd.

Figure 2 : Oystercatcher - approximate monthly county total

Regular reports & maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Tamar Est. 55 100 88 30 32 15 119 122 105 216 143 159 Lynher Est. 40 18 15 4 6 1 3 25 35 18 14 14 Rame Head 53 46 27 35 9 8 6 28 78 50 40 69 Looe 31 33 14 7 8 7 8 11 51 14 25 Par 70 10 20 20 20 150 . 49 Ruan Lanihorne 18 24 8 - - 33 2 143 84 16 12 18 Truro River 64 62 40 28 5 29 32 60 42 48 62 17 Devoran 1 11 2 . - 2 3 14 28 22 1 1 Helford River 10 19 2 7 3 2 2 10 15 15 20 16 Hayle Est. 60 38 30 31 22 13 40 68 75 34 20 35 Gannel Est. - 17 2 - 1 1 3 18 50 . 28 Camel Est. 205 160 199 96 95 51 111 201 223 360 186 168 55 Inland there were two at Stithians Res. Aug 5th, two at Colliford Res. Aug 28th and eight at Drift Res. Sep 19th.

AVOCET - Recurvirostra avosetta Rare passage migrant. Has wintered annually at Tamar Estuary since 1947/8 but only occasional elsewhere. Ruan Lanihorne: one Jan 6th-12th. Moditonham Quay: two Jan 12th (the first for this site). St John's Lake: two Jan 24th and one Jan 26th. Tamar Est.: noted until April 15th in the first part of the year and returning birds from Oct 21st. Maximum monthly counts of 263 in January. 253 in February. 94 in March, three in April. 23 in October, 125 in November and 260 in December. Lynher Est.: noted until April 27th with no records from the latter part of the year. Maximum monthly counts of 42 in January and 48 in February.

Record numbers wintering on the Tamar in line with the continued increase of the British breeding population. Some, if not most, of these birds are from the population breeding in East Anglia. although ringed continental birds have also been seen in the wintering flock in the past.

Figure 3 : Avocet County Totals 1976-1995

STONE CURLEW - Burhinus oedicnemus Vagrant. Hayle Est.: one Aug 8th-12th DSF. et al.

The first since 1989, it roosted with the Eurasian Curlews on the estuary, often flying off with the flock in the direction of nearby fields. This bird takes the county mainland total to c.43 (involving 13 occurrences) since 1930.

LITTLE RINGED PLOVER - Charadrius dubius Uncommon passage migrant Marazion Marsh: one Apr 7th-10th RB.DSF. Land's End: one May 12th-13th JFR. Walmsley Sanctuary: one Apr 13th DIJ. Drift Res: juv. Aug 4th and 14th SR.GH. Lower Tamar Lake: one Apr 24th GPS. Landulph Marsh: juv. Aug 7th GDL. Copperhouse Creek: singles Apr 30th and May Predannack: juv. Aug 7th ARP. 7th JFR.PG. Upper Tamar Lake: juv. Aug 3 lst-Sep 9th, tyvo Mawgan Porth: one May 4th GRW. Sep 15th one remaining to 18th GPS.JHH.IK. et Ryan's Field: one May 12th per DSF. al. Porthgwarra: one May 12th JFR.

Thirteen individuals makes this the second best vear ever, only being surpassed bv the sixteen birds in 1980. The county mainland total moves to c.200. 56 Monthly breakdown: Jan Feb Mar Apr Ma\ Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - - 3 50 39 5 17 51 31 4 1 - Top sites: Marazion 36. Hayle Est. 36. Stithians Res. 33. Tamar Lakes 16 and Drift Res. 14. GREAT RINGED PLOVER - Charadrius hiaticula Passage migrant. Winter visitor. Formerly a scarce breeding species, but this has not been confirmed since 1972. Even the most remote potential breeding sites are disturbed, making breeding unlikely in the foreseeable future. The first and second winter period totals were lower than in recent years.

Figure 4 : Great Ringed Plover - approximate monthly county total

Spring passage was relatively light, involving about 80 birds and commencing with three at Colliford Res. Mar. 23rd and ending with 13 on the Camel Est. Jun. 12th. Autumn passage was above average for recent years with the first returning migrant at Drift Res. on Jul. 1st. There were notable records of 59 at Predannack Airfield on Aug. 7th and 300 on the Havle Est. Aug. 4th-5th. There was the usual passage at inland site? from Jul. 1st to Oct. 16th. Peak counts were of 37 at Stithians Res. Sep. 9th and 21 at Drift Res. Sep. 5th. Regular reports & Approximate monthly county total: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec St Johns Lake - - - 1 - 1 12 5 6 14 Par 14 - - 5 - - 3 6 22 6 31 Looe 16 2 - - - - - 5 2 - 8 9 Mounts Bay - 9 - 1 1 - 4 4 2 - - 7 Hayle Est. 16 3 14 12 16 1 11 300 2 8 27 30 Camel Est. 20 34 19 - 16 13 3 1 36 2 29 8 KENTISH PLOVER - Charadrius alexandrinus Rare passage migrant. Par Beach: one female Apr 25th DJ. The county mainland total now advances to c.51. Monthly breakdown: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - - 3 12 21 1 8 6 - - - Top sites: Marazion 19. Par eight. Camel and Hayle Est. six each.

DOTTEREL - Charadrius morinellus Scarce passage migrant (mainly autumn). St Just Airfield: moulting adult Sep 8th RLS. Predannack Airfield: juv. Sep 16th- 17th ARP.RCJ.et al. 57 Davidstow Airfield and Crowdy Res: juv. Oct 18th-19th GJC.GPS. The county mainland total now moves to c.225. Monthly breakdown: Jan Feb Mar Apr Ma\ Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - 1 9 32 2*1 - - 21 97 37 6 1 Top sites: Porthgwarra 67. St Just Airfield and Sennen 42. Davidstow Airfield 29. Kynance area 21, Towednack and Trevose Head 11 each.

AMERICAN GOLDEN PLOVER - Pluvialis dominica Vagrant Havle Est. and Copperhouse Creek: adult Nov 12th - Dec 18th NJP.LPW. et al. Accepted by BBRC. This is the first since 1990, advancing the county mainland total to 40 - all since 1968.

Monthly breakdown: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - - - 1 - - - 2 13 18 6 - Top sites: Davidstow Airfield 11. Stithians Res. 10 and St Just/Sennen nine.

EUROPEAN GOLDEN PLOVER - Pluvialis apricaria Common passage migrant. Abundant winter visitor. Breeding has never been proved in Cornwall although a few pairs breed in Devon on Dartmoor and single birds are occasionally seen in suitable nesting habitat on Bodmin Moor. About average numbers in both winter periods. There is probably much interchange of flocks between sites, but the monthly totals compensate for this as much as possible. Spring movement was typically low key with flock numbers fluctuating during March and a scatter of singles and small flocks through April. The last two birds of the spring were seen at Kingsmill Lake May 14th. The first returning birds were three at Predannack Aug 7th. but the first large flock, 800 at St German's Quay, did not arrive until Sep 26th. Approximate monthlv county total: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 13801 10216 2255 695 2 - - 6 856 2050 11708 10061 Regular reports and maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec L\nher Est. 700 200 1000 - - - - - 800 3 1400 150 Ruan Lanihorne 65 80 ------733 - Predannack 2960 1100 520 - - - - 3 11 500 - - Hayle Est. 5000 250 ------40 4500 120 Camel Est. 3600 2170 35 - - - - - 350 2800 300 Colliford Res. 330 500 30 400 - - - 2 150 455 2 Davidstow/ 1000 4000 500 _ _ - 3 12 580 1500 310 Crowdv Elsewhere there were 1000 at Siblyback Res. Jan 2nd, 220 on the West Penwith Moors Apr 5th, 200 at Porth Res. Dec 17th and 200 at Sennen Dec 27th. Maximum of 36 at Stithians Res. Jan 31st was disappointing for a site that in past years has regularly held a flock of over 1000 birds.

GREY PLOVER - Pluvialis squatarola Passage migrant. Winter visitor. The number of birds in the first and second winter periods were the highest since 1988. Approximate monthly county total: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 456 407 156 10 19 2 2 6 5 32 105 355 58 There was an influx in January to St John's Lake and Looe and a big rise in numbers on the Camel in the first two months of the year. Spring movement was evident from mid-March and ended with one on the Camel Est. Jun 18th. Another bird summered at this site. Autumn passage was exceptionally light for the second year running. Birds started to arrive at the regular wintering sites from the last week of October. Regular reports and maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Tamar Est. 4 2 - - "- - - 2 - - - 1 St John's Lake 129 93 7 5 3 - 1 1 8 41 140 Lvnher Est. 2 48 3 - 5 1 1 10 5 Looe 19 1 1 - - - . - 19 Hayle Est. 58 50 77 5 5 1 20 41 53 Camel Est. 120 191 25 - 5 2 1 2 - - 13 120 Elsewhere 17 at Towan Beach. 15 at Ruan Lanihorne and 11 at Constantine Bay in January were notable Inland records: Predannack: two Jan 8th and a single Oct. 7th. Maer Lake: four Jan 31st. Colliford Res: one Oct 9th.

NORTHERN LAPWING - Vanellus vanellus Scarce resident. Breeds in low numbers on Bodmin Moor and Lizard Downs. Common passage migrant. Abundant winter visitor. There were no confirmed breeding records this year. However, one pair probably bred at Crowdv Res.. Approximate monthly county total: —r i Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 23049 12556 415 12 9 131 98 70 68 1799 15591 14041

There was a large influx into the county in January numbering thousands of birds. By February the number of wintering birds had almost halved and most of these had left by the end of the month. The last in spring was a bird at Rumps Point at 00.15 hrs on Apr 30th! The first to return in autumn was a single at Landulph Jun 12th. Numbers remained low until mid- October when flocks numbering three figures started to arrive. There were larger than usual numbers during November, and cold weather in late December caused a scatter of records. Cold weather movements were noted at Holmbush when 1600 birds passed over between Dec 27th-29th. Emigration was noted at Seaton Dec 29th when 150 were seen flying out to see in small groups. Regular reports and maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Tamar Est. 886 10 - - - 11 13 27 28 32 639 500 Lynher Est. 162 750 8 - 1 47 595 245 Ruan Lanihorne 400 240 - - 958 450 Predennack 1630 350 - - - - - 200 - Sennen - 300 - - - - - 75 - 80 Hayle Est. 1940 2000 - 3 - 1 334 3000 4000 Camel Est. 4917 2900 - - - - 3 11 38 170 3363 1500 Maer Lake 420 142 - _ 132 1000 1600 Crowdv Res. 2500 3000 300 4 2 78 15 - - 500 3080 300 Colliford Res. 5000 1000 52 5 7 33 41 12 100 374 700 Siblvback Res. 300 ------12 235 1 Drift Res. 1800 1500 25 - 1 - 20 150 1000 Stithians Res. 100 50 - - 3 12 20 - - - - 59 RED KNOT - Calidris canutus Scarce passage migrant. Uncommon winter visitor. The wintering population has reduced dramatically over the past three decades, now being about three per cent of the average winter population during the 1960's

Figure 5 : Red Knot - approximate monthly county total

Numbers in the first winter period were the lowest for at least 35 years with no double figure counts from any site. There was a slight recovery in the second winter period with a higher December county total than last year. The only double figure count was from the St John's Lake, this species' historical stronghold in the county. Spring passage was much lower than recent years, starting with a single on the Hayle Est. on Apr 12th and continuing through to Jun 18th (the third latest ever), consisting of only five birds.

Autumn passage was better than usual with c. 148 birds reported between Jul 20th and Oct 2nd. Regular reports and maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Tamar Est. 1 ------2 9 - St John's Lake - 1 1 1 - 1 14 3 1 22 Lynher Est. 8 ------8 10 - - 4 Hayle Est. 4 - - 1 - - 9 9 27 1 4 2 Camel Est. 1 1 - - 1 1 - 10 35 7 - 6 Inland there were 10 birds: Stithians Res.: one Aug 26th-Sep 1st. Colliford Res.: two Aug 28th. Drift Res.: five between Aug 30th-Sep 12th with a maximum of four on the latter date and unusually a single Dec 27th - presumably associated with the cold spell. Porth Res.. one Sep 9th. SANDERLING - Calidris alba Passage migrant. Scarce winter visitor. Mounts Bay is the key site for this species, supporting the main wintering flock and also the largest migrant numbers. Approximate monthly county total: —i- • j — Jan Feb Mar May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 22 76 50 Ap13r 24 27 102 85 45 17 56 105 The first winter period totals were about average. Numbers of wintering birds in the second winter period were significantly higher than recent years. Spring passage was between Apr 2nd and Jun 14th and was exceptionally light with only c.57 birds. The first to return was a single on the Camel Est. Jul 2nd, followed by an unusually early influx of c.lOO birds between Jul 5th-8th. There was another influx in early August, bringing the autumn total to c.235. Wintering birds in Mounts Bay started to arrive in November. 60 Regular reports and maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Par ------11 25 5 - - 3 Mounts Bav 20 74 50 12 3 20 70 - - 14 55 100 Hayle Est. ' - - - - 8 1 53 12 2 - Camel Est. 1 2 - - - 1 1 5 6 1 1 2 Inland records: Colliford Res.: six Jun 10th. one Aug 28th with Drift Res.: one Sep 15th. two Sep 2nd. Stithians Res.: one Sep 27th.

LITTLE STINT - Calidris minuta Scarce passage migrant (mainly autumn). Rare winter visitor. In spring there were singles on the Hayle Est. May 5th-8th and May 12th. SK.JHH.RB. Autumn passage commenced on Aug 11th with a single at Stithians Res. and ended with a single at Maer Lake Nov 16th-Dec 1st. It was an above average showing consisting of c. 122 birds with peak passage between Sep 15th and 24th. Unusually there were 10 December records with a party of seven on Copperhouse Creek Dec 19th LPW. This probably reflects the autumn influx. Approximate monthly county total: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - - - - 1 - - 20 107 7 2 10 Records additional to those above: Stithians Res.: c. eight between Aug 11th and Sep Porth Res.: two Sep 9th-10th. 27th. Davidstow Airfield: one Sep 10th and 16th. Lynher Est.: four between Aug 12th-Sep 10th. Hayle Est.: 12 between Sep 10th and Nov 12th. Marazion: one Aug 14th. Dozmary Pool: one Sep 13th-24th. Drift Res.: six between Aug 15th and Oct 18th. College Res.: three between Sep 16th-20th. Siblyback Res.: c. 15 between Aug 17th and Sep Croft Pascoe Pool: one Sep 16th and 20th. 8th. Camel Est.: one Sep 17th. Upper Tamar Lakes: There was a remarkable run Loe Pool: four between Sep 2 lst-24th. of records between Aug 30th and Sep 20th Tresillian River: one Sep 2 lst-24th and one Dec totalling c. 45 birds and with a peak count of 32 26th. on Sep 15th IK. Colliford Res.: 13 Sep 23rd. one Oct 1st. Kingsmill Lake: one Aug 18th. 8th. Crowdv Res.: seven between Aug 25th and Sep Maer Lake: one Sep 24th and Nov 16th-Dec 1st. 28th. " Gillan Creek: two Dec 3rd.

TEMMINCK'S STINT - Calidris temminckii Vagrant. Maer Lake: adult May 25th. IK.GPS. The 26th county mainland record (three of which are undated). Monthly breakdown. Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - - - 2 5 2 - 5 7 1 1 - Top sites: Hayle Est., Falmouth and Stithians Res. all with four.

LONG-TOED STINT - Calidris subminuta Exceptionally rare vagrant. 1970 Record A belated acceptance. Marazion Marsh: one Jun 7th-8th PDR.JHJ.et al. Originally identified and accepted by BBRC as a Least Sandpiper, the true identity of this far-eastern vagrant was only realised through the hard work and research of P.D. Round with the help of some 61 superb photographs by J.H.Johns. A paper on this extraordinary7 occurrence appears later in this report (see p. 155). This becomes the first British record, pre-dating a bird in Cleveland on Aug 28th-Sep 1st 1982. which has already been accepted.

BAIRD'S SANDPIPER - Calidris bairdii Rare vagrant. Upper Tamar Lake: juv. Sep 15th-18th JHH.GPS. Colliford Res: juv. Sep 23rd PK. Dozmarv Pool: same as above. Sep 24th GJCDACSFJ. All accepted by BBRC. The first since 1989. It is possible that all three records refer to the same individual, however two have been counted. The county mainland total is now 16, all of which have occurred since 1980. There has been one in August, 12 in September and three in October.

PECTORAL SANDPIPER - Calidris melanotos Rare passage migrant (mainly autumn). Drift Res., three singles - one Aug 28th-Sep 5th, juv. Sep 16th-20th and juv. Oct 11th-18th. GH.DSF.JFR. The county mainland total now moves to c.206

MonthlJan y Febreakdownb Mar : Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - - - 2 2 2 - 26 138 33 3 - Top sites: Stithians Res. 38. Drift Res. 28, Marazion 24. Crowdv Res./Davidstow Airfield 17. Havle Est. 16.

CURLEW SANDPIPER - Calidris ferruginea Uncommon passage migrant (mainly autumn). Rare winter visitor. One spring record of a single on the Camel Est. May 1 lth-28th was only the third since 1990. Autumn passage commenced with a single on the Hayle Est. on Jul 29th with the last bird of the autumn at the same site on Oct 16th. There were c.45 individuals which was an average number. Approximate monthly county total: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - - - - 1 - 1 12 22 9 - - Hayle Est.: c. 17 between Jul 29th & Oct 16th. Ruan Lanihorne: one Sep 5th. Landulph Marsh : singles Aug 4th & 26th-31st. Lynher Est.: one Sep 9th-11th. Truro River: three Aug 23rd. Davidstow Airfield: one Sep 10th. Camel Est.: Only one autumn record, a single on Dozmary Pool: two Sep 13th with one to 16th. Aug 26th. Crowdy Res.: one Sep 17th Upper Tamar Lake: c.eight between Sep 2nd & Stithians Res.: one Oct 4th. Sep 20th. Hannafore Point: one Oct 7th. Drift Res.: six Sep 4th. Siblyback Res.: one Oct 9th.

PURPLE SANDPIPER - Calidris maritima Scarce passage migrant and winter visitor. The last to leave was one at Bude Breakwater on May 9th ard the first to return were five at Towan Head on Aug 8th. Approximate monthly county total: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 61 87 18 19 10 - - 5 2 18 14 85 62 The Penzance Jubilee Pool flock has returned to its usual strength following the recent renovations. Some areas were under recorded e.g. Godrevy (only seven on Feb 4th) and others mav be shown to hold regular winter flocks eg St Anthony Head (three on Dec 30th). Regular reports and maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Looe 3 1 2 ------1 I Par 3 2 6 5 - - - - - 11 Mounts Bav 22 46 1 9 9 - - - 13 1 30 St Ives 6 . - - - - - 2 - 8 24 Falmouth - 6 9 4 - - - . Bude 6 - - - 1 - - - - - 3 - Elsewhere there was six Towan Head Jan 15th. six on the Camel Est. Jan 29th with four on Dec 21st- 25th, one at Trevose Head Jan 30th, 25 Mousehole Feb 17th. 12 Sennen Cove Oct 6th and five Pendeen Oct 20th

DUNLIN - Calidris alpina Passage migrant. Abundant winter visitor. Small numbers which occasionally breed on Bodmin Moor are the most southerly breeding Dunlin in the world. There was no indication of breeding again this year, although two birds were at Colliford Res. and one at Crowdy Res. at the beginning of July. Approximate monthly county total: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 6629 10402 1332 97 304 42 302 1102 826 233 1390 7293 The winter total from Dec 1994 remained about constant in January then rose by about 50% in Febuary About 40% of the February total were at St John's Lake. There was a prolonged spring passage from mid-March which merged into the autumn movement, with birds seen through June and onwards into July. Peak spring passage was between May 1st-16th. In autumn there was the usual peak in August with fewer in September and October. Winter numbers built up in November with an above average county total in December. Regular reports and maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Tamar Est. 713 1000 - 12 - 4 20 120 165 22 107 1110 Lynher Est. 300 2500 800 4 48 21 5 118 89 47 8 126 St John's Lake 2000 4000 25 15 32 - 1 32 75 70 150 3000 Looe 2 - 2 - 1 - - 11 24 9 . 2 Penryn River 263 200 30 1 - _ - - - 1 90 Mounts Bay 405 533 1 7 21 10 11 21 3 4 - - Hayle Est. 1150 900 400 6 135 3 230 370 120 33 900 1300 Camel Est. 1100 560 29 29 34 - 24 66 82 18 77 450 Crowdv Res. 50 150 30 - 10 - 1 19 22 - 12 5 Inland records included 111 at Predannack on Jan 21st, 150 at Crowdy Res. on Feb 26th, 30 at Colliford Res. on Aug 28th, 30 at Upper Tamar Lake on Aug 30th. 38 at Drift Res. on Sep 5th and 26 at Stithians Res. on Sep 8th.

BUFF-BREASTED SANDPIPER - Tryngites subruficollis Vagrant Maer Lake: one Jun 15-16th. GPS.TJD.BTC. Predannack: one Sep 17th. ML.AL. The first spring record. The countv mainland total advances to 89 - all but two since 1968. 63 Monthly breakdown: Jan Feb Mar Apr Max Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - - - - - 1 - 4 76 7 1 - Top sites: Predannack 33. Davidstow Airfield 19. Stithians Res. nine. RUFF - Philomachus pugnax Passage migrant. Scarce winter visitor. A fairly average year, with a good but early spring passage, but a poor autumn movement.

Figure 6 : Ruff - approximate monthly county total

Spring passage commenced with one at Maer Lake Mar 2nd and ended with one at Drift Res. Jun 30th. c.41 were involved with most between Apr 9-15th. Autumn passage commenced with a single at Upper Tamar Lakes on Jul 30th and ended with one at Crowdy Res. Oct 19th. Only c.32 birds were involved - a disappointing autumn total. Regular reports and maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Maer Lake - - 4 ------1 - Crow dy/Davidstow 2 - - 9 - - - 1 - 1 - 2 Tamar Lakes - - - 4 - - 1 4 - - - - Walmsley - - 8 10 1 - 1 - - - Stithians Res. ------3 1 - Hay le Est. - - - 1 - 1 - 1 2 1 - Marazion - - 4 - - - - 2 - - Drift Res. - - - 1 - 1 - 1 3 - - -

Elsewhere there were two at Ruan Lanihorne Feb 18th. one at Harlyn Bay Apr 9th, two at Loe Pool Apr 22nd, two at Aug 26th and one at Eastern Green Beach Oct 14th.

JACK SNIPE - Lymnocryptes minimus Uncommon passage migrant and winter visitor. An average year but only six in the first winter period, two in spring, 13 in autumn and 10 in the second winter period. The last wintering bird was at Copperhouse Creek Feb 21st. There were two spring migrants at Gunwalloe Mar 4th and a late bird at Lower Tamar Lake Apr 21st. A verv early bird was at Marazion Marsh Aug 30th with the last autumn migrant at Upper Tamar Lake Nov 13th. The top wintering site remains Copperhouse Creek with the first to return here on Nov 18th. Approximate monthly county total: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 3 6 1 1 - - - 1 2 5 11 10 64 Regular reports and maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Hayle Est/ Copperhouse 3 4 - - 2 4 Marazion Marsh - - - 1 - 1 Hayle Kimbro 1 1 2 - Tamar Lakes - - 1 - 1 2 - Maer Lake - 2 - 2 3 3

Elsewhere singles were at Land's End Oct 10th and 12th. Porthgwarra Oct 18th. Tresemple Pool Nov 4th. College Res. Nov 5-6th. Loe Bar Dec 12th and Cooksland Dec 13th. 1994 Record Michaelstow: one found dead Jan 12th. Originally ringed in The Netherlands (see Ringing report).

COMMON SNIPE - Gallinago gallinago Resident. Breeds in low numbers on Bodmin moor. Passage migrant. Common winter visitor. No breeding reports received this year. Approximate monthly county total: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 971 574 199 60 3 9 59 76 207 768 953 The highest counts were from the far north of the county, especially from the Society's reserve at Maer Lake. Most of the wintering flocks had departed by mid-March and the scattering of c.35 birds from late Mar to May 20th (Stithians Res.) indicates a light spring passage. The first returning birds were at Maer Lake Jul 8th. Most passage birds moved through in September, with the winter flocks building from mid-November.

Common Snipe (John Walters) Regular reports and maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Par Beach - 7 - 8 - - 3 - 25 50 Stithians Res. 110 2 4 1 - 14 1 - 4 Marazion 31 15 14 2 1 6 9 3 12 2 Hayle Est. 24 45 6 - 1 4 6 21 25 25 Camel Est. 70 34 12 5 1 - - 1 10 7 15 Maer Lake 420 284 83 2 1 1 6 - 128 500 650 65 LONG-BILLED DOWITCHER - Limnodromus scolopaceus Rare vagrant. Marazion Marsh: one Oct 18th. WDN.GB.ABt. Porthgwarra: one Oct 21st. TMC.SMC.JDB. Both accepted by BBRC. Although these two may have referred to the same individual, they are treated separately and so the county mainland total now advances to 25. Monthly breakdown: Jan Feb Mar Apr Ma\ Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - - 1 "1 - - 1 4 17 1 - Top sites: C rowdy/Davidstow six. Marazion four and Stithians and Hayle Est. three each.

WOODCOCK - Scolopax rusticola Passage migrant. Winter visitor. Has bred on few occasions and not for at least twenty years. The true number of birds in the county is not reflected in the reports received. Perhaps data from game books would give a truer picture of numbers from year to year. Approximate monthly county total: Jan Feb Mar Apr Max Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 12 5 5 - *- - - - - 7 16 17 The last bird in spring was one at Keveral Wood Mar 19th. The first returning bird was one at Porthgwarra Oct 7th. Most reports were of singles, but there were five at Loe Pool on Jan 28th, five at and three in Lamorna Nov 5th and four at Predannack Dec 22nd.

BLACK-TAILED GODWIT - Limosa limosa Passage migrant. Winter visitor, almost exclusively to south coast estuaries. Wintering numbers were down on last year, especially in the first winter period, although this can partly be accounted for by the lack of records from Ruan Lanihorne in Jan and Feb. Numbers of wintering birds at Devoran are still low following the Wheal Jane pollution incident and numbers of all waders at this site should be monitored closely. Approximate monthly county total: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 140 102 23 35 5b II 21 103 129 132 240 193 The first obvious spring migrant was at Havle Est. Mar 31st and the last on Jun 18th on the Lvnher Est. There was a good passage involving about 80 birds. The first returning bird was at Drift Res. Jul 2nd. Good numbers were noted during August at Ruan Lanihorne and Truro River, with birds returning to their wintering grounds from the end of September onwards. Regular reports and maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Tamar Est. 95 33 20 - - 4 2 18 42 86 60 St John's Lake 12 5 - 18 - - 2 - - - _ 11 Lvnher Est. - 17 2 - - 3 3 - 6 7 5 2 Ruan Lanihorne 7 - - - - 7 37 59 9 1 Tresillian 4 5 ------10 4 6 9 Truro River 7 40 - - - - - 52 3 50 32 52 Devoran ------1 - 1 16 Havle Est. - 1 1 26 - 1 4 3 4 1 - Camel Est. 3 1 - - 1 2 1 - 6 1 2

Inland there were singles at Stithians Res. Apr 30th, May 6th, a flock of eleven May 29th and another single Jun 4th. There were also four at Colliford Res. Jun 5th, singles at Drift Res. Jul 7th. Aug 5th with two on Sep 2nd and three at Upper Tamar Lake Aug 22-27th with four on 26th. 66 A bird of the Icelandic race L.l. islandica was seen at Maer Lake Apr 3-8th and was joined by seven birds of the nominate race Aug 5th. Interestingly the Icelandic bird did not associate with the others and they left without it. GPS.

BAR-TAILED GODWIT - Limosa lapponica Passage migrant. Winter visitor. Good numbers at traditional sites in the first winter period, but second winter flocks were well below average, perhaps reflecting the sparse autumn migration. Approximate monthly county total: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 82 66 38 47 75 6 3 13 57 34 15 24 There was a good spring passage between Mar 13th and Jun 28th involving c. 130 birds. Peak passage was between May 5-15th. Two birds summered on the Hayle Est. but the first returning bird was at Crowdy Res. Jul 30th. Autumn passage was very poor with only 25% of the Sep total of last year! Regular reports and maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Tamar Est. 38 20 30 9 2 - - 3 3 - St John's Lake 17 35 - 21 22 - - - 3 1 3 12 Lvnher Est. 11 - - - 14 - - 1 7 6 - 2 Par - 5 . - - 1 - . - 1 Hayle Est. 7 7 5 4 17 4 2 8 9 7 6 4 Camel Est. 9 3 3 3 6 - - - 32 20 2 4 Inland there was the Crowdy Res. bird Jul 30th and a single at Stithians Res. Aug 28th.

WHIMBREL - Numenius phaeopus Passage migrant (mainly spring). A few overwinter. Birds were noted in the first winter period at Millbrook Lake (Jan 22nd-Feb 4th). Lamorna Valley (during Feb and Mar 11th). Gillan Harbour (Feb 2nd), Towan Beach (Feb 21st) and Middle Point (Feb 26th). Figure 7 : Whimbrel - approximate monthly countv total

The first in spring were two at Pendower Beach Mar 25th with the last at Rame Head May 26th. There was an excellent spring passage with the bulk of the records being between Apr 25th and May 4th, with the best single day,s total of 350 Apr 29th. Return passage started with four birds at Wacker Quay Jun 10th. Passage was protracted with the bulk of birds passing through between Jul 15-23rd and Aug 1-16th. After September there were records of only four birds in October and three birds in November apart from birds that stayed to overwinter at St Johns Lake and Millbrook Lake. 67 Regular reports and maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Tamar Est. 1 1 1 23 36 1 7 8 6 - 1 1 St John's Lake _ - 11 12 - 24 27 1 2 1 1 L\nher Est. - - - 7 16 4 4 4 - - - - Par - - - 53 10 - 1 1 5 - 1 Mounts Bav - - 1 209 50 - 6 5 1 - - - Hayle Est." - - 43 22 - 17 53 4 - - - Camel Est. - - - 5 180 1 61 86 19 - - - Other single dav max. include 58 Land's End Apr 28th. 176 Mounts Bav Apr 29th. 61 Treveal Apr 30th. 200 Rame Head May 3rd. 110 Camel Est. Mav 4th with 58 on Aug 13th and 45 at Poldhu Marsh Aug 16th.

EURASIAN CURLEW - Numenius arquata Scarce resident. Breeds (decreasing). Abundant passage migrant and winter visitor. Ten pairs mav have bred in Cornwall, although there was no confirmation of successful breeding this year. A record of a pair on territory at Ninestones Bridge on the early date of Mar 12th is noteworthy. Other pairs noted in the Upper Fowey Valley. . Loveney. Draynes Common, Dozmary Pool. Westerlake Farm and Crovvdv Res. Figure 8 : Curlew - approximate monthly county total

About average numbers in the first and second winter periods, although counts at the Gannel Est., an important site for this species, were again incomplete. Typically spring passage was not obvious, although birds began moving from their winter quarters in February. There was the usual influx from late June through to September. Regular reports and maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Tamar Est. 83 100 4 1 - 25 45 52 171 185 165 150 St John's Lake 320 370 4 2 - 9 35 35 60 146 175 150 Lynher Est. 217 97 32 16 11 99 318 579 544 419 187 146 Looe Est. 6 14 26 - - 1 60 42 72 33 31 132 Par 6 27 . 5 - . 10 20 50 _ 7 Ruan Lanihome 80 12 8 4 1 90 445 160 250 60 20 14 Tresillian 220 213 14 8 - - 60 228 265 178 243 125 Truro Riv er 69 83 22 7 4 16 116 163 161 172 65 59 Devoran 140 106 48 11 6 27 311 420 130 187 268 103 Penrvn Riv er 70 40 40 4 - 12 11 25 507 - 60 19 Helfbrd Est. 12 22 2 1 - 4 10 19 10 6 27 27 Hayle Est. 55 400 100 20 7 105 623 200 120 323 110 32 Camel Est. 550 217 99 42 18 57 343 850 725 567 323 150 Maer Lake 248 58 15 - - - - 28 48 120 171 220 68 Other site max. included 80 at Lamorna Vallev Jul 14th, 120 at Sennen Jul 17th. 95 on The Helford River Aug 22nd, 200 Mousehole Nov 3rd, 100 at Marazion Nov 7th and 80 College Res. Nov 8th.

UPLAND SANDPIPER - Bartramia longicauda Rare vagrant. Polgigga: one Oct 21st.TMC.JDB.SMC. Accepted by BBRC. The first since 1982. The county mainland total now moves to six, three since 1958. All records are between Sep 27th and Nov 6th.

SPOTTED REDSHANK - Tringa erythropus Passage migrant. Scarce winter visitor, almost exclusively to south coast estuaries. Average first winter totals, but an excellent second winter total, the highest since 1981. Approximate monthly county total: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 23 30 14 6 - 2 7 18 31 31 34 38 Regular reports and maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Tamar Est. 7 7 3 3 2 4 4 8 12 15 19 St John's Lake - 4 ------Lynher Est. 10 8 5 - - - - 1 4 4 5 12 Tresillian 6 10 5 3 - - 2 3 6 9 12 5 Hayle Est. ------1 2 1 - - Camel Est. ------1 3 2 - 1 The only discernible spring passage consisted of one bird at Devoran Mar 11th. Returning birds first appeared at Landulph on Jun 28th and there was a good passage of about 50 birds ending with one at College Res. Nov 11th. Elsewhere there were four at Drift Res. Aug 25th. three at Nanquidno Aug 27th. three on the Penrvn River Sep 13th and two on the Truro River Oct 28th. Inland there were singles at Stithians Res. Jul 22nd and Nov 10th, one at Upper Tamar Lake Aug 22nd-Sep 3rd with three on Aug 31st and a single at College Res. Nov 11th.

COMMON REDSHANK - Tringa totanus Passage migrant. Winter visitor. The first winter and second winter totals were about average for recent years.

.Approximat - e monthly county total: ri Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan 847 396 65 2 150 619 812 1113 792 874 749 1012 As is typical, numbers dropped dramatically from the end of March and there was virtually no perceptible spring passage. The last in spring was at the Hayle Est. May 17th. Autumn passage started earlier than last year with nine birds at three different sites Jun 1st. The volume of passage was again about 30% down on 1993 totals, being about the same as last year. Regular reports and maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Tamar Est. 176 139 38 4 - 120 192 154 125 191 224 183 St John's Lake 80 210 45 31 95 133 200 175 170 40 Lynher Est. 175 103 102 15 1 - 107 118 207 108 197 184 Looe Est. 20 10 15 1 - - 1 22 19 9 3 Fowey Est. 40 16 12 - 1 - - - - - Ruan Lanihorne 87 26 - 5 . 16 50 20 29 43 Tresillian 95 60 14 - - - 55 108 185 54 60 112 Truro River 22 19 - - - - - 12 13 2 366 45 Devoran 30 21 18 7 - - 53 47 78 35 30 31 Penrvn River 35 30 25 - - 7 17 30 30 - 40 30 69 Helford Est. 12 7 5 2 8 16 4 6 17 Hayle Est. 34 36 43 4 1 11 20 43 50 60 20 30 Camel Est. 166 147 69 - - 70 53 125 120 48 18 Elsewhere there were 33 at Gweek Aug 26th but no other site held more than 10 birds. Inland there were singles at Upper Tamar Lake Jul 6th. College Res. Aug 6th. Crowdy Res. Aug 8th and 30th. Stithians Res. Aug 22nd and Dozmary Pool Sep 24th. At Drift Res. birds were present between Jun 1 st to mid-Oct. with a maximum of four during August.

COMMON GREENSHANK - Tringa nebularia Passage migrant (mainly autumn). A few overwinter. Wintering numbers slightly above average this year, especially in the first winter period. The largest flocks were on the Tamar Est.. Camel Est., Truro River and Devoran. Approximate monthly county total: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 61 49 59 38 10 5 50 150 190 125 80 47 There was a light spring passage from mid-March with the last at Landulph Jun 26th. The first returning birds were at Landulph Jul 7th with peak passage from Aug 19th-Sep 23rd. Regular reports and maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr Max Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Tamar Est. 10 9 6 9 2 1 13 21 25 20 31 12 St John's Lake 15 6 10 5 - - 12 2 18 9 6 4 Lynher Est. 8 9 9 8 - - 7 8 14 8 9 4 Fovvey Est. 2 1 3 ------Ruan Lanihorne 1 - 2 - - 2 4 5 2 - 2 Tresillian 2 2 3 1 - - - 4 13 10 3 3 Truro River 2 1 1 - - - 1 21 16 7 8 3 Devoran 3 2 2 4 2 - 1 25 8 7 8 1 Penrvn River 2 3 2 1 - - - 3 3 - 2 3 Helford Est. 3 2 1 - - - 2 1 3 1 2 3 Hayle Est. 4 3 4 - 1 1 4 3 6 10 4 7 Camel Est. 5 6 13 6 1 - 2 3 30 22 6 1 Inland records in autumn included up to 18 at Drift Res. Aug 24th. five at Siblvback Res. Aug 28th and one to three at Upper Tamar Lake. Stithians Res.. College Res. and Crovvdv Res.

LESSER YELLOWLEGS - Tringa flavipes Rare vagrant. Drift Res.: one Aug 25th. GH.FP. Accepted by BBRC. The first since 1989. the county mainland total now moves to 24. All have occurred between August and November. Top sites: Camel Est. five. Stithians Res. and Drift Res. four each.

GREEN SANDPIPER - Tringa ochropus Passage migrant (mainly autumn). A few overwinter. In the first winter period there were 14 individuals with three at both Drift Res. and Lvnher Est., two at Caer Bran and the Camel Est. and singles at four other sites. In the second winter period there were two at Drift Res. and the Lvnher Est. and singles at five other localities Spring passage consisted of only four birds and started on Mar 4th with a single on Havle Est. and ended with a single at Kvnance Farm on Mav 20th. The first returning bird was at Drift Res. Jun 11th, passage consisted of c. 120 birds and ended with one at Hayle Est. Nov. 18th. 70

Figure 9 : Green Sandpiper - approximate monthly county total

Regular reports and maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Tamar Est. - - 1 - - - - 2 3 2 - 1 Lynher Est. 3 2 1 1 - - 2 - 1 - 3 Stithians Res. - - - - - 2 7 9 1 1 - - Marazion ------1 9 1 - - - Drift Res. 3 1 1 - 3 6 15 16 4 1 2 Hayle Est. - - 1 - - - 1 4 2 2 2 1 Camel Est. 3 - - - - - 4 6 2 2 3 - Nine were noted at Marazion Marsh (Aug 14th)and at Drift Res.(Aug 16th).Five were noted at Stithians Res.(Aug 6th).

WOOD SANDPIPER - Tringa glareola Uncommon passage migrant (mainly autumn) One in spring and 40 in autumn between Jul 7th-Oct 25th. The best year since 1984 (41).

Figure 10 : Wood Sandpiper - approximate monthly county total

Maer Lake: singles May 13-15th, Jul 11th and Aug l-5th with two present 3-5th. GPS.RAJ. Drift Res.: about seven between Jul 5th-Sep 16th, with a maximum of three Sep 11th. GH.JFR.DSF. Marazion Marsh: four between Aug lst-Sep 4th. DSFJFR.EGG. Stithians Res.: one present Aug 2nd-15th with a maximum of three Aug 10th. DE.SML.MCH. College Res.: one Aug 3-20th. two Aug 24th with one to 26th, one Sep 27th. RCJ. Land's End: five Aug 3rd with two remaining the next day. RAw. Lizard: one Aug 5th. SK. Lovenev: one Aug 5th. EJW. Siblyback Res.: one Aug 5th EJW. 71 Havle Est: six between Aug 8th-0ct 25th. LPW.DSF.SR. Loe Pool: one Aug 8th. SML.MCH. Crowan Res.: one Aug 25th. JHH. Porth Res.: one Sep 5th. SGR. Upper Tamar Lake: one Sep 15th. JHH.GPS. St Just Airfield: one Oct 15th. MCCo.PCo.SMCo. The county mainland total advances to c.958. Top sites: Stithians Res. 196. Marazion Marsh 120. Hayle Est. 101. Crowan Res. 74. Camel Est. 61. COMMON SANDPIPER - Actitis hypoleucos Passage migrant. Scarce winter visitor. Bred in 1989, probably in 1988, but not previously since 1910.

Figure 11 : Common Sandpiper - approximate monthly county total

In the first winter period there were 14 with a maximum of three on the River Tamar and two on the Camel Est.. This was the highest winter total for at least 20 years. Spring passage commenced with one at Maer Lake Apr 1st and ended with four at St Just Creek on May 24th. About 83 birds were involved with peak period Apr 2 lst-May 9th. Autumn passage commenced on Jun 28th with one at C rowdy Res. and continued to Nov 7th, with peak passage from Jul 15th-Aug 13th. In December there were two on the Gannel Est. and Tamar Est. and singles at Drift Res., Carrick Roads and Tresillian River. Regular reports and maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Tamar Est. 3 1 3 - 1 - 7 19 6 5 2 1 St John's Lake 1 1 1 1 - - . 2 _ _ _ Lynher Est. 1 1 - - - 15 7 2 1 2 _ Looe - - - - - 1 . 2 _ _ Colliford Res. - - - - - 3 5 4 _ Ruan Lanihorne - - - - - 5 5 1 _ _ Tresillian 1 1 3 - - 4 1 3 1 1 1 Stithians Res. - - 5 6 1 4 5 3 _ _ Loe Pool 1 1 1 6 1 1 1 1 1 - _ Marazion - - - 1 - - 6 16 . _ _ _ Drift Res. - - 2 2 1 10 21 13 2 1 1 Havle Est. - 1 1 16 26 7 _ _ Gannel Est. 1 1 1 . 1 _ 1 4 1 1 1 2 Camel Est. 2 1 1 1 1 - 8 6 2 1 2 _ Crowdy Res. - - - - 1 1 5 5 2 - - Bude/Maer Lake - - - 5 2 3 2 _ _ Tamar Lakes - - - 8 - - 4 4 - - - 1 72 SPOTTED SANDPIPER - Actitis macularia Rare vagrant. College Res.: one juvenile Nov 5-13th. RCJ. et al. Accepted by BBRC The ninth county mainland record. Monthly breakdown. Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - - - - *1 1 - 1 4 1 1

TURNSTONE - Arenaria interpres Passage migrant. Winter visitor. A few summer. Rare inland. Average numbers in both winter periods although judging by the low February total there was an early departure of wintering birds.

Approximate monthly county total: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 346 165 191 100 21 - 9 66 231 159 220 217

Spring passage was light and ended with two on the Camel Est. Mav 28th. The first returning birds were three at Padstow Jul 25th. There was a pronounced passage during September, with the main wintering flocks building up from mid-October.

Regular reports and maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Tamar Est. 40 24 46 - - - - 8 24 26 51 25 St John's Lake 36 20 12 24 1 - - . 43 26 30 20 Looe 34 25 34 5 - 2 25 50 35 14 22 Par 50 23 16 5 - - - 10 50 18 - 59 Devoran ------10 12 - - 10 Mounts Bay 12 1 4 - - - 3 3 - Hayle Est. 21 - - - - 3 2 4 - 19 5 Camel Est. 64 58 61 4 2 - 3 1 17 25 42 28 Inland there were records of two at Davidstow Sep 9- i 0th and two at Drift Res. Aug 23rd. one Aug 28th-Sep 1st and three Dec 1st. There were singles at Crowdy Res. Jul 30th. Colliford Res. Aug 28th. Stithians Res. Sep 8th and Upper Tamar Lake Sep 8th.

WILSON'S PHALAROPE - Phalaropus tricolor Rare vagrant St German's Quay. Lynher Est.: one Sep 26th. AB.PB.EHW. Accepted by BBRC. The countv mainland total is now c.24.

Monthly breakdown : Jan ' Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - - - - 1 - 6 14 3 -

Top sites: Hayle Est.. Camel Est. and Stithians Res. - three each. *

RED-NECKED PHALAROPE - Phalaropus lobatus Rare vagrant. Upper Tamar Lake: juvenile Sep 7-9th. GPS.TJD. Maer Lake: juvenile Sep 15-16th. GPS.IK.BTC. Dozmary Pool: juvenile Sep 21-24th. GJC.DAC.EHW. Although these three records could conceivably relate to one individual, they have been counted separately and so the county mainland total now advances to 33 since 1930. The Upper Tamar Lake individual is the second earliest in autumn. 73 Monthly breakdown: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - 2 - - - - - 1 14 8 3 5 Top sites: St Ives and Pendeen seven each. Mounts Bay five and Newquay two.

GREY PHALAROPE - Phalaropus fulicarius Uncommon passage migrant, (mainly autumn). Rare winter visitor. Scillonian III: six Aug 20th and one Sep 20th. VAS.JFR. St Ives: one Sep 3rd. 24 Sep 24th, one Sep 25th and five Sep 27th. VAS.JFR.NRP. Pendeen Watch: singles Sep 4th. 8th. 14th and 16th with two on Sep 24th and 27th. JFR.DSF.STB. Loe Pool: one Sep 11th. SK. Towan Head: singles Sep 24th, 26th. 27th and Oct 5th. GJC.JHH.CDJ.SGR. Reskajeage: one Sep 30th. MJH. Lizard Point: one Oct 4th. GWD. Marazion Marsh: one Oct 9th. per DSF. Long Rock Pool: one Oct 26-28th. GHT.DSF.BRP. An average year with 48 individuals. The county mainland total advances to 3858 since 1930. Monthly breakdown: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 32 10 3 1 - - 1 54 1099 1974 553 131 Top sites: St Ives 2748. Pendeen 253. Newquay 222 and Mounts Bay 153.

POMARINE SKUA - Stercorarius pomarinus Uncommon passage migrant (chiefly autumn but with a recently discovered south coast spring movement). Rare winter visitor. A good year including several first winter period sightings but spring passage was light for recent years: Again most of the spring birds were moving west, whereas in the neighbouring county of Devon (and ) spring birds tend to move east up the .

Pomarine Skuas (Richard James) 74 St Ives: singles Jan 1st. Mav 29th and two Sep 24th. NRP.VAS.GRW. Rame Head: one Jan 14th. two Mav 27th. one Mav 28th. two Jun 3rd and one Oct 24th. EJW.PE. RMB.RSn. Pendeen: one Feb 24th.MS. A total of 16 west between Aug 23rd and Oct 25th with a maximum of seven Oct 25th TMC.EJCe.JFR.BSW. Porthgwarra: four Apr 29th, four Apr 30th. singles Jun 18th and Jul 28th. 24 between Oct 3rd-26th with a maximum of nine Oct 24th. RB.SR.BKM.JHH.JFR.MCCo.PCo. Cape Cornwall: one Jul 27th. BSW. Bass Point: three Oct 6th. GWD. Hannafore Point: one Oct 7th. EJW. Polhawn Cove: Oct 11th. GDL. Approximate monthly county total: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2 1 - 8 4 3 2 7 4 38 - - The monthly mainland total advances to c.2396. Monthly breakdown: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 9 6 - 47 325 54 95 194 377 885 379 35 Top sites: St Ives 99L Pendeen 385. Porthgvvarra 328 and Rame Head 157.

ARCTIC SKUA - Stercorarius parasiticus Passage migrant (mainly August/September). Rare winter visitor. A light spring passage commenced with two at Rame Head Apr 28th. Fifteen birds were involved, the last ai Porthgwarra Jun 18th. Autumn passage was lighter but later than in recent years involving only 310 birds. The first was at Rame Head Jul 7th but few were noted until Aug 28th. The best single day total was 77 at Porthgwarra Oct 7th. 31 passed Hannafore Point and ten passed Penberth on Oct 7th with another five on the same date in Mounts Bay. One or two were seen at Godrevy Point. Penlee Point, Portwrinkle. Tater-du and Towan Head. Singles on the Hayle Est. Sep 2nd and Camel Est. April 30th were unusual. Approximate monthly county total: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - - - 3 7 5 11 50 92 157 - - Regular reports and maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Rame Head - - 2 3 - 1 1 4 - - Lizard Point - - - - 1 - 3 - - 1 Porthgwarra - - - - 2 3 6 - 3 89 - St Ives ------33 1 - - j Pendeen ------47 33 18 - The last bird of the autumn and the year was a single at Lamorna Oct 30th.

LONG-TAILED SKUA - Stercorarius longicaudus Rare passage migrant (mainly mid-August to mid-October). Rare passage migrant (mainly mid-August to mid-October). Pendeen : two, an adult and juv. at 08.15 hrs on Oct 27th. JHH. Two other records lacked descriptions. The county mainland total advances to c. 152. Monthly breakdown. Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - - - - 4 5 2 20 82 35 4 - Top sites: Pendeen 57. St Ives 54. Newquay eight and Porthgwarra seven. 75 GREAT SKUA - Catharacta skua Passage migrant (mainly late August to late October). Uncommon winter visitor. A poor year with six in the first winter period. Spring passage consisted of only 11 birds and commenced with one at Rame Head Apr 8th. ending with one there Jun 30th. Autumn passage was relatively light consisting of about 195 birds between Jul 16th and Oct 27th. Peak numbers were on Aug 26th (13). Sep 8th (20)and 24th (26). Oct 7th (22) and 25th (15). The second winter period brought only three records. Approximate monthly county total: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 4 2 - 1 1 3 13 52 84 46 1 2 Regular reports and maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Rame Head - 2 - 1 1 - 2 - - - 1 Porthgvvarra - - - - - 1 12 9 - 22 - - St Ives 1 - - - 7 - - - 50 1 1 1 Pendeen ------28 32 15 - - There were one to two birds at Cape Cornwall. Cot Valley. Hanafore Point. Lizard Point. Mounts Bay. Towan Head and Sennen. One at Maer lake on Oct 5th was unusual, per GPS.

MEDITERRANEAN GULL - Larus melanocephalus Uncommon passage migrant and winter visitor (increasing).

Another excellent year with about 120 occurring. The congregations at Drift Res. and Mounts Bay remained from 1994 with up to 11 birds present in this area alone in the first winter period. The last to leave in spring was a first summer bird at Newporth Head Apr 10th. The first to return was a first summer bird at Hayle Estuary Jun 22nd. There was a wide scatter of records during July and August indicating a notable passage. Numbers built up during the autumn to another excellent end of year total. Again there were notable congregations in Mounts Bav and Drift Res. Birds bearing Dutch or Belgian white Darvic rings were noted as follows (see Ringing Report): Falmouth Bav : second year Feb 17th. RCJ. Par Beach : juv enile Aug 1 st. DJCs. Map 7 : Mediterranean Gull: all records Drift Res.: second vear Oct 14th and later seen Havle Est. Oct 19th and 22nd. GH.JFR.GJC Camel Est., adults Oct 23rd & Nov 2nd.GJC.DIJ. Approximate monthly county total: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 39 38 11 1 3 23 30 13 32 24 32 Regular reports and maximum numbers: Age Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Mounts Bav ad 2 1 1 - - - 1 1 - 3 1 1 2v - - . - - 1 2 - 1 lv 7 9 1 - - 1 1 - 1 - - Drift Res. ad 2 1 - - - . - 2 3 4 2v ------1 - 2 2 3 76 Age Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Drift Res. ly 8 6 1 ------1 2 2 (cont.) juv. ------1 - - - - Havle Est. Ad 1 1 1 - - 2 3 1 2 1 2 2v 1 1 - 2 1 2 1 1 ly 1 1 1 - - 1 - 2 - 2 1 1 juv. ------1 - - - - Loe Pool ad ------2 2v - - - _ _ _ 1 iy 1 1 - _ _ 1 _ _ . Camel Est. Ad - - - - - 1 4 3 3 2 1 1 2v - 1 - - - - 1 - - - ly 1 - - - - - 1 - - - - - JUV. ------1 - - - - - unaged ------1 - - Falmouth ad 2 - 1 ------1 - 2v - 1 - - - - - 1 ly 1 _ _ - _ - _ _ St Johns ad 1 1 1 - - 3 2 3 2 1 1 Lake 2v - - 1 - 1 - iy 1 1 1 - - - 1 - - - unaged - 5 - - - - 1 1 - 3 - 1 Lvnher Est. Ad ------3 1 - 2v - - - - 1 - iy ------1 - - - - - juv. ------1 - - - - unaged ------1 - - - 1 College/ ad 1 1 ------2 1 Argal Res. 2v ------1 - ly 1 ------1 - JUV. ------1 - - - -

LITTLE GULL - Larus mlnutus Uncommon passage migrant and winter visitor. None overwintered from 1994. although several appeared in January, including one at Towan Head and the Gannel Est. and three in Mounts Bay Jan 9th. Spring passage commenced with a first year at Maer Lake Feb 28th. consisted of five birds and ended with one on the Camel Est. Jun 4th. A weak autumn movement began on Aug 15th at Hayle Est., consisted of only eight birds and ended on Nov 27th at St Ives. There were only two wintering birds in December, at Bude Marshes and Drift Res.. Approximate monthly county total: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 7 2 2 - '1 1 - 4 5 1 3 2

SABINE'S GULL - Larus sabini Scarce passage migrant (mainly September/October).

Pendeen: Sep 3rd, juv. Sep 27th. four juv. Oct St Ives: juv Sep 27th JFR.MA. 25th. TMC.EJCe. et al. Cot Vallev: adult Oct 25th.PAF. Hayle Est: juv. Sep lOth.GH. Hannafore Point: juv Oct 27thEJW. Rumps Point: adult Sep 24th.RAw. A rather poor year with only 11 recorded. However in addition to those above there were three adults seen on the Scillonian III pelagic on Aug 28th. JFR.VAS.

The county mainland total now moves to c.943. Top sites: St Ives 546, Pendeen 161, Newquay 94, Godrevy and Cape Cornwall 18 each. 77 BLACK-HEADED GULL - Larus ridibundus Abundant passage migrant and winter visitor. Bred at Stithians Reservoir from 1967 to 1969. Has bred at Crowdy Reservoir since 1976 and at Colliford Reservoir since 1990. Breeding occurred at the two regular sites, and also at the Society's reserve at Maer Lake for the first time. Crowdv Res.: 48 voung fledged. Number of nests not known. DIJ. Colliford Res.. 58 nests with 60 young fledged. DAC.IMEC. Maer Lake: Mating and three nests built Apr 24th. Birds were sitting on all three nests by May 13th but two nests were robbed bv Jackdaws and Carrion Crows. Two voung were reared in the surviving nest GPS. Figure 12 : Black-headed Gull - Approximate monthly county total

Regular reports and maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Tamar Est. 949 1636 726 54 137 77 1278 2508 1012 1171 1194 433 St Johns Lake 1600 2252 600 31 26 24 936 1801 1741 1800 2000 750 Lynher Est. 550 571 171 26 58 395 1586 2611 852 1260 1659 846 Looe 1200 1000 30 - - - 240 162 500 767 900 Fowev Est. 300 144 49 - - - 12 - - - - Ruan Lanihorne 450 100 6 - - 13 340 420 252 106 850 200 Tresillian 584 244 11 1 . 500 1000 446 133 331 120 Truro Riv er 300 150 5 - 6 500 550 575 550 300 453 Devoran 1200 300 - - 11 48 525 400 350 450 850 500 Drift Res. 850 40 19 - - 20 96 105 50 450 547 Hayle Est. 1200 2000 170 9 11 500 2500 1200 221 955 1500 2000 Gannel Est. 800 350 125 - - 5 78 291 228 - - 350 Camel Est. 1047 473 31 18 52 55 1847 2233 1727 3500 1214 80 Maer Lake 1650 223 25 90 8 6 8 - - - - 892 About average first winter period totals, although birds moved out earlier this year with no noticeable spring passage. Larger numbers than usual returned in early July with a distinct peak in passage during August and then a gradual build up of winter flocks. The number of birds in December was lower than usual - probably due to under recording.

RING-BILLED GULL - Larus delawarensis Formerly rare vagrant, now uncommon winter visitor and passage migrant. Another very poor y ear for this species with perhaps only four new birds the first half of the year, and just three new individuals in the latter half. Approximate monthly county total: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 6 7 5 1 '1 1 - - - - 3 3 80 Lamorna Cove: adult Jun 19th BDB. Havle Est.: 2nd winter Nov 13th- 14th Millbrook: 2nd winter Oct 26th GJC. MKA.GJC. Several other records are still pending. The June bird (Lamorna Cove) constitutes the first record for that month. The county mainland total advances to c.66 - all but two since 1983. Monthly breakdown: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 14 6 5 1 4 1 1 4 5 8 7 9 Age breakdown on first arrival: 1st year - 9; 2nd year - 7; 3rd year - 5; fourth/adult - 45. Top sites: St John's Lake - 11; Looe - nine; Colliford Res. - six; Par & Camel Est. - five each.

ICELAND GULL - Larus glaucoides Scarce winter visitor. Rare passage migrant (mainly spring). No birds appeared to be "leftovers" from 1994. 10 birds were recorded this year, with eight in the first half and two individuals noted in the latter part of the year. Approximate monthly county total: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2 4 3 1 2 - - - - - 2 1 Hayle Est.: adult Jan 22nd per VAS. St Ives: adult Jan 22nd - presumed same bird as above BKM. Newquav: 1st winter Jan 30th TMC. Swanpool/Penryn River/Mylor Creek: 1st winter Feb 5th-May 20th CLB.RCJ.DIJ.LAHS. et al. Mounts Bav: two 1st winters Feb 9th-17th noted at various locations between Marazion beach & St Clements Isle DSF.GH.JFR. Hannafore Point: 2nd summer Feb 18th RMB. Drift Res.: 1st winter Mar 6th/ 16th. same as one of the Mounts Bav individuals GH. 1st winter Nov 26th SK. Helston Boating Lake: 1st winter Mar 10th SK. Sancreed: 1st summer Mav 1st, flew north. DSF. Rame Head: adult Nov 25th-Dec 15th EJW. The county mainland total now stands at c.309. Monthly breakdown: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 84 72 57 43 15 1 - - - 3 5 29 Age breakdown on first arrival - 1st year - 213; 2nd year - 90; 3rd year - 23; 4th year/adult - 51; 'immature' - 23; not aged - 33. Top sites: Mounts Bay - 104; Havle - 59; Falmouth - 50; St Ives - 46; Newquav - 15; Camel Est - 14.

GLAUCOUS GULL - Larus hyperboreus Uncommon winter visitor and passage migrant (mainly spring). None were present from the previous year. Approximately 15 individuals were logged with c. 12 in the first half of the year, and in the latter half it was likely three birds were present. Monthly breakdown: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 4 4 4 1 - - - 1 - - 1 1 Chapel Point: 1st winter Jan 13th.GJC. Boskenna: adult Jan 21st RJBn. Newquay: adult Jan 28th.TMC. South Coast: immature, January (date uncertain). Taken into care & sent to RSPCA, Perranporth, where it later died. It was then presented to the Royal Cornwall Museum, Truro.RDP. St Clements Isle: two 1st winter Feb 12th; then one 1st winter Feb 13th-Mar 6th.GH.JFR. Approximate monthly county total: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1119 3314 2460 113 93 958 348 952 520 2513 2576 1380 Regular reports and maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec St John's Lake 150 6 8 3 "1 18 20 6 4 10 60 6 Lvnher Est. 41 61 61 5 - - 1 1 1 - 11 Looe 40 96 _ 1 - - - - 10 1 43 200 Hayle Est. 390 1200 1500 25 23 - 41 485 22 - 35 600 Gannel Est. 32 42 - - 1 1 2 2 1 - 1- Camel Est. 78 900 411 2 4 1 _ 50 46 47 40 38 Crowdy Res. _ _ 1 2 900 20 12 200 270 400 - Colliford Res. 350 177 6 _ 1 8 236 250 179 2000 1500 243 Siblvback Res. 9 32 - - - - 7 64 - 56 253 17 Birds showing charactenstics of the south Scandinavian race (L.f. intermedius) were reported as follows: Penlee Point: Jan 1st. Stithians Res.: Nov 10th. Par Beach: Feb 20th. Rame Head: two Dec 16th. Swanpool: two Apr 13th. An almost pure white individual was seen at Millbrook Lake Feb 15th. SG.

HERRING GULL - Larus argentatus Common resident (but apparently decreasing). Breeds. Common passage migrant and winter visitor. Few breeding records received, although 20 nests were on the Mouls, 50 chicks were noted between Perranporth and St Agnes and five nests were noted at Gurnard's Head where in former years there used to be twenty. Four nests were on Pigeon Ogo (the Lizard), seventeen nests were noted at Par Docks and 14 pairs nested at Saltash. Roof nesting was widespread in Penzance and Penryn and noted in Liskeard. Excellent numbers in both winter periods, typically with the second winter peak being significantly higher than the first. Approximate monthly county total: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 5411 5271 3025 3624 3432 2075 3319 3215 3209 9733 5921 9518 Regular reports and maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Tamar Est. 88 85 73 214 297 196 51 61 54 132 49 35 St John's Lake 200 240 150 180 170 260 260 240 305 500 300 100 Lynher Est. 151 159 119 67 112 98 108 121 208 85 147 164 Rame Head 1150 1651 397 624 133 190 289 251 413 1373 570 1888 Looe 980 900 170 375 200 7 - - 670 830 1096 529 Ruan Lanihorne 40 22 22 60 24 16 72 162 70 227 158 - Truro Riv er 22 30 78 115 71 90 65 62 43 56 23 - Helford Est. 45 59 123 81 76 124 77 35 52 34 26 22 Drift Res. 350 150 282 73 70 37 20 150 78 950 723 600 Hayle Est. 58 700 500 645 290 52 397 286 19 500 455 225 Gannel Est. 117 288 340 105 192 80 279 100 - 250 Camel Est. 224 308 350 414 251 88 274 412 546 1026 250 4000 Crowdv Res. 50 23 1 20 143 100 10 36 - 2000 1100 8 Record breaking counts were made at Crowdy Res. and the Camel Est.

YELLOW-LEGGED GULL - Larus cachinanns Rare passage migrant and winter visitor. Colliford Res.: 3rd winter. Feb 13th GJC. Drift Res.: adult Mar 11th GH. 80 Lamorna Cove: adult Jun 19th BDB. Havle Est.: 2nd winter Nov 13th-14th Millbrook: 2nd winter Oct 26th GJC. MKA.GJC. Several other records are still pending. The June bird (Lamorna Cove) constitutes the first record for that month. The county mainland total advances to c.66 - all but two since 1983. Monthly breakdown: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 14 6 5 1 4 1 1 4 5 8 7 9 Age breakdown on first arrival: 1st year - 9; 2nd year - 7; 3rd year - 5; fourth/adult - 45. Top sites: St John's Lake -11: Looe - nine; Colliford Res. - six; Par & Camel Est. - five each.

ICELAND GULL - Larus glaucoides Scarce winter visitor. Rare passage migrant (mainly spring). No birds appeared to be "leftovers" from 1994. 10 birds were recorded this year, with eight in the first half and two individuals noted in the latter part of the year. Approximate monthly county total: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2 4 3 1 2 - - - - - 2 1 Hayle Est.: adult Jan 22nd per VAS. St Kes: adult Jan 22nd - presumed same bird as above BKM. Newquav: 1st winter Jan 30th TMC. Swanpool/Penryn River/Mylor Creek: 1st winter Feb 5th-May 20th CLB.RCJ.DIJ.LAHS. et al. Mounts Bav: two 1st winters Feb 9th-17th noted at various locations between Marazion beach & St Clements Isle DSF.GH.JFR. Hannafore Point: 2nd summer Feb 18th RMB. Drift Res.: 1st winter Mar 6th/16th. same as one of the Mounts Bav individuals GH. 1st winter Nov 26th SK. Helston Boating Lake: 1st winter Mar 10th SK. Sancreed: 1st summer Mav 1st, flew north. DSF. Rame Head: adult Nov 25th-Dec 15th EJW. The county mainland total now stands at c.309. Monthly breakdown: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 84 72 57 43 15 1 - - - 3 5 29 Age breakdown on first arrival - 1st year - 213; 2nd year - 90; 3rd year - 23; 4th year/adult - 51; immature' - 23; not aged - 33. Top sites: Mounts Bay - 104; Hayle - 59; Falmouth - 50; St Ives - 46; Newquay - 15; Camel Est - 14.

GLAUCOUS GULL - Larus hyperboreus Uncommon winter visitor and passage migrant (mainly spring). None were present from the previous year. Approximately 15 individuals were logged with c. 12 in the first half of the year, and in the latter half it was likely three birds were present. Monthly breakdown: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 4 4 4 1 - - 1 - - 1 1 Chapel Point: 1st winter Jan 13th.GJC. Boskenna: adult Jan 21st.RJBn. Newquay: adult Jan 28th.TMC. South Coast: immature, January (date uncertain). Taken into care & sent to RSPCA, Perranporth, where it later died. It was then presented to the Royal Cornwall Museum, Truro.RDP. St Clements Isle: two 1st winter Feb 12th; then one 1st winter Feb 13th-Mar 6th.GH.JFR. 81 LvnherEst: 1st winter Feb 14th.SCM.EHW. Drift Res.: 1st winter Feb 18th (one of the St Clements isle birds).JFR. 1st winter Nov 26th.GH. Rame Head: adult Feb 24th.EJW. Hayle Est.: 2nd winter Mar 6th-21st DSF.SK.LPW. 1st winter Mar 15th.SK. Rosemullion Head: lst/2nd year Mar lOth.RCJ. Millbrook Lake. 1st summer Mar 30th. Considered the same as the Erth marsh bird.SCM. Morval: immature Apr 29th. RJB. Lamorna: adult Aug 12th.BDB. Long Rock beach: 1st winter Nov 26th. Perhaps the Drift Res. bird of the same date.GRW.MW. St Just: 1st winter Dec 24th.BSW. Sennen: 1st winter Dec 27th. Likely to be the St Just bird.BSW. The county mainland total advances to c.440 since 1930. Monthly breakdown: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 142 101 55 26 - - - 4 5 14 31 44 Top sites: Mounts Bay - 105; Hayle - 60; Falmouth - 49; St Ives - 45; Newquay - 15; Camel Est - 14.

GREAT BLACK-BACKED GULL - Larus marinus Resident. Breeds. Passage migrant. Winter visitor. Few breeding records were submitted. However, a pair nested at Gurnard's Head, two pairs nested on rooftops in Falmouth. 200 birds were noted on Mullion Island on Apr 9th but not all were occupying nests. There was possible breeding around Holmbush Industrial Estate. First and second winter totals were somewhat lower than last year; however, the distribution of numbers throughout the year is typical Approximate monthly county total: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 907 761 734 367 144 114 192 205 520 912 650 872 Regular reports and maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Tamar Est. 14 12 9 7 2 10 10 5 8 25 11 12 St John's Lake 3 11 15 14 14 8 25 12 18 20 15 4 Lynher Est. 43 46 12 5 5 6 7 7 18 11 93 22 Rame Head 253 155 141 51 20 31 33 48 105 113 100 233 Looe 130 290 50 17 3 - - 1 160 310 200 300 Ruan Lanihorne 6 36 40 20 17 1 6 10 72 75 26 125 Hayle Est. 110 30 100 7 15 1 35 23 - 8 9 16 Camel Est. 36 75 280 27 45 26 46 71 74 92 140 76

KITTIWAKE - Rissa tridactyla Common summer resident. Breeds. Abundant passage migrant and winter visitor. Breeding season counts were incomplete this year. Figures represent the maximum number of pairs or nests counted; P means present, but not counted: 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 1989 Gorran Haven 140 P 150 - 200 200 Portloe - 24 40 P 20 100 50 Head - 40 - _ _ Land's End 501 495 - - _ P 108 Ralph's Cupboard 114 118 176 192 - 287 Newquay 600 1000 1000 P P 500 P Trevose Head 35 140 142 80 _ _ Polzeath - 89 75 P 220 365 231 Regularly reported throughout the year from all around the coast but maximum numbers were: Lizard Point: 1000 per hour west in a south westerly gale Jan 16th. 82 Hannafore Point: 365 west Jan 21st.EJW. St Ives Bav: During January 3500 21st. 3200 22nd but only 200 23rd. 4000 28th. VAS. Cot Valley: 3000 during gales Oct 25 th PAF. Rame Head: regularly reported throughout year with a max. of 235 Sep 8th.EJW. Pendeen: 379 Oct 18th. SML.MCH.

SANDWICH TERN - Sterna sandvicensis Common passage migrant. Rare winter visitor. There was a very early bird on Feb 4th on the Hayle Est., then none until six birds arrived at three scattered localities on Mar 20th. There were almost daily records until Jun 1st, however peak passage was between Apr 12-30th. Spring passage involved c.469 birds. The first returning birds were singles at Hayle Est. and Rame Head on Jun 10th. numbers gradually built up during July and August, but peak passage period was between Aug 27th and Sep 27th with a heavy passage noted on several dates. The last bird was at Rock on Nov 2nd. Autumn passage involved c. 1055 birds.

Regular reports and maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec St John's Lake - - - 7 - - 11 35 42 1 - - Rame Head - - 27 2 11 34 61 32 1 - - Looe - - 1 22 - 4 4 10 11 5 - - Par - - - 31 6 - 1 18 26 - - - Porthgwarra - - - 5 25 13 13 3 8 1 - - Mounts Bay - - 4 31 11 - - - - 2 - - St Ives - - 9 16 4 4 6 191 - - - Hayle Est. 1 8 11 1 1 25 37 78 13 - - Camel Est. - - - 3 3 2 6 37 12 6 1 -

Figure 13 : Sandwich Tern - Approximate monthly county total

There were notable counts of 37 Rame Head Aug 27th. 60 Porth Kidney Beach Sep 11th, 74 at Pendeen Sep 12th and 63 St Ives Sep 24th.

COMMON TERN - Sterna hirundo Passage migrant. The first in spring were tyvo at St Johns Lake Mar 24th but there were no more until one on the Lynher Est. Apr 16th. There was only a light passage with a peak between May 14-17th and the last at St Ives May 29th. Spring passage involved c.66 birds. Autumn passage commenced with four at Hannafore Point Jun 17th. Passage was light consisting of c. 175 birds and with a notable peak between Sep 3-7th. The last bird was at St Ives Nov 1st. 83 Figure 14 : Common Tern - Approximate monthly county total

Regular reports and maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec St John's Lake - - 2 - - - T 7 _ _ Mounts Bav - - 9 4 1 _ . _ _ St Ives - - 6 11 - 12 39 1 _ Hayle Est. - - - 2 14 - 8 4 23 3 - - Camel Est. ------3 - 1 1 - -

Peak counts were of 20 at St Ives Sep 3rd and 17 Hayle Est. Sep 9th. Inland there were records of two at Lower Tamar Lake Aug 5th, seven at Drift Res. Sep 7th and two at College Res. Sep 8th. One in first summer plumage (otherwise known as portlandica) was at Hannafore Point Jun 17th EJW. ARCTIC TERN - Sterna paradisaea Uncommon passage migrant. A lighter than average spring and autumn passage. The first in spring were singles in Mounts Bay and St Ives Apr 29th. There was a light passage involving 24 birds with the last four in spring at Rame Head Jun 24th. Autumn passage commenced with a single at Rame Head Aug 11th. and consisted of 40 birds, with the last at Swanpool on Nov 3rd.

Approximate monthly county total: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - - - 4 16 4 - 6 26 7 1 - Regular reports and maximum numbers: Mounts Bav: two Apr 29th and two Mav 5th. St Ives: two Apr 29th, three May 28-29th. two Sep 7th and four Sep 24th. Hayle Est.: two May 14th and two Oct 6th. Rame Head: four Jun 24th, one Aug 11th and four Sep 9th. Porthgwarra: singles on Aug 13th, Sep 7th, Oct 7th and two Aug 17th. Landulph Marsh: two Aug 23rd and five Sep 2-10th. Pendeen: one Sep 12th and two Sep 24th.

Inland there were two at Drift Res. Sep 7th with one there the next dav and one at Lower Tamar Lake Sep 9th. 'Commic' Terns Birds not specifically identified, but either Common or Arctic were reported as follows: Rame Head: 13 between Jul 31st and Sep 9th. Pendeen: 14 Sep 12th and two Sep 15th. Lynher Est.: one Oct 8th. Lamorna Cove: one Oct 10th. 84 LITTLE TERN - Sterna albifrons Uncommon passage migrant. The best year since 1989. Spring passage commenced with a single at Marazion Beach Apr 14th and consisted of 28 birds with flocks of eight and seven at Par and Mounts Bav respectively. The last in spring was on the Havle Est. May 17th. Autumn passage was light consisting of eight birds. The first was on the Havle Est. Jul 29th and the last at St Ives Sep 24th. Approximate monthly county total: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - - - 22 6 - 1 4 3 - - - Mounts Bav: one Apr 14th. three Apr 24th. seven Apr 29th with one the following dav, two Mav 5th and two Aug 5th DE.BKM.JHH.SK. Par Beach: eight Apr 28th. GRW.MW. Hannafore Point: two Apr 29th.RMB.EJW. Hayle Est.: one May 3rd, four May 17th, one Jul 29th. per DSF. St Johns Lake: adult Aug 6th and first winter. Aug 13th.SCM. Pendeen: two Sep 15th.BSW. St Ives: one Sep 24th EJW.VAS.RB.

Figure 15: Little Tern County Totals 1976-1995

WHISKERED TERN - Chlidonias hybridus Very rare vagrant Tregunna. Camel Est.: a first summer Mav 9-28th.GJC.GPS.BTC.DIJ.MKW.JAB. Accepted by BBRC. The eighth county mainland record. Monthly breakdown: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - - - 2 4 1 1 - - - - -

BLACK TERN - Chlidonias niger Uncommon passage migrant. The first in spring was a flock of eleven at Crowdy Res. May 16th. the only other spring record being three at Stithians Res. May 22nd. Autumn passage was light with the first at Maer lake Aug 4th and the last at Padstow Oct 5th. 17 birds were involved with four birds on the best date of Sep 8th. Monthly breakdown: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - - - - 14 - - 6 9 2 - - 85 Crovvdy Res.: 11 May 16th with one present the next day. BTC.AJB.SJB. Stithians Res.: three May 22nd. ARP. Maer Lake, one Aug 4th. GPS. Pendeen: one Aug 13th and two Sep 8th. DSF.BSW. Loe Pool: singles Aug 24th and Sep 8th. three Sep 10th with two the next dav. RK.SK.ARP.CCW. Camel Est.: singles Aug 25th, Sep 8th. 10-11th and Oct 4th. LL. RLS. Kingsmill Lake: one Aug 28th. GDL. Siblyback Res.: one Aug 28th. JMR. Upper Tamar Lake: one Sep 9th. GPS. Padstow: one Oct 5th. DIJ.

WHITE-WINGED BLACK TERN - Chlidonias leucopterus Rare vagrant. Hayle Est: juv. Oct 18th. SOD.EOD.PTS. Accepted by BBRC. This bird was first seen on St Agnes, Isles of Scilly on Oct 17th and was seen to fly east from the Hayle Est., being refound at Greater Westhay Moor, on Oct 23-27th.

The county mainland total moves to 21. Monthly breakdown: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - - - 1 5 - 2 2 8 2 - - Top sites: Hayle Est. six. Tamar Lakes three and four sites with two each.

COMMON GUILLEMOT - Uria aalge Summer resident. Breeds (mainly north coast). Passage migrant. Winter visitor. Breeding season information was received from the following localities. The figures in bold represent maximum number of nests and those in italics the maximum number of birds present, with comparative data from 1989 to 1994. 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 1989 Long & Short Islands 7 30 50 160 21 75 50 Tresungers Point 6 2 - - - 11 - Bawden Rocks 50 80 - 80 - - - Newdowns Head 35 - - - _ _ Gull Rock.Nare Head 20 30 30 40 60 40 30 The colony at Pentireglaze has disappeared with only one bird seen on ledges and none breeding. Outside the breeding season there were many reports scattered around the coasts. Rame Head was the most regularly watched site where 424 passed through the year with a peak late April to late May. Maximum numbers were 70 past Pendeen Jan 21st, 200 at Bass Point Feb 25th, 162 Nare Head Mar 19th.

RAZORBILL - Alca torda Summer resident. Breeds (mainly north coast). Passage migrant. Winter visitor. Breeding season information was received frcm the following localities. The figures in bold represent maximum number of nests and those in italics the maximum number of birds present, with comparative data from 1989 to 1994. Present = p. 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 1989 Long & Short Islands 25 P 60 30 - 65 _ Tresungers Point 54 36 P P P 17 P The Mouls 20 37 P P P P P 55 80 - 50 Gull Rock,Nare Head 20 30 30 40 60 40 30 There were numerous reports of low numbers scattered around the coast. 86 The most consistently recorded site was at Rame Head where a total of 355 were recorded, with a distinct peak at the end of March and beginning of April. Maximum counts were of 200 in Carbis Bay Feb 6th and 300 Rosemullion Head Mar 10th.

Razorbills (John Walters)

Auk sp. (Common Guillemot or Razorbill). Rame Head: 988 between Jan 2nd and Dec 29th. Bass Point: 300 Jan 16th. St Ives: 500 Jan 21st, 800 Jan 22nd and 3000 Jan 28th. Carbis Bav: 1500 Jan 22nd with 3000 Jan 29th. Lamorna Cove: 100 Feb 27th. Pendeen: 5303 Oct 18th with 2332 Oct 20th. Cot Valley. 2500 Oct 25th.

BLACK GUILLEMOT - Cepphus grylle Rare passage migrant and winter visitor, occasionally overwintering. Falmouth Bay: one Jan 25th - Mar 8th with two seen from Dennis Head on Feb 2nd. RCJ.DE.GJC. Presumably one or other of these birds was seen in the Carrick Roads from Penarrow Point Mar 20th. GJC The county mainland total moves to c.45. The Falmouth Bay individual was probably a returning wintering bird from 1994 and had acquired summer plumage by Feb 17th. Monthly breakdown: Jan 'Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 7 6 4 5 - 2 - - 3 4 4 6 Top sites: St Ives 13, Falmouth Bay 11, Sennen and Trevose Head two each.

LITTLE AUK - Alle alle Scarce passage migrant and winter visitor. A poor year for this species, although the September record is only the fourth ever in this month. Flexburv, Bude: one found dead Jan 5th. GPS. Hannafore Point: one Nov 8th.GDL. Upton: Jan 21 st. GPS. Polhawn Cove: Dec 24th. GG. Pendeen: Sep 24th. BKM. The county mainland total is now c. 1171 since 1930. 87 Monthly breakdown: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 87 123 32 2 - 1 - - 4 62 358 503

Top sites: St Ives 536, Porthgwarra 217. Falmouth 76, Mullion/Loe Pool 44, Newquay 41.

PUFFIN - Fratercula arctica Scarce summer resident (north coast). Breeds. Uncommon passage migrant. Rare winter visitor. Over the last thirty years there has been a marked decline in the breeding population in Cornwall. As an illustration over 3000 could be seen at Lye Rock in the 1940's and 600 during the 1960's. In 1970 there were about 70 birds still present but there are now none. Trevone and Gull Rock (Nare Head) are other former colonies. Breeding season records were received from the following locations where breeding is known or suspected to have occurred. Figures represent the maximum number of single birds seen at or near the colony with comparative data for 1989 to 1994.. 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 1989 Long and Short Island 7 2 16 15 15 13 17 The Mouls 11 20 25 30 17 12 6 Bawden Rocks 3 4 - - _ The Brisens 3 ------Elsewhere the following records were received: Pendeen: one Jan 21st. Porthoustock: one May 3rd. Rame Head: four between Apr 24th and Jul 2nd Bass Point: three Jul 14th. Porthgwarra: forty Apr 30th - Oct 3rd. MV Scillonian III: two Oct 20th.

Since 1964 a total of c. 2317 have been seen away from the breeding areas. Top sites: Porthgwarra 1410, The Lizard 256, St Ives 244, Rame Head 99.

FERAL PIGEON / ROCK DOVE - Columba livia Resident. Breeds. Pure Rock Doves may survive on some of the more remote parts of the north coast, but would probably prove indistinguishable from feral stock. Only 110 birds were reported throughout the year, and most of these came from the north coast. The only significant count was up to 40 at Tamar Bridge throughout the year. However, there is no reason to believe there is a reduction in numbers. All counts of this species should be submitted, whatever the location.

STOCK DOVE - Columba oenas Resident. Breeds. Passage migrant. Winter visitor. Records indicate large concentrations in winter where up to 500 were recorded at Otterham in stubble. The only other high number was 40 at Loe Pool Jan 2nd. Otherwise, counts of less than ten were recorded across the whole county. Spring migration was minimal with only 14 records in April and May, most of these being on the Lizard, but three at Walmsley Sanctuary Apr 15th. Breeding season records came from Kit Hill, Freathy, Ninestone's, North Bowda, Porson, Tehidy CP and Tregonning Hill. Autumn migration was light but started at Hayle Est. with two Sep 18th and peaked around mid-late October, with 20 at Sancreed on 13th, six on 15th at Porthgwarra, three on 18th at Tehidy CP and three on 20th at Holmbush. In the second winter period, a flock of 100 had reappeared at Otterham by Nov 28th, and 20 were at Dec 15th The Otterham count is the third highest count ever in Cornwall. 88 WOOD PIGEON - Columba palumbus Abundant resident. Breeds. Passage migrant, with larger numbers in late autumn. Winter visitor. In the first winter period, a significant record was a flock of 1300 at Hayle Estuary Jan 5th. Otherwise, 60 at Harlyn Bay Feb 19th and 70 at Walmsley Sanctuary Mar 25th were the only other notable records. Spring passage was evident at Tehidy CP with a peak of 60 Apr 3rd and 47 May 2nd. compared to an average count of 30 at this well-watched site. Breeding was recorded sparsely at several sites throughout the county, though observers report no decrease in numbers. Autumn passage was most noticeable in the first two weeks of November, with 42 Nov 3rd and 89 Nov 11th at Tehidy CP. Other high counts included 50 at Maker Heights Oct 28th and 35 at Maenporth Nov 23rd. Curiously, however, the autumn passage did not match the previous year's high totals, when peak counts were well over 3000.

COLLARED DOVE - Streptopelia decaocto Breeds. Resident. Winter visitor. Passage migrant. Healthy numbers were recorded in every month of the year with higher counts in spring and autumn. Observers generally report that the Collared Dove is common locally or increasing. In spring, probable migrants included 24 at Fowey Apr 8th. 60 at Porthgwarra May 21st, five at Polly Joke May 21st and 16 at The Lizard May 6th. In the breeding season, up to seven pairs were at Trew, with the first young out of the nest Feb 28th. Elsewhere, summer records were received from across the whole of the county. In autumn, probable migrants included, 6 Penrvn Park Sep 9th, 28 Pelvnt Sep 21st. 70 St. Minver Sep 27th, 15 at Holmbush Oct 1st and 12 Port Isaac Oct 13th.

TURTLE DOVE - Streptopelia turtur Passage migrant. Bred in 1981 and probably 1978 and 1977. Occasional summer resident. Rare in winter. A total of 78 birds were reported and this shows a 24% increase on last year's 59. 61% occurred in the first three weeks of May and 14% in the first two weeks of October. The earliest record was two at Wadebridge Apr 27th FMC, followed by two at Tehidy CP End Apr 29th. The main influx clearly arrived between Mav 2nd and 13th, though a smaller second wave appeared between May 19th and 24th. The vast majority were found at the traditional coastal migration hot spots, e.g. Porthgwarra, Land's End, Church Cove, The Lizard, Rame. Surprisingly there were a mere three reports from the north coast, namely Polly Joke, Port Gaverne and Pentireglaze. There were no reports of breeding or juveniles; however two summer records were of one at Tideford Jul 9th and Trerulefoot Jul 16th. In the autumn there were 22 records, the majority of which were in October. Most were singles, though there were two at Marazion Marsh on Aug 24th and two at Trevilley on Oct 15th. The last one was at Kenidjack on Oct 29th.

COMMON CUCKOO - Cuculus canorus Summer resident. Breeds, though declining. Passage migrant, mainly spring. The first spring record appeared at St. Just in Roseland Apr 3rd. (1994: Apr 17th) followed by another 70 throughout April, predominantly at coastal locations throughout the county. By far the largest numbers were reported between the first and third weeks in May, by which time more had reached inland. Over twice as manv sightings were reported as last vear, especially in April (+ 204%) and May (+134%). Highest counts were five at Wicca Apr 30th, six at Stithians May 6th, nine at Kit Hill May 12th and six at Church Cove May 13th. PAR recorded the earliest ever at Gwithian Apr 10th. In the breeding season, there were four territories at Lamelgate, seven territories at Kit Hill, four at The Lizard, and six Church Cove to . Other breeding season records from suitable sites came from the Upper Fowey7 Valley, St. Minver, Stinky Bay Valley, Bearah Tor, Clodgy and Common Moor. Autumn passage was typically very light, with just six records, compared to five last year, all in the middle two weeks of August. The last record of the year was one at Drift Res. Aug 19th. GH. GAZETTEER

This list covers some of the more obscure place names mentioned in the Systematic List. It is bv no means exhaustive.

Grid references refer to the four-figure square in which the site (or the majority of it) lies. All sites are marked on 1:50 000 Ordnance Survey maps (Landranger series). Sheets 190. 200. 201. 203 and 204 relate to Cornwall.

Advent SX 1082 Crinnis SX0551 Kehnack SW 3730 Antony House SX4156 Croft Pascoe SW 7319 Kenidjack SW 3532 Bastreet SX 2476 Crowan Res. SW 6435 Kennack Sands SW 7316 Bearah Tor SX2574 Cubert SW 7857 Kerney Bridge SX 3270 Berriowbridge SX 2775 Dannonchapel SX0382 Killigerran Head SW 8732 Bochym SW 6820 Deadmans Cove SW6143 SX 4350 Bomthon SW 6920 Dennis Head SW 7825 Ladock SW 8950 Bosistow SW 3623 Dennis Hill SW 9274 Lamelgate SX2170 Boskenna SW4125 Devoran SW 7938 Lamorna SW 4524 Bossiney SX 0689 Dodman SX 0039 Landrake SX 3760 Boswednack SW 4437 Downderry SX 3253 Landulph SX4361 Botallack SW 3632 Dowran SW 3830 Landewednack SW7112 Bounds Cliff SX 0281 Duckpool SS 2011 Laneast SX 2283 Bowithick SX 1882 Dunmere SX 0468 Lantivet Bay SX 1650 Bray Shop SX 3374 Eagles Nest SW 4638 Lansallos SX 1751 SX0561 Eglarooze SX3454 Launcells SS 2606 Brew SW 3625 Foage SW 4637 Lerryn SX 1356 Budock Water SW 7631 Froe Creek SW 8633 Little Petherick SW9172 Bussow SW 5039 Gillan Creek SW 7624 Loe Bar SW 6424 Cadgwith SW 7214 Golitha SX 2268 Longdowns SW 7434 Caer Bran SW 4029 Goonzion Downs SX 1767 Long Island SX 0790 Caerthillian SW 6912 Great Grogley SX0167 Loveney SX 1875 Cardiinham SX 1268 Gribbin Head SX 0949 Lye Rock SX 0689 Carluddon SX0155 Gulval SW 4831 Maenporth SW 7829 Carnanton SW 8864 Gunver Head SW 8977 Maer Lake SS 2007 Carne SW9138 Gunwalloe SW 6620 Maker SX 4351 Cam Galver SW 4236 Halvana SX2178 Marsh Lane - Catchall SW 4327 Harlyn Bay SW 8775 Meadows SW 5738 Cleave Camp SS 2012 HawkstorClay Pit SX 1474 Mawgan Porth SW 8467 Clowance SW 6234 Hayle Kimbro Pool SW 6916 Menabilly SX 1051 Comm Head SW 9480 Helman Tor SX 0661 SX 2962 Constantine SW 7329 Herodsfoot SX2160 Millendreath SX 2653 Constantine Bay SW 8574 Hessenford SX 3057 Minions SX 2671 Coombe Valley SS2011 Holman's Moor SW 4839 Mithian SW 7450 Cot SW 3630 Holmbush SX 0452 Moditonham Quay SX 4161 Cotehele SX 4268 Hudder Down SW 6042 Mouls SW 9381 Crafthole SX 3654 Hustyn SX 0069 Mount Edgcumbe SX 4552 Crantock SW 7861 Kea' SW8142 Nanjizal SW 3523 Crean SW 3924 Kelsey Head SW 7660 Nanquidno SW 3629

Nanstallon SX 0366 Porrtnadler Bay SX 2451 Tregantle SX 3852 Nare Head SW9137 Port Quin SW 9780 Tregardock SX 0483 Ninestones Bridge SX 2173 Port wrinkle SX 3553 Tregaseal SW3731 North Bowda SX 2477 Predannack SW 6816 Tregathenan SW 6530 North Hill SX 2776 Prussia Cove SW 5527 Tregavethan SW 7747 Notter Bridge SX 3860 Quethiock SX3164 Tregonetha Downs SW 9662 Otterham SX 1589 Ranie Point SX 0281 Trelowarren SW7125 Pelynt SX 2054 Reskajeage SW 6243 Tremethick Cross SW 4430 Penare SX 0040 Respryn SX 0963 Trenance Lake SW8160 Penberth SW 4022 Rosemergy SW 4236 Trendrme SW4739 Pendarves SW 6437 Rosenannon SW 9566 Tresamble Vean SW 7440 Pendower SW 9038 Ruan Major SW 7016 Tresemple Pool SW 8544 Penlee Woods SX 4449 Rumps Point SW 9381 Tresungers Point SX 0081 Pentewan SX0147 Ryan's Field SW 5436 Trethurgy SX 0455 Pentire SW 9280 St Antony Head SW 8430 Trevail SW 4740 Percuil SW 8534 St Buryan SW 4025 Trevarrian SW 8566 Perranarworthal SW 7738 St Clements Isle SW 4726 Treveal SW 4740 Perranuthnoe SW 5429 St Ervan SW 8970 Trevilley SW 3524 SX 3664 St Keverne SW 7921 Trevorrian SW 3726 Plusha SX 2580 St Levan SW 3822 Trevone SW 8975 Point SW8138 St Loy SW 4233 Trewey Common SW 4636 Polbathic SX 3457 Seaton SX 3054 Treyarnon Bay SW 8574 Polbrock SX0169 Short Island SX 0790 Troon SW 6638 Poldhu SW 6619 Silverwell SW 7548 Trythall SW 4433 Polgigga SW 3723 Sithney SW 6329 United Downs SW 7441 Polhawn SX4149 Smallacombe SX 2275 Upton SS 2004 Polridmouth SX 1050 Stannon Clay Pit SX 1280 Upton Towans SW 5739 Poltesco SW 7215 Stepper Point SW9178 Varley Head SW 9881 Porthcothan SW 8572 Bay SX2251 Virworthy Wharf SS 2910 Portgaverme SX 0080 Tehidy SW 6443 Walmsley SanctuarySW 9974 Porthguarnon SW4123 The Sisters SX 1093 Wendron SW 6731 Portholland SW 9541 Towednack SW4838 West Pentire SW 7761 Porthoustock SW 8021 Trebartha SX2677 Wheal Rodney SW 5231 Porth Joke SW 7760 Trebelsue SW 8463 Wiggle SX 4250 Porth Mear SW 8471 Trebursy SX 3083 Winnards Perch SW 9266 Porthmissen SW 8976 Treen SW 3922 Withiel SW 9965 Portloe SW 9339 Trefusis SW8133 Porth Navas SW 7527 Tregadillet SX 2983 89 Autumn records: Tehidy CP. one Aug 7th Rosewall Hill: one Aug 11th Walmsley Sanctuary: one Aug 8th Boswednack: one Aug 15th Marazion Marsh: one Aug 9th Drift Res. Res.: one Aug 19th

BARN OWL - Tyto alba Resident. Breeds, though declined over last ten years. Loss of breeding sites, destruction of habitat, increased road traffic and cold winters followed by damp summers all take a heavy toll on this vulnerable species. The downward trend appears to have continued (see 1994 Barn Owl Survey of Cornwall, p. 145). Reported from 92 sites, and involved c. 114 different birds. (This compares to 95 localities in 1992).

Breeding was proved at just nine sites.

Negative news on previously traditional sites came from Old Kea Church, Truro. Roadside casualties, which obviously play a part in the Barn Owl's decline, were found at Sheffield, Paul and Kehelland. Undoubtedly more go unnoticed. The majority of records were reported in the east and central parts of the county. There were just nine reports from West Penwith with only one report of breeding in that district. SCOP'S OWL - Otus scops Very rare vagrant Henna Cliff, Morwenstow: one Apr 9th to 11th. JCP.BTC. Accepted by the BBRC. This takes the county mainland total to five. The last was in 1974, when an injured bird was found, but later died, at Saltash. It is now in the British Museum. Previous records were at Lelant in 1871, Tregonning Hill in 1952. and Kilkhampton in 1953. Of interest was a record of a second bird this year which landed on a Cornish fishing boat in the English Channel Apr 11th. Unfortunately, the bird died before the boat reached port.

Scops Owl (Steve Bird) 90 LITTLE OWL - Athene noctua Widespread, but scarce resident (mainly coastal). Breeds. Breeding was proved at just two sites. A pair ar Carnmellis raised four juvs. BKM, and Trewickle Farm, where one bird was raised, but another died. SCM. However, at least four additional sites held birds duuring the breeding season.

Carnmellis: one Jan 2nd-Jun 18th. Pentire Farm: one July 1st DIJ. : one Jan 14th. AJB.SJB. Rame Head: one Julv 8th. DRC. one Sep 21st. Dannonchapel: one Jan 30th-Mar 1st. DL.SF.DR. RSa. Grampound Road: one Feb 13th. Narkurs: one Aug 4th-31st. (two on 10th) Rame Barton: Feb 25th. EJW. White Alice: one Aug 6th. GHT. St Minver. one Apr 3rd-4th. DLJ. Rosudgeon: one Oct 8th. RK. Moditonham Quav. one Apr 30th MG.KG. Malpas: one Oct 28th. HCBC. Pentireglaze: one Jun 5th. DL.SF.DR. Polly Joke: one Nov 19th SGR. Lundynant Caravan Parkone Jun 9th-11th. DL. Pityme: two Nov 22nd-23rd, one Dec 9th. DLJ.

TAWNY OWL - Strix aluco Widespread resident. Breeds. Successful breeding was reported from seven different sites, where a max. of one or two young fledged at each nest. Of interest, half of the nestlings were raised in man-made nest-boxes. (It would obviously be worth placing more nest boxes in suitable localities). Camelford: (third year running) 2 juvs Kings Wood: 1 juv Coldrose Farm: 1 juv Lamorna Valley: young reared Idless, Truro: 2 juvs Treluswell: 2 juvs Jolly's Bottom: 1 juv However, at least 14 additional sites held birds during the breeding season and unlike other owls, indications are that the population is healthy and not in decline. There were several reports of birds in the far west, between Penberth and Cot Valley, but very few from Penzance to .

LONG-EARED OWL - Asio otus Uncommon passage migrant and winter visitor. Occasionally breeds. Silverwell: one Feb 12th. BKM. near Golitha: two juv Aug 29th DAC.ID. The county mainland total advances to c.85 since 1930. Monthlv breakdown * : Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 8 8 5 6 2 5 - 8 3 14 7 16 * 3 birds were 'undated'.

SHORT-EARED OWL - Asio flammeus Uncommon passage migrant. Winter visitor. Numbers fluctuate from year to year depending on available food. Bred on several occasions in 1930's and 1940's and probably did so in 1983. Seven were reported in the first winter period, with an additional nine on spring passage between Apr 5th and May 3rd. Autumn passage involved 11 birds, with five remaining into the second winter period. Most records were of single birds. Gwithian: one Jan lst-May 3rd PAR. West Penwith Moors: one Apr 4th. VAS. Tregonetha Downs: one Jan 10th STB. Godrew Point: one Apr 5th MJH; one Mav 3rd St. Ives: one Jan 30th VAS. LPW; one Dec 1st LPW. Cam Galver: two Jan lst-8th CBC. Davidstow: three Apr 10th AMJD. Chun Castle: one Feb 1st EGG.GGG. Freathy: one Apr 10th KP. Laneast: one picked up dead, Mar 31st AMJD. Tregoss: one Apr 19th to 20th DMY. 91 Treen: one Sep 28th VAS. Penhalt: one Oct 27th TJD. Lands End: two Oct 11th and one on the 15th. Lizard Downs: one Nov 1st RCJ.ARP. VAS.PHA. et al Crugmeer: one Nov 21 st TJD. Penlee Point: one Oct 17th BTC. and one Oct Mulfra Hill: one Nov 27th EGG.GGG. 31 st EHW. Davidstow Airfield: one Dec 1 st AJB.SJB. Porthgwarra: two Oct 18th DJCs. Glebe Cliff: one Dec 21 st DL. Kelynack: one Oct 23 rd

EUROPEAN NIGHTJAR - Caprimulgus europaeus Scarce summer resident. Breeds. Rare passage migrant. Formerly more common as a breeding species, though is now restricted to small isolated areas. In recent years there appears to have been a slight recovery of numbers breeding in the county. 1995 breeding season information was received from the following areas (with comparative data for 1989-1994). Figures represent maximum number of "churring* males: 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 1989 West Penwith Site 1 4 3 7 5 3 6 3 Site 2 3 2 1 2 (see total for Site 1) Site 3 2 - - - - Lizard 2 1 3 3 1 2 2/3 nr. Coverack 2 2 2 (last noted in 1982) Bodmin Moor 3 -3 4 4 4/5 4+ 4/5 nr. St Austell 1 2 2 2 1 1

The population appears to have stabilised, following a recent increase in breeding numbers.

COMMON SWIFT - Apus apus Passage migrant. Summer resident. Breeds. The first spring record appeared at St. Ives Feb 9th VAS, with a further unseasonal sighting at Polruan on Mar 23rd MEt. (last year's earliest was Apr 25th). The main influx arrived from Apr 23rd. Surpnsinglv. there were onlv six triple figure counts during spring, the maximum being 250 at Colliford Res. May 20th. Breeding reports were few. Of interest, five pairs bred in cliff crevices at Navax Point PAR, and CLB reported good numbers breeding in the Penryn area. Autumn migration began in early July, with 50 at Long Rock Pool, this being the largest flock BRP had recorded there. At Loe Pool the max. count was 150 Jul 15th. RK. The main departure period was between Jul 15th and Aug 7th when 1765 were reported, mainly from migration watch points on the south coast. Single figure counts continued to be reported until the last one at Nanquidno Sep 21st RB.

COMMON KINGFISHER - Alcedo atthis Scarce resident. Breeds. Passage migrant (mainly autumn). Winter visitor. Evenly distributed throughout the county in the first winter period. Most reports concerned singles though two were noted at Lower Tamar Lake. Drift Res., River Fowey and Tresillian. The only April record was one at Looe; the five May records concerned singles all in the east of the county at Lerryn. Pillaton. Lower Tamer Lake. Lyhner and Trekeivesteps.

Breeding season records were few. but derived from the following localities: . adult feeding juv. Notter Bridge: one flew into a hole in a bank Par Beach Pool: one juv. St. Johns Ford: one juv. Autumn passage began in August with several reports of two together, and three at the Camel Est. Aug 13th and Hayle Est. Aug 23rd. Numbers peaked in September with mainly singles reported from all parts of the county, including Wadebridge Sewage Works. At the end of the year, around 37 were reported overwintering, mostly singles and two's, though five at Looe Est. Nov 12th and three on the Tamar Dec 10th. 92 Approximate monthly county total: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 24 11 12 1 5 13 16 36 52 37 35 40

HOOPOE - Upupa epops Scarce passage migrant, mainly March and April. 12 birds were reported this year - the same as last, with the majority of records occurring in March with five sightings. April hosted three. May one. June two. with the only one autumn record.

Duporth: one Mar 20th RLS. Penlee Battery: one Apr 9th KP. Barcelona: one Mar 23rd WJW. Minions: one May 5th ME. Talland Bav: one Mar 23rd EHW.WJW. Tonnacombe Manor: one Jun 2nd to 6th per Mullion Cove: one Mar 23rd-24th MR.PRy. GPS. Trewey Common: one Mar 27th per DSF. Polruan: one Jun 18th EJK. Bossiney: one Apr 9th DL.CW.DR. Treen: one Sep 28th JFR.VAS County mainland total moves to c.453 since 1930, prior to which data is incomplete.

Monthly breakdown: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 3 74 202 71 18 9 13 26 25 10 2

WRYNECK - Jynx torquilla Scarce passage migrant. Overwintered twice. There is no fully authenticated breeding record of this species in Cornwall. All records for this species came in the autumn with the exception of one. There was a total of 13 records this year, compared to nine last year.

St. John: Apr 5th, found freshly dead SCM. 1st and Oct 14th BTC.SML.VAS. Nancegollan: one Sep 15th RE. Kenidjack: one Oct 1st - 5th DC.VAS. Nanquidno: singles Sep 17th. one Oct 2nd and Lizard Point: one Oct 15th RB.VAS 15th RB.VAS. and 31st VRT.EGs. Caerthillian: two Sep 19th ARP.GWD. Moor: one Oct 17th ARP. Porthgwarra: singles Sep 23rd RAJ.. Oct

Wryneck (Paul Semmens) 93 GREEN WOODPECKER - Picus viridus Resident. Breeds, but appears to be declining, especially in coastal areas. A total of 96 birds were recorded, mostly in one's or two's. Astonishingly, only five sites across the county recorded three or more birds at any one time. Lamelgate: four Jun 1st (one pair bred) Treverva: four Jul 25th (incl. 2 juvs) St. Austell: five Jul 3rd (one pair bred, with juvs) Wendron: three Jul 20th (incl. 1 juv) St. Germans: family party Jul 6th Observations were submitted from 76 localities, compared to c.80 in 1992. Breeding was confirmed at just 7 sites: Lamelgate. Illogan. St. Austell, St Germans. Trebartha, Treverva and Wendron. However, at least a further 12 suitable sites held birds during the breeding season. There appears to have been a reduction in population particularly in peripheral areas such as coastal valleys which were occupied by birds in the 1970's and 1980's.

GREAT SPOTTED WOODPECKER - Dendrocopos major Resident. Breeds. Scarce passage migrant. Numbers declining. There was a small decrease in records this year. Records were reported from 67 sites, compared to about 70 last year. Breeding was confirmed at Camelford Sewage Works, Loe Pool (three pairs), St. Germans, St. Just- in-Roseland, and Tehidy CP. whilst a further 17 suitable sites were occupied during the breeding season This shows a substantial decrease on last year, when 29 probable sites were occupied. An unusual location was Kit Hill, where one seen Jun 22nd AJM. Autumn migrants were reported from Cot Valley. Land's End. Marazion Marsh. Nanjizal, Nanquidno, Polgigga and Porthgvvarra.

LESSER SPOTTED WOODPECKER - Dendrocopos minor Scarce resident. Breeding rarely reported. A mere two records were received for this species, compared to just three last year. Boscarne: one Mar 13th RLS. Harewood: one Mar 13th JH. The most productive sites for this species over the last 15 years have proved to be Cotehele (seven years). Carnanton and Trelissick (five years) and Lanhydrock/Respryn (four years).

SHORT-TOED LARK - Calandrella brachydactyla Rare vagrant. Land's End: one Apr 29th RB.TJSP. Militarv Road, Penlee: Oct 15th to 21st. Sennen Oct 8th PHA.BRF.PASP.LL. SCM.RSn.AJM. Three in one year is unusual. The Land's End bird is only the second to be recorded in April in Cornwall. The county mainland total is now 16. Monthly breakdown : Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - - - 2 2 - - 1 3 6 2 -

WOOD LARK - Lullula arborea Rare resident. Scarce passage migrant. Occasionally breeds. Formerly widespread in the county with breeding records from many areas until 1968. There has since been a gradual contraction in range with no breeding season observations away from the east of the county since 1981. Breeding has been confirmed just twice in the last 25 vears - at St. Germans 1983 and Treveneague 1968. There were 11 records in autumn, compared to c.27 in the same period last year. The flock at Garvinack Farm is the largest ever recorded in the county. the flock had dispersed by Nov 20th. 94 Three significant flocks overwintered in the county in 1995. at Boscathnoe Res. (Penzance). Higher Crill Farm and Rame Heights.

Maker Heights: eight Feb 25th KP, 14 Dec 27th Garvinack Farm: 50 Nov 18th. 75 Nov 19th RB. PSC. et al. Penlee: one Oct 2nd-Nov 3rd GDL.WJW. Treveal: one Nov 18th VAS.. one Dec 16th VAS Polgigga: one Oct 2 lst-22nd JFR. Nanquidno: one Nov 18th GJC. St. Levan: one Oct 21st and 27th JHH. Higher Crill Farm: 16 max. Dec 6th-27th RCJ. St. Buryan: one Oct 22nd SR.RWW. ARP.GWD. Porthgwarra: one Oct 28th and 29th Maenporth: one Dec 21st RCJ. Porthgwarra: two Oct 30th JFR. Boscathnoe Res.: 12 Dec 28th-29th JFR.

SKY LARK - Alauda arvensis Resident. Breeds. Passage migrant, mainly autumn. ???Winter visitor.

Approximate monthly county total: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 721 244 77 39 36 250 18 43 45 241 583 541

In the first winter period, there were just two triple figure counts: 370 at Trevose Head Jan 12th and 150 at Penryn Feb 10th. The only other large winter flocks were 90 at Copperhouse Creek. 70 at Gorman Farm and 80 at Rosteague. In spring, there was little evidence of passage. In the breeding season, there were just seven reports of breeding. Comparative data at three well watched sites shows disappointing declines. In 1994 at Tehidy CP.. 30 pairs met with disaster due to silage cutting, and in 1995, this figure had subsequently reduced to just six MJH. The table also shows declines at Lamelgate and Kit Hill. R & JS. 1995 1994 Kit Hill 16 26 Lamelgate 26 31 Tehidy CP. 6 30 12 - Pentire Farm 19 - Predannack Wollas 12 - Reskajeage Downs 55 - Autumn passage started Sep 23rd with 30 on Predannack Airfield. The main concentration came in the last two weeks of October when over 2000 were logged , mainly at coastal migration watchpoints. The highest single count was 300 at St Levan Oct 22nd. In the second winter period, a maximum count of 400 at Penryn and 400 at Garvinnack Farm in mid- November were the highest single counts.

SAND MARTIN - Riparia riparia Passage migrant (mainly spring). Breeds. A total of 8200 birds were reported throughout the year, with 60% occurring in April alone. The main influx occurred between Apr 11th and Mav 7th. though 2000 at Marazion Apr 3rd was notable, per DSF.

Approximate monthly county total: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - - 952 4953 1140 127 256 553 113 7 4 - The earliest report was two at Maer Lake Mar 10th. 1995 breeding season records were received for the following colonies (with comparitive data for 1988-1994). Figures represent number of occupird holes; p = present, not counted. 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 1989 1988 Treskilling Clay Pit 40 30 40+ 45+ 30 30 66+ 27 95 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 1989 1988 Stannon Clay Pit 20/30 58 6 30 - - - P Poldhu Cove 50 15+ - - - - - P Gunwalloe 45 - P - 22 80 80 35 Autumn passage commenced at Loe Pool with 200 Jul 15th. The only other significant autumn passage records were: Marazion Marsh: 250 Aug 3rd College Res.: 50 Sep 8th Dozmary Pool: 40 Sep 2nd The last record vvas two at Marazion Marsh Nov 13th.

BARN SWALLOW - Hirundo rustica Breeds. Passage Migrant. Forms large roosts in early autumn.

Approximate monthly county total: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - - 43 1807 2219 493 1265 659 2475 192 12 1 The first spring record appeared at Hannafore Point Mar 4th AJP. A further three weeks passed before the next appeared on Mar 23rd at Maer Lake, thereafter appearing daily. The main influx appeared between Apr 12th and May 10th. This totalled 3417 birds, representing 84% of all the spring records this vear. Largest spring counts were 122 at Bude Marshes Apr 3rd. 400 at Morwenstow Apr 12th, 250 at Rame Apr 30th, 300 at Land's End May 7th, 1200 Nanjizal May 7th and 150 at Walmslev Sanctuary Mav 10th. Breeding was proved at several sites. Observers comments were mixed, but there was no reason to believe in any decline in breeding numbers. Only one traditional roost site held large numbers, i.e. at Par Beach Pool where GJC recorded up to 1500 during the first two weeks of August. Conversely, Marazion only held a maximum of 100 Aug 2nd, and no reports came from Gunwalloe Marsh. Autumn passage started in the last week of August, with the most notable record being 1500 in five minutes moving ahead of heaw rain at Holmbush Sep 17th. RL. Other notable high counts were 200 at Hannafore Point Sep 20th," 100 at Penberth Sep 19th, and 119 at Pelynt Sep 16th. Numbers reduced significantlv after Sep 29th with the last and onlv record in December being one at Lizard Church Cove, Dec 4th. AL.ML.

HOUSE MARTIN - Delichon urbica Breeds. Passage migrant, especially in spring. Approximate monthly county total: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - 4 314 2199 561 710 638 268 12 3 - The first record of the year appeared was a parry of three at Seaton Mar 25th. There were several double counts in April though none exceeded 50. The main influx occurred between May 6th and Mav 22nd. virtuallv all at coastal migration watchpoints and the popular marshes. Most significant was 650 at Nanjizal May 7th VAS. 200 Loe Pool May 13th RK. 400 at Wicca May 20th and 500 at Rame Jun 11th. Records during the two week period between Mav 6th and 22nd represent 40% of the year's total, and 65% of the spring total. Very few breeding reports were received and there was no mention at all of any cliff breeding colonies. The highest count was 12 nests at Treen EGG.GGG, though CLB reported the House Martin as common in the Mabe/Peiiryn/MawTian Smith area. An interesting record was that of an albino seen in Lamorna Vallev Aug 16th and then at Drift Res. 28th and 29th. Autumn passage was light, but most pronounced between Aug 25th and Sep 27th. Several double figure counts were received, but the only triple figure count was that of 500 at Holmbush Sep 17th with 1500 Barn Swallows.

The last record was one at Porthcurno Nov 19th. 96 RICHARD'S PIPIT - Anthus novaseelandiae Scarce passage migrant, mainly autumn. Annual since 1974. 15 birds were recorded this year, compared to last years .ecord 40. There was one spring record. Marazion Marsh: one May 2nd DSF. Porthgwarra: one Oct 16th SML.MCH. Predannack Airfield: one Oct 8th ARP. Brew: one Oct 23rd IK. St. Levan: three, though possiblv four. Oct 10th- Pentire Point: one Nov 3rd GJC. 27th GJC.GPS.SML.MCH.RB et al RAF Portreath: four Nov 12th. of which one was Land's End: one Oct 11th-12th. reported to show characterisitcs of the race PHA.BRF.PASP.JFB. 'daw-icus' Nov 12th-Dec 10th DML.MS. (see The Lizard: two Oct 14th. one 15th RCJ.ARP. p. 159) The county mainland total moves to c.279. all but nine since 1960. Monthly breakdown. Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2 - 3 9 "1 - - - 52 163 39 10 Top sites: Porthgwarra - 84; Lizard - 20; Trevose Head - 12.

TAWNY PIPIT - Anthus campestris Rare passage migrant. Sennen: one Sep 10th LL. and one Oct 8th-9th. REHd.MJI.JFR. Predannack Airfield: one Sep 17th. RB.DCg. Nanquidno: one Oct 8th. JFR.KEV. The county mainland total moves to c. 112. Monthly breakdown: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - - - 4 7 - 3 3 64 29 2 -

TREE PIPIT - Anthus trivialis Passage migrant in small numbers. Breeds in limited numbers in East Cornwall. Approximate monthly county total: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - - - 7 30 27 5 22 32 7 - - The first spring records were two together at Treveal Apr 8th VAS, followed the next day by one at Bassett's Cove MJH. The main influx appeared from Apr 20th with virtually all the sightings at the traditional inland sites. The only double figure sighting was 18 at Kit Hill Jun 1 st R & JS. Otherwise, there were five at Kit Hill May 1st and three at Smallacombe Downs Plantation Jun 18th. Four pairs bred at Kit Hill, a male held territory at Crowdy Res. Jun 18th and an odd record was of a male singing at Predannack Airfield Sep 23rd. CLB. Autumn migration started Aug 10th with one at Amalveor and ended with one at Nanquidno Oct 14th. The following were the only notable autumn passage records: Nanquidno: five Aug 31st Porthgwarra: four Sep 17th Crowdy Res.: four Sep 2nd Rame Head: five Sep 23rd The Lizard: four Sep 10th

PECHORA PIPIT - Anthus gustavi Very rare vagrant Nanquidno: one Oct 5th. MCCo.PCo.SMCo. This major rarity is normally associated with Shetland, though recently more have been found on mainland UK. The Nanquidno bird disappointed many birders and lived up to its typically skulking nature.

The second county mainland record; the first was in October 1990. Accepted by BBRC. 97 MEADOW PIPIT - Anthus pratensis Winter visitor. Breeds. Passage migrant, especially in the autumn when very large concentrations can be seen. Approximate monthly county total: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 346 80 151 126 36 54 14 38 1210 8663 565 414 In the first winter period, significant flocks included 100 at Watergate Bay Jan 4th, 80 at Copperhouse Creek Jan 2nd and 42 at Marazion Marsh Jan 5th. Otherwise, all other reports were of 20 or less. In spring, a small passage between Mar 24th and Apr 10th was evident, with 30 at Treveal Mar 31st and 40 at Clodgy Point Apr 8th being the high counts. The comparatively low spring numbers compared to autumn suggests that returning birds are keener to get on breeding territory, compared to autumn when there is less urgency. There were 16 pairs at Lamelgate and 51 pairs at Kit Hill, both Jun 1st. but only two pairs at Tehidy CP. Other reports in the breeding season were widespread and came from St. Minver. Hannafore Point. Lamelgate and Blackpool Pit and Porthgwarra. Autumn passage started Sep 5th and ended around Nov 25th. Within this wide period, two concentrated movements were apparent: 700 Sep 16th-23rd and 9000 Sep 29th-Oct 30th. Maximum numbers: Nanquidno. 120 Sep 16th Porthgwarra: : 300 Oct 7th. 900 on 8th and 600 Predannack Airfield: 100 Sep 23rd Oct 14th Treveal: 120 Sep 23rd and 200 Nov 5th Trevillev: 200 Oct 9th Porthcurno: 200 Sep 29th Land's End: 200 Oct 11th Rame Head. 100 Sep 30th and 1200 Oct 8th Trevose: 120 Oct 29th Penryn: 150 Nov 29th

RED-THROATED PIPIT - Anthus cervinus Very rare vagrant. Nanquidno: one Oct 16th. MCH.SML. Accepted by BBRC. The county mainland total is now 8. all since 1983. Monthly breakdown : Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1 "1 6

ROCK PIPIT - Anthus petrosus Resident. Breeds, Widespread on coast, rare inland. There were no reports from inland sites for the sixth successive year, though high numbers were counted at several locations around the county. There were many reports of one's and two's in suitable habitat. In the first winter period, high counts were as follows: Between Portreath and Godrew: 16 Jan Ist-Feb Chapel Point: 17 Jan 13th-Feb 17th 28th Mawgan Porth: 20 Mar 5th Hayle Est: 25 Jan 5th Breeding was proved at Lizard Point and Swanpool, and singing males were observed at Rame Head, Godrevy, Navax and Padstow. In the autumn and second winter period, there were seven counts in double figures. Pentire Point: 20 Sep 5th Havle: 10 Oct 28th Par Beach: 10 Sep 15th Gvllvngvase Beach: 30 Dec 10th Cot Valley: 20 Sep 17th Swanpool: 10 Dec 19th Porthgwarra: 10 Oct 1st The partial albino was reported again at Kynance Cove Feb 12th. 98 WATER PIPIT - Anthus spinoletta Uncommon winter visitor and passage migrant. Small numbers winter at traditional sites such as Hayle and Copperhouse Creek, Landulph, Marazion and Camel Estuary. Numbers overall were well down on last year, with just 18 individual records. There were only two spring reports, both in the north of the county. Single birds overwintered at Hayle Est. and Ryan's Field, Par Beach, Maer Lake, Gyllingvase Beach and Walmsley Sanctuary. Hayle Est./Ryan's Field: one Feb 4th CLB. and one or two from Oct 3 lst-Dec 19th Walmslev Sanctuary: two Apr 1st DIJ. and one Dec 17th RCJ.ARP. Maer Lake: two Apr 11th RAJ. and one or two Dec 10th-31st GPS.RLS. Drift Res. Res.: one Oct 11th and Nov 6th GH. Par Beach: one Oct 29th-Dec 31st and a different bird Nov 8th-15th DJC.RAJ.GJC. Polridmouth Cove: one Nov 4th GJC. Kennack Sands: one Nov 12th ARP. Gvllingvase: one Nov 25th-Dec 14th RCJ.ARP. Seaton: one Dec 17th-25th SCM.RMB.

YELLOW WAGTAIL - Motacilla flava Passage migrant, uncommon in spring, but forms roosts in autumn at Par Beach Pool, Marazion Marsh, Loe Pool and sporadically elsewhere. Bred almost annually from 1956 to 1965, but not since. The first spring record appeared at Nanquidno Apr 9th. Just 12 others were recorded in spring w ith the last being at Maer Lake Mav 16th. All were singletons, except for three at Marazion Marsh Apr 29th. There were no reports concerning breeding birds in the county. Autumn migration was far healthier than spring and commenced Jul 9th with one at Stithians Res. There were several large counts, principally in the middle two weeks of September. Notable records were as follows: Soap Cove: 10 Aug 16th; increasing to 23 Aug Military Road, Penlee: 40 Sep 8th KP. 23rd RCJ. Polhawn Cove: 12 Sep 9th MB. Rame Head to Penlee Point: 50 Sep 8th KP. Penrose: 10 Sep 12th RK. Monthlv breakdown Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - - - 13 5 - 2 34 219 24 - - The last record of the year was at Hayle Est. Oct 22nd. Blue-headed Wagtail - Morticilla flava flava The nominate race of Yellow Wagtail. Marazion Marsh, one Mar 24th. and one male Jun Havle Est.: one Aug 12th-13th DSF.DCg. et al 4th. per DSF.RLS. Wicca: two Sep 9th VAS.

CITRINE WAGTAIL - Motacilla citreola Very rare vagrant. Land's End: one juv. Sep 3rd RAw.VAS. The sixth record for mainland Cornwall. All have been juveniles and have occured between Aug 27th and Oct 13th. Accepted by BBRC. In 1994, there were seven national records of Citrine Wagtail, the most recorded in a single year. Four pairs also nested for the first time in Poland. The further occurrence of this species has potential...

GREY WAGTAIL - Motacilla cinerea Resident. Winter visitor. Breeds. Passage migrant, especially autumn

Approximate monthly county total: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 51 16 14 14 23 23 3 20 200 138 40 35 99 Widespread in suitable habitat in both winter periods. The highest single count was 14 around Mounts Bay in the first winter period. Otherwise the majority of reports were singles. Breeding birds were noted at several sites in the east of the county, but no reports were received from west of Truro. Autumn passage commenced Aug 11th (same as previous year) with one flying over long Rock Pool, and ended Oct 29th with five at Marazion Marsh. Maximum numbers: Rame Head: 10 Sep 8th College Res.: 5 Sep 19th Treveal: 7 Sep 9th Land's End: 12 Sep 22nd Wicca: 5 Sep 9th Nanquidno: 6 Sep 23rd Penryn River: 5 Nov 12th Marazion: 8 Sep 13th-22nd and 5 Oct 29th

PIED WAGTAIL - Motacilla alba Common resident. Breeds. Passage migrant. Forms roosts, mainly in autumn and winter. Well established roosts include Par Beach Pool, Marazion Marsh, Gwithian and several sites around Truro. Birds were widely distributed in both winter periods and several observers noted Pied Wagtail as common locally. Spring passage was light but noted at Marazion, Swanpool, Cornwall College and Par Beach. Breeding was reported from many areas. CL reported as very common with several broods seen locally in the Penryn area. At Long Rock FMC reported a pair breeding in the old railway carriage washing equipment area. HAS reported four birds seen frequently all year round at Liskeard. Autumn passage commenced around the end of August with 200 at Camelford School Aug 30th and ended with 10 at Hayle Est. Oct 21st. High counts were: Davidstow Airfield: 100 Sep 2nd Porthgwarra: 25 Oct 18th Par Beach Pool: 200 Sep 14th Holmbush: 20 Oct 19th Long Rock Beach: 30 Oct 9th Roosts: Penzance Railway Station: 250 max. January- Clease Car Park, Camelford. 135 September March and 200 again in November. Cooksland, Bodmin: 75 Nov 4th in buddleia Trafalgar Roundabout, Truro: 150 January Helston Sewage Works: 40 December Wadebridge Co-op: 49 January White Wagtail - Motacilla alba yarrelli. Passage migrant. The nominate race of Pied Wagtail (Motacilla alba ) breeding throughout mainland Europe. Approximate monthly countv total: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - - 18 40 8 - - 14 299 51 - - Spring passage commenced at Wicca yvith one on Mar 5th. Autumn passage started Aug 9th yvith one at Hannafore Point. The only significant record was an exceptionally large movement of around 200 birds at Predannack Airfield Sep 17th RB. The last of the autumn and the year, were 20 at Pendavey Bridge Oct 31st.

BOHEMIAN WAXWING - Bombycilla garrulus Rare winter visitor. Wadebridge Sewage Works: one Nov 6th.GLb. Perhaps this bird was the harbinger of a mass invasion into the county in early 1996. The county mainland total moves to c.80. Monthly breakdown * : Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 7 4 6 - "1 1 - - - 2 28 28 * three birds are 'undated' 100 DIPPER - Cinclus cinclus

Scarce resident (mainly mid and east Cornwall). Breeds. Pairs are present on most suitable stretches of the Rivers Camel and Fowey, with the nucleus of breeding pairs centred on the Bodmin area. The species remains at risk from increased pollution of rivers plus disturbance and loss of breeding sites.

Records were received from 49 localities, a small increase on last years 45 sites. However, number of birds known to have bred is down on last year, with only eight definite reports compared to 21 last year. A further 25 sites attracted birds during the breeding season.

Away from the breeding areas, a possible migrant was at least one bird seen in the Kenidjack Valley from Sep 14th to Oct 24th.

Dipper (John Walters)

WREN - Troglodytes troglodytes Abundant resident. Breeds. Populations may be severely reduced after prolonged cold winters. Following last year's high numbers. 1995 appears to have maintained the trend. Many observers have commented "good breeding season", "as common as ever" and "stable population". PEK noted the Wren as quite common foraging in the saltmarsh area of the Gannel Est. Widespread breeding reports were received, a "good year" was also recorded at Drift Res.. Loe Pool. Long Rock Pool, Newquay, Penryn and Tregathenan. Breeding pairs: 1995 1994 Kit Hill 123 102 Lamelgate 64 44 Tehidv CP 155 139 Autumn migrants included two at Porthgwarra Oct 8th. one at Nanjizal Oct 15th. St. Lev an Oct 15th, and Trevose Head Oct 15th.

HEDGE ACCENTOR - Prunella modularis Abundant resident. Breeds. Passage migrant. Records were widespread. The only large counts came from Lamelgate - 8 pairrs (1994: 7 pairs). Kit Hill - 45 pairs (1994: 40 pairs) and Tehidy CP where breeding pairs increased on the previous year. Breeding was also proved at Drift Res.. Holman's Moors. Liskeard. Loe Pool. Long Rock Pool. Pelynt, Penryn, Pentire and Portnalder. No autumn records were received for Porthgwarra. where over 70 were recorded last year. The only autumn passage migrants were singles at Nanjizal, St.Levan and Penberth, all Oct 15th. Whilst relatively few records were received, there is no reason to doubt any decreases in the population.

ROBIN - Erithacus rubecula Abundant resident. Breeds. Passage Migrant. Status appears to have increased in several areas, though very few records were received for both winter periods, e.g. only two birds reported in January and one pair at Penryn in Febuary. Breeding status is healthy and increased compared to last year. 101 Figures represent territories/pairs (unless otherwise stated):

1995 1994 1993 Tehidv 69 134 (birds) - Lameigate 73 70 46 Kit Hill 75 - - In the autumn, migrants were reported from mid-September in small numbers, though there was a notable movement of 61 birds between Oct 8th and 15th at traditional migration watchpoints. Kenidjack: 14 Sep 21st Porthgwarra: seven Oct 8th Lizard Church Cove: 35 Oct 12th Wicca: three Nov 18th were considered to be continental migrants. VAS. Significant winter counts were few. but a max. of 66 birds Nov 3rd and 44 Dec 11th at Tehidy CP. were notable. MJH.

RUFOUS NIGHTINGALE - Luscinia megarhynchos Rare passage migrant. This species has only once been proved to breed in the county, and that was in 1940. However, a male was heard singing for six weeks at a site in West Cornwall in 1978; and in 1989, a male was heard singing in mid-June near Bude. Southdown Quarry: Mav 2nd-7th, DRC.AECA.RMB.

The county mainland total moves to c.41.

Monthly breakdown * Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 5 11 4 6 9 3 * three birds were "undated*.

BLUETHROAT - Luscinia svecica Rare passage migrant, mainly autumn. Bude: first winter male Oct 24th-28th. Initially noted in gardens, but found dead (killed by a cat) on last date when taken to JCP. (per GPS.) Bude: one Oct 31st

The county mainland total moves to 19.

Monthlv breakdown. Jan Feb Mar Apr Ma\ Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - - - - '1 - 2 13 3 - - Top sites: Marazion Marsh - six, Kynance - threee, Porthgwarra - three, Colliford Res. - two, one each at Newquay. St. Ives and Par Marsh.

BLACK REDSTART - Phoenicurus ochruros Winter visitor. Passage migrant, mainly autumn. Bred sporadically in the Perranporth area in the 1940's and 1950's. Recent breeding season observations have raised hopes of recolonisation, but to date these have not come to fruition.

Approximate monthly county total: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 72 28 73 4 5 - - - - 224 67 52 With the unseasonal mild weather at the end of 1995, the number of birds overwintering was high. Inland records also increased on the previous year with individuals reported at Bodmin, Bonython Estate. Camborne. Sancreed. Drift Res., Bearah Tor and two around Truro Cathedral. Most records were singles, though MS noted seven individuals between January and March in Mounts Bay 102

The last record in spring was a female at Lizard Point May 14th. Autumn passage commenced with one at Rame Church Oct 8th. Thereafter, there were daily sightings through to the Near- end. Compared to the same period last year, numbers were approximately 30% up, though the influx arrived one month earlier this year. There was an influx of 130 birds between Oct 14th and 22nd. The high counts were eight at Caerthillian on 14th, eight at Porthgwarra on same day, five at Land's End on 15th and four at Lizard Church Cove on 16th.

Black Redstart (Richard James)

Maximum numbers: Port Gaverne: six Jan lst-Feb 22nd Castle Beach. Falmouth: seven Jan 28th Lizard: 19 Mar 23rd Rame: eight Mar 23rd Bass Point: four Mar 25th

In the second winter period reports of one's and two's were the norm, though four at Crane IsLand"s Nov 12th and four at Wicca Nov 18th were notable. Reports were widespread, mostly from coastal sites.

COMMON REDSTART - Phoenicurus phoenicurus Passage migrant. Breeds exclusively in the Bodmin Moor area. The first spring records were one at Penlee Batten Apr 8th with two at Penlee Point on the same date. Approximately 57 migrants were sighted in spring, mostly as singles. More notable were six at Rame Head Apr 29th, four at The Lizard Apr 29th, four at Bolatherick May 5th and four at Bearah Tor May 7th. 28 males were noted before the first female was identified Apr 30th. This is normal, as males are eager to establish their breeding territories.

In the breeding season, there were five pairs at Lamelgate, but three actually bred; a male was carrying food at Bearah Tor and there were three nests with young at Bastreet. On Bodmin Moor, there were two nests with young, and at Sharp Tor there was a nest with young and a further male on territory.

Numbers represent singing males in the breeding season table, with comparative data 1989-1994.

1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 1989 Bearah Tor 3 3 4 3 4 3 1 Industry - 2 4 6 1 - - Bastreet 2 2 - - 1 1 1 Sharptor - 1 - 1 - - - Harrowbridge - 1 1 1 1 1 1 Lamelgate 5 3 2 - - - - Colliford Res. - 1 - - 1 • Fox Tor - 2 - - - - - Autumn migration commenced with two at Trebray Aug 13th and ended with one at Trevose Oct 29th. All of the 33 autumn sightings, except the Trebay birds, were singles. 103 WHINCHAT - Saxicola rubetra Passage migrant. Breeds in small numbers, but appears to be declining. Approximate monthly county total: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - - - 28 13 2 - 25 116 48 - - The first spring record appeared at Penlee Point Apr 14th (1994 - Apr 30th). The main influx arrived between Apr 28th and Mav 2nd, when 30 birds were involved in a movement exclusively based on the south coast, from Rame to Land's End. The highest single count was five at Rame Head Apr 28th. The only breeding record was of a pair at Ninestone's Bridge, Upper Fowey Valley, present between Mav 2nd and Jun 18th. This compares to eight sites reported last year. Autumn passage began Aug 9th with one at Lizard Point. There were just three double figure counts. The main influx was within a five day period between Sep 16th and 22nd. 96 birds were involved, which was 41% of the total year's sightings.

Maximum numbers: Predannack Airfield: 8 Aug 19th Caerthillian: 15 Sep 20th Lands End: 13 Sep 17th Land's End: 12 Sep 22nd

The last was one at Penlee Point Oct 29th.

COMMON STONECHAT - Saxicola torquata Resident. Breeds. Passage migrant. Suffers heavy mortality in prolonged cold weather. After last year's significant increases in breeding pairs, this year numbers have been maintained. A pair was seen at Bishops Wood, Truro, in the first winter period. Thev are rarelv seen in this area. RDP. At Kit Hill, 12 pairs bred (1994 - 14 pairs), but a further pair was also present. This followed a complete wipe-out in this area in the two severe winters of 1984/85 and 1985/86. Elsewhere, breeding birds were widespread. Three pairs bred at Blackpool Pit; eight pairs between Gwithian and Godrevy; three pairs between Loe Bar and ; three pairs at Maenporth; three pairs at Porthgwarra and Wicca. Further single pairs were widespread on north and south coasts. By far the largest counts came from the coast south of St. Austell. A total of 24 birds were between Menabilly and Lansallos. 14 between Portholland and Gorran Haven, 12 between Bohortha and Came, 10 between Gorran and Pentewan and 10 between Crinnis and Menabilly.GRW.MW. Autumn passage was most pronounced between Sep 13th and Oct 14th. when approximately 185 birds were counted.

Maximum numbers: Rame Head: 20 Sep 13th-21st. mostlv juvs. Treveal: 27 Sep 23rd Land's End: 20 Sep 13th-17th High Cliff: 12 Oct 9th Pollv Joke: ten Sep 23rd The Lizard: 25 Oct 10th Soap Cove: 20 Sep 23rd Trevose Head: 9 Oct 29th In the 2nd winter period, small numbers were widespread.

NORTHERN WHEATEAR - Oenanthe oenanthe Summer resident. Passage migrant. Breeds, primarily on Bodmin Moor, but also with single pairs almost anywhere along the north coast, The Lizard and Land's End. Approximate monthly county total: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - - 84 542 197 16 6 51 234 96 1 - In spring, the first bird of the year was a male at Gwithian Mar 10th. (1994 - Feb 26th). Thereafter, reported daily throughout spring, with the last spring record being one at Gwithian Jun 20th. By far the largest concentration appeared between Apr 9th and May 1st. Highest counts in spring were: Wicca: 18 Apr 9th VAS. Nanjizal: 17 Apr 16th VAS. 104 Porthgwarra: 21 Apr 16th VAS. Sennen: 36 Apr 29th Treveal: 18 Apr 17th VAS Lizard: 43 Apr 29th ARP. Rame Head: 19 Apr 28th KP. Breeding season information came from the sites detailed below (with comparative data for 1989-94). 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 1989 Bodmin Moor 3 24 16 - 18 7 7 K\nance - 2 - 1 - 1 2 Park Head 1 1 - - 1 1 - Barretts Zawn - 1 - 1 - - - Porthgwarra 1 1 - - - 1 - Lady Down 3 ------St Levan 1 ------Tregragon 1 ------Morwenstow 1 ------Blisland 1 ------Records from the Bodmin Moor area were thin on the ground compared to last year's 24 singing males/pairs. Generally, autumn numbers were also well down on last year. Autumn passage commenced July 29th with five at Clodgy Point and 12 in Lamorna Valley Aug 1st. Other notable double figure counts were as follows: Predannack Airfield: 14 Sep 9th. 30 Sep 17th and 50 on Sep 23rd. Land's End: 20 Sep 23rd. The last was seen at Polhawn Cove Nov 3rd.

DESERT WHEATEAR - Oenanthe deserti Very rare vagrant. Hayle: female Jan 13th to Mar 20th. PAR. This bird first appeared at Torpoint. Nov 27th-Dec 16th. then at Hayle Dec 21st-24th. Presumably. all three reports refer to the same bird. The fourth county mainland record. Accepted by the BBRC.

RING OUZEL - Turdus torquatus Scarce passage migrant. Rare winter visitor. Breeding last suspected in 1976 and confirmed in 1970.

Ring Ouzel (Paul Semmens) 105 Numbers overall were down by 45% on last year; this was especially apparent in the autumn. This represents the worst year for at least ten years. In spring, the first were three at Holman's Moors Apr 15th, with one at Kit Hill on the same date. The only other spring records were one at Land's End Apr 29th and one at Rame Head May 6th. Monthly breakdown. Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - - - 6 1 - - - 1 7 10 - Autumn records were as follows: Holman's Moors: one Sep 22nd VAS. Kvnance Cliff: two Nov 2nd SK. Penlee Point: one Oct 8th GDL. Kynance Cove: two Nov 12th ARP.GWD. Mount Edgecumbe CP.: one Oct 14th RSn. Crane IsLand's: one Nov 12th MJH. Kenidjack: two Oct 22nd and one Oct 26th Nanquidno: one Nov 13th GJC. Land's End: one Nov 1st DSF. BLACKBIRD - Turdus merula Common resident. Breeds. Passage migrant, especially autumn. Forms winter roosts, but are rarely reported. Some observers reported "increased numbers", whilst others reported "stable populations" across all parts of the county. At Holmbush, RL reported that three or four broods were raised. RA also reported the same at Penwithick. CLB noted a real increase in the Penryn area, whilst BRP noted good numbers roosting in the Long Rock reed bed. In the breeding season, there were 46 pairs at Kit Hill (1994 - 53 pairs) and 26 pairs at Lamelgate (1994 - 22 pairs). At Tehidy CP there were 28 birds. Autumn migration started Sep 23rd with ten at Polly Joke. In the first winter period, numbers were very low, with no more than ten reported. Further significant high counts were as follows: Lizard Church Cove: 54 Oct 12th Pollv Joke: 20 Nov 4th Kenidjack: 25 Oct 30th Tehidy CP: 20 Nov 28th and 25 Dec 11th FIELDFARE - Turdus pilaris Winter visitor. Passage migrant. Forms roosts in winter. Summered once in Upper Fowey Valley in 1987, but no hint of breeding. Approximate monthly county total: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 879 368 99 ------3049 795 328 Numbers were high in the first winter period, with significant triple figure counts as follows: Tregonetha Downs: 250 Jan 4th Ninestone's Bridge: 230 Feb 13th Bowithick: 200 Jan 18th Colliford Res.: 500 Mar 5th The last record in the first winter period was 100 at the Walmsley Sanctuary Apr 1st. Autumn passage started Oct 10th (last year Oct 4th) with one at Porthgwarra. A significant passage took place at Holmbush totalling 1900 birds in two four hour periods - Oct 28th and 29th, while a further 1000 were seen in six hours Oct 31st. RL. There were just three further triple figure counts in the second winter period: Kit Hill: 200 Nov 11th Holmbush: 100 Nov 24th. Whitebarrow Downs 100 Nov 17th

SONG THRUSH - Turdus philomelos Resident. Breeds. Passage migrant. Winter visitor. Decline in populations in recent years is probably related to increased use of slug pellets. Approximate monthly county total: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 89 13 51 17 19 56 6 2 9 111 82 63 106 Despite the general decline nationally, many observers thought that there was an increase in numbers of singing birds in the county. CLB noted more singing males at the end of March in the Penryn area than previously. JWJ noted in the Tregathenan area that the species seems to be becoming more common again. In the breeding season, RS & JS noted 13 pairs at Kit Hill (1994 - ten pairs) and seven pairs at Lamelgate in June (1994 - max. six pairs). However, at Tehidy CP MJH noted a decrease on last year's ten pairs, with only three pairs present. In autumn, the main migration started Oct 15th with notable numbers being 30 at Cot Valley and 20 at Nanquidno, 20 at Soap Cove Oct 28th and ended abruptly with 15 at Treveal Oct 29th. Winter records were few, though 20 roosting in Buddleia at Cooksland Nov 17th was notable, as were 10 at Sancreed Dec 7th, and 11 at Anthony Dec 27th. More detailed counts would be welcome for this potentially endangered species.

REDWING - Turdus iliacus Passage migrant. Abundant winter visitor. Peak numbers occur in mid-winter as a result of birds displaced by cold weather, and in late October at the height of autumn migration. Approximate monthly county total: rl Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 4754 511 422 9 - - - - - 32412 1594 7056 In the first winter period, there were many widespread and triple figure counts, the most notable below: Ninestone's Bridge: 1500 Jan 1st Idless Truro: 400 Jan 21st Sancreed. 200 Jan 1st HMS Raleigh. Culdrose: 700 Jan 24th Argal: 500 Jan 21st Cornwall College: 250 Feb 6th

Redwing (Paul Semmens) 107 The majority had returned to their breeding grounds by mid-March with the last notable number being 150 at Trekeiv esteps Mar 12th. Spring passage movements were minimal . with no more than nine seen in early April. The last was one at Sennen Apr 29th JHH. There were no summer records. The first autumn bird appeared at Land's End Oct 15th followed by c.200 in the following week. IK noted overhead passage at Trebehor on the night of Oct 21st. On Oct 22nd a large movement of some 20.500 birds was reported at 26 locations. Most had moved through within a few hours, though a second notable passage of c. 10,000 birds occurred Oct 29th, mostly moving east in the Sheviock/Rame/Saltash area EGS. In the second winter period, there were dailv reports through to the vear-end. Most notable were: Longdowns: 1000 Dec 4th RCJ. Trethurgv: 500"Dec 25th GRW.MW. Treveal: 800 Dec 16th VAS. Drift Res.: 1600 Dec 28th VAS. Clodgy: 1500 Dec 22nd VAS.

MISTLE THRUSH - Turdus viscivorus Resident. Breeds. Passage migrant. Winter visitor. Declining in numbers. Approximate monthly county total : Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 27 12 9 18 17 17 5 1 16 48 12 17 Records in 1995 suggest that the decline reported in 1994 continues. In both winter periods there were no notable cold weather movements, but singles or pairs were widespread. CLB considered numbers had decreased in College Res. area. Breeding was proved at just four sites, though probable breeding was also recorded at 15 other suitable localities. There was a notable absence of records from the West Pen with area. In autumn, passage was light. There was a small increase in records in October with a max. of 25 at Bearah Tor on the 8th, ten at Penrose on 10th and four at Kenidjack on 30th. Otherwise, all records were of one's and two's.

CETTI'S WARBLER - Cettia cetti Scarce resident. Breeds. Uncommon passage migrant. This recent colonist was first noted in the UK in 1961 but did not reach Cornwall until 1973. Colonisation was initially slow but by 1978 birds were reported from six localities and included the first proof of breeding at Marazion Marsh. Subsequently, breeding has been proved in most years and was probable in others. Prior to 1990 the only other site where breeding had been confirmed was at Angarrack in 1981 and 1982, but sadly the habitat was destroyed for road and industrial development, although sporadic reports from nearby Phillack may indicate a small remnant population. These successes of the early 1980's probably accounted for the continued increase and dispersal throughout the county, although some immigration may also have occurred. By 1984 birds were noted at eleven localities, whilst in 1985, despite a reduction in the number of sites, at least 36 birds were located and there was a speculative estimate of 100 birds at Marazion Marsh alone. More recently, severe winter weather caused a substantial reduction in many parts of the UK including a virtual eradication in the species' former stronghold in Kent. The Cornish population was apparently halved from 1985 to 1986 and was further reduced in 1987 but there has been a slight improvement annually since. Singing males were reported from the following regular sites (with comparative data for 1988-94): 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 1989 1988 Marazion Marsh * 11 11 13 12 7 8 5 7 Par 6 4 5 4 3 2 2 2 * includes Long Rock Pool BP reported a good year at Long Rock Pool with 10 individuals trapped during June and July. A family group, including three juvs. was observed at Par Aug 3rd. DJC. Of the other regular sites, no birds were apparently present at , whilst Gunwalloe was not checked. A full survey in 1996 will reveal the true picture. Additional records: 108 Bude Marshes: two Jan 22nd, one remaining until Feb 20th. RB.GPS. et al. Marsh Lane Meadows: male May 20th-Jun 30th. PAR. Tywardreath Marsh: male Jun 1st. BJH. Eglarooze: one Aug 14th. BTC. Porthgwarra: one Oct 20th.

GRASSHOPPER WARBLER - Locustella naevia Summer resident widely distributed in suitable habitat. Breeds. Uncommon passage migrant (mainly spring). The first migrant was at Holman's Moors Apr 9th, followed by singles at Treveal and Gwithian on the 13th. About 50 birds were reported in April, with a further 37 in May, making this the best spring for the species since 1989. Many arrived during late April/early May, with a maximum of seven at The Lizard during a notable mixed fall Apr 29th. Otherwise, most records were of one's and two's, with the exception of three at Rame Head Apr 24th. Treveal Apr 29th, Crowdy Apr 30th. Upper Fowey Valley May 2nd and The Lizard May 7th. The only proof of breeding came from Trendrine, where a pair were observed collecting nesting material May 7th. Later breeding season records came from 14 areas. Most were of single reeling males, but six pairs were reported at Bosigran. and two from the Upper Fowev Valley/Ninestones Bridge. Unusually, none was reported after the end of July.

AQUATIC WARBLER - Acrocephalus paludicola Rare passage migrant (autumn). Annual at Marazion Marsh. Marazion Marsh: eight different birds Aug 6th-27th. Five of these were described as juveniles. Two of them were trapped. DSF.GJC.GGG.JFR. et al. For the third year running, none was recorded elsewhere. The county mainland total is now c.224. Monthly breakdown * : Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec ------132 77 14 - - * one bird was "undated'. Top sites: Marazion 173 (77%); Stithians 25; Gunwalloe 9.

SEDGE WARBLER - Acrocephalus schoenobaenus Summer resident widespread in suitable habitat. Breeds. Passage migrant. The first of the spring was at Par Beach Pool Apr 10th, followed by singles at Marazion Marsh on the 12th and Stithians on the 13th. Apart from 12 at Marazion Apr 16th, birds were very slow to arrive until the 29th, when 30 appeared at The Lizard, 18 at Par and 11 at Skewjack. Reports were widespread from early May. They included 22 at Polly Joke on the 6th and 15 there on 14th, nine males at Ninestones Bridge and six birds at Holywell Bay both on the 6th, 40 at Marazion and 20 at Skewjack on the 21st. No doubt many of these birds were on territory, but few other breeding records were received. Three pairs were present at Bude Marshes, with two each at Lamelgate, Landulph Marsh and Loe Pool. By far the highest number of autumn migrants were recorded at Marazion, where 21 were trapped Jul 31st, and 18 Aug 2nd, with 24 present Aug 14th and 14 on the 30th. Unfortunate were birds which flew into shop windows in Newquay and Saltash during early August. Fewer birds were around in September, but included 10 at Drift on 5th, and six at Land's End on 23rd. The latest bird was at Marazion Oct 18th.

MARSH WARBLER - Acrocephalus palustris Vagrant The following birds showed all the field characters of this species: Church Cove: one Oct 14th-15th. GWD.RCJ.ARP.CDJ.RK. Nanquidno: Ist winter Nov 13th. GJC.MKA. It is generally considered impossible to identify with complete certainty first year birds in the field. 109 REED WARBLER - Acrocephalus scirpaceus Summer resident Breeds. Passage migrant. Forty years ago this species was such a rare visitor to Cornwall that the presence of one at Camel Estuary on 1st September 1951 warranted a mention in the introduction to that year's bird report! At that time the species bred only sporadically but it has since colonised most, if not all of the county's reedbeds. The first of the spring was singing at Loe Pool Apr 8th, followed by one at Marazion Marsh on 12th. but there were few other April records. By mid-May birds had been located at 16 sites scattered throughout the county. Breeding season reports were received from the following locations (with comparative data for 1990- 1994). Figures represent numbers of pairs or singing males; B = bred; p = present: 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 Cargreen 2 _ - - - Loe Pool 2 12 2 2 2 B Marazion/Long Rock c.25 27+ 10+ 31 6 B Maenporth 1 4 2 - - - Penhale 2 - - - - - Perranporth 1 5 4 P 3 11 Skewjack 5 2 1 - - St Erth 20 25 - - - - Swanpool 5 5 6 7 7 B Walmslev Sanctuarv 1 1 1 - - Some regular sites were not checked, whilst others, including some of the above, were only partly censused. At Marazion, 20 birds were trapped Jul 31st, and 15 Aug 2nd. Up to seven were present there on many dates up to Sep 22nd. There were c.20 further autumn records, mostly of single birds at coastal sites. The latest was at Nanquidno Nov 7th.

ICTERINE WARBLER - Hippolais icterina Scarce passage migrant (autumn). Porthguarnon. one Sep 9th. BR. Nanquidno: first winter trapped Aug 3 lst.GJCJFR. The county mainland total is now c.47. Monthly breakdown: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec ------15 27 5 - - Top sites: Porthgwarra - 20 (43%); Lizard - five; Marazion, Nanquidno and Cot - three each.

MELODIOUS WARBLER - Hippolais polyglotta Scarce passage migrant (mainly autumn). Clodgy: one Sep 14th. VAS. Nanjizal: one Oct 5th-10th. JHH.REHd.MJI. et al. St Levari: one Oct 14th-17th. SML.MCH. et al. Porthgwarra: one Oct 17th-31 st. SML.MCH.BKM. et al. Kenidjack: one Oct 27th. PJ. The St Levan and Porthgwarra birds are presumed to be the same. Whilst at the former site, this bird had to dive into a bush to avoid two Sparrowhawks. The county mainland total is now c. 101. Monthly breakdown: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - - - - 3 - 1 30 48 18 1 - Top sites: Porthgwarra - 43 (43%); Nanquidno - 15; Cot - 8. 110 DARTFORD WARBLER - Sylvia undata Rare resident. Occasionally breeds. Rare passage migrant. Birds have been present in the county annually since 1980, in which year the species bred here for the first time since 1940. Breeding was then proved on the south-east coast of the county in each year 1980/85. but there has been a subsequent decline in this area with only sporadic sightings outside of the breeding season Breeding was also confirmed at Lizard in the early part of the last decade but this population too. has apparently dissipated. In recent years a substantial population has become established on Kit Hill, forming the sole stronghold in the county. Kit Hill: nine males on territory, six pairs probablv breeding. At least two juvs. were seen in June. RS. JS.AJM.PE. Lansallos: two Apr 14th. This site was subsequently destroyed by fire. AB.PB. nr. St Austell: male in song Mav 5th. RAJ. Rame Head: male Mar 20th-Apr 14th. RSn.WJW.DCg.EJW. Porthgwarra: singles Oct 15th and Nov 4th. SML.MCH.PD.

Dartford Warbler (Paul Semmens)

Whilst it is pleasing to see the Kit Hill colony further consolidating, it is perhaps disappointing that breeding birds were not found elsewhere in view of the all-time high national population. All except the Kit Hill birds are regarded as migrants, bringing the county total to 42.

Monthly breakdown: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1 1 4 4 1 1 - 2 4 16 7 1

Top sites: Lizard Downs - seven; Porthgwarra - five; Rame Head - five.

SUBALPINE WARBLER - Sylvia cantillans Rare vagrant. Gwithian: male May 3rd. PAR. Church Cove: male May 6th. SK. Accepted by BBRC. This species has been recorded in eight of the last ten years. The county mainland total is now 17. Ill Monthly breakdown: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - - 2 5 8 - - 1 1 - SARDINIAN WARBLER - Sylvia melanocephala Rare vagrant. Trevose Head: male, probably a first summer bird, Apr 20th-25th. RSn. Accepted by BBRC. The fifth county mainland record, the previous four all occurring in 1990. Monthly breakdown: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - 2 1 - - - - - 2 - - BARRED WARBLER - Sylvia nisoria Rare passage migrant (autumn). Nanquidno: one Sep 17th. EGG.VAS.CCB.DCg. Cot Vallev: 1st winter Oct 1st - 5th. Landewednack: 1st winter Sep 30th. DE.GWD. DSF.MCCo.PCo.SMCo. Treveal: 1st winter Sep 30th. VAS. Mullion Cove: 1st winter Oct 31st. EGs.VRT.GWD. The best year on record, taking the total to c.41 and bringing the first records away from the far west. Over 100 birds were reported along the east coast of Britain during September. The county mainland total is now c. 41. Monthly breakdown * : Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec ------2 19 18 1 - * one bird was 'undated'. Top sites: Porthgwarra - 20 (49%); St Just Valleys -11. LESSER WHITETHROAT - Sylvia curruca Scarce summer resident. Breeds. Scarce passage migrant (mainly spring). The first spring migrant was found at Par on the exceptionally early date of Apr 5th. There were few more records until the first week of May. by the end of which birds had arrived at 14 sites throughout the county. They were mostly singles, but two were at Landulph, Par, Penlee, Skewjack and Treveal. Numbers were 20% down on the record figures of 1994. Breeding was subsequently confirmed only at Gwithian, but males were also on territory during the summer at Dennis Hill, Landulph, Marazion, Penryn, Portnadler Bay, Tregantle and f reveal. The latter site was occupied for the seventh successive year. At Penryn, a male moved on after the hedgerows it was frequenting were grubbed out in mid-July. An early autumn migrant was at Stithians Res. Aug 24th. Eleven birds were recorded in September and a further nine in October, a record autumn passage. All but three of these were in West Penwith and the Lizard. Finally, one visited a Phillack garden between Nov 17th and Dec 13th. The only other winter record was at f orpoint in 1985/6.

COMMON WHITETHROAT - Sylvia communis Common summer resident. Breeds. Passage migrant. Overwintered in 1952/3. Rame Head saw the first bird of the year on Apr 10th, followed by Gwithian on 14th. Few then arrived until 23rd/24th, when a count of 33 between Rame Head and Penlee Point presaged the highest numbers seen in the county for many years. An impressive 65 were at The Lizard during the remarkable fall of warblers and chats on Apr 29th, with 44 at Rame Head on the same day. Birds continued to flood in over the next two weeks, resulting in counts of 25 between Caerthillian and Lizard Point, 20 between Gurnard's Head and Bosigran, and 35 males between Rame Head and Penlee Point, all on May 7th. On 10th there were a staggering 103 between Polhawn Cove and Penlee Point KP. A minimum of 30 pairs were later considered to be breeding in this area. Several other observers commented on the good numbers breeding. RS & JS found eight pairs on their Kit Hill plot, compared with six the previous year. There were seven males on territory at 112 Maenporth in early June, with juvs. seen in July. DL found five pairs on his CBC plot at Pentire Farm. Numbers evident on autumn passage were generally of more normal proportions, with the exception of counts of 20 at Porthgwarra Aug 17th, 50 at Treveal Sep 9th and 30 at Wicca on the same day. Almost all autumn records came from the west of the county. There were many in September, but few lingered into October. The last sighting was at Porthcurno Oct 22nd.

GARDEN WARBLER - Sylvia borin Summer resident. Breeds. Passage migrant. Widely distributed in suitable habitat east of Truro. In the west of the county, where it was formerly scarce, there are now regular breeding season reports from several areas, notably around Camborne. Falmouth, Helston and the Land's End peninsula. The first of the year was at Polhawn Cove Apr 28th, followed by singles at The Lizard and Skewjack the following day. c.20 coastal migrants were logged during the first half of May. Breeding season reports came from 16 widely scattered locations. RS & JS found a healthy seven pairs on their Lamelgate CBC plot, well up on the previous year's three. There were three singing males at three other sites : Goss Moor, Loe Pool and Ninestones Bridge. The first autumn migrant was at Stithians Res. Aug 24th. A further 30 birds occurred through September and October. Apart from one's and two's, there were four at Treveal Sep 23rd and five there on 30th and three at Kenidjack Oct 1st. Two late birds were feeding on dracaena berries at Maenporth Nov 3rd - 11th.

BLACKCAP - Sylvia atricapilla Common summer resident. Breeds. Passage migrant. A few overwinter. During the first winter period, c.62 birds were occupying 32 locations, with the maximum numbers being nine at Holmbush, six at Falmouth Quarry car park and three at Penzance. It is always difficult to be sure of the first spring migrants, but two singing males at Long Rock Mar 30th, and another at Marazion Marsh the same day are likely contenders. Birds continued to arrive until mid-April, with a lull then until the month's end. Peak April counts were six at Torpoint and five at Kennack Sands, both on 8th, four at Kings Wood on 12th. eight at Tehidy CP on 13th. eight at Rame Head on 29th and a massive 83 at The Lizard the same day. RCJ.ARP. By early May eight were singing at Dunmere Wood and 15 at Tehidy, whilst further arrivals included seven at Treveal on 6th, nine at Skewjack on 7th and five at Marazion on 15th. There were very few breeding season records, with birds reported from just 15 sites. Up to 12 were regularly seen at Tehidy, three pairs bred at Foage, two pairs at Lamelgate and one at Kit Hill. Successful breeding was noted at Camelford, Drift and Swanpool.

With the notable exception of large counts at Treveal, there were few autumn records until the second w eek of October. A very good passage then ensued for four weeks. Maximum numbers from regular sites : Holman's Moors: six Nov 8th. Kenidjack: 10 Oct 12th. 11 Oct 30th, six Nov 12th. Nanquidno: eight Sep 23rd and Oct 10th. Porthgwarra: five Oct 14th. six Nov 3rd. Treveal: 12 Sep 9th. 50 Sep 23rd, 30 Sep 30th. 10 Oct 29th. five Nov 1 lth-19th. There were also six at Cawsand Oct 13th and 11 there Nov 8th, and up to 12 at Maenporth Nov 3rd-11th.

Map 7 : Blackcap first winter period distribution 113 The abundant fruit and berry crop induced at least 105 birds to remain into late November and December, with reports of feeding on grapes, apples, and on the berries of ivy, cotoneaster, dracaena and dendrobenthamia. Peak December counts were 19 at Flushing, nine at Swanvale, with eight at nearby Swanpool, seven at Penberth and five at Bonython. ARCTIC WARBLER - Phylllllloscopus borealis Rare vagrant 1993 Record Porthgwarra: one Sep 8th GJC.RLS.LS. Accepted by BBRC. The fifth county mainland record Monthly breakdown: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2 3

PALLAS'S LEAF WARBLER - Phylloscopus proregulus Rare vagrant St Levan: one Oct 27th. IK.JFR. Porthgwarra: one Oct 27th-29th. DJDH.DE.MLa. Church Cove: one Oct 29th-31st. GWD.ARP.SK. Lizard Point, one Oct 30th. RK. A good year for Siberian warblers in the south-west. Four Pallas's in one year was equalled only in 1980. The county mainland total is now c. 18.

Pallas's Leaf Warbler (Richard James) 114 Monthly breakdown: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec ------13 5 -

Top sites: Porthgwarra - eight (44%); Lizard - six (33%).

YELLOW-BROWED WARBLER - Phylloscopus inornatus Scarce passage migrant (autumn). Rare winter visitor. Cot Vallev: singles Sep 23rd. Oct 16th. Oct 28th- Kenidjack: singles Oct 15th-17th and 25th-30th. 30th and Nov 5th. DSF.GRW.MW. Porthgwarra: singles Oct 15th. 20th. 30th and Kelynack: one Sep 29th. Nov 11th DSF.SML.MCH.GJC. Marazion Marsh: one Oct 10th. per DSF. Trevescan: one Oct 15th. LL. et al. Tehidy CP: one. possibly two, Oct 11th. EGG. Porthmeor: one Oct 21st. Land's End: one Oct 12th. LL. et al. Maenporth: one Oct 27th. GWD. Nanquidno: singles Oct 12th-15th and 23rd. Penare: one Oct 27th. DHP. GJC.CLBo.VAS. St Levan: one Oct 29th. DSF. Polhawn Fort: one Oct 13th. GDL. The Lizard: one Oct 31st. EGs.VRT. Nanjizal: one Oct 13th. Relubbus: one Dec 3rd. BKM.DSF. Caerthillian: singles Oct 14th-15th and 29th. Maenporth: one Dec 3rd-9th. RCJ.CLB. GWD.SK. et al. Swanvale: one Dec 18th-23rd. probablv the Penlee Reserve: one Oct 14th. KP. Maenporth bird. GJC.RCJ.DE. Another fantastic year, with c.33 birds involved, including a notable influx from Oct 10th-15th. and two winter records. Of the total seen in Britain this autumn, a much higher proportion than usual reached Cornwall. Our total is now c.273. Monthly breakdown: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 3 ------20 233 11 6 Top sites: Porthgwarra and Cot/Kelynack - 38 each; Nanquidno - 29; Lizard - 19. RADDE'S WARBLER - Phylloscopus schwarzi Rare vagrant. Porthgwarra: one Oct 13th-14th. DP A. VAS. Accepted by BBRC. The third county mainland record, all occurring in mid-October. The previous two were at Porthgwarra, and nearby Sennen.

Radde's Warbler (Richard James; 115 DUSKY WARBLER - Phylloscopus fuscatus Rare vagrant. Bude Marshes, one Jan 1 lth-Mav 4th. GPS. et al. Kenidjack: one Oct 23rd-27th. SMC. et al. Accepted by BBRC. Our fourth and fifth records. All three autumn birds have been in the St Just valleys. The Bude record is our second in winter. Another bird was spending the winter just up the coast in north Dev on. One can only surmise as to where their spring migration took them ! Monthly breakdown: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1 2 1 1

WOOD WARBLER - Phylloscopus sibilatrix Rare summer resident. Breeds. Scarce passage migrant. The majority of breeding season records derive from the broad-leaved woodlands around Bodmin and the valleys of the rivers Fowey, Camel, Lvnher and Tamar. The number of singing males fluctuates and site fidelity7 from vear to vear is not assured. There were three spring migrants: Church Cove, one Apr 29th. RCJ.ARP. Lamelgate: one May 3rd. RS.JS. Treveal: one Apr 29th. VAS. Nanquidno: first winter trapped Aug 3 lst.GJC Breeding season reports, especially from Dunmere, were again disappointing. Figures represent singing males, with comparative data for 1989-94 (B = bred): 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 1989 Golitha Woods 2 1 1 2 2 - B EJW.DCg.DE Dunmere Wood 1 2 4 B 1 3 4 PAW.DAC.et.al. Kerney Bridge 1 ------LACT. There were two earlv autumn records and one late one : Bonython: one Aug"l5th. PG. Cot Valley: one Oct 20th. BSW. Porthgwarra: one Aug 15th. CL.

CHIFFCHAFF - Phylloscopus collybita Common summer resident. Breeds. Passage migrant. Small numbers overwinter. During January c. 160 were reported, a substantial increase over those in late December, presumably as birds became concentrated at favoured sewage treatment works. As usual, the filter beds at Helston attracted the highest number - 40, whilst there were also good counts of 23 at Tresamble Vean, 15 at Bodmin and 15 at St Austell. Elsewhere, there were eight at Marazion Marsh and seven at St John. The first definite spring migrants were four at Nanjizal Mar 12th. Few were then reported until Mar 24th-26th, when eight were found at The Lizard and Treveal. An influx was noted Apr 1st- 4th, with 15 at Treveal. 11 at Tehidy CP and 10 at Penlee reserve. The largest counts were made from Apr 7th-15th and again from 24th-30th.

Map 8 Chiffchaff first winter period distribution 116 Double figures were noted at a host of sites, with the highest being 50 between Penlee Point and Rame Head on Apr 8th. 25 on 15th and 23 there on 24th; at Treveal on 9th-10th; 21 at Tehidv CP on 27th and 24 at Skewjack on 29th. Seven pairs bred at both Lamelgate and Kit Hill, compared with five at each site in 1994. Other June records were five males at College Reservoir, four at Portnadler Bay and three pairs at Tehidy CP. Autumn passage got under way with 15 at Nanquidno Aug 30th. but apart from 25 at Drift Sep 9th. only single figure numbers were found until Sep 21st-23rd. Treveal then had a count of 50 Sep 23rd with 15 at Wicca the same day, preceded by 20 at Kenidjack on 21st. Things again went quiet until mid-October, when the period 13th-17th saw peak passage with numerous reports, including 15 at Porthgwarra and Church Cove, and 14 from Penlee Point to Rame Head. Far fewer were then noted until mid-November, when a late flurry of migrants went through, with 13 at Kenidjack. 12 at Nanquidno and 11 at Porthgwarra. c. 185 birds were found overwintering, with maxima of 21 at Helston Sewage Works. 15 at St Austell Sewage Works, 12 each at Maenporth, Swanpool and Swan Vale, 10 each at Drift and Loe Pool and nine at Copperhouse Creek. The following birds showed characteristics of one of the eastern races "abietinus" / "tristis'. It is now considered almost impossible to differentiate between these two races in the field, though the majority are probably abietinus'. Seaton: two Jan 1st. Loe Beach: one Jan 8th. Bodmin Sewage Works: one or two Jan 12th. Portmellon: one Jan 13th. Helston Sewage Works: three or four Feb 18th, one Mar 21st. one Nov 5th-9th. Bude Marshes: one Mar 4th. Dennis Head: one Mar 21st. Nanquidno: one Oct 8th-9th, three Nov 13th, three Nov 18th. Kelynack: one Oct 12th. Porthgwarra: one Oct 13th, two Oct 14th, two Oct 30th. Church Cove: one Oct 16th, one Oct 21st. Brew: one Oct 23rd. Kenidjack: one Oct 30th. Harlyn Bay: two Nov 2nd, one Nov 8th. Maenporth: one Dec 3rd-9th. nr. Budock: one Dec 9th. Swanpool: one Dec 9th. Treen: one Dec 9th. St Andrew's Pool: two Dec 11th. Swan Vale: one Dec 18th

WILLOW WARBLER - Phylloscopus trochilus Abundant summer resident Breeds. Passage migrant. Various claims of birds overwintering in the county have been made but none is considered fully authentic. The first spring migrant, at Marazion Marsh Mar 18th, equalled the second earliest ever. The next was at Rame Head on 24th, followed by singles at Holmbush and Long Rock on 29th. Birds then arrived in two main waves. The first, from Apr 8th-11th, produced counts of up to a dozen birds too numerous to detail, plus highlights of 66 from Penlee Point to Rame Head, and 15 at Caerthillian on 8th; 50 at Trevose Head, 30 at Treveal and 20 at Polly Joke on 9th; and 25 at Holman's Moors and 20 at Wicca, on 11th. The second, and major, influx occurred during the last week of April. DRC counted 300 at Penlee Point on 24th and RCJ noted a similar number at Trevose Head on 26th. This was the main species involved in the big fall at The Lizard on 29th, with an estimated 500 arriving, of which 200 were in Church Cove and another 100 at Lizard Point DE.RCJ.ARP. 75 were in the Penlee-Rame Head area and 10 at Skewjack the same day. This virtually ended spring passage, apart from 10 between Gurnard's Head and Bosigran May 7th. 117 The total of 82 breeding pairs at Kit Hill was just one up on 1994, but Lamelgate numbers increased from 27 pairs to 48. RS.JS. Apart from a nest failing at the fledging stage at Tehidy CP, no other information on breeding was received. Following 350 birds at Land's End on the early date of Aug 6th RAw, very few birds were encountered on autumn passage, indicating an early clear-out before most bird-watchers became active ! By far the highest September counts were 10 at Drift on 5th, four at Holman's Moors on 6th and eight at Treveal on 9th. 12 birds were seen in October, the latest being at Kenidjack on 30th. A very late bird was reported at Loe Pool Nov 10th.

GOLDCREST - Regulus regulus Common resident. Breeds. Passage migrant (mainly autumn). Suffers severe losses in prolonged cold weather. Undoubtedly the succession of cold winters 1984-86 had an adverse effect on this species, but milder winters to 1990 assisted an almost complete recovery. Arctic conditions in February 1991 reversed the trend resulting in a severe decline. However, a succession of mild winters enabled good numbers to survive and breed. Few reports were received for the beginning of the year, the only notable counts being seven at Par Beach Pool Jan 29th and 12 at Smallacombe Feb 27th. Spring migrants were noted on four occasions, all in March - 11 at Wicca on 5th, one at Porthcurno on 18th, four at Penlee Point on 18th and two at Rame Head the same day. Although breeding reports were few, the population appears to have been high. RS & JS found 11 pairs on their Lamelgate CBC plot, compared with just two in 1994. The species was numerous at Treleivesteps EJW. and good numbers enjoyed breeding success at Loe Pool RK. MJH recorded three pairs at Tehidy CP, although there were up to 27 birds present during May. The first migrant of the autumn was at Marazion Marsh Aug 30th. There was then a lull until Sep 23rd, which saw 40 at Treveal. 30-40 at Nanquidno and 20 at Wicca. The next wave arrived around Oct 8th. with numbers then peaking for a week and a good passage continuing until mid-November. Highest counts from regular sites : Cot Valley: 30 Oct 29th. Kenidjack: 15 Nov 2nd. Nanquidno: 25 Oct 10th, 25 on 12th-13th. 15 Nov 13th. Penlee Woods: 20 Oct 29th. 30 Nov 8th. Porthgwarra: 40 Oct 12th, 20 on 13th, 15 on 22nd. 20 Nov 4th, 22 on 11th. Tehidv CP: 48 Sep 27th, 43 Oct 18th. There were also 15 at Porthcurno Oct 8th, 20 at Crows-an-Wra Oct 11th, 15 at Lundv Bav Oct 15th, 15 at St Levan Oct 18th-20th and a very good fall of 60 at Dodman Point Oct 28th. By far the highest December tally was 50 at Swan Vale on 19th. There were also 14 at Tehidy CP, 10 at Drift and eight each at Maenporth and St Andrews Pool during the month.

FIRECREST - Regulus ignicapillus Uncommon passage migrant (mainly autumn) and winter visitor. A potential breeding species (cf. probable breeding in Devon since 1985). At the turn of the year, 14 birds were wintering at a dozen sites. They were mostly singles, but two each were found at Cornwall College Feb 7th and St Ives Feb 10th. One at Wacker Quay Mar 2nd was possibly a spring migrant, but the only others were two very late birds at Gweek May 1st. c. 125 were recorded during the autumn, an above average passage. The first was at Lamorna Sep 1st, but there were onlv two more before the end of the month. Notable influxes arrived Oct 9th-10th. 14th-15th. 28th-29th and finally Nov 11th. Monthly breakdown : Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 11 6 2 - 2 - - - 3 80 45 24 The following regular sites held birds during the periods shown : Church Cove: Oct 2nd - Nov 7th, with max. of seven Oct 14th, five on 15th and four Nov 7th. Cot Valley: Sep 15th - Nov 19th, with max. of four Oct 9th and three on 16th. Nanquidno: Oct 1st - Nov 18th, with max. of three Nov 13th. 118 Porthgwarra: Oct 2nd - Nov 18th, with max. of five Oct 14th, six on 15th, six on 28th, seven on 29th and three Nov 11th. St Levan: max. of three Oct 10th, 15th and 17th. There were also five at Lands End Nov 1st. The last to go through were two at Treveal Nov 25th. c.21 birds remained into December, including two each at Argal Res.. Loe Pool and Maenporth. and three each (but possibly with some duplication) at Swanpool and Swan Vale.

SPOTTED FLYCATCHER - Muscicapa striata Summer resident. Breeds. Passage migrant. There has been a significant decrease in the number of pairs breeding in the county in recent years. A similar decline was noted in the mid-1970's, but there was an improvement later in that decade and in the early 1980's. The first two birds of the year were at the Lizard Apr 29th, but it subsequently turned out to be the poorest spring on record, with a mere 20 individuals recorded at coastal migration sites. The best count was just three at Penlee Point May 20th, and the last one was at Polly Joke the following day. Breeding was confirmed at 16 sites throughout the county, with success noted at 11 of them. Six pairs were found at Lamelgate, two up on the 1994 figure, with three pairs each at Altarnun and Golitha Wood. In the west, a pair bred at Lamorna. and breeding probablv occurred at Boskenna and Drift Res. Following the first migrant of the autumn at Porthgwarra Aug 12th, manv birds passed through Aug 18th-20th and Sep 16th-24th, with a late flurry Oct 10th-17th. The eventual total was c.105, with maxima of seven at Bonython Aug 31st and Sep 18th, five at The Lizard Aug 21st, six at Cot Valley Aug 31st, 15 at Crowdy Res. Sep 9th, six at Church Cove Sep 20th and eight at Rame Sep 21st. The last bird was at Grade Oct 17th.

RED-BREASTED FLYCATCHER - Ficedula parva Scarce passage migrant (autumn). Annual since 1980. Bass Point: 1st winter Sep 20th. ML.DCa.DCE.SK. Sennen: one Sep 22nd. PHA.BRF.PASP. Porthgwarra: 1st winter Oct 12th-15th, possibly two on 14th. PASP.JFB.PHA.BRF.LL.CCW. The county mainland total moves on to c. 107. Monthly breakdown: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1 2 27 73 4 Top sites: Porthgwarra - 33; Lizard - 12; Cot/Kelynack -11; Nanquidno - 10.

PIED FLYCATCHER - Ficedula hypoleuca Scarce summer resident. Breeds. Passage migrant. First bred at Lanhydrock in 1966. There were only six more confirmed instances in the county up to 1980. Subsequently, small populations became established at Lanhydrock and in the Camel Valley, and more recently in the Upper Fowey Valley. These populations have fluctuated markedly from year to year, due to variable breeding success. The first returning bird arrived back at Lanhydrock on the early date of Apr 11th, A light spring passage consisted of a female at Rame Apr 24th, two males there on 29th and singles at Church Cove and Skewjack the same day. An intriguing record of a pair at Zennor Jun 4th does not conform to any established pattern of occurrence. Breeding season reports were as follows, with comparative data for 1989-94. Figures represent singing males/pairs, plus number of young where known; p = present. 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 1989 Lanhydrock 3(15) 5(0) 9(33) 9(58) 4(20) 6(22) 7(44) Golitha 2(5) 3(12) 6(14) 1(4) 3(15) 3(12) - Dunmere P 2 4 2 4 2 P Camelford 1(5) - - - - - 119 The number of breeding pairs at Lanh\ drock continues to decline, but at least they were successful this time.

The autumn migrant total of 36 birds was the lowest since 1982. Half of them went through in August, with the first at Marazion Marsh on 8th. Apart from four at Bonython Aug 15th, only one's and two's were recorded elsewhere. Only nine were seen in September and six in October. The last was at Porthgwarra Oct 19th.

LONG-TAILED TIT - Aegithalos caudatus Common resident. Breeds. Passage migrant. Suffers heavy mortality in severe weather. Of the few reports received for the early part of the year, the largest flocks were 20 at St Austell Sewage Works Jan 1st and 12 each at St Merryn the same day and Swanpool Jan 25th. 10 at Penzance Jan 15th were feeding at a bird-table and eating peanuts. Breeding reports were forthcoming from just 10 widely spread localities. At Argal Res. a pair was observed earning nesting material on Mar 30th. Four pairs bred at Lamelgate and two pairs at Kit Hill. A pair plus seven juvs. were seen at Swan Vale May 23rd, and a pair plus 10 juvs at Camelford Jun 1st. Other parties included 21 at Trethurgy Jun 16th, 20 at Seaton Jul 30th and 15 at Aug 23rd.

Some 30 double figure counts were made during the autumn. Most came from coastal valleys, but this probably reflects the distribution of bird-watchers rather than a heavy passage of migrant tits. Highlights included 20 at Marazion Marsh Sep 29th, 15 at Porthgwarra Oct 22nd and Nov 12th, 18 at Penlee Point Oct 31st but 40 there the following day, 50 in two flocks at Treveal Nov 4th, 14 at Gribbin Head also Nov 4th, 50 at Treveal Nov 11th and 18 at Boskenna Nov 12th.

The best of further flock numbers late in the year were 12 at Holmbush, 22 at Tehidy CP, 12 at Maenporth and 12 at Kilminorth Woods.

MARSH TIT - Parus palustris Resident. Breeds. Rare passage migrant. Fairly common in woodlands east of Truro, but less common in the west.

A thin scatter of records came in from around the county, but there were none west of a line drawn from Tehidy to Loe Pool. They did however include sites at Helford, Tremayne and Tregarne on the Lizard.

There were only four reports of breeding. Six young were raised in a nest box in Camelford, three juvs. were seen at Cadsonbury Jun 1st and single pairs bred at Lamelgate and Tresillian. At Loe Pool RK remarked that numbers have dwindled over the last three years.

The only noteworthy counts were all made in December: six at St Columb Minor on 2nd. four at College Res. on 9th and four at Kilminorth Woods on 31st.

WILLOW TIT - Parus montanus Scarce resident. Breeds. Rare Passage migrant ? The Willow Tit has a patchy distribution in Cornwall, occurring in damp, scrubby woodland to the east and north of Indian Queens, with population centres at Goss Moor, Redmoor/Helman Tor/Breney Common, Upper Fowey Valley and Tamar Lakes. Fully authenticated observations of birds farther west are exceptionally rare. The species undoubtedly suffered as a result of the succession of cold winters in the mid-1980's, but has also contracted in range due to extensive habitat loss and fragmentation. Redmoor/Helman Tor/Breney Common One on Breney Common Apr 19th. DE. Upper Fowey Valley Three in Smallacombe Downs Plantation Jan 2nd DSF, two in the Upper Fowev Valley Jan 2nd and one May 2nd. BKM.RB. 120 At Lamelgate. one Mar 10th, one pair bred and two seen Nov 22nd. RS.JS. Two at Ninestones Bridge Sep 2nd. DCg. Tamar Lakes One at Virworthy Wharf May 14th. RAJ. At Upper Tamar Lake JHH reported the resident pair still present on Sep 15th. One was seen there on Sep 17th. AJM. Elsewhere Encouraging reports came from other sites in the north-east of the county. One was at Egloskerry May 9th GJC, and single pairs bred at Camelford Sewage Works and Otterham Marsh. AJB.SJB. Finally, a bird was seen in the observers" garden at Trethurgy Feb 25th. GRW.MW. Unfortunately no reports were forthcoming from the Goss Moor stronghold this year.

COAL TIT - Parus ater Common resident. Breeds. Passage migrant. Particularly common and widespread in coniferous woodland in the east of the county and a regular visitor to garden nut feeders. Vastly under-recorded like most of the other members of this genus, with records from just 28 widespread locations. Breeding was reported from Golitha Wood (successful), Lamelgate (four pairs as in 1994), Lamorna (failed), Loe Pool ("good breeding year" RK), Marazion. Swanpool, Tehidy CP (two pairs) and Wheal Rodney. By far the highest counts came from Tehidy, with maxima of 15 in June. 18 in Jul-Aug, 19 in Sep- Oct, 14 in November and 20 in December. MJH. The only other notable figure was eight at Halvana Dec 9th.

No migrants were noted at either season.

BLUE TIT - Parus caeruleus Abundant resident. Breeds. Passage migrant. Another largelv ignored species, with records from onlv 37 sites. 18 pairs were found on the Lamelgate CBC (15 in 1994) and eight pairs at Kit Hill (five in 1994). RS.JS. A successful breeding season was noted by RK at Loe Pool, with other breeding reports from Marazion. Penryn, Penwithick (where young fledged May 26th), Portnadler Bay and Truro. At Tehidy there were up to 20 birds during the spring and maxima of 27 in July, 37 in August, 25 in Sep-Oct, 39 in November and 26 in December. MJH. Otherwise the highest counts were 15 at Moorswater Sep 10th, 12 at Penryn Sep 28th and 20 at Kilminorth Woods Dec 31st. The only possible migrants were one at Porthgwarra Oct 15th and two at Trevose Head Oct 29th.

GREAT TIT - Parus major Common resident. Breeds. Passage migrant. Very few records were supplied. Six pairs bred at Kit Hill and three at Lamelgate, compared with 1994 figures of four pairs at each site. There were two pairs at Argal Res. and breeding was also confirmed at Penryn. RK commented on a good season at Loe Pool. Monthly maxima at Tehidy CP were 10 in April, five in May, seven in June, two in August, five in September, two in October, 11 in November and 12 in December. MJH. The only other counts of note were six at Pelynt Jul 28th and seven at College Res. Sep 22nd.

EUROPEAN NUTHATCH - Sitta europaea Resident. Breeds. Common in suitable habitat in most areas of the county but scarce on the Lands End Peninsula west of Drift and the Lizard Peninsula south of Culdrose. Reports came in from some 30 well scattered sites. Breeding was confirmed at Lamelgate, where five pairs was one more than in 1994. Golitha Wood (four pairs), Landulph, Lanhydrock, Loe Pool (good breeding season), Maenporth, Swan Vale and Tehidy CP. The latter site held five birds in May. In the far west the species was recorded at Drift, Lamorna and Lands End, where, bafflingly, an individual was discovered on Jun 25th. RAw. The only report from the Lizard was at Tremayne. 121 EURASIAN TREECREEPER - Certhia familiaris Resident. Breeds. Rare passage migrant. Common and widespread in suitable habitat throughout the county as far west as Loe Pool and Penzance. There were records from 34 sites around the county, though none from the Lizard peninsula. Breeding occurred at Golitha Woods (three pairs), Lamelgate (two pairs - the same as in 1994), Tamelford (a pair, plus three juvs. seen on Jun 1st), Loe Pool (successful season), Tehidy CP (eight )irds in April and nine in May) and Trevaylor Woods. Other West Penwith sites were Drift, Lamorna, slew Mill and Penzance.

A single migrant was at Porthgwarra Oct 14th-20th.

Unusual choice of temporary habitat was made by two birds in scrub by the beach at Talland Bay Jan 1st. EJW. and an evergreen oak in the centre of Penzance Dec 19th. NRP.

GOLDEN ORIOLE - Oriolus oriolus Scarce passage migrant (mainly spring). Annual since 1971. St Germans: male Apr 9th. EHW. St Agnes: male Mav 1st. EG. Porthgwarra: one May 8th, 1st winter male Oct 12th-15th. DSF.BKM.CDJ.GJC.VAS. Trelowarren: one Mav 8th. BSW. Nanjizal: one Mav 24th. JFR. St Levan: one Jun 14th. RWW.

'he St Germans bird is the second earliest ever. The county total is now c. 145 since 1930. Of these, 77 have been identified as males, 43 as females and 25 not sexed. Monthly breakdown: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - - - 27 97 9 4 3 2 3 Top sites: Skewjack - 16; Porthgwarra - 13; Kenidjack - 10.

RED-BACKED SHRIKE - Lanius collurio Uncommon passage migrant (mainly autumn). Last bred in the county in 1960. Porthgwarra: juv. Sep 2nd-5th. CCB.JFR. Nanjizal: one Sep 5th, juv. Sep 22nd-23rd. STB.RB.RAJ.AJB.SJB. Kxnance Farm: juv. Sep 23rd-24th. RCJ.SK.AL.ML.CLB. Porthcurno: juv. Oct 15th. BTC Monthly breakdown: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - - - - 8 8 3 11 35 20 1 - Top sites: Porthgwarra - 20; St Just Valleys - 8.

WOODCHAT SHRIKE - Lanius senator Rare passage migrant. Annual since 1979. Lands End: male Apr 29th-30th. SR.RB.VAS.CCW.JFR. Kvnance Road/Caerthillian: female Mav 7th-10th. SK.SR.ML.ARP.RCJ. The Lizard: male May 9th-14th. ARP.VRT.ML. Marazion Marsh: female Mav 20th-23rd. CCW. et al. Cot Valley: juv. Aug 29th-Sep 15th. PS.JFR. Dowran: juv. Oct 10th. CLBo.GJC. 122

Woodchat Shrike (Richard James)

The best year ever. For two days the male and female on the Lizard were less than 1km apart ! The Dowran bird appears to be the second latest ever. The county total is now c.61. Monthly breakdown: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 7 26 6 2 10 5 5

EURASIAN JAY - Garrulus glandarius Common resident. Breeds. Passage migrant with occasional irruptions eg. 1972, 1979, 1981 and 1983. Reported from sites throughout the county, but as befits a species which becomes surprisingly secretive when nesting, there was only one record of confirmed breeding - a pair at Lamelgate. The most comprehensive set of records came from Tehidy CP. where up to eight birds were present during the summer, with a later maximum of nine in November. MJH. Elsewhere, the best counts were four at Redmoor Nov 12th, five at Tresillian Nov 16th and five at Clowance Dec 18th. At Penrvn one was seen to steal an egg from the nest of a Collared Dove. The only possible migrant was a single bird at Treveal Sep 9th.

MAGPIE - Pica pica Abundant resident. Breeds. Passage migrant. Forms small roosts outside the breeding season. Increasingly common despite intensive culling, particularly in gamebird rearing districts. Breeding records and the size of winter parties both suggest a generally higher population than in 1994. 14 pairs were found at Kit Hill and nine pairs at Lamelgate, compared with 1994 figures of nine and four pairs, respectively. RS.JS. The Pentire Farm CBC plot held three pairs DL, and there were two at Tehidy CP. Single pairs were reported from seven other localities. NRP found a nest in an evergreen oak in the centre of Penzance. CLB described it as more common than ever at Penryn with many juvs. noted, whilst JWJ regards it as very common at Tregathenan. The year's highest counts were 18 at Polhawn Cove Jan 13th, 11 at Boswednack Jan 16th, 18 at Daubuz Moor in January, 13 at Penryn Mar 13th, 12 between Tregantle and Rame Head Jun 9th, 11 123 at Siblvback Res. Sep 4th, 15 bv the Penrvn River Nov 7th and 36 at a roost in the Cober Vallev Dec 29th. PEt watched two birds foraging on the Gannel mudflats Dec 23rd. A near albino present throughout the year between Redruth and St Day may have been the same as that seen in Redruth in 1994.

EURASIAN JACKDAW - Corvus monedula Abundant Resident. Breeds. Passage migrant. Forms roosts outside the breeding season but these are poorly documented. "Pied" birds are not uncommon. Whilst the 'usual 14 pairs' bred at Gwallon and 1994's two pairs were doubled at Lamelgate, breeding pairs decreased from two to nil at Kit Hill, from nine to seven at Pentire Farm and from four to two at Tehidy CP. Nevertheless, 'many' were reported breeding at Maenporth. Periryn and Swanpool. JWJ described it as even more common at Tregathenan.

By far the highest counts were 3000 roosting with Rooks at Pinkson Creek Nov 4th and 11th DIJ. with 300 at Little Petherick Creek Nov 5th. Counts of 200 were made at St Just May 13th, Periryn Sep 7th. Otterham Marsh Sep 14th. Trevanson Woods Oct 12th. Tresillian River Nov 16th. Pelynt Dec 13th and Reskajeage Downs Dec 17th. 200 seems to be the optimum flock size for this species !

No obvious migrational movements were detected.

Interesting behavioural observations included two upending pebbles at Carnsnew Pool for 15 minutes Mar 13th. one ripping up paper and flying off with it at Mousehole Mar 18th and 45 feeding on Swanpool Beach Sep 29th.

ROOK - Corvus frugilegus Common resident. Breeds. Passage migrant. Forms large roosts outside the breeding season, but these are rarely reported. The following rookeries were counted (with comparisons with previous figures where available): Argal Res.: eight nests. Budock Water: 12. Landewednack Church: 44 (40 in 1994. 18 in 1986. five in 1983 and 26 in 1975). Crean: 97. Goldsithnev: 17(11 in 1994). Lamelgate: 66 (47 in 1994. 49 in 1993). Lamoma: 93 (82+ in 1993, 54 in 1975). Landrake: 21. Mylor Churchtown: seven. Jubilee Inn, Pelvnt: seven (six in 1994). St Nun's Church, Pelynt: eight (eight in 1993). Penryn: 30/36 in five rookeries. Resprvn: 13. St Cleer Church: 17 (17 in 1993. one in 1975). St Mawes: 21. Tideford: 50 (44 in 1993). Tregathenan: 25 (25 in 1994. 14 in 1991. 10 in 1989). Triffle: 20. Wheal Rodney: six.

The general trend from the above counts would seem to be upward. Bv far the largest flock was of 2000. roosting with Eurasian Jackdaws at Pinkson Creek Nov 4th and 1 hh DIJ. There were also 150 at Penrvn Sep 13th, 170 at St John's Ford Sep 14th. 200 at Fowev Sep 15th (note the coincidental dates), 120 at Tehidv CP Oct 18th, 100 at Little Petherick Creek Nov 5th and 100 at Pelvnt Dec 16th. 124

CARRION CROW - Corvus corone Abundant resident. Breeds. Six pairs bred at Pentire Farm (seven in 1994), five pairs at Lamelgate (three in 1994) and four pairs at Kit Hill (seven in 1994). Six pairs were found between Gwithian and The Knavocks. and two pairs at Tehidy CP. It was described as common at Penryn, with many nests and young. Single pairs were reported from several other localities. Impressive counts on the River Tamar included 177 Mar 19th, 206 Apr 15th. 223 May 14th and 151 Oct 8th. SG. Another large gathering was 100 birds at Harlyn Bay Feb 19th. Three birds flew in off the sea at Rame Head Mar 25th and three were well out to sea there Apr 8th. Two birds with pale grey secondaries were in the Point area from September onwards, whilst a bird with white on its primaries and secondaries was at Long Rock Pool Oct 22nd. One of a group of five at Sconner Corner Oct 1st was hanging upside down in a tree !

COMMON RAVEN - Corvus corvax Resident. Breeds. Roosts have been reported in the past but recent information is sadly lacking. The year's most unusual record was of 30 flying west together over Gwithian Feb 2nd. Birds were present during the breeding season at c. 19 localities on the north coast, c. 19 on the south coast and seven inland, the latter all being in the Bodmin Moor region. Breeding was confirmed at Fishing Cove (three juvs. fledged), Fowey, Gurnard's Head (two fledged), Halwyn (one juv.), Helfs Mouth (four juvs.). Hoe Point, Holywell Bay, Lamelgate (two pairs). Maenporth, Phillack (two pairs raised three juvs. each), Porthoustock, . Samphire Island, St Agnes. Treveal and Trevone. 17 were counted feeding on a sheep carcass at Tregarrick Jul 28th. The highest subsequent counts were 15 at Bearah Tor Oct 8th and 11 at United Downs tip Nov 14th.

COMMON STARLING - Sturnus vulgaris Common resident. Breeds. Abundant passage migrant and winter visitor. Forms huge roosts, particularly in moorland conifer plantations in winter. No figures were supplied for the Marazion Marsh roost, but PAW watched too many birds to count dropping in at both Siblyback Res. and Crowdy Res. Jan 7th. The latter site held 'very large numbers" on Oct 21st. Much smaller roosts included 200 at Par Beach Pool Sep 14th and 500 at Penrose Oct 27th. Thousands of birds were perched on the Tamar Bridge at dusk Dec 27th.

Apart from two pairs on DLs Pentire Farm CBC plot, no other breeding details were sent in, although CLB remarked that it does not appear as common in the Peniyn area as in previous years. This view was shared by HAS at Liskeard. Large flocks in the autumn/winter period included 5000 on Davidstow Airfield Oct 16th. 600 at Pelynt Oct 29th, 10000 at Holmbush during Oct/Nov, 400 on Royal Cornwall Showground Nov 5th, 3000 feeding on sloes at Treveal Nov 11th-12th, 500 also on sloes at Nanquidno Nov 13th. 1000 in Lamorna Valley Nov 21st-28th. 7000 including a leucistic bird at Tredinnick Dec 14th and 800 on Reskajeage Downs Dec 17th.

ROSY STARLING - Sturnus roseus Vagrant Helston. adult Jun 17th. ECJ.VJ. Penzance Heliport/Eastern Green: juv. Sep 30th-Oct 17th. GD.VAS.DJB.JFR. Maenporth: juv. Nov 10th. RCJ. Accepted by BBRC. These three take the mainland total onto c.49. Monthly breakdown * : Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - - - 1 - 8 1 7 9 15 2 - * six birds were 'undated'. Top sites. Land's End - seven; Porthgwarra - four; Davidstowr Airfield - three. 125 HOUSE SPARROW - Passer domesticus Common resident. Breeds. Cornish populations were inadequately documented prior to 1980. Subsequently, decreases were noted in many areas until 1985, but there has been an increase in numbers since. This type of fluctuation has been noted in the county previously. Five pairs bred at Lamelgate, compared with three in 1994 and one in 1993. At Pentire Farm, however, the number of pairs dropped to eight from 12 in 1994. At St Cleer RS noted a general decline in his garden through the year, whereas HAS reported no change of status at Liskeard. CLB found plenty of family groups in the Penryn district. There were no three figure counts this year, compared with one in 1994 and three each in 1993 and 1992. As expected, highest counts were all made in the autumn. The highlights were 38 at Rame Barton Aug 12th, 45 at Pelvnt Aug 13th, 90 at Holmbush during Aug-Sep decreasing to 40 during Oct-Dec. 50 at Wheal Rodney Sep 1st, 42 at Bude Sep 3rd and 50 by the Penryn River Sep 27th. Up to 30 were also reported at Anderton, Falmouth and Penryn.

TREE SPARROW - Passer montanus Scarce passage migrant. Rare winter visitor. Bred at Land's End in 1990. Porthgwarra: one Mav 7th This takes the total to*c.290

Monthly breakdown: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 5 6 5 6 61 16 5 10 3 123 28 22

Top sites: Porthgwarra - 151 (52%); Wadebridge - 23; Sennen/Land's End - 16; Nanquidno - 14; Rame Head -11.

RED-EYED VIREO - Vireo olivaceus Rare vagrant. At sea: one alighted briefly on MV Scillonian III 15 minutes before the ship passed Gwennap Head on its return to Penzance Sep 30th. It then flew off toward the mainland. MAH.AVM. Trevillev: one Oct 8th-15th. PFD et al. Pcndeeri: one Oct 15th (Accepted by BBRC).GJE. In the best ever autumn for American landbirds, at least 16 individuals of this species were found in Britain, and a further 10 in Ireland. These three take the Cornwall total to 15. Six have turned up in September and nine in October.

CHAFFINCH - Fringella coelebs Abundant resident. Breeds. Passage migrant. Winter visitor. Forms roosts in winter. The flock of 1500 in the Coombe Valley late in 1994 was recorded again on Jan 7th. The only other large flock was 800 at Tresillian Jan 14th, but there were also 120 at Copperhouse Creek Jan 2nd, 300 at Bonvthon Jan 5th, 200 at Penrvn Feb 4th, 200 at Feb 5th and 100 at Wheal Rodnev Feb 15th.

The only breeding details received were 31 pairs on the Lamelgate CBC and 19 at Kit Hill, the same figure as in 1994. HAS thought it less common at Liskeard this year, but CLB considered it more so around Penryn. Apart from one very large movement, autumn migration was unexceptional. Passage was first noted at Nanquidno with 120 Oct 1st. There were 40 at Kelynack Oct 13th and 40 at Polly Joke the following day, then 92 at St Levan on 20th, 100 at Holmbush on 23rd and 100 at Rame Head on 26th. IK counted 3000 passing over Porthgwarra in 3Vi hours Oct 28th, the same day as there were 300 at The Lizard. Treveal held 200 the next day. In November there were 500 at Treveal and 350 at Wicca on 5th, then 120 at Wicca and 60 on Holman's Moors on 18th. Decent flocks were subsequently thin on the ground, although RL watched "hundreds'* flying to roost north of St Austell during Nov - Dec. The only noteworthy counts were 150 at Penjerrick Nov 25th, reduced to 100 on Dec 10th and 60 at Boscathnoe Dec 28th. 126 BRAMBLING - Fringella montifringella Winter visitor. Passage migrant (mainly autumn). Numbers fluctuate from year to year. In January there were 25 at Tresemlpe Pool on 3rd. 185 at Bonython on 5th. 100 at Tresilhan on 14th and 30 at St Clement on 21st. A huge flock estimated to contain c. 1000 birds was discovered near Penryn on Feb 4th. equalling the largest ever recorded in the county. RCJ. 500 were counted there on the 10th. Up to 39 lingered in the Coombe Valley until Mar 18th. Also during this first winter period, up to five birds were reported from 10 other sites. The last were a pair in a garden at Trew, which remained until Apr 2nd.

The species was very scarce in the autumn and even more so as winter arrived. The first were three at The Lizard Oct 14th, followed by c.55 more by the end of the month. The maxima were eight at Nanquidno Oct 22nd and 20 at Porthgwarra. seven at The Lizard and six at Cot Vallev. all on 28th. A further 21 were found during the first half of November, the most together being five each at Land's End on 1st and Treveal on 18th. The only subsequent records were one at Holmbush Dec 12th and two at Smith Dec 31st.

EUROPEAN SERIN - Serinus serinus Rare passage migrant and winter visitor. A potential breeding species. Church Cove: male Apr 14th. male and female May 14th. PTS. Sennen. male Oct 22nd. DIJ. The males on the Lizard are treated as two different birds as. had there just been one involved there would surelv have been other sightings in this well watched vallev. The countv total is therefore now c.86. Monthly breakdown: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 7 9 7 12 1 - 6 17 19 8 Top sites: Porthgwarra - 19; Marazion - 10; Lelant - eight; Phillack - five.

GREENFINCH - Carduelis chloris Common resident. Breeds. Passage migrant. Winter visitor. Forms roosts in winter. The only flocks of note during the early part of the year were 43 at Clodgy Mar 8th. which may have been early migrants, and 60 at Cornwall College Mar 12th-19th. Six pairs bred at Kit Hill and five (down by one on 1994) at Lamelgate. Although RK reported a good breeding season at Loe Pool. HAS. CLB and BRP commented that it was less plentiful this year at Liskeard, Penryn and Wheal Rodney, respectively. A post-breeding flock of 35 was around Holmbush in August-September. National increases in nest losses at the incubation stage has led the BTO to add this species to the Conservation Vigilance alert list. The best counts of presumed autumn migrants were 60 at Nanquidno Oct 1st. 120 at Porthgwarra Oct 8th and 60 there on Nov 12th, 40 at Trevilley Oct 15th and 70 at Polly Joke and 35 at Par Beach, both on Nov 4th. Some significant flocks were found later in the vear. The highlights were 35 at Holmbush during Nov- Dec, 30 at Garvinack Farm Nov 19th, 100 near Penryn Nov 25th and Dec 10th. 80 at Long Rock Dec 1st and 150 at near Budock Dec 6th. 127 GOLDFINCH - Carduelis carduelis Resident. Breeds. Passage migrant Few were reported early in the year, the max. being 21 at Holmbush Jan 4th and 21 at Clodgy Feb 4th. Spring passage was typically light with small numbers being widespread, but there were 'good numbers' in the Altarnun area throughout March and April. Elsewhere, there were up to 22 at St Minver during April with 10 at Fowey on 9th and 40 at The Lizard on 29th. The last apparent migrants were eight at Zennor May 9th. Three pairs bred at Lamelgate and it was a good breeding season at Loe Pool. Few other breeding records were sent in. but some impressive post-breeding flocks gave a good indication of a successful summer. These included 60 at Landulph Jul 15th. 200 at Church Cove during Aug and Sep, 60 in the Cober Vallev Aug 22nd and 250 near Troon Aug 24th. In a good autumn for the species the best September counts were 60 at Saltash throughout the month, 300 at The Lizard from 16th-28th. 150 at Navax Point on 16th, 100 on Predannack Airfield on 17th and 50 at Polhawn Cove on 29th. Sizeable flocks lingered well into October. 300 were at Nanquidno on 1st. 100 on St Just Airfield on 3rd. 300 at The Lizard on 10th increasing to 500 on 28th, 68 at Polndmouth Cove on 10th and 100 at Sennen on 22nd. Groups of up to 50 were reported from many other locations during the autumn. By November the species became scarce as usual. A count of 40 at Penryn Nov 15th was followed by 150 at Chiverton Cross on 19th. In December there were 300 near Budock on 6th and 50 at Cadsonbury on 17th.

SISKIN - Carduelis spinus Scarce resident (increasing). Breeds. Passage migrant. Winter visitor. Pnor to 1970. Siskins were only rarely reported in winter. Subsequently, winter numbers increased almost annually. Since the mid-1980's the species became established as a regular breeding species, partly due to the increase in coniferous plantations, notably on Bodmin Moor. A very poor year for this species. Birds were extremely thin on the ground during the first winter period, with a total of c.45 at 20 sites. The max. were nine at Priory Park. Bodmin. Jan 24th and five at Holmbush Mar 7th. In the early spring there were 20 at Redruth Apr 2nd-3rd. Breeding season reports were well down on 1994. In the following table. B = breeding confirmed; b = probably bred, figures represent highest numbers of birds seen; p = present, not counted : 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 1989 Dunmere Wood 2 2B P 3 3 B B Duporth 1 - - - - - Halvana 10 20 7 15 10 P b Larihydrock 2 - 2 6 5 Ninestones Bridge 3 2 10 - - P North Bowda 2 - - - - - North Hill 1 - - - - Smallacombe 5 29 2 B B P P Autumn passage was the lightest since 1986, with no more than 200 birds logged. The first was at Marazion Marsh Oct 10th. with subsequent best counts that month being 16 at Cot Valley and 10 at Marazion on 12th. 15 at Holmbush on 19th, 10 at St Levan on 22nd and 42 at Porthgwarra on 28th. c.75 were around during November and December, with the largest flock unusually being found in the west of the county. The two best tallies were both on Dec 3rd : 27 between St Erth and Relubbus and 20 at St Andrew's Pool.

LINNET - Carduelis cannabina Common resident. Breeds. Passage migrant. Two large concentrations were discovered during the early part of the year. 500 at Otterham Jan 4th had increased to 1000 Feb 7th. There were 800 at Penryn" Feb 4th-10th. Flocks of 30-80 birds were reported from six other sites. Evidence of the usual early spring migration was provided by 21 at Clodgy Mar 8th and 17 were seen coming in off the sea at Maenporth Mar 17th. At Penlee Point passage peaked at 150 Mar 20th. 128 Elsewhere, there were 50 at Navax Point Mar 23rd. 50 at Heamoor Mar 30th, 100 at Marazion Apr 4th and finally 30 at Rame Head Apr 14th. RS & JS found 79 pairs on their Kit Hill CBC plot compared with 81 in 1994 and an increase from four to nine pairs at Lamelgate. DL's seven pairs on the Pentire Farm CBC was one down on 1994 s figure. The only other data supplied was four pairs breeding at Maenporth. Post-breeding flocks included 50 at Gorran Haven Jul 7th, 100 at Clodgy Point Jul 29th. 230 at St Levan Aug 18th and 50 at Gillhouse Aug 26th. As usual birds gathered in suitable coastal areas before moving out. 140 were counted between Rame Head and Penlee Point Sep 13th, but at The Lizard c. 1000 were feeding on linseed stubble for three weeks from Sep 19th. There were 350 at Porthcurno Sep 29th. Twelve counts of 40+ birds were made in October, mostly on the south coast. The highest were 100 at Padstow on 1st, 150 between Military Road and Penlee on 8th, 120 at Crugmeer also on 8th and 350 still at The Lizard on 28th. The last migrants noted were 50 at Treveal Oct 29th. The best late year flocks were 300 at Chiverton Cross Nov 19th, 400 at Penryn Nov 22nd, 300 at Penjerrick Dec 9th and 60 at Egloshayle Dec 29th.

COMMON REDPOLL - Carduelis flammea Scarce resident. Uncommon passage migrant and winter visitor. The only first winter report was of one at Turnaware Point Feb 5th DIJ. and the sole spring migrant one at Porthgwarra May 14th. DSF.BKM. Breeding season reports were verv sketchv. with single birds onlv recorded at Halvana Mav 14th & 31st. RAJ.BKM., Furswain Jul 30th and toddy Park also Jul 30th. both EJW. There were two at Upper Tamar Lakes Oct 2nd JHH. and a migrant at Church Cove Oct 15th GWD. In November six were found at Colliford Res. on 19th and a further single at Trago Mills on 21st. PTS. Finally, one was in Valley at Helston Dec 10th NRP.NJP.

COMMON CROSSBILL - Loxia curvirostra An irruptive species which is not recorded annually in Cornwall. Bred in 1985, 1991 and 1992. Scarce passage migrant and winter visitor. Crowdv Res.: four Jan 18th. GJC. Luckett Woods: one Jun 24th. VRT. Lamorna Valley: one Oct 2nd. BDB

A very poor year for this species, in common with Siskin and Common Redpoll. EJW found none at Smallacombe Feb 27th.

BULLFINCH - Pyrrhula pyrrhula Common resident. Breeds. Scarce passage migrant. Winter visitor. Reports came in from 58 sites around the county. Max. counts early in the year were five at Colliford Res. Jan 7th, 10 on Predannack Airfield Jan 8th and six at Lamelgate from January-March. There were breeding season records from 25 localities, with four pairs breeding at Kit Hill, down on 1994*s six, and one pair at Lamelgate, where there were two in 1994. It was a good season at Loe Pool and several family parties and juvs. were seen elsewhere. Possible migrants were five at Nanquidno Oct 1st, one at Porthgwarra Oct 13th, eight at Treveal Oct 29th, nine there Nov 18th and three at Pollv Joke Nov 4th. There were also eight at Marazion Marsh Oct 10th. Numbers at Tehidy CP peaked at eight in September, 10 in November and 11 in December.

HAWFINCH - Coccothraustes coccothraustes Occasional visitor with records in most months. Has bred in Devon as far west as the county border but is not known to have done so in Cornwall. St Austell: one May 28th-Jun 2nd. GRW.MW. 129 Nanquidno. female Oct 1st. VAS. The St Austell record is most intriguing. This bird fed on seeds at a bird table every morning and provided the first summer record since 1986. The total for the countv is now c.89. excluding reports of 'several* in 1829 and a 'family party* in 1958. Monthly breakdown * : Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jim Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 5 4 13 2 3 4 7 - - 35 7 7 * two birds were 'undated'.

BLACKPOLL WARBLER - Dendroica striata Rare vagrant Kenidjack: 1st winter Oct 29th. NJW.KWR.KEV.JFR. Accepted by BBRC. The second record for the Cornish mainland, the first being at Porthgwarra in October 1988.

LAPLAND LONGSPUR - Calcarius lapponicus Scarce passage migrant (autumn). Rare winter visitor. Very rare inland. Porthgwarra: three Sep 17th. one Oct 1st. four Oct 14th. three Oct 15th.BKM.NJP.VAS.DSF. SGR. Land's End: one Sep 23rd-25th. one Oct 8th. one Dec 10th. PHA.BRF.LL.PASP.JFB.RAw. Portreath: one Sep 23rd. DE. Treen: one Sep 28th. VAS. Porthcurno: one Sep 29th. RB. Nanquidno: one Oct 5th, one Oct 15th, two Oct 22nd. SGR. DSF. Predannack Airfield: one Oct 8th. ARP. The Lizard: one Oct 8th, one Oct 21st. DE. Military Road-Penlee: one Oct 11th. GDL. Gotfrevy Point: one Oct 21st. BSW. Sennen. one Oct 23rd. BSW. Cape Cornwall: one Nov 5th. BSW. Holman*s Moors: one Nov 9th, one Nov 12th. VAS.SGR. A typical set of records, apart from the late bird at Land's End. The second bird at that site was chased, and probably killed, by a Merlin. The total is now c. 1069, all since 1960.

SNOW BUNTING - Plectrophenax nivalis Uncommon passage migrant (mainly autumn). Rare winter visitor. Gwithian: one Jan lst-Mar 21st. PAR. RAF St Mawgan: one 2nd Oct. DLT. Military Road-Penlee: male Oct 5th-8th. EJW. GDL.RSn. Nanjizal: male Oct 5th-8th. VAS. Polgigga: one Oct 5th. JHH. Bosistow: one Oct 8th. REHd.MJI. Drift Res.: one Oct 10th-l 1th. GH.EGGGGG. Porthgwarra: one Oct 13th, one Oct 28th. EGG. GGG.IK. Trewey Downs: one Oct 14th. EGG.GGG. Cape Cornwall: one Oct 15th. NRP. Hudder Down: male Oct 22nd. MJH. St Glennv's Church: three Oct 22nd. DCt. Caer Bran: one Oct 25th. BSW. Pendeen Watch: one Oct 27th. JHH.DE. Tre\ ose Head: one Nov 4th. DIJ

The Gwithian bird had been present in late 1994. Autumn numbers were again on the low side. 130 YELLOWHAMMER - Emberiza citrinella Common resident. Breeds. Passage migrant. Winter visitor. There was some regional variation in observers" comments as to the species current status. From West Penwith DSF remarked that there were fewer numbers throughout the year in the Sancreed area and BRP saw only one bird all year at Wheal Rodney where it was once common. Others have commented on the decline in this district. On the other hand ARP found it locally common on parts of the Lizard and Roseland peninsulas, and C & CB regard it as still common at Pelynt. The onlv double figure counts during the first winter period were 17 at Rvtha Jan 1st and 15 at Wendroh Feb 25th. During the breeding season GRW & MW obtained a very useful series of counts along the coastal path between Carne and Lansallos (figures refer to numbers of birds seen): Carne to Portholland: 20 Portholland to Gorran Haven: 20 Gprran Haven to Pentewan: 10 Pentewan to Crinnis: four Crinnis to Menabilly: five Menabilly to Lansallos: 12 They also counted six between Prussia Cove and Porthleven and 20 between Place Manor and Bohortha. Elsewhere, there were 10 pairs at Kit Hill (compared with six in 1994). nine males at Trebudannon, seven males at Gribbin Head and seven males between Maenporth and Swanpool (same as in 1994). There were many other reports of up to five from around the county.

Probable autumn migrants were three at Cot Valley Sep 13th and two there Oct 8th. 10 at St Minver Sep 29th, 33 at Zennor Sep 30th, four at Porthgwarra Oct 14th and three at Nanqu'dno Oct 29th. There was only one subsequent noteworthy flock : 50 at Portmellon Nov 12th.

CIRL BUNTING - Emberiza cirlus Rare resident. Breeds. Rare passage migrant. There has been a protracted decline over the last twenty years of this once common and widespread farmland species. In 1967 up to 15 pairs were located in the south east of the county and despite poor coverage in later years, birds were still present on fifteen sites in the county in 1975. The UK population is now almost exclusively restricted to south Devon. A recent increase in the national population does not appear to have been reflected in Cornwall, probably as the small resident population is not viable. Falmouth area A pair were at the regular site Mar 18th, but the female was not seen subsequently. The male remained on territory until at least Aug 1st, but two males were present Apr 9th and 21st. A male was also singing one kilometre away Apr 6th. RCJ.ARP.RK.DHP. St Keverne area A male was present up to Mar 25th and again from Nov 17th to the year end. At one regular breeding site a male was on territory throughout the breeding season. At the other regular site a male was singing Apr 14th and possibly the same bird one kilometre away May 3rd. MCe.ARP.RK.RCJ. Elsewhere There were unconfirmed reports of bird(s) present during the breeding season in the Coverack area and at Newtown-St Martin. Singles were at RAF Portreath Nov 12th DML. and Mylor Churchtown Dec 9th. VAS. For the first year since 1990, breeding was not proved in the county. An intensive survey of the coastal strip between Nare Head (Gerrans Bay) and Lizard Point failed to locate any new territories. 1994: Mylor: female Dec 19th.GJC.

ORTOLAN BUNTING - Emberiza hortulana Scarce passage migrant (mainly autumn). Porthgwarra. one Sep 3rd. JFR. Lizard Point: 1st winter Sep 20th. SK. 131 Nanjizal: one Sep 23rd. PASP.JFB.PHA.BRF. Zennor: 1st winter Sep 23rd. VAS. Land's End: one Oct 12th. PHA.LL. Military Road-Penlee: 1 st winter Oct 13th-15th. GDL.KP. The county mainland total moves on to c.97. Monthly breakdown: Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - - - 1 3 - - 7 66 20 - Top sites: Sennen/Land's End - 15: Porthgwarra - 14; Lizard/Caerthillian -11; Nanquidno - nine; Trevose Head - seven.

REED BUNTING - Emberiza schoeniclus Resident. Breeds. Passage migrant. Winter visitor. The highest numbers during the first winter period were 10 at Bonython Jan 5th. and up to eight feeding in a garden at Penwithick up to late March. Only 14 other birds were reported from eight sites.

Single spring migrants were at Treveal Apr 23rd and Penlee Point Apr 30th.

It appeared to be well distributed around the county during the breeding season, but in generally low numbers. Eight males were on territory in the Upper Fowey Valley between Trekievesteps and St Lukes Mav 6th. Five were at Higher Bury Apr 9th and four pairs bred on the Lamelgate CBC plot, compared with three in 1994 and two in 1993. There were three reports of three birds and 17 reports of one's and two's. 18 probable autumn migrants were encountered, the most being six at Land's End Sep 23rd. five at Caerthillian Oct 2nd and three at Porthgwarra Nov 12th. Later in the year 20 were found at Otterham Marsh Nov 17th and seven at Ninestones Bridge Dec 24th. There were 10 other reports of up to four birds.

CORN BUNTING - Emberiza calandra Resident. Breeds. Flocks outside the breeding season Cornwall remains the stronghold for this species in the south west, with the majority found along a narrow coastal strip in the north of the county between Rumps Point and Godrevy. This is another farmland species undergoing a continual national decline. Land's End Two males were singing at Sennen Apr 29th and one was at Nanquidno May 7th. A migrant was at Porthgw arra Oct 31 st. North Cliffs Noted at Gwithian up to Apr 1st, with max. of 17 on Mar 14th. One at Hell's Mouth May 19th was the onlv breeding season report from the coastal strip, but for the second vear running a male was at TehidyCP Jun 6th. RAF Portreath held 23 birds Nov 1st. Perranporth to Porth Joke A single male was on territory at Porth Joke during April but breeding was not proven. Five birds were there Nov 19th. Inland a male was singing at Rejerrah Apr 27th. Newquay to Padstow Early in the year the max. at Trevose Head was 37 Feb 28th. There were six males on territory in the area Mar 12th and 10 Males Apr 21st. At Trevear (just inland from Treyarnon) 18 birds were counted on wires Apr 14th. On Apr 27th two birds, one carrying nesting material, were at Trebelsue and two males were at Trevarrian. Two birds were also at Crugmeer on 30th. The best count of singing males at Harlyn Bay was eight Jun 26th. Autumn flocks consisted of 22 at Padstow Oct 15th and 16 at Trevose Head Oct 23rd. There were also two at Harlyn Bay Nov 8th. 132

North of Padstow The only report early in the year was of eight at Brea Hill Jan 12th. Nine pairs were found on the Pentire Farm CBC, compared with an estimated eight in 1994, and five juvs. were seen there Aug 28th. Four birds were at Lundv Bav Apr 30th. Later on there were seven at Pentire Point Oct 15th. The Brea Hill roost built up from 38 Oct 22nd to 40 Nov 18th and then 56 Dec 3rd. All in all. there seems to have been little change in status since 1994. but a full survey in 1996 will reveal the true picture.

EXOTICA

BLACK SWAN - Cygnus atratus Polbathick Creek: one Jan 5th AB.PB. Saltash: one Jan 15th-29th MG.KG.DCg. Drift Res.: one Dec 7th GH. Copperhouse Creek: one Dec 29th into 1996 NJPJFR.PTS.

SWAN GOOSE - Anser cygnoides Crowdy Res.: one Jun 15th JHH. Upper Tamar Lake: one Aug 11th JHH.

CHILOE WIGEON - Anas sibilatrix Hayle Est.: drake Mar 27th-29th DSF.PAR.GHT. Marazion Marsh: two Jun 28th DSF. Swanpool: pair Jun 30th-Jul 25th CLB.RCJ.LAHS.BLW. Probably just three birds involved, all of which may have originated from a collection at Maenporth.

RINGED TEAL - Callonetta leucophrys Wilcove. female Feb 19th GJT. This bird was also noted at Millbrook Mar 25th-May 20th. and Aug 12th-26th IB.SCM.EJW.

LANNER - Falco biarmicus Wicca: adult female Apr 13th VAS. St Erth: one May 28th NRP. Mithian: imm. male Jun 1st SS. These are probably escaped falconry birds.

COCKATIEL - Nymphus hollandicus Marazion Marsh: one Jul 31st DSF.

BUDGERIGAR - Melopsittacus undulatus Antony: one May 21st DRC Holmbush: one Jun lst-8th "monopolized the bird table, driving off Blackbirds. Starlings and even Collared Doves" RL. Tregantle Cliff: one 'blue' Jul 25th BSW.

Parakeet sp. Fowey: one Apr 15th DJ.

Sunbird sp. Porthgwarra: female/immature Aug 1 lth-Sep 17th MCH.SML.BRe. Treveal: one Sep 3rd VAS. Rumours of three other individuals in West Penwith and around The Lizard remain to be substantiated. The above records were considered to relate to Copper-breasted Sunbird.

BLACK-FACED WEAVER Truro: male Sep 23rd NRP. This bird associated with House Sparrows, regularly feeding on peanuts at a garden feeder. 133 BBRC Decisions

Little Shearwater Pendeen Watch Aug 26th Rejected Great White Egret Rame Head Apr 29th Rejected Great White Egret Porthgwarra Jun 26th Rejected American Golden Plover Crowdy Res. Oct 16th Not submitted Killdeer Connor Downs Dec 31st Pending Marsh Sandpiper Crowdy Res. Jul 7th Pending Terek Sandpiper Camel Estuary May 4th Rejected Sooty /Bridled Tern Pendeen Watch Aug 22nd Rejected Alpine Swift Drift Res. Apr 8th Rejected Tree Swallow Clodgy Point Nov 12th Pending Crag Martin Gurnard's Head Apr 8th Rejected Red-throated Pipit St Levan Oct 29th Pending Booted Warbler Church Cove Oct 12th-15th Rejected Dusky Warbler Penlee Point. Rame Nov 3rd Pending Bonelli's Warbler Caerthillian Cove Oct 8th Rejected Yellow Warbler Rame Head Jul 5th Pending Bay-breasted Warbler Land's End Oct 1st Pending

1994 Rosy Starling Liskeard Oct 8th-9th Rejected Black Kite Tremethick Cross May 22nd Rejected 134

PENDING RECORDS - Details required

All the records listed below require documentation, having not been submitted by the original observers. If you saw, or can confirm, any of these birds please contact the county recorder with details, including descriptions.

Cory's Shearwater: Cape Cornwall four Jul 27th; Land's End Aug 19th; Pendeen Aug 28th. Sep 9th/(three) Sep 12th; Porthgwarra Sep 9th; St Ives Aug 12th; Towan Head two Aug 24th; Trevose Head Jul 28th.

Great Shearwater: Pendeen 21 Sep 8th. singles Sep 12th. Oct 25th; St Ives 12 Sep 8th; Trevose Head Jul 28th.

Common Scoter: Upper Tamar Lake four Sep 15th.

White Stork: near Lanreath Aug 20th.

Common Crane: St Just Dec 28th..

Marsh Harrier: Crowdy Res. male May 7th.

Red-necked Phalarope: Crowdy Res. and Perranporth late Sep.

Long-tailed Skua: St Ives Island Aug 23rd; Pendeen Watch Aug 26th.

Yellow-legged Gull: Drift Res. adult Nov 21st; Havle Est. adults Aug 3rd-10th and Sep 3rd. juvenile Sep 12th.

Ring-billed Gull: Hayle Est. first summer Jun 24th.

Roseate Tern: Swanpool May 12th.

Long-eared Owl: Nanquidno Sep 30th.

Red-rumped Swallow: Truro May 7th.

Richard's Pipit: Sennen Sep 24th. Nanjizal and St Just Airfield Oct 14th. Saltash Oct 22nd; Porthgwarra two Apr 30th and Oct 28th.

Tawny Pipit: Porthgwarra Sep 8th and Oct 29th. Land's End Oct 5th; Predannack Airfield two Sep 17th.

Melodious Warbler: Nanquidno Sep 14th.

Aquatic Warbler: St. Levan Oct 9th.

Wood Warbler: Malpas Apr 15th.

Yellow-browed Warbler: Marazion Marsh Apr 5th.

Pallas's Warbler: Caerthillian Cove Oct 29th-30th.

Ortolan Bunting: Nanjizal Sep 26th.

Little Bunting: Nanquidno Oct 23rd. 135 FIRST & LAST DATES OF MIGRANTS

SUMMER VISITORS

Species Arrival Site Departure Site

Manx Shearwater Jan 21st Towan Head. Newquay Nov 5th Pendeen Watch European Storm-petrel May 17th St Ives Oct 7th Porthgwarra Garganey Mar 11th Marazion Marsh Sep 14th Loe Pool Hobby " Apr 23rd Drift Res. Oct 21st Porthgwarra Curlew Sandpiper May 11th Tregunna Oct 16th Hayle Est. Ruff Mar 3 rd Maer Lake Oct 19th Crowdy Res. Whimbrel Feb 21st Towan Beach Oct 10th Malpas Wood Sandpiper May 13th Maer Lake Oct 25th Ryan's Field Sandwich Tern Feb 4th Carnsew Pool Nov 2nd Padstow Common Tern Mar 24th St. Johns Lake Nov 1st Porthmeor Beach Arctic Tern Apr 29th Mount's Bay Nov 3rd Maenporth Beach Little Tern Apr 14th Marazion Beach Sep 24th St Ives Island Turtle Dove Apr 27th Wadebridge Oct 29th Kenidjack Cuckoo Apr 3rd St Just in Roseland Aug 19th Drift Res. Nightjar May 6th Bosigran Jul 13th Croft Pascoe Swift Feb 6th St Ives Sep 21st Nanquidno Sand Martin Mar 10th Maer Lake Nov 13th Marazion Swallow Mar 4th Hannafore Point Dec 4th Church Cove. Lizard. House Martin Mar 25th Seaton Nov 19th Porthcurno Tree Pipit Apr 8th Treveal Oct 14th Nanquidno Yellow Wagtail Apr 9th Nanquidno Oct 22nd Hayle Est. Alba White Wagtail Mar 5th Wicca Oct 31st Wadebridge Redstart Apr 8th Penlee Point Oct 29th Polhawn Cove Whinchat Apr 14th Penlee Point Oct 29th Penlee Point Wheatear Mar 10th Gwithian Nov 3rd Polhawn Cove Ring Ouzel Apr 15th Kit Hill Nov 13th Nanquidno Grasshopper Warbler Apr 9th Holman's Moors Jul 31st Walmsley Sanctuary Sedge Warbler Apr 10th Par Beach Pool Oct 10th Land's End Reed Warbler Apr 8th Loe Pool Nov 7th Nanquidno Lesser Whitethroat Apr 5th Par Nov 17th Phillack Whitethroat Apr 10th Rame Head Oct 22nd Porthcurno Garden Warbler Apr 28th Polhawn Cove Nov 11th Maenporth Wood Warbler Apr 29th Church Cove Oct 20th Cot Valley Willow Warbler Mar 18th Marazion Marsh Nov 10th Loe Pool Spotted Flycatcher Apr 29th Caerthillian Cove Oct 17th Grade 136 CONTRIBUTORS (Many thanks to all the 281 observers who submitted reports).

R.C. Abbott (RCA) S.M.Christophers (SMC) R.F.Ford (RFF) M.K. Ahmad (MKA) B.Chugg (BCh) S.Ford (SF) P.G. Akers (PGA) D.Clegg(DCg) P.A.Fraser (PAF) S.Aldred (SA) D.Clement (DCt) M.P.Frost (MPF) PH. Alev(PHA) P.Clement (PC) S.Geary (SG) R.Allen (RA) C.B.Cole (CBC) M.George (MG) R. Andrew (RAw) M.Combe (MCe) K.George (KG) D.P.Appleton (DPA) P.Combndge (PCo) E.Grace (EG) S.J.Ashby (SJA) M. C. Combridge( MC Co) N.L.Grace (NLG) F.G.C.Ashmore (FGCA) S.M.Combridge (SMCo) M.Graham (MGr) A. E. Aston (AECA) D.A.Conway (DAC) P.Greenstreet J.F.Babbington (JFB) G.J.Conwav (GJC) E.Gnffiths (EGs) D.J.Barker (DJB) I.M.Conway (IMEC) G.Gruitt (GG) D.C.Barker (DCB) C.Coombes(CC) E.G.Gvnn (EGG) C.C.Barnard (CCB) W.Corbitt (WC) G.G.Gvnn (GGG) A.Barret (ABt) M.D.Cotterell (MDC) T.S.Hale (TSH) G.Barrett (GB) D.Cotton (DC) M.C.Hall (MCH) S.T.Barron (STB) F.M.Couch (FMC) RE.Hannaford (REH) R.J.Bedford (RJB) D.R.Courtnell (DRC) RE.Harbird (REHd) M.Beer (MB) W.J.Cowling (WJC) M.A.Hardwick (MAH) C&C.Beesley (C&CB) S.J.Cox (SJCx) R.Harper (RH) R.M.Belringer (RMB) B.T.Craven (BTC) A.Harris (AH) I.Berry (IB) J.Cullev (JCv) J.Harns (JH) C.L.Bingham (CLB) D.J.Curtis (DJCs) L.Hart (LH) A.Blonden (AB) A.M.J. Davev (AMJD) H.J.Harvev (HJH) P.Blonden (PB) I.Davis (ID) B.J.Hawken (BJH) B.D.Blowers (BDB) G.W. Davis (GWD) J.H.Hawkev (JHH) A.J.Bond (AJB) D.Dennis (DD) M.J.Healan (MJH) S.J.Bond (SJB) B. Dickson (BDn) Heron Cottage Bird Log Booth Mrs. (B) T.J. Dingle (TJD) D.J.D.Hickman (DJDH) C.L.Bourne (CLBo) B.Dodd (BD) J.Hipkiss (JHi) C.G.Bradshaw (CGB) P.Donald (PD) G.Hobin (GH) P&P.Brierly (P&PBr) C.Doughty (CD) F.H.Honeychurch (FHH) J.Brooke (JB) R.Dunstan (RD) R. Hooper (RHr) RJ.Brunton (RJBn) G.Dutson (GD) N.F.Hormbrev (NFH) J.D.Brvden (JDB) P.Edmonds (PE) M.RHowell (H) EH.Burn (EHB) M.Edwards (ME) M.J.Inskipp (MJI) Burrows Ms. (Bs) S.B.Edwards (SBE) D.Jackson (DJ) S.Burv (SB) M.Elliot (MEt) S.F.Jackson (SFJ) R.Bushrod (RBd) P.Elliott (PEt) D.Jackson (DJ) R.Butts (RB) DC. Elmer(DCE) E.C.James (ECJ) T.M.Carne (TMC) G.J.Etherington (GJE) J.W.James (JWJ) E.J.Carne (EJCe) D.Eva (DE) RC.James (RCJ) J. Carpenter (JC) R.Exworth (RE) P.James (PJ) D.Caswell (DC1) S.J.Farnsworth (SJF) V.James (VJ) P.S.Chesbrough(PSC) D.Ferguson (DF) A.Javne (AJ) D.J.Chown (DJC) B.R. Field (BRF) A.W.John (AWGJ) S.G.Christmas (SGC) D.S.Flumm (DSF) D.L.Johnson (DLJ) 137 H.Jonas (HJ) W.D.Neate (WDN) H.A.Spiller(HAS) C.D.Jones (CDJ) R.Newton (RN) P.A.St Pierre (PASP) R.A.Jones (RAJ) W.C.Northcott (WCN) S.Starling (SS) S.P.Jones (SJs) S.O'Donnell (SO'D) Mrs Stidwell (S) D.I.Julian (DIJ) E.O^Donnell (EO'D) R&J.Stockhausen (R&JS) S.J.Julian (SJJ) D.Odell (DO) V.A.Stratton(VAS) T.R.Kav (TRK) A.J.Park (AJP) A.Stuart-Smith (ASS) J.Kav (JK) B.R.Pattenden (BRP) G.P.Sutton (GPS) D.F.kellev (DFK) A.R.Pav (AJP) G.J.Tamblin (GJT) P.Kemp (PK) D.H.Pavne (DHP) D.L.Thomas (DLT) RKemp (RK) S.J.Pearman (SJP) G.H.Thomas (GHT) I.C.Kendall (IK) K.Pellow (KP) L.A.Truscott (LACT) E.J.King R.D.Penhallurick (RDP) V.R. Tucker (VRT) S.Kolodziejski (SK) RPerham (RP) K.E.Vinicombe (KEV) C.Lamsdell (CL) J.C.Pett (JCP) RE.Wake (REW) R.Lane (RL) N.R.Phillips (NRP) P.A.Wakelin (PAW) M.Lawlor (MLa) RM.Phillips (RMP) J.M.Walters (JMW) J.Lawman (JL) N.J.Phillips (NJP) N.J.Watmough (NJW) M.Lee (MLe) H.Pollock (HP) B.L.Webb (BLW) M.Leggatt (MLt) F.Potts (FP) E.Wheat (EW) D.M.Lewis (DML) RH.Poulding (RHP) B.Wheeldon (BW) G.D.Lewis (GDL) M.Rafterv (MR) N.Whillock (NW) S.M.Lister (SML) P.Rafterv(PRv) C.C.White (CCW) G.Litherland (GL) J.M.Randall (JMR) W.J.White (WJW) GLobb (GLb) B.Rawcliffe (BRe) D.K.White (DKW) N.Lobb (NLb) P.J.Reav (PJR) G.R. White (GRW) L.Lock (LL) K.W.Regan (KWR) M.White (MW) R&N.Locken (NJL) D.Rendle (DR) C.Whitworth (CW) D.Lord(DL) B.Roberts (BR) S.C.Wicks (SCW) M.Lord (ML) P.Roberts (PR) M.K.Wightman (MKW) A.Lord (AL) R.Robertson (RR) RW.Wilkins (RWW) RLuxton (RLn) N.Robinson (NR) L.P.Williams (LPW) M.MacCovett (MMacC) S.Rogers (SR) P.Williams (PW) S.C.Madge (SCM) G.P.Rowe(GPGR) E.H.Williams (EHW) P.A.Maker (PAM) S.G.Rowe (SGR) C.Willis (CW) S.F.Marshall (SFM) R.D.Roynon (RDR) J.H.Wilson (JHW) H.Marshall (HMI) P.A.Rutter (PAR) E.J.Wilson (EJW) I.Matthew (IM) J.F.Rvan (JFR) P.Wood (PWd) I.McPherson (IMcP) L.A.H.Sarl (LAHS) RWood (RW) P.J.McVey (PJMcV) A.C.Sawle (ACS) J.Wright (JW) A.P.Melbourne (APM) P.Semmens (PS) D.M.Yelland (DMY) B.K.Mellow (BKM) A.Sharrock (AS) Birding South West(BSW) H.Meredith (HM) J.J.Shillingford (JJS) RSPB D.K.Middleditch (DKM) P.T.Sillifant(PTS) Caradon Field & Natural A.V.Moon (AVM) P.Silva (PSa) History Club (CFNHC) D.G.Morrison (DGM) R.Smaldon(RSn) J.D.Mortemore (JDM) RL.Smith(RLS) A.J.Musgrove (AJM) M.Southam (MS) 138 RINGING REPORT - 1 995 During 1995 a total of 1812 birds of 46 species were reported as ringed in the county, the actual figure is much higher but unfortunately details were not received from all ringers. One new species was ringed, since the inception of the formal ringing report in 1979, this being Wood Warbler. At Marazion Marsh the RSPB undertook a detailed study of Aquatic Warbler which aims to determine the habitat requirements of migrants of this globally threatened species (see the article by Dave Flumm for more details). During the course of this study five Aquatic Warblers were ringed along with a Spotted Crake and many reed bed warblers, including 11 Cetti's Warbler. The Devon and Cornwall Wader Ringing Group were again active on the Camel Estuary but despite much effort few waders were trapped. A study of the ailing Mute Swans wintering on the Fal Estuary commenced in February, involving the marking of 50 birds. Each individual was fitted with a metal ring and a colour plastic ring engraved with a unique combinations of letters. This project will monitor the movements and fortunes of individual birds and attempt to determine the reason responsible for the demise of the swans in this area. Sightings of these birds, which may occur anywhere within the county, are urgently required and should be reported to the , address below Continuing studies on European Storm Petrel. Black-headed Gull. Dipper and Pied Flycatcher all yielded useful, but small, samples of birds ringed during the year. Dippers had a productive breeding season; however, Black-headed Gull and Pied Flycatcher fared less well.

TABLE 1 : CONTRIBUTORS

Contributor Full Pulli Site

G.J. Conway 924 34 Mid-Cornwall/Nanquidno F.M. Couch 17 78 Bodmin/Truro G.G. Gvnn 421 Bos w ednack/M arazion A.W.G.'John 8 East Cornwall BR. Pattenden 304 Marazion Devon & Cornwall 84 Camel Estuarv Wader Ringing Group

TABLE 2. SYSTEMATIC LIST OF SPECIES RINGED.

Ringing Totals 1995 1979-1994

Full grown Pulli Total Full grown Pulli Total Northern Fulmar _ _ 4 _ 4 Manx Shearwater - - - 4 - 4 European Storm-petrel 32 - 32 86 - 86 Northern Gannet - - - 2 - 2 Mute Swan 50 - 50 116 - 116 Common Shelduck - - 8 - 8 Mallard - - 1 - 1 Common Scoter - - 1 - 1 Eurasian Sparrowhawk 1 - 1 22 2 24 Common Buzzard - - - 5 21 26 Common Kestrel - - - 4 30 34 Water Rail 1 1 20 20 Spotted Crake 1 - 1 5 - 5 Oystercatcher - - - 657 7 664 Great Ringed Plover 21 - 21 344 - 344 Northern Lapwing - - - 24 3 27 Red Knot - - - 6 - 6 Above: Scops Owl, Morwenstow, April - T. Collinson Below: Redstarts, male (left) and female (right) near nest, Bodmin Moor, June - A. Blonden (Left) juvenile Aquatic Warbler, Marazion Marsh, August - Dr. J. F. Ryan

(Below) first winter Sedge Warbler, Marazion Marsh, August - M. K. Ahmed (Birding Southwest)

Below:

(left) first winter, Red- eyed vireo, Trevilley, October - R Leigh

(right) Dusky Warbler, Kenidjack, October - P. Walsh 139 Sanderling - - - 23 - 23 Curlew Sandpiper - - - 8 - 8 Dunlin 8 - 8 1490 - 1490 Jack Snipe - - • - 1 - 1 Common Snipe 1 - 1 15 - 15 Woodcock - - - 1 - 1 Black-tailed Godwit - - - 8 - 8 Bar-tailed Godwit - - - 1 - 1 Whimbrel - - - • 5 - 5 Eurasian Curlew - - - 124 - 124 Spotted Redshank - - - 7 - 7 Common Redshank - - - 297 297 - Common Greenshank - - 49 - 49 Turnstone 4 - 4 57 - 57 Black-headed Gull 5 14 19 33 63 96 Herring Gull - - - 14 - 14 Kittiwake - - - 1 - 1 Common Guillemot - - - 24 - 24 Razorbill - - - 1 - 1 Little Auk - - - 1 - 1 Stock Dove - - - 4 4 Wood Pigeon - - - 7 10 17 Collared Dove - - - 21 4 25 Common Cuckoo - - - 2 3 5 Bam Owl 4 4 22 191 213 Little Owl - - - 1 2 3 Tawny Ow 1 - 5 5 16 56 72 Long-eared Owl - - - 1 - 1 Short-eared Owl - - - 1 - 1 European Nightjar - - - 2 - 2 Common Swift - - - 4 - 4 Common Kingfisher 3 - 3 14 - 14 Green Woodpecker - - - 5 - 5 Great Spotted Woodpecker - - - 8 - 8 Skylark - - - - 6 6 Sand Martin 16 - 16 132 - 132 Bam Swallow 288 - 288 5333 625 5958 House Martin - - 37 25 62 Tree Pipit - - - 8 7 15 Meadow Pipit - - - 78 15 93 Rock Pipit - - - - 5 5 Water Pipit - - - 1 - 1 Yellow Wagtail 1 - 1 41 - 41 Grev Wagtail 2 3 5 24 50 74 Pied Wagtail 2 5 7 173 74 247 Dipper 7 36 43 179 421 600 Wren 76 - 76 1312 24 1336 Hedge Accentor 34 - 34 999 15 1014 Robin 58 - 58 1381 62 1443 Bluethroat - - - 1 - 1 Black Redstart - - - 2 - 2 Common Redstart - - 12 25 37 Whinchat - 12 - 12 Common Stonechat - - - 53 10 63 Northern Wheatear - 5 5 331 320 651 Blackbird 30 - 30 1018 115 1133 Fieldfare - - - 4 - 4 140 Song Thrush 11 4 15 330 34 364 Redwing 30 - 30 158 - 158 Mistle Thrush - - - 6 12 18 Cetti's Warbler 24 - 24 130 - 130 Grasshopper Warbler - - - 28 - 28 Aquatic Warbler 5 - 5 35 - 35 Sedge Warbler 315 - 315 3515 - 3515 Marsh Warbler - - - 2 - 2 Reed Warbler 241 - 241 3466 4 3470 Icterine Warbler - - - 1 - 1 Melodious Warbler - - - 1 - 1 Lesser Whitethroat - - - 16 - 16 Common Whitethroat - - - 293 - 293 Garden Warbler - - - 164 - 164 Blackcap 28 - 28 698 - 698 Pallas's Leaf Warbler - - - 1 - 1 Yellow-browed Warbler - - - 2 - 2 Wood Warbler 1 - 1 1 - 1 ChiffchatT 72 - 72 1172 8 1180 Willow Warbler 36 - 36 1679 108 1787 Goldcrest 121 - 121 1178 - 1178 Firecrest 6 - 6 85 - 85 Spotted Flycatcher - - - 35 69 104 Red-breasted Flycatcher - - - 2 - 2 Pied Flycatcher 2 20 22 61 554 615 Bearded Tit - - - 1 - 1 Long-tailed Tit 22 - 22 720 1 721 Marsh Tit - - - 134 52 186 Willow Tit - - - 123 - 123 Coal Tit 6 7 13 205 45 250 Blue Tit 85 9 94 5247 2325 7572 Great Tit 16 - 16 1363 462 1825 European Nuthatch 1 - 1 28 105 133 Eurasian Treecreeper - - - 95 6 101 Eurasian Jay - - - 9 - 9 Magpie - - - 20 32 52 Eurasian Jackdaw - - - 40 12 52 Rook - - - 12 - 12 Carrion Crow - - 4 25 29 Common Starling 11 - 11 1351 - 1351 House Sparrow - - - 449 1 450 Red-eved Vireo - - - 1 - 1 Chaffinch 13 - 13 1459 32 1491 Brambling - - - 30 - 30 Greenfinch 30 - 30 3102 32 3134 Goldfinch - - 100 12 112 Siskin - - - 58 - 58 Linnet - - - 177 18 195 Common Redpoll - - - 5 - 5 Bullfinch 15 - 15 584 3 587 Hawfinch - - - 1 - 1 Yellowhammer - - - 166 7 173 Cirl Bunting - - - - 3 3 Little Bunting - - - 1 - 1 Reed Bunting 18 - 18 553 4 557 Corn Bunting - - - 1 21 22 TOTALS 1700 112 1812 43752 6182 49934 141 TABLE 3 : SELECTED COUNTY LONGEVITY RECORDS.

Species Ring no. Ringed Recovered Y.M.D.

Shag 1049141 18.01.67 15.01.89 21.11.28 Mute Swan Z46912 28.11.81 10.03.95 14.03.17 Common Buzzard GM18944 09.06.74 30.09.85 11.03.21 Oystercatcher SS95351 16.08.72 30.08.93 21.00.14 Great Ringed Plover - 11.08.72 26.08.80 8.00.15 Dunlin BA99271 22.09.66 04.12.74 8.02.20 Common Redshank DR43516 28.08.77 03.08.85 7.11.06 Eurasian Curlew FV42925 08.08.78 01.09.93 15.00.24 Black-headed Gull 3102129 28.05.67 25.11.84 17.05.28 Great Black-backed Gull HU17936 05.06.70 31.07.84 14.01.05 Tawny Owl GP57273 07.06.75 22.10.93 18.04.14 Collared Dove EC77498 21.11.65 28.07.79 13.08.06 Dipper CP58458 14.05.70 25.09.78 8.04.11 Song Thrush RX31113 20.07.84 01.07.90 5.00.12 Redwing BV13494 06.11.74 12.01.82 7.02.06 Cetti's Warbler HI 77740 01.09.91 28.07.95 3.10.27 Sedge Warbler 21.08.77 09.08.92 4.11.19 Reed Warbler JS49967 07.05.74 16.05.82 8.00.09 Willow Warbler 8B4086 07.06.80 01.07.84 4.00.24 Pied Flvcatcher E153965 04.06.87 08.06.93 6.00.04 Blue Tit B329459 03.09.81 13.06.87 5.09.10 Great Tit - 13.07.76 31.07.82 6.00.18 Magpie EH89906 04.06.85 07.04.93 7.10.03 Common Starling XX15131 31.12.74 31.01.82 8.01.00

* Elapse time in Years. Months and Days between ringing and finding.

LIST OF RECOVERIES AND CONTROLS This list contains details of birds controlled (i.e. caught and released by a ringer) or recovered (i.e. found dead) in Cornwall in 1995 and previous years.

EURING code for age of bird when ringed (Note figures are not in years) 1 pullus (nestling or chick). 2 full grown, year of hatching unknown. 3 J hatched during calendar year of ringing. 4 hatched before calendar year of ringing, but exact tear unknown. 5 hatched during previous calendar year.

6 hatched before previous calendar year, but exact year unknown.

Sex M - Male F - Female

Code for manner of recovery X found dead or dying R caught and released by ringer + shot or killed by man FR field record, ring number or colour marks determined in field Abbreviations used for foreign ringing schemes NLA Arnhem Netherlands DKK Kalo Denmark DKC Copenhagen Denmark 142 Great Cormorant 5168861 1 29.04.93 Great Mewstone. Wembun .Devon. X 21.04.94 Looe. 25km WNW 357 davs

Shag 1319821 1 27.05.94 Great Mewstone. Wemburv .Devon. X 20.09.94 Cawsand Bav 7km WNW 119davs

Grey Heron DKK 1 28.05.95 Aggersborg. Jylland.DENMARK. 225038 X 14.12.95 Cardinham (Mr & Mrs Brown). - 200 davs This is only the second recovery of a Grey Heron in Cornwall, the previous bird having originated from Inverness, Scotland.

Mute Swan Z46912 9 28.11.81 Perranporth (oiled 26.11.81 Par Harbour). FR 10.03.95 Caerhayes Castle(GJC). 26km ESE 5112 days Z46916 9 28.11.81 Perranporth (oiled 26.11.81 Par Harbour). FR 10.03.95 Caerhayes Castle (GJC). 26km ESE 5112 days Z49526 9 15.07.84 Kingsbridge. Devon. FR All 1995 Polbathic (AB.PB). 42km WNW 4186 days Z73921 8F 06.02.93 Perranporth. FR 14.03.95 Camel Estuary (DIJ). 31km NE 738 days Z73931 4 24.03.94 Sutton Harbour, PKinouth.Devon. FR 30.09.95 Millbrook (EJW). 6km wsw 555 days Z73932 9 24.03.94 Sutton Harbour. Plvmouth.Devon. FR 03.02.95 Clift, Lynher Estuary(DIJ). 8km w 316 days Z46912 and Z46916 were paired, and both constitute a new county longevity record of over 14 years. In addition a pair ringed at Falhiouth 05.03.95 remained there until (Mar 17th). later seen at Long Rock Pool (Apr 8th) and then Stithians Res. (Apr 24th) were they stopped to nest but unsuccessfully. Another pair ringed at Falmouth 05.03.95 moved to Stithians Res. Mar 29th where they remained and bred successfully.

Canada Goose (col. ring) 2 1989 Blagdon Lake. Avon. X 13.08.95 Crowdy Reservoir(STB). This is the first recovery for Cornwall, somewhat surprising considering the numbers visiting the county.

Jack Snipe NLA 2 03.11.93 Zwolle. Overjissel. NETHERLANDS. H220947 X 12.01.94 Michaelstow. 775km WSW 70 days This is not only the first recovery for Cornwall but the first Dutch bird to be found in the U.K. Presumably it was trapped on passage, having left it's northern breeding grounds.

Mediterranean Gull NLA 1 07.06.94 Zeeland,NETHERLANDS. (White 97J) 3471699 FR 09.10.94 Wherrvtown. Penzance(SMC). FR 01.05.95 Pas-de-Calais.FRANCE. FR 10.10.95 Havle Estuarv (AG). FR 14.10.95 Drift Reservoir(GH). FR 15.10.95 Drift Reservoir(GH). FR 19.10.95 Hayle Estuary(GJC). - - 499 days Other sighting involving Dutch colour-ringed birds were a first winter at the Hayle Estuarv Oct 20th and Nanquidno Aug 20th, on neither bird was the engraved number determined. The combined sightings of 97J have produced a very interesting record of this bird's movements. It is quite remarkable that this bird should migrate back to the same part of the county on almost the exact date in successive years. Will it return again in 1996? 143

Black-headed Gull DKC 1 05.06.88 Fiskeholm,Agernaes. Fvn, DENMARK. 6209626 FR 04.12.94 Par Sands (GJC). 1124km WSW 2373days Lesser Black-backed Gull (col ring) 1 1983 Skomer. Dy fed, Wales FR 05.02.95 Padstow, CamelEstuary (GJC). (col ring) 1 1983 Skomer. Dvfed.Wales FR 18.11.95 Hayle Estuarv (GJC). Dipper XR18763 1 29.04.88 Cardinham (FMC). R 28.01.94 Cardinham (FMC). 2100 davs At almost six years this is a good example of longevity. Cetti's Warbler HI 77740 2 01.09.91 Par Sands (SMC). R 28.07.95 Par Sands (GJC). - - 1426 days At just under four years old this is a new county longevity record. Sedge Warbler J492308 :> 16.08.95 Marazion Marsh (GGG). R 26.08.95 Etang de Trunvel.Finistere. FRANCE. 261km SSE 10 days J498131 3 31.07.95 Marazion Marsh (GGG). X(on ship) 10.08.95 Off Dungeness. Kent. 325km ENE 10 days F478633 3J 21.07.93 Long Rock (BRP). R 14.08.93 Plovan, Finistere.FRANCE. 260km - 24 days F478803 3J 07.07.94 Long Rock (BRP). R 12.08.94 Etang de Trunvel.Finistere, FRANCE. 262km - 36 days J162527 3J 29.07.95 Long Rock (BRP). R 10.08.95 Etang de Trunvel,FRANCE. 262km - 12 days K105001 3J 26.08.95 Icklesham. Sussex. R 01.09.95 Long Rock (BRP). 444km - 6 days K3 70049 3 06.08.95 South Milton Ley, Devon. R 07.08.95 Marazion Marsh(GGG). 115km WSW 1 day These recoveries indicate the importance of the counties' reed beds as brief stop-over sites for U.K. birds 'en route' to pre-migratory fattening grounds in France. The majority of birds passing through the county in autumn head in a south westerly direction but others regularly go east before crossing the English Channel, such as the bird found off Dungeness.

Reed Warbler J909293 3J 23.07.95 Par Sands (GJC). R 29.07.95 , Devon. 75km E 6 days F478502 3J 19.08.92 Long Rock, Marazion (BRP). R 14.08.95 St Marv's. Scillv. 61km WSW 1090 days F478142 4 09.08.90 Long Rock (BRP). R 06.07.95 Long Rock (BRP). - - 1494 days Chiffchaff 756998 2 25.11.94 Long Rock (BRP). R 20.10.95 Long Rock (BRP). _ 329 davs This bird was either a migrant returning to winter at this site or may have been a year round resident Pied Flycatcher E153965 1M 04.06.87 Lanhydrock (FMC). R 08.06.93 Lanhvdrock (FMC). 2196 davs F994973 1 04.06.93 Lanhydrock (FMC). 144 R(n'box) 05.06.94 nr Manaton. Devon. 63km ENE 366 days. El 53965 is a new county longevity record, at just over six years. Chaffinch E764307 5F 05.03.88 St. Columb Major (SMC). R 17.04.95 Mellerud. Alvsborg.SWEDEN. 1445km NE 2599 days This is the sixth Swedish bird recovered in the county, and indicates the likely origin of a proportion of the birds wintering in the county. Yellowhammer J471526 3M 24.12.93 Cooksland. Bodmin (GJC). X 13.05.94 Clerkenwater. Bodmin. 2km NNW 140 days

Request for Information All records of ringed or colour-marked birds are of immense value so please report them to the relevant person, see below, and/or the County Recorder.

Ringed birds If you find a ringed bird, please note the relevant ring number and ringing scheme address, species, location and date of finding and cause of death if known, and forward the details to : BTO, The National Centre for Ornithology, The Nunnery, Thetford, Norfolk, IP24 2PU.

Colour-marked birds Many colour-marking schemes are currently operating in Britain and Europe. Sightings of such birds should be notified to the co-ordinators below : Great Cormorant - Robin Sellers. Rose Cottage. Ragnall Lane. Walklev Wood, Nailsworth. Gloucester. GL6 0RU. Waders - Jane Marchant. Wader Study Group. PO Box 247. Tring. Herts. HP23 5SN.

Large Gulls - Peter Rock. 32 Kersteman Road. Redland. Bristol. BS6 7BX.

Hen Harrier - Brian Etheridge. RSPB, Etive House, Beechwood Park, Inverness. Scotland. IV2 3BW. Wildfowl - Carl Mitchell, Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust. Slimbndge. Gloucester. GL2 7BT.

Mute Swan - Paul McCartney, CWT, Five Acres, Allet, Truro, Cornwall TR4 9DJ.

Other species - Kevin Baker, BTO (address as above).

Acknowledgements To all the ringers who have kindly supplied ringing totals and details of recoveries in 1995. To the Environment Agency per Environmental Consultants (CWT), Simon Barron, Andy and Patricia Blonden, Mr and Mrs Brown (per Adrian Langdon), Stan Christophers, A. Gibson, G. Hobin. Derek Julian and E.J. Wilson for providing details of additional recoveries.

Devon Bird Report 1994 DBWPS Report on Bird ringing in Britain and Ireland for 1994 Ringing and Migration, Vol 17(1) May 1996

G.J.Conway. 145 1994 Barn Owl Survey Of Cornwall - A Joint Project By The Barn Owl Trust ana The Cornwall Bird Watching And Preservation Society Keith Grant, Derek Lord and David Ramsden Introduction: The major decline of the Barn Owl Tyto alba alba (Scopoli) in Britain since the early part of the 20th Century is well known, however the evidence for this is largely anecdotal (Taylor 1994). Percival (1991) discussed the decline in detail citing factors such as the loss of foraging habitat due to agricultural intensification, loss of nesting sites, pesticides, road mortality and climatic change. A national Barn Owl survey in 1932 estimated the Cornish population to be in the region of 342 pairs (Blaker 1934). The Hawk Trust survey during 1983-85 produced an estimate of 269 pairs and identified west Cornwall as the only area of mainland Britain where numbers may have actually increased since the 1932 survey (Shawyer 1987). Between 1932 and 1985 the population may have increased by 20% in west Cornwall and decreased by 39% in east Cornwall. However, Percival (1992) states that, on a national scale, "there is no satisfactory quantitative information available to identify how large the decline has been and whether it is still continuing". In other words the methods used to produce population estimates in both the 1932 and the 1983-85 surveys were unsatisfactory. In spite of their limitations these surveys gave a good indication of Barn Owl distribution and to a lesser extent relative abundance. In both 1932 and 1985 the species was well distributed across most of the county, and in 1985 the birds were apparently much more numerous in west Cornwall than in the east. The New Atlas of Breeding Birds in Britain and Ireland (Gibbons et al 1993) contains the most recent published information available. It suggests that during the period 1988-91 the Barn Owl was still quite well distributed in west Cornwall but shows a distinct lack of records of Barn Owls in east Cornwall. The Barn Owl Project (NCDC 1989) gives 31 roost sites for north Cornwall for the period September 1986 to August 1988; it also cites 22 breeding sites for 1987 and 13 sites for 1988. The CBWPS Recorder for Cornwall has received an average of only 14 records of breeding Barn Owls per year during the years' 1989-1993. Aims: During 1994, the BOT and the CBWPS jointly organised a Barn Owl survey of the county of Cornwall, the aims being:- a) to establish the number and distribution of known sites where breeding or roosting occurred during 1994; and b) to analyse the types of breeding and roosting sites used. Methods: Rather than intensively searching sample areas, our methods relied very heavily on existing random site records held by both BOT and CBWPS, together with publicity for the survey and requests for information circulated widely through the media and the literature of the various conservation bodies in the county. Derek Lord put a great deal of effort into obtaining good media coverage with limited success. Posters appealing for Barn Owl information were displayed across the county and BBC Radio Cornwall were co-operative. Cornwall FWAGs were also particularly helpful in distributing survey literature to their 280 members. Responses were handled by Derek Lord (CBWPS) and David Ramsden (BOT) and information was entered on to standard recording cards (see Appendix A). The card requested as much detailed information as possible including exact grid reference of the location, the owner's or tenant's name if known, evidence of breeding or roosting, when the birds were last seen, a description of the site and its surrounding habitat and an indication if 146 the site was under threat of destruction, conversion, or undue disturbance. The survey only required information on current roosting or breeding sites; we did not follow up or record lone sightings of individual birds. We were mindful of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 and the fact that the Barn Owl was (and is) on Schedule One. Advice to field workers was given with instructions that, if they did not hold a Schedule One licence, they withdrew from any building or hollow tree when any evidence of breeding was found (see Appendix B). The survey covered the whole year, and evidence of breeding did not necessarily require eggs or young to be seen. Adults ferrying food back to the nest site and the characteristic food-begging call of young birds can both be used as indicators of breeding without actually inspecting the nesting place. Talking to the farmer or landowner often provided information, and finding a used nesting scrape with broken egg shells or lots of chick down also provided evidence after the breeding season. Thus, not all accepted records were confirmed by an experienced field worker. Five volunteer fieldworkers distributed around the county held Schedule One licenses as a back-up to non-licensed workers. The methodology and recording form used was compatible w ith that of the 1993 Devon Barn Owl Survey (Grant et al 1994). BOT volunteers rechecked 92 Barn Owl sites known by the Trust and CBWPS members checked known sites in their own home areas. RESULTS Distribution of breeding and roosting sites recorded during the 1994 survey.

Figure 1 : The distribution of known roosting sites occupied at some time during 1994 and known sites where breeding occurred in 1994, in Cornwall. (Note that in any square with one or more breeding records, roosting records are not shown; and blank squares do not necessarily indicate the absence of Barn Owls. 147 Overall 51 breeding sites and 60 roosting sites were recorded during the survey, and of the roosting sites 30 were found in 5km squares where no breeding was recorded (see Fig. 1). With a few exceptions, the species appeared to be quite well distributed within the county. Surprisingly however, there were few records in central Cornwall (the three 10km squares south of Wadebridge). in north Cornwall, and none in the Bodmin Moor area. Analysis of Site Details*: Out of a total of 51 breeding records where the site type was reported, 13.5% were tree cavities. Species used included Sycamore, Elm, Oak and Ash. Most breeding sites recorded were agricultural buildings and the vast majority were traditional barns rather than modern ones. Interestingly, over half of these sites were in human use as well. There were only seven recorded cases of breeding in modern "Dutch" type barns. Out of this the nest position was reported in five - nestboxes were used in every case. Nestboxes were used in 46% of breeding sites and 30% of roosting sites. Some of the more unusual structures used were a viaduct, an old mine chimney, several churches and a hole in a causeway wall. DISCUSSION Barn Owl Distribution and Population Density: Information on the past distribution of Barn Owls in Cornwall is available from various sources, the national surveys in 1932 (Blaker) and 1983-85 (Shawyer) and the New Atlas 1988-91 (Gibbons et at). In 1932 the species was apparently resident in good numbers throughout the county, even on Bodmin Moor. By 1985 the birds seem to have disappeared from much of North Cornwall District and population density in the eastern half of the county (which includes the north) was reckoned to be much lower than in the western half. Shawyer (1987) estimated that in 1983-85 there were 10 pairs per 10km square in west Cornwall compared to 6.2 in the east and that the birds were more evenly distributed in the west. The New Atlas of Breeding Birds (1988-91) showed a marked lack of records for east Cornwall. There is no doubt that the species is under recorded as intensive searches (particularly here in Cornwall where there are numerous farm buildings and trees) are extremely time consuming. The distribution map (Fig. 1) should therefore be viewed with caution; it only reflects the presence of owls, not their absence. This makes the estimation of the total population very difficult. But giv en the random nature of the data collection in this survey and relatively little bias caused by local observer effort, it is likely that the distribution recorded is quite representative. Similarly relative population density between different parts of the county is not likely to be heavily biased as no squares were thoroughly searched. Whilst Barn Owls were more evenly distributed in the western half of Cornwall there is little evidence that the population density was greater there in 1994. The 1993 Devon Barn Owl Survey showed that one of the best areas for Barn Owls in Devon is the north-west. Therefore it is surprising that there was only one breeding record in the adjacent area of north-east Cornwall. This matter warrants further investigation in the near future. Individual Barn Owls are known to show considerable site fidelity (the chances of an established adult moving to a different site are extremely slim). Barn Owls as a species also show a preference for certain sites, often using the same sites for many generations. It is particularly disappointing that out of ninety-two BOT sites (dating from 1985 to 1993) rechecked, 32% were found to be unoccupied in 1994. During the survey year, two five kilometre squares in west Cornwall were intensively searched as part of a different project (Project Barn Owl). One contained two breeding sites and a roosting site, the other, only two roosting sites (M. Toms pers.comm.). Excluding those borders or coastal squares with less than 50% within the county, there are 139 5km squares in Cornwall that may be suitable for Barn Owls. Of these, birds were recorded in 58 (plus 9 fractional border squares), the average number of breeding sites recorded per breeding square was 1.19. Similarly, the average number of roosting sites recorded per roosting square (ignoring those where breeding was recorded) was 1.25. This of course takes no account of squares that may contain no Barn Owls. Absence can only be proven by intensive searches such as those undertaken for the pilot year of Project Barn Owl (see above). The results from those two 5km squares combined is 1.00 breeding sites and 1.50 roosting sites per square. If the average number of breeding sites per square for the whole county was 1.10 then the population would be approximately 153 pairs. It is likely therefore, that the county population level may be in the region of 100 to 200 pairs. However, it must 148 be stressed that the methods used in this current study were not designed to produce a reliable total population estimate. Types of roosting and breeding sites used: Of 51 breeding sites recorded in this survey only 13.5% were trees, compared to 24% of 96 sites recorded during the 1983-85 survey. This may be attributable to the continuing demise of dead elm trees that was witnessed between 1990 and 1994 (D. Ramsden pers. obs). It is also likely that tree sites are under recorded as a survey of this nature is unlikely to pick up these more hidden sites. All of the roosting sites recorded and 77% of breeding sites were buildings; of these the vast majority were traditional agricultural buildings. Interestingly, more than half of the buildings where breeding was recorded were in human use rather than disused or derelict. This shows an apparent indifference by the birds as to whether or not people are also using the site. However "in use" could mean that a farmer visits the site daily, or. only uses the site seasonally. In south-west Scotland Taylor (1994) found that owls bred in nine out of eleven boxes placed in disused sheds but that out of ten boxes placed in sheds used for lambing none were used. However he goes on to say that where he found owls in places where they could remain concealed they seemed able to tolerate considerable noise and human activity. This final point may explain why roosting birds were found more frequently during the survey in buildings not in human use since roosting often occurs in more open situations where birds are more likely to be disturbed. It may also explain why purpose made owl boxes are so popular with Barn Owls. Most buildings used by Barn Owls had stone or cob walls with a slate or corrugated roof. Modern "dutch'* type barns were used for nesting only where a nestbox was provided. The same result was found in the Devon Barn Owl Survey (Grant et al 1994). The BOT Barn Conversion Research Project carried out in Devon and Cornwall found no positive site selection behaviour in the species - the birds simply used whatever sites were available (Ramsden 1995). Whilst isolated sites are the least likely to be reported, nest boxes erected specifically for Barn Owls are probably the most likely. Almost half of all the breeding records were nestbox sites. This represents a success for all those people who have made the effort to erect boxes. As old hollow trees and old barns disappear and given the unsuitability of modern barns it is highly likely that Barn Owls will become increasingly dependent upon the provision of nesting boxes. Summary. The Barn Owl is still fairly well distributed in Cornwall with eight well-dispersed 5km squares holding two or more breeding pairs. However few records were reported from North Cornwall, Bodmin Moor and the area south of Wadebridge. In total, 51 breeding sites and a further 60 roosting sites were known to be occupied in 1994. Little evidence was found for a greater abundance in west Cornwall as was previously thought to exist. The experience of the few dedicated fieldworkers in the county indicates that occupied sites were (are) being lost through the demise of old hollow trees and old buildings. The county population level in 1994 was certainly not less than 51 breeding pairs and was probably in the range of 100 to 200 pairs which is very low. The occupied sites recorded were mainly traditional agricultural buildings and/or nest boxes. The future of Cornwall's remaining Barn Owls depends to a large extent on national and European farming policy. Schemes such as long-term set-aside and new tree plantations can be very beneficial and will hopefully expand. The provision of nestboxes has helped the Barn Owl in Cornwall. As old barns and hollow trees disappear, it is essential that more nest boxes are provided, particularly in modern farm buildings. There is hope and a lot yet to be done. Acknowledgements: Both the Barn Owl Trust and the CBWPS are extremely grateful to the members of both organisations for their support. We are also particularly grateful to: Cornwall FWAG, Andy Pay, Joe Lawrence, Gilbert Thomas, Brian Craven. Stan Christophers. North Cornwall Heritage Coast Service, British Trust for Ornithology, Rachel Brewer. Elke Kohler, Marylin Liddicoat, Simon Richards, Rosie Waine, Frances Ramsden, Justin Walford, and BBC Radio Cornwall. References: BLAKER G.B. (1934) The Barn Owl in and Wales, (pamphlet) RSPB. London. GIBBONS D.W., REID J.B. & CHAPMAN R.A. (1993) The New Adas of Breeding Birds in Britain and Ireland, 1988-1991. Povser. London. GRANT K.R.. PEARCE G. & 149 RAMSDEN D.J. (1994) 1993 Barn Owl Survey of Devon, A Joint Project by the Barn Owl Trust and the Devon Birdwatching and Preservation Society. Devon Birds, 47(2). /BOT NORTH CORNWALL DISTRICT COUNCIL (1989) North Cornwall Barn Owl Project. (Unpublished report.) PERCIVAL S. (1991) Population Trends in British Barn Owls. British Wildlife. Vol.2. No. 3. PERCIVAL S. (1992) Methods of Studying the Long Term Dynamics of Owl Populations in Britain. Ecology and Conservation of European Owls. UK Nature Conservation. 5. Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Peterborough. RAMSDEN D.J. (1995) Sam Owl Trust - Barn Conversion Research Project Report. Barn Owl Trust, Ashburton. SHAWYER C. (1987) The Barn Owl in the British Isles - It's Past, Present and Future. The Hawk Trust. London. TAYLOR I. (1994) Barn Owls: Predator-Prey Relationships and Conservation. Cambridge University Press.

* Footnote: Much of the data referred to in the text is presented in the original report in the form of pie charts. It has unfortunately not been possible to reproduce these charts here. If you wish to obtain a full copv of the report, please contact David Ramsden at The Barn Owl Trust. Waterleat. Ashburton.* Devon TQ13 7HU (Tel 01364 653026). 150 The RSPB Aquatic Warbler ringing study at Marazion Marsh Nature Reserve 1995 D.S.FIumm

INTRODUCTION

The Aquatic Warbler. Acrocephalus paludicola is a species of global conservation concern, listed in Annexe 1 of the EC Birds Directive and Appendix II of the Berne Convention. It is a globally threatened, declining species, breeding only in central and eastern Europe; its precise wintering grounds are unknown. It is also a rare but regular autumn migrant to sites in southern Britain, particularly wetlands along the south coast. It is easily overlooked, so accurate estimates of the numbers involved are difficult to obtain but there were c700 in Britain to 1985 (Lewington et al 1991). In summer 1995 the species was rediscovered breeding in Belarus where the population may be as high as 10.000 pairs (Brit.Birds 89: 40) but the autumn passage through Britain, consisting mainly of juveniles, is still small and believed to warrant urgent UK conservation action.

On migration through the UK. the Aquatic Warbler has a localised distribution and could be affected bv adverse changes to even a small number of sites. In Cornwall c216 individuals were recorded between 1907 and 1994, the bulk of these in August (124 = 57%) and September (77 = 36%). There are no spring records (Birds In Cornwall 1994). The majority of these birds have occurred at just three sites: Marazion 165 (76%). Stithians 25 and Gunwalloe 9. It was partly for this reason the RSPB acquired Marazion on a 21-year leasehold from the St Aubyn Estates in 1991 and an important aspect of the management work is targeted at this species which has been recorded annually here since 1970. The first record for Marazion was in 1951 and all records have occurred 4th August-25th October.

In 1995 the RSPB set up a ringing programme between 31st July and 30th September on four of it's south coast reserves in an attempt to establish the precise habitat preferences for passage Aquatic Warblers. The sites chosen were Elmley Marshes and Dungeness (Kent), Radipole Lake (Dorset) and Marazion Marsh.

METHODS It was not possible to undertake ringing 7-days a week on any of the sites so it was decided to trap on alternate days a minimum of three days a week, except at Elmley where ringing effort was less intensive. At Marazion trapping took place every Monday. Wednesday and Friday, and in common with the other sites, a minimum of four hours from dawn each time.

Mist nets were set at four sites at Marazion in different habitats to determine which might be the most favoured by Aquatic Warblers. The vegetation communities were analysed on 22 August using NVC criteria at each of these and all birds trapped at each site were then recorded accordingly against the habitat/net number 1-4 on each day. Tape recorders were NOT employed to entice birds towards the nets. Although this method has been used by ringers to trap Aquatic Warblers it would clearly bias the results - one might catch more birds but the habitat association would be impossible to assess.

RESULTS Vegetation communities Site 1/Net 1: S4 Phragmites australis swamp (i.e. pure reedbed). Site 2/Net 2: S20 Schoenoplectus lacustris spp tabernaemontani swamp (i.e. pure "Glaucous Bulrush") Site 3/Net 3: Predominantly S20 Schoenoplectas lacustris spp tabernaemontani swamp with some S19 Eleocharis palustris swamp and stands of "Yellow Flag", Iris pseudacorus. Site 4/Net 4: M27 Filipendula ulmaria - Angelica sylvestris mire probably of the Juncus effusus - Holcus lanatus sub community grading into Wl Salix cinerea - Galium pa lustre woodland (i.e. willow scrub/open marsh border). 151 Ringing results: In total 100 hours were spent ringing on 23 dates between July 31 and September 29 [Four dates were missed in September: 8. 15. 20 & 25). These details are summarised in Table 1 together with weather and "Retrap" data.

Table 1: Weather details for Marazion July 31 - Sep, 29, plus birds trapped/re-trapped & hours spent ringing.

Date Wind Temp. Ppt. Cloud Visibility Birds Re- Period Total trapped traps time July 31 NE2 Warm Dry 5/8 Excell. 47 2 0600-1000 4 Aug 2 E 1-2 Warm Dry 6/8 Good 49 4 0500-1300 7 Aug 4 E.5-6 Warm Dry 5/8 Good 9 1 0600-1000 4 Aug 7 E.l-2 Warm Dry 1/8 Good 33 8 0530-0930 4 Aug 9 Calm Warm Dry 1/8 Good 27 4 0530-0930 4 Aug 11 Calm Warm Dry 1/8 Good 20 0 0530-0930 4 Aug 14 N.l-2 Warm Dry 8/8 Good 36 2 0600-1000 4 Aug 16 NE.2 Hot Dry 6/8 Misty start 38 3 0600-1200 6 Aug 18 E.2 Hot Dry 0/8 Good 15 3 0600-1000 4 Aug 21 E.2 Warm Drv 1/8 Good 17 1 0600-1000 4 Aug 23 W.2 Warm Drizzle 8/8 Mod 14 3 0600-1100 5 Aug 25 W.3 Warm Drizzle 8/8 Poor 8 1 0600-1000 4 Aug 28 N.3 Cool Drv 3/8 Excell. 7 0 0600-1000 4 Aug 30 NE.2-3 Cool Dry 3/8 Good 24 3 0600-1200 6 Sep 1 N.l Warm Drv 1/8 Good 11 0 0630-1030 4 Sep 4 NW.2 Mild Dry 7/8 Good 11 2 0630-1030 4 Sep 6 SE.l Cool Drv 1/8 Good 7 3 0600-1000 4 Sep 11 Calm Cool Drv 1/8 Good 18 3 0600-1000 4 Sep 13 Calm Mild Drv 0/8 Good 7 2 0600-1000 4 Sep 18 Calm Mild Drv 1/8 Good 8 2 0630-1030 4 Sep 22 Calm Cool Drv 1/8 Good 18 2 0630-1030 4 Sep 27 NW.2 Mild Drv 8/8 Good 6 0 0630-1030 4 Sep 29 SW.2 Cool Drv 7/8 Good 15 4 0630-1030 4

A grand total of 387 birds of 21 species were ringed and there were 54 retraps or controls. Five Aquatic Warblers were ringed, four in the study area and a fifth trapped by Bernard Pattenden in Longrock reedbed whilst three others were seen but not caught (Table 2) below.

Table 2: Records of 8 Aquatic Warblers (Birds "A-H") at Marazion Marsh 1995

Date Seen/Trapped Already ringed? Area Birdcode 06 AUG. Seen only No Schoenoplect. "A" 07 AUG. Trapped only No Net 2 (Not seen in field on 07 AUG) 11 AUG. Trapped by B.PattendenNo Longrock Pool "BM 13 AUG. Seen only Yes Schoenoplect. "C" 14 AUG. Seen + Trapped No Net 3 "D" 16 AUG. Trapped only No Net 3 ikE" 23 AUG. Trapped only No Net 3 "Fl; 24 AUG. Seen only No Schoenoplect. "G" 26 AUG. Seen only No Schoenoplect. "H" 27 AUG. Seen only No Schoenoplect. "H"

Notes: 1. Except for "Bird B" which was trapped in the reedbed at Longrock Pool by Bernard Pattenden, all the other Aquatics were seen or trapped in the Schoenoplectus beds. 152 2. It is possible that "Bird C" may have been B.P's bird trapped two days earlier at Longrock (i.e. "Bird B**) but it is treated as a new individual here as there is little/no evidence supporting overnight stays.

3.Four nets were set this year as follows: Net 1 in a nde cut through pure Phragmites reedbed; Nets 2 & 3 in rides cut through the Schoenoplectns beds; Net 4 in a ride cut through Juncus, bramble and willow scrub.

Table 3 gives a breakdown of where the birds were trapped and is a guide to the habitat preference for each species.

Table 3: Mist Net capture performance at Marazion Marsh - Aug/Sept. 1995

SPECIES (nos. ringed) NET 1 NET 2 NET 3 NET 4 TOTAL Sparrowhawk (1) 0 0 0 1 1 Spotted Crake (1) 0 0 1 0 1 Blackbird (2) 1 0 0 1 2 Aquatic Warbler (5) 0 1 3 0 4 Reed Warbler (105) 96 6 1 19 122 Sedge Warbler (181) 126 29 24 21 200 Cetti's Warbler (11) 15 0 0 1 16 Blackcap (1) 0 0 0 1 1 Willow Warbler (5) 0 0 0 5 5 Chiffchaff(5) 0 0 0 5 5 Goldcrest (3) 0 0 0 3 3 Kingfisher (2) 1 0 0 2 3 Pied Wagtail (2) 0 2 1 0 3 Wren (18) 13 2 2 5 22 Dunnock (10) 10 0 0 3 13 Robin (3) 2 0 0 2 4 Long-t. Tit (4) 0 0 0 4 4 Blue Tit (15) 3 0 0 13 16 Great Tit (5) 1 0 0 5 6 Greenfinch (1) 1 0 0 0 1 Reed Bunting (7) 6 1 0 1 8

Total: 275 41 32 92 440

Notes: Net 1: Pure reeds. Net dimensions (4 shelf) 60* x 7" - 420 sq.ft. Net 2: Schoenoplect. Net dimensions (2 shelf) 60* x 3*6** = 210 sq.ft. Net 3: Schoenoplect. Net dimensions (2 shelf) 60* x 3*6" = 210 sq.ft. Net 4: Willow/marsh Net dimensions (4 shelf) 60' * 7* = 420 sq.ft. Total area = 1260 sq.ft. Figures include retraps and controls.

DISCUSSION The RSPB will be analysing the data at national level so it would be unwise to draw firm conclusions at this stage before all the information has been processed. Therefore, no statistical analyses have been undertaken with the Marazion data. Nevertheless, the fact that all seven Aquatic Warblers in the study area at Marazion were seen or caught in the Schoenoplectus beds, rather than in the other habitats, demonstrates how important this plant is for 'Aquatics* on passage. Given that the most successful net. Net 1 in the reedbed, caught 275 (63%) of the 440 birds trapped and the net with the second highest figure with 92 (21%) at the marsh/scrub interface (Net 4) both failed to catch a single Aquatic is perhaps surprising especially as it is commonly assumed that Aquatic Warblers "usually occur in reedbeds**! In fact Nets 2 and 3 in the main Schoenoplectus block only caught 73 birds between them, a mere 16% of the 440 trapped overall so with 100% of the Aquatics (ignoring the 153 individual trapped outside the study area) one could be forgiven for saying this is not what would be expected.

Of course Aquatic Warblers DO occur in the reedbeds at Marazion; they have been seen in all the habitat areas where nets were set this year. It is known that they occur in other parts of the reserve too and if nets could be set throughout the reedbed and marsh it is likely many more would be caught. The purpose of this exercise, however, was not to find how many Aquatic Warblers pass through the site every year (we would need dozens of nets, tape recorders and ringers!) but which particular habitat they occur in the most.

It may be significant that since the RSPB flooded the site in July 1990, the high summer water levels have allowed the Schoenoplectus to spread and this plant now covers a much larger area than formerly. Daily observations throughout August and September in recent years have suggested that the Aquatics spend most of their daylight hours feeding in the clumps of Schoenoplectus now but often fly back to the reedbed when disturbed. The reedbed may also be used for roosting overnight as birds have been seen at dawn coming out from the tall reed stems into the more open Schoenoplectus beds to feed (pers obs)..

Was 1995 a good* year for this species on passage? Given that none were recorded at all in September and October and the fact that we would only have seen five of the eight birds recorded without the nets, it must be said 1995 was a "bad* year for Aquatics at Marazion. Totals here for the last five vears have been (with B.Pattenden's ringed birds at Longrock Pool in parenthesis): 1990 15(4), 1991 20(1). 1992 5(0), 1993 3(0), 1994 6(0). B.Pattenden considered that it had been a bad autumn generally for ringing due to the very clear nights in August and then * wrong* weather conditions in September failing to ground these nocturnal migrants. The question of how long individual birds stay on site to feed up prior to continuing their migration also remains unanswered as none were ever recaught, not even on the same day - three were not even seen in the field following their release in spite of the intensive observer coverage daily.

The other reserves: The extensive reedbeds at Radipole Lake failed to catch any Aquatics but there was a report of 1-2 birds seen at Lodmoor RSPB Reserve nearby (where Juncus beds predominate). Due to the difficulty of trapping at the latter, however (only single-shelf nets could be used in this very open, exposed location), it was decided not to trap here. At Elmley Marshes a single Aquatic trapped in a single-shelf net set in Sea Club-rush, Scirpus maritimus had been ringed 12 days earlier at Icklesham, East Sussex. Three other Aquatics were seen at Elmley, all in the same habitat. There is. however, very little Phragmites reedbed at this site and this is confined to the narrow ditches. Observations here suggested the birds were using the Scirpus for feeding during the daytime but then switching to the reeds at dusk for roosting (Bob Gomes pers comm.). a strategy believed to be emploved at Marazion. No Aquatics were seen or trapped at Dungeness where 7 nets caught 1107 birds (incl. 410 Sedge & 485 Reed Warblers).

Future management: Since 1991 the bed of Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani has been cut annually into smaller blocks or "islands'* by RSPB staff and volunteers to create open, muddy pool edges and provide feeding habitat for wildfowl, rails, crakes and waders. It is also believed that Aquatic Warblers benefit from this management possibly by creating more 'edge effect*, allowing more light into the dense blocks and in turn providing better conditions for insects to feed and breed which are then preyed upon by the warblers. In this way too, insects may be blown and hence concentrated around the sides of these cut blocks rendering them more easily accessible to the birds in windy weather.

Observations in recent years have shown that individual Aquatic Warblers spend many hours feeding around the edges of these cut blocks, often descending an outside stem to pick an insect from the mud or water surface and that the larger, homogenous blocks of Schoenoplectus are less well used. Some birds spend a whole day flitting from 'island to island* without venturing near the larger, uncut areas.

The RSPB has been criticised by some birders for not cutting out more of the Schoenoplectus to provide a larger area for waders. Given the global scarcity of Aquatic Warbler, however, our future 154 management plans are not likely to change. Notwithstanding, our cutting programme is designed to facilitate maximum viewing potential for visitors also! Not only are Aquatic Warblers more easily seen nowadays on the reserve but so too are Spotted Crakes, eleven of which were thought to have occurred in autumn 1995 with birds daily from 2 August-1 September.

SUMMARY In 1995 the RSPB initiated a ringing study at Marazion Marsh SSSI to collect data on the habitat preferences of passage Aquatic Warblers. Acrocephalus paludicola. This took place at three other RSPB reserves in southern England and in common with Marazion. ringing occurred at least three days a week for a minimum of four hours from dawn at each of these. At one of the sites, however (Elmley), ringing effort was less intensive. At Marazion 387 birds of 21 species were ringed between 31 July-29 September including 5 Aquatic Warblers. Three other Aquatic Warblers were seen but were not caught. All seven of the Aquatics within the study area were seen/trapped in Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani rather than in Common reed. Phragmites australis where the majority of other birds were trapped. The eighth individual did. however, occur in reeds outside the study area at Longrock Pool although no Schoenoplectus occurs at this site.

Acknowledgements I should like to thank Graham Gynn for all those early mornings setting up the nets and undertaking the ringing programme. Thanks also to Greg Conway for taking over in Graham's absence. John Ryan. Stuart Jack, Janet Ritchie. Giles Piper and several others all helped with the ringing effort, erecting nets, taking details and keeping cattle at bay! Leigh Lock kindly undertook the vegetation mapping to NVC criteria. Martin Slater (Radipole), Peter Akers & Simon Busuttil (Dungeness) and Bob Gomes (Elmley) provided details of Aquatics on their reserves. I should also like to thank the numerous birders present for their patience in keeping away from the ringing station so that the birds could be processed quickly. I hope you all enjoyed the bags of birds we brought over to you.

BRITISHBIRDS 89: 40. European News. CORNWALL BIRDWATCHING & PRESERVATION SOCIETY, Birds In Cornwall Ann.Rep. 1994. LEWINGTON I. ALSTROM P AND COLSTON P. 1991. A Field Guide to the Rare Birds of Britain & Europe. Harper Collins. PATTENDEN B. 1988. The Aquatic Warbler, Acrocephalus paludicola in Cornwall and the Isles of'Scillv. In Birds in Cornwall Annual Report 1988. CBWPS. RSPB UNPUBLISHED REPORTS'- FLUMM D S. Management Plan Marazion Marsh December 1992. FLUMM D S. Aquatic Warbler Ringing Report for Marazion Marsh 1995. NEWBURY P. et al Aquatic Warbler Species Action Plan 1242. January 1995. TUCKER G M AND HEATH M F. 1994. Birds In Europe: Their Conservation Status. Birdlife Conservation Series No.3.

D S Flumm (RSPB Warden Marazion Marsh/Hayle Estuary). 155 Long-Toed Stint at Marazion Marsh: The first record for the Western Paiearctic Philip D. Round On the late afternoon of Sunday 7 June 1970. I found a small yellow-legged Calidris together with a Yellow Wagtail Motocilla Jlava showing the characteristics of the ashy-headed race M.f.cinereocapilla at Marazion Marsh. The same weekend had produced both Temmincks Stint (Calidris temmincfdi) and Little Stint (C minuta) at the marsh, and two more Little Stints at Hayle Estuarv. Spring records of both these species were highly exceptional for the time (Penhallurick 1969).* J H.Johns arrived at the site shortly after, and both he and I spent about two hours watching the Calidris that evening. Our new bird was much brighter and more strongly scaled on the upperparts that the Temminck's which had been present until the previous day; lacked the clear white outer tail feathers of that species, and differed in shape, proportions and call. On that following day, we both spent several more hours observing the stint, which was tame and could be approached down to about 6m. During this period. JHJ obtained an excellent series of photographs, both monochrome and colour. The bird was last observed on the evening of 8 June. During its stav. it was seen bv at least seven other observers including the late J.E.Beckerlegge. E.Griffiths, the late R.G.Hadden. P.R.G.Marriott, the late A.G.Parsons. B.Pattenden and L.P.Williams.

Both JHJ and I reached the conclusion that the bird was a Least Sandpiper Calidris minutilla although at that time neither of us were familiar with any of the rarer stints. Details of the sighting were sent to the British Birds Rarities Committee by JEB, JHJ, PRGM, and PDR. and the record was subsequently accepted as the first spring record of Least Sandpiper for Britain (Brit. Birds 64: 351). The possibility that the bird might have been the similar Palearctic species. Long-toed Stint C submimaa was not then considered and none of the three other observers' submissions to BBRC made any mention of that species. Ironically, though, JHJ's and my descriptions drew attention to the unusually long toes shown by the bird. Further, within only a week or two of the sighting, I met D.J.Britton at Marazion Marsh who asked me whether I or any other observer had considered the possibility of Long-toed Stint. My doubts did not really begin to accumulate until 1974. when I read D.I.M.Wallace's paper on stint identification (Brit. Birds 67: 1-16). In autumn 1975 I discussed my misgivings with JEB and JHJ, and JHJ made his transparencies, monochrome negatives and prints available for renewed scrutiny. Comparison of these photographs with skins in the British Museum, consultation with other ornithologists and, finally, experience of Long-toed Stints wintering in Thailand in January 1979 led me to believe that the Marazion bird had indeed been a breeding plumage Long-toed Stint. I summarised my views (in litt. to BBRC 27 March 1979). *'Of all the features examined here, there is none which unequivocally points to the original identification of Least Sandpiper as being correct. The size, length of legs and toes, and call all strongly indicate that the bird was probably a Long-toed Stint C subminuta, wile many of the plumage characters lend some support to this hypothesis. A re-examination of the record by the Rarities Committee would seem appropriate". Description. This description is synthesised from the original notes submitted to BBRC, and from those features evident in the photographic record. A small Calidris which appeared slightly larger and longer-legged than either Little or Temminck's Stints. Folded wings did not project beyond the tail and the tips of the primaries were cloaked by the tertials. Bill very slightly shorter than head; tapering towards the tip and slightly decurved. Toes appeared exceptionally long in relation to the length of the tarsus, though the middle toe did not appear disproportionately long in relation to the outer toes. Entire crown, from nape to base of bill, golden-brown, streaked black. The black streaking was heavier and more profuse in the centre of the crown so that the predominantly blackish central crown and forehead contrasted with the golden-brown lateral crown. Broad, off-white supercilium which extended from almost the base of the bill to the rear of the head, though most prominent above and immediately behind the eye. (The pale sides to the crown tend to reveal a split supercilium in some of 156 the photographs.) Loral streak blackish brown; ear coverts brownish with blurred, dark streaks. Upperparts strongly and brightly scaled, the feathers of the upper and lower scapulars, and the rear coverts being blackish, broadly edged with rich, deep golden-brown, and tipped whitish. Mantle finely marked black and brown and edged by a thin, whitish *V- marking, the arms of the *V* not quite meeting. Broad whitish line along the outside edge of the scapulars formed by the white-tipped feathers. Tertials black, broadly edged deep rufous. Very distinct, unbroken pectoral band extending across upper breast. Ground colour pale sandy brown, becoming more whitish in the centre of the breast. Streaked blackish, with the boldest streaks at the sides of the breast and extending down the flanks. Streaking slightly reduced and less distinct in the centre of the breast. In flight, the tail showed black down the centre with grey-brown outer tail feathers. Lateral upper tail coverts white. Wing bar extremely fine and indistinct; whitish in colour. Bill blackish; no pale base evident. Legs dull ochreous yellow. The call, uttered in flight, was variously described as "a dullish prrp": "a low-pitched trrpp and chrupp, not unlike the note of a Pectoral Sandpiper*; and "a trilling preet-preet or a monosyllabic prritt" by the three observers who submitted details of the voice. When flushed, the bird on occasions flew up high and towered in a manner reminiscent of a Temminck's Stint. More usually, however the bird flew low over the ground with shallow, flickering wing beats somewhat recalling Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos. The bird fed around the edges of shallow, muddy puddles, usually adopting a rapid "drilling** bill action. It often tended to stretch its neck upward in an alert posture. The good photographic record permitted a detailed re-examination of the sighting which, after much deliberation, was finally accepted as the first (retrospective) record of Long-toed Stint for and for the Western Palearctic by BBRC and the British Ornithologists* Union Records Committee in 1994. (Rogers et al 1995.) The period 1977-1991 had. however, produced three other Long-toed Stints in the Western Palearatic; the first at Ottenby. Sweden (Pettersson et al 1978); one in Cleveland, UK. (Dunnett 1992) and at Eilat. Israel (Anon. 1992). All were seen in autumn, and the first two of these were juveniles An interesting and instructive account of the record ev aluation process by the Chairman of BBRC is appended to the account in Round (1996) and reveals how much the science of field identification has changed since 1970. A gradual elucidation of the characters separating Long-toed Stint from Least Sandpiper led to the eventual (unanimous) acceptance of the Marazion bird as Long-toed Stint, based on the following features:

• Dark forehead reaching the bill (usually a narrow pale area is ev ident above the base of the bill on adult breeding Least).

• A bulge (described as a J-shape) on the loral stripe, diagnostic for juvenile Long-toeds (and shown by some adults too). • Forked or 'split* supercilium (a feature which may also show slightly on some Least Sandpipers).

• Apparently pale base to the bill (apparently visible in some photographs of the Marazion bird, and diagnostic for Long-toed). • Broad, deeply rufous edges, and unscalloped black centres to the greater coverts. These feathers on Least have narrower, duller edges and rusty tips, and blackish centres with a waisted or hour­ glass (scalloped) shape. • Somewhat broken breast band (though described as unbroken in the description above, photographs of the bird breast-on show that streaking is reduced or absent in the middle of the breast, especially on the lower margin). Least shows streaks going right across the breast band.

• Tawny background to the breast band (lacking in Least).

• Neat, aligned streaking on sides of breast, with pale lines as broad as. or broader than, dark streaks. Least shows more broken streaking and spotting on the sides of the breast and flanks. 157 • Rather short and fine bill. • Low. sloping forehead (Least has a steeper forehead to a higher, flat crown). • Long tibia. • Very long hind toe. • Lack of wingbar. • Relatively deep call, like that of Pectoral Sandpiper Calidris melanotos or Curlew Sandpiper C ferruginea. The call of Least is thinner and higher-pitched.

Acknowledgements I am grateful to the many people who. over the years, responded to my identification queries, or provided useful discussion, support and encouragement, including Jon Dunn, John Marchant. Roger Tory Peterson. Tony Prater. Will Russell. Derek Scott. Tim Sharrock. Grahame Walbridge. Ian Wallace and Claudia Wilds. I particularly wish to thank John Johns for generously and unconditionally granting me the use of all his photographs of the Marazion Long-toed Stint. I thank also the members, past and present, and consultants, of the British Birds Rarities Committee for the immense amount of work they have contributed evaluating this record. References ANON. 1992 European News Brit. Birds 85 6-16. DUNNETT.B. Long-toed Stint, new to Britain and Ireland. Brit. Birds 85: 429-436. PENHALLURICK R.D. 1969. Birds of the Cornish Coast. Truro. PETTERSON J.. OSTERBERG J. & KJELLEN N. 1978. Langtasnappa Calidris subminuta funnen vid Ottenbv - en nv art for Europa. Vdr Fdgelvdrld 37: 333-338. ROGERS M.J. & THE RARITIES COMMITTEE. Report on rare birds in Great Bitten in 1994. Brit. Birds 88: 12-24. ROUND P.D. 1996 Long-toed Stint in Cornwall: the first record for the Western Palearctic. Brit. Birds 89: 12-24. SMITH F.R. & THE RARITIES COMMITTEE 1971. Report on rare birds in Great Britain in 1970. Brit. Birds 64: 339-371. WALLACE D.I.M. 1974. Field identification of small species in the genus Calidris. Brit. Birds 67: 1-16

Philip Round Center for Conservation Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama 6 Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand. 158 Bay-breasted Warbler, Land's End, Cornwall D.Ferguson On the morning of 1 October 1995. Jo Wayte and I were on the first full day of a week's holiday in Cornwall. We were walking along the coast path from Sennen Cove to Land's End; and as we approached the buildings of Land's End I saw a small bird in the grass above the path. The bright green back and head and the blinding white double wing-bars and tertial edges showed I was onto something special but what? It was a few minutes before I realised it must be one of the New world warblers. This was a job for the camcorder, which is an item of kit I carry with me whenever I am birding. It was out of its case in seconds and I was down on the grass pointing it through the telescope a few moments later. But this technique only really works on stationary birds like waders and ducks, not rapidly moving small passerines. The force 5 blowing at the time did not help either. I soon gave this idea up and reverted to the 1.4x converter. By this time the bird was close to the low dry stone wall that runs inland from the First and Last House. By walking along the other side of the wall, out of sight of the bird, then peering over the wall at the right point, having been guided by Jo. I managed to get a reasonable shot of the bird as it hopped away. Jo and I watched the bird for 45 minutes before a sudden violent rainstorm forced all participants to shelter, us to First and Last House, the bird into a hole in the wall When the rain eased we resumed the watch but the bird had gone. One possibility was that the bird had died. It had seemed tired, and although it was quite active as it pecked about in the grass, there were times when it would remain stationary for a minute or so. It only flew once - when a tourist walked past me while I was videoing the bird. Even then it only flew a few yards. The obvious place to look was inside the wall, but we found nothing. It seems likely that the bird, having made landfall on the grassy clifftop of Land's End. decided to find more congenial surroundings and moved inland. However, a search of nearby scrub revealed nothing. A week later, when I was back home and thus had access to my North American field guides. I confirmed my original identification. The bird was a first-winter Bay-breasted Warbler, probably a male DESCRIPTION Size and structure: size of Garden Warbler; compact; rather large neckless head; slightlv notched tail.

Plumage: Head bright green. Narrow yellow-green eye ring, faint yellow-green loral stripe. Mantle bright green. Throat pale buff shading to a deeper buff on the breast and belly. Flanks washed with pink. Undertail coverts buff. There was no streaking on the areas of buff. Rump grey. Median coverts blue-grey with the feathers near the shoulder with broad white tips forming a short white wing-bar. Greater coverts blackish with white tips forming a second longer wing-bar. Tertials blackish with broad white tips. Remiges blackish with narrow blue-grey margins. Blackish tail with two or three white spots on the outer feathers. These were usually not visible.

Bare parts: Bill fairly thin, pointed, pale grey. Legs dark grey. Eye dark and prominent.

Habitat and behaviour: The bird frequented the clifftop at Land's End where there was short grass, a low stone wall, and outcrops of rocks. It often appeared tired and would remain stationary for periods. Mostly it fed in the grass, hopping. It flew only once, when it was disturbed by a walker. It did not call at any time.

Discussion: There is only one confusion species - Blackpoll Warbler. Blackpoll is a duller bird in female and immature plumages, is streaky, and has a fairly distinct supercilium. The throat and breast are y ellcw-green, and it has no pink on the flanks. It usually has pale legs and white undertail coverts. The margins of the remiges are yellow-green. 159 Richard's Pipit showing characteristics of the race dauricus M.Southam and D.Lewis. On the afternoon of Sunday 10 December 1995 we spent one and a half hours carefully studying a Richard's Pipit in recently mown grass and on the edge of a runway at RAF Portreath. The bird had originally been located with four other Richard's pipits on 12 November, when it had been noted as being smaller and rather furtive in behaviour, and as having a different call to hchardii. It did not allow close views at that time, but presented a tantalising possibility of being a Blyth's Pipit. The following account details why we rejected that possibility, which may provide a cautionary and instructive note for others with an interest in the Targe; pipits. Jizz and structure: Compared with richardii, the bird was clearly smaller and slighter built, never showing its characteristic pot-bellied stance. Shorter legs and tail, together with a consistently horizontal stance when moving around, gave it a totally different jizz. At times it was difficult to remember that the bird was a Targe' pipit, it had much more the feel of a meadow or tree pipit as it moved around. Altogether, the bird had nothing like the big, bold jizz of typical Richard's. Head: The bill was smaller and slighter than richardii, the crown was dark and well streaked. The lores were pale. It had a strong buff supercilium and a creamy buff submoustachial stripe; neither extended sufficiently to completely define the ear coverts, which were warm brown. The dark malar stripe was not as thick as typical hchardii and ended in a blotch, which was again not as pronounced as typical richardii. The throat was white and defined by a necklace of large, fine streaks which extended onto the upper breast. The hindneck was unstreaked Upperparts: The overall colour was a warm brown with heavy, dark streaking on the mantle. It had three juvenile feathers retained on the median coverts of its left wing, one on the right; these were fringed in white. The adult median coverts were clearly Richard's Pipit throughout - thin, elongated spearheads, surrounded by brown/buff fringes. The tips of the greater coverts were whitish giving a pronounced wing bar. The secondaries were also strongly pale-fringed. Tail: The tail was noticeably shorter than typical richardii. With concentrated viewing, we were able to determine that the ratio of the tail to the exposed tertials w as just slightly greater that 1:1. In ascending flight with the tail spread, it was possible to determine that there was more white on the outer tail feathers than would be the case with Blyth's. although we did not obtain views which allowed us to determine its exact shape and dimensions. Underparts: The underparts were a warm orange colour throughout with the exception only of the very lower belly and vent area. The undertail coverts were buff. Legs: The legs did not appear to be especially long, certainly giving nothing of the long-legged appearance of richardii. Close views showed that they were very short above the knee, with a longish tarsus. They were a pale flesh colour, which, in some lights, gave a yellow appearance. The hind claw was medium sized, again nothing like the length of typical richardii. Call: The bird was heard to call on several occasions. It was never heard to utter the classic harsh, grating call typical of Richard's Pipit. The call was not too dissimilar, having the same basic structure but was much softer and muted, completely lacking any harshness. Occasionally. this call was uttered in a shortened version, but the bird was never heard to utter the *chup' or *chet' transcribed for Blyth's. Like the bird itself, the call had characteristics of typical Richard's but lacked its big. robust qualities. Discussion: Throughout, we have compared the bird in terms of typical richardii because we do not think this bird was typical. The first impressions of the bird were of a small Richard's Pipit, with an unusual jizz and call. After detailed examination of its plumage, this is exactly what we think the bird was. Without the close views that we were able to get, the bird could easily have been claimed as a probable "Blyth's' Pipit. Despite having prolonged (for at least one hour) and close (8-15 m.) telescope views in good light, we still felt that the bird simply did not conform to what we expect of Richard's, especially since both of us. separately and together, have had equally good views of three other Richard's Pipits during the previous four weeks. We suspect, therefore, that the bird was one of the eastern races, probably 'dauricus' and we would welcome comment from any observers' with experience of this race. 160 CHAIRMAN'S REPORT 'Hours & hours of hard work' I would like to thank all of my committee for the hours and hours of hard work they have put in throughout the year, and all of it voluntary. Over 40,000 bird records have been entered onto computer and analysed just to produce this report - and all of this done after a hard day's work ! I am also very grateful to the professional services provided free to us by Greg Adams (Randle Thomas Solicitors, Helston), and Roger Jones (Bennett & Jones, Accountants).

'Chairman's disappointment' I was very disappointed at the lack of nominations for committee posts this year. Many things are said during the course of a year as to how the Society should be run, but when it comes to members doing something about it, and putting themselves forward for election, that drive for change surprisingly diminishes.

The events of last year made me realise even more that this Society is far more important that personal agendas or individual's grievances. Brian Bottomley's words at the Spring AGM, when he was presented with his Honorary membership, summed up the majority of members' feelings - that we should stop bickering and get on with what we are good at - conservation and bird 'research'. There is no place for criticism in the CBWPS, what we want is constructive criticism. And that is just what we got when we sent out the membership questionnaire last autumn.

How well is the CBWPS doing ? We asked you the members in our questionnaire - is the Society giving you value for money ? 87% of you replied 'above average'. Your views on the reports and newsletters were also interesting - it appears the newsletter is read by more of you than the report. We have taken these comments on board, and I hope you like the new-look newsletter, (thanks to Steve Rogers), which you now receive four times a year. Your letters of thanks have been most encouraging. I would also like to thank John Ryan for the up-to-date bird information in the newsletter.

Membership Pack for new members A tremendous amount of work by Brian Craven resulted in the membership pack; which you were all sent this year A superb effort, although I apologise for the delay to some new members who were promised it before its final production. I hope you will realise the reason for this - we wanted to get it right.

The financial situation Due to the efforts of previous Society treasurers and Roger Jones, our current treasurer, the CBWPS is in a very sound financial position. In the main, this is due to our strategy of consolidation over the past three years. Those who would have had us bankrupt with the purchase of Maer Lake, I am pleased to say have been proved wrong; and just look at what a fantastic reserve we now have. It is possible that a further project may be undertaken, possibly with CWT, at some time in the near future. Our experience in Bude (Maer Lake) nas shown that between us we can produce the 'goods'. Tnis is mainly due to a very good working relationship between our two agencies, and again the hard work of a few individuals, Graham Sutton especially.

Walmsley Hide being planned The Society has received a small donation from the trustees of Christopher Cadbury. This is going to be added to a donation received from the late Mrs Higman, and a memorial hide will be constructed at our Walmsley Sanctuary. The hide is being designed to provide wide views over the sanctuary. 161 Subscriptions pegged for another year It is a fact of life that as costs rise, subs, have to increase also. However, due to our financial management we are now able to hold subscriptions at the same level for another year. This will mean they have now been pegged at the same rate for five years ! We asked you in the questionnaire if the subs, had to go up, what level would be acceptable 7. 34% of you said £10, 13% said £11 and 43% said £12 (that's for an ordinary member). Therefore, from 1 Jan. 1998 the subs will increase to £12 for ordinary membership and £15 for family membership. Senior citizens will have the option to stay at current rates. I hope that those members who favoured the minimum increase will appreciate that the extra funds raised will be put to good use for the benefit of birds and birdwatchers in Cornwall, and that they will continue to give us their valued support

The 'Membership' increases At the time of publication, membership No. of members joined 1991-1996 stands at 790 members. This is a c.13% increase on the same time last year. We have already recruited more members this year than we have done in any of the past 5 years. A new membership form has been produced, and is enclosed with this report. Please use it to recommend us to a new member. Further copies are available from me.

The graph below shows a healthy spread of members over the years. Two members this year celebrate 50 years of membership - Jim Beswetherick and Stella Turk.

No. of Members : by date of joining

Chairman This is my fifth and last year as Chairman and in spite of a few hiccups on the way, I have thoroughly enjoyed my time in the post. I have always tried to uphold the objectives of the CBWPS It is my view that we have something really special here. I therefore call upon you the membership, to either stand for election at the next AGM (Spring 1997), or to propose somebody who is going to continue with the long tradition of the Cornwall Birdwatching & Preservation Society : 65 Years of working for birds in Cornwall & Isles of Scilly.

Happy birding 1997

Richard Hooton Chairman 162 CONSERVATION OFFICER'S REPORT The Society's two main reserves, the Walmsley Sanctuary near Wadebridge, and Maer Lake at Bude (the latter owned jointly with Cornwall wildlife Trust [CWT] ) have continued to support thousands of birds during the year, mostly of course, during the winter months. Graham Sutton, our Warden at Maer Lake, reports that the number of birds visiting the site has increased considerably since it was purchased. Habitat has been further improved by the clearance of a significant area of flag iris, installation of temporary sluices to maintain water levels and clearance of ditches. This work resulted in a good flow of open water being available to birds throughout the severest of frosts and has meant that birds have been able to remain and feed rather than take a chance and move out to find better conditions. The Management Committee are to be congratulated on their achievements. At the Walmsley Sanctuary a large patch of juncus was cleared to increase the availability of grazing land for wigeon and any geese that turn up. Once again the reserve provided safe refuge for large numbers of wildfowl, lapwing and golden plover. We are currently trying to set up a local management team to carry out routine maintenance and oversee other work that needs to be carried out there. We have three further reserves, held on licence from South West Water. At Stithians Reservoir, local members have helped with scrub and path clearance and hide repairs, whilst at Drift the hide has also benefited from some attention and a boardwalk has been built. Our other reserve is Loveny at Colliford Reservoir, again held jointly with CWT Thanks are due to all our members who help to keep our reserves in good condition. During the year we have passed on the Society's views on some projects being organised by a variety of organisations. These have included the Camel Estuary draft Management Plan, the Looe Voluntary Marine Conservation Area, Fowey Estuary Management Plan, Falmouth Bay and Estuaries Initiative, the Lower Tamar Catchment Plan and new conservation designations covering the Tamar Estuaries Complex. We have also submitted confidential details of the county's rare breeding birds to the CWT, to be incorporated in the 'LIFE' project. This will hopefully serve to protect sites from damaging development and disturbance. Much publicity has been given to the nuisance value of Herring Gulls eg holiday postcards depicting it as "Public enemy number one", and the perceived need for culling the species. The law is clear in that nuisance is not in itself a criterion for control. To qualify, the birds must pose a threat to public health and/or public safety, and this must be supported by legally admissible evidence. Before embarking on such a radical measure, consideration should first be given to control of public feeding and access to refuse at tips and collection points. Proper scientific measurement of populations and identification of aggressive individuals should also take place. Roof-top nesting by Herring Gulls was first noted in the 1920's in SW England. In 1976 a national survey confirmed a nation-wide swing to roof-top nesting at coastal sites. In the south west 207 pairs of Herring Gulls were recorded using buildings. A repeat survey in 1994 recorded significant increases in this behaviour. Numbers of roof-nesting birds had increased overall by a mean of 7% pa., with the south west population rising from 207 to 1378 pairs. Large numbers were recorded in St Ives and Newauay. Paradoxically, numbers of Herring Gulls have declined nationally, and serious consideration is now being given to providing the species with red data book status, qualifying it as in need of special conservation measures. (Thanks to Peter Robinson for the information on Herring Gulls).

Andy Pay Conservation Officer 163 THE SOCIETY'S RULES (current from April 26 1996) (words in italics denote changes to Society Rules)

Rule 1. (Name)

The Society shall be called "The Cornwall Bird-Watching and Preservation Society".

Rule 2 (Objects) The objects of the Society shall be :- a. to further the study of birds in the field; and b. to assist in their preservation and conservation. Rule 3 (Membership) Membership shall be open to anyone who supports the objects of the Society. Classes of membership shall be as follows :- Ordinary members - any person over the age of 18 yrs Life members - any ordinary member who has paid the prescribed life membership subscription. Junior members - any person under the age of 18 yrs. Honorary members - any person, whether otherwise a member or not, who is elected an Honorary member by a General meeting on a recommendation of the Executive Committee in recognition of outstanding service to the objects of the Society. Group members - School or similar groups. All members shall be entitled to participate in all activities of the Society (except that Junior members shall not be eligible to serve as Honorary officers or as members of the Executive Committee) and shall be entitled to vote at General meetings (Group members shall be entitled to one vote only on behalf of that body). The Executive Committee shall have the authority to exclude from membership, or cancel the membership of, any person if it considers that person to have contravened any requirements contained in these rules or any legislation relating to bird protection or the countryside, or for any other matter which the Executive Committee considers offends the well-being, aims or objectives of the Society. Rule 4 (Subscriptions) Subscription rates shall be approved from time to time by the Society in General meeting on a recommendation from the Executive Committee . Subscriptions shall be payable on joining and on the 1 st of January thereafter, but any member paying a first subscription after the 30th of September in any year shall not be liable to pay a further subscription until after the close of the following year. A member whose subscription is three months in arrears shall, after being reminded, cease to receive the Society's publications, and when six months in arrears shall cease to be a member.

Rule 5 (Officers) The following Honorary Officers shall be elected at the Annual General Meeting and shall be eligible for re­ election :- President, Chairman, Vice-Chairman, General Secretary, Treasurer , Field Meetings Officer, Honorary Solicitor, Conservation Officer, Assistant Conservation Officer, Newsletter Editor, Public Relations Officer, County Recorder & Editor, Assistant Editor, two joint editors for the Isles of Scilly. Any member, with the exception of Junior members, shall be eligible for election as an Honorary Officer. In the event of a vacancy arising at any time of the year, the Executive Committee shall be empowered to appoint a member to fill that vacancy and such appointment shall be reported to the next General meeting for approval or election as appropriate.

Rule 6 (Meetings) An annual general meeting shall be held in each year. The quorum shall be 20. A Special General Meeting may be called by the Executive Committee, or at the request of 20 members by application to the Chairman and the General Secretary, such applications to be accompanied by details of the motion or motions to be moved.

Rule 7 (Management) The Annual General Meeting shall elect an Executive Committee to deal with all business of the Society, and any obligation undertaken by the Executive Committee shall be an obligation of the Society. The Executive Committee shall consist of the Honorary Officers and nine other members. The Chairman, General Secretary and Treasurer shall serve for a maximum of four consecutive years. At the end of that period, 164 at least one year must elapse before that person shall be eligible for re-election to the sortie office. Non-officer members shall be elected for a period of three years and shall not on the expiry of that period be eligible for re­ election until a year after the termination of that period of three years. Nominations for posts as Honorary Officers and for vacancies on the Executive Committee shall be made in writing to the General Secretary over the signatures of the proposer and seconder and must reach the General Secretary at least ten days before the date of the Annual General Meeting. The Executive Committee shall meet as often as is necessary and shall be convened by the General Secretary in consultation with the Chairman. The quorum for the Executive Committee shall be eight members. The Executive Committee shall have the powers to appoint such sub-committees as it considers desirable and shall determine the membership and powers of such subcommittees, whose proceedings will be reported to the Executive Committee. The Executive Committee shall not delegate to any sub-committee the power to commit the Society to any expenditure. The Executive Committee shall delegate to the Management Team (comprising Chairman, Vice-Chairman. General Secretary, Treasurer and Conservation Officer) power to take decisions on urgent matters which cannot await the next meeting of the Committee. Decisions of the Management Team must be unanimous and shall be reported to the next meeting of the Executive Committee.

Rule 8 (Accounts) The annual accounts of the Society shall be checked independently. Rule 9 (Trustees)

Land of the Society shall vest in the Official Custodian of charities.

Rule 10 (Dissolution etc.) This Society shall neither be dissolved, nor amalgamated with, nor subordinated to any other body without the consent of two-thirds of the members, at a General Meeting where the business is transacted, and in respect of which dissolution, amalgamation or subordination, prior notice must be given under rule 11. For the purpose of this Rule, Members may vote by post. Rule 11 (Alteration of rules) An alteration of the Rules of the Society may be made at any General Meeting, provided that the precise alteration has been set out in full on the agenda sent to members and that the proposed alteration is passed by at least two- thirds of those members present and voting at the meeting.

OFFICERS 1995/6 President: Steve Madge Chairman : Richard Hooton Vice-Chairman : Graham Sutton

General Secretary : Mike Lord. Gue GasseL Church Cove. The Lizard. TR12 7PH (01326-290981)

Treasurer: Roger Jones. 25 Trevarrick Road, St Austell. PL25 5JW

Recorder and Editor: Greg Conwav. Tregenna. Cooksland. Bodmin. PL31 1EL (01208-77686)

Isles of Scilly : Dick Barratt (Assistant Recorder). Peter Robinson (Editor), Will Wagstaff (Recorder).

Conservation Officer: Andy Pay. Salena Cottage Wendron Helston TR13 0EA (01326-561628)

Committee Members : Francis Couch (Bodmin), Brian Craven (Launceston), Richard James (Penryn), Derek Julian (Wadebridge), Tony Langford (Redruth), Steve Rogers (Truro), John Ryan (Penzance), Matt Southam (Penzance), Dave Thomas (nr. Newquay), Gilbert Thomas (Truro), Peter Williams (Sticker). 165 PROFIT & LOSS ACCOUNT for the Year ended 31.1 2.1995

1995 1994 £ £ £ £ INCOME Subscriptions Annual Membership 5.949 6,072 Tax refund on covenanted subscriptions 569 591 6,518 6.663 Donations 228 380 Rents 833 483 Interest War Loan 32 32 NSB Investment Account 441 417 Charities Deposit Account 872 531 1,345 980

Other Income Sale of Reports - Isles of Scilly 1,765 1,742 'Birds in Cornwall* 193 313 Legacy 517 - Cirl Bunting Survey 140 - Advertisements 95 - Other Sales & Income 130 215 Maer Lake 75 Grants - Walmsley Sanctuary 630 630 3,470 2,975

12,394 11,481

Less : GENERAL EXPENDITURE Annual reports - Isles of Scilly 2,237 2,566 "Birds in Cornwall* 2,350 2,770 Newsletters 976 1.026 Other printing & stationery 228 514 Postage's & Telephone 606 840 Bank Charges - 280 Hide & Reserve expenses 1.145 310 Subscriptions 25 57 Goods for resale 68 87 Insurance 384 324 Training workshop - 140 Cirl Bunting survey 140 50 Miscellaneous 502 388 Computer Software 495 - Computer Hardware 200 - 9,356 9,352

Surplus for the year £3,038 £2.129 166

BALANCE SHEET as at 31 December 1995 1995 1994 £ £ £ £ INVESTMENTS £902.24 3.5% War Loan at market price at 31.12.95 409 369 NSB Investment Account 8,115 7,674

8,524 8.043

CURRENT ASSETS Stock 50 50 Sundry debtors 412 1,414 COIF Charities Deposit Account 15,000 11.800 Bank Current Account 2,480 886

17,942 14,150

CURRENT LIABILITIES Subscriptions in advance 484 167 Creditors 4,009 3.131

4.493 3,298

NET CURRENT ASSETS 13,449 10,852

NET ASSETS £21,973 £18,895

ACCUMULATED FUNDS At 1 January 1995 18,895 16,885

Add : Profit for the year 3,038 2,129

Increase/Decrease (-) in market value of war loan 40 (119)

£21,973 £18,895

Note : The Society also owns land at Trethias Island & Walmsley Sanctuary, together with a half- share of Maer Lake, in addition to the assets shown in this balance sheet.

ACCOUNTANTS REPORT

In accordance with instructions given to us, we have prepared, without carrying out an audit, the attached Balance Sheet and Profit & Loss Account for the year ended 31 December 1995 from the accounting records of the Society, and from information and explanations supplied to us. We certify that the accounts are correctly drawn up in accordance therewith.

Dated 22 April 1996 Whitaker Redfearn Pappin Chartered Accountants Newquay Environmental Consultants (CTNC) Ltd A Comprehensive Ecological and Environmental Service

Services include: Botanical and Habitat surveys Badgers, Bats and other fauna surveys Site Evaluation Environmentnl Impact Assessment Planning Advice Habitat Creation & Restoration Conservation Management Planning Wildlife Interpretation Monitoring

Contracts are undertaken county-wide and include a range of projects. To give some examples:

* Management plans for local nature reserves and other wildlife sites, such as Swanpool * Habitat mapping for part of Devon for the Environment Agency * Designs of wildlife gardens * Assessments of the ecological impacts of construction projects, such as road schemes and housing developments * Applications to obtain grant-aid for landowners

All profits raised are paid to the Cornwall Trust for Nature Conservation (Reg Charity No. 214929) to support their work in Cornwall

Please contact: Trevor Edwards - Managing Director Five Acres, Allet, Truro TR4 9DJ (Tel: 01872 73939 Fax: 01872 225476) What the Cornwall Biodiversity Initiative means for the county's birds This summer, over 50 individuals and organisations gathered in Cornwall for the inaugural meeting of what promises to be an exciting development in the protection of the threatened birds and other wildlife of Cornwall - the Cornwall Biodiversity Initiative. You may well ask: "What is biodiversity and what will this initiative really achieve for the county's wildlife?"

The simplest definition of biodiversity is the "variety of life", embracing all species and habitats. Biodiversity became incorporated into mainstream conservation work in the UK following the Rio Earth Summit in 1992, which acted as a catalyst for international, nationwide and regional action. Local initiatives are now seen as the next step in protecting the UK's wildlife whilst taking into account the unique character of counties such as Cornwall. There are very positive indicators from a range of funding bodies that this latest conservation buzz-word will be the key to acquiring funds over the next decade.

The first phase of the Biodiversity Initiative is to produce a report detailing all the habitats and species of conservation concern found in Cornwall, with the help of national and local experts. This will include species such as the Dartford warbler and nightjar, and habitats such as reedbeds and sand dunes. The main threats to these will be identified, and a prioritised "shopping list" of required conservation action can be established. This list can then be used to target limited funds from local and national organisations signing up to the Initiative.

In the future, we would hope to see this money being directed towards projects to improve the quality and quantity of important natural habitats for birds and other wildlife in Cornwall.

If you have any queries about the Cornwall Biodiversity Initiative, or information/ideas you would like to contribute, please contact: Philippa Hoskin (Biodiversity Project Officer), Cornwall Wildlife Trust, Five Acres, Ailet, Truro, TR4 9DJ. Tel: (01872) 73939. CORNWALL BIRDWATCHING

& PRESERVATION SOCIETY (Registered Charity number 255899) 65 Years of working for birds in Cornwall & Isles of Scilly

Cornwall is mainland Britain's top bird watching county.

Thanks to its spectacular position thrusting out into the Atlantic Ocean and its wonderful range of landscape and habitats, well over 400 species have been seen in the county. They include many of the very rarest and most exciting birds on the entire British list.

But more important, Cornwall's mild climate and natural assets offer year- round feeding and protection to thousands of commoner birds, many of which breed here.

The Cornwall Birdwatching and Preservation Society ( CBWPS ), founded in 1931, exists to help birds and birdwatchers alike - birds in the protection of their habitat and their own conservation, and birdwatchers in their study and enjoyment of birds in the field.

Among its many activities, the CBWPS manages five reserves and provides you with eight hides in key locations, and is involved in surveys and habitat improvements. Examples of work that the society is involved in include seabird breeding surveys (following the Sea Empress oil spill) and ringing projects, monitoring planning applications, linking up with RSPB and BTO national species surveys and producing two nationally-acclaimed bird reports every year - 'Birds in Cornwall A the Isles of Scilly Bird Report

If you are interested in joining the CBWPS, or want further details cut out this page and mail it to the address overleaf.

Name: Address: Post Code:

On joining you will receive a MEMBERS PACK full of details, including where to see birds in Cornwall. CORNWALL BIRDWATCHING & PRESERVATION SOCIETY (Registered Charity number 255899)

65 Years of working for birds in Cornwall & Isles of Scilly

Mr M.Lord General Secretary, CBWPS 'Gue Gassel' The Lizard TR12 7PH