Study&Program&Of&The&& German(Japanese!Energy! Transition!Council! ! New!Allocation!Of!Roles!And!Business! S
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! ! Study&Program&of&the&& German(Japanese!Energy! Transition!Council! ! ! New!Allocation!of!Roles!and!Business! Segments!of!Established!and!new! Participants!in!the!Energy!Sector! Currently!and!Within!a!Future!Electricity! Market!Design! ! Study!performed!by:! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! ! ! The!Study!program! received!financial!support!from!! Stiftung!Mercator!Foundation,!Essen,!GermanyFinal! Report New Allocation of Roles and Business Seg- ments of Established and new Participants in ! the Energy Sector Currently and Within a Fu- ture Electricity Market! ! Design (Topic 3) Project Duration: 12/2016 – 11/2017 Client: German Japanese Energy Transition Council (GJETC) Contractor: IZES gGmbH JEPIC, Inc. Institut für ZukunftsEnergie- und Japan Electric Power Information Stoffstromsysteme Center Scientific Director: Scientific Director: Prof. Frank Baur Dr. Yoshiki Iinuma Project Manager: Project Manager: Dr. Patrick Matschoss Dr. Yoshiki Iinuma Altenkesseler Str. 17 Address: 15-33, Shibaura, 4-Chome 66115 Saarbrücken Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-0023 Tel.: +49-(0)681-844 972-0 Tel.:+81-(0)3-6361-8250 Fax: +49-(0)681-7617999 Fax: +81-(0)3-3455-0991 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Authors: Dr. Patrick Matschoss, Johannes Kochems, Katherina Grashof, Hermann Guss (all IZES gGmbH); Yoshiki Iinuma (JEPIC) Saarbrücken and Tokyo, 24 November 2017 Final Report New Allocation of Roles and Business Seg- ments of Established and new Participants in the Energy Sector Currently and Within a Fu- ture Electricity Market Design (Topic 3) Project Duration: 12/2016 – 11/2017 Client: German Japanese Energy Transition Council (GJETC) Contractor: IZES gGmbH JEPIC, Inc. Institut für ZukunftsEnergie- und Japan Electric Power Information Stoffstromsysteme Center Scientific Director: Scientific Director: Prof. Frank Baur Dr. Yoshiki Iinuma Project Manager: Project Manager: Dr. Patrick Matschoss Dr. Yoshiki Iinuma Altenkesseler Str. 17 Address: 15-33, Shibaura, 4-Chome 66115 Saarbrücken Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-0023 Tel.: +49-(0)681-844 972-0 Tel.:+81-(0)3-6361-8250 Fax: +49-(0)681-7617999 Fax: +81-(0)3-3455-0991 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Authors: Dr. Patrick Matschoss, Johannes Kochems, Katherina Grashof, Hermann Guss (all IZES gGmbH); Yoshiki Iinuma (JEPIC) Saarbrücken and Tokyo, 28 November 2017 II Table of content 1 Introduction, Summary and Recommendations ....................................... 17 1.1 Introduction ...................................................................................... 17 1.2 Summary ......................................................................................... 18 1.3 Recommendations ........................................................................... 29 2 Foundations of electricity market design and prerequisites for new stakeholders: state of liberalization, unbundling and third-party access ... 31 2.1 Japan ............................................................................................... 31 2.1.1 The starting point ........................................................................... 31 2.1.2 The process of electricity market liberalization in Japan ................ 33 2.1.3 Structure of and participation in electricity markets today .............. 39 2.1.3.1 Wholesale electricity market ...................................................... 39 2.1.3.2 Retail electricity market ............................................................. 42 2.1.4 Energy transition: Long-Term Energy Supply and demand Outlook .......................................................................................... 50 2.2 Germany .......................................................................................... 51 2.2.1 The starting point ........................................................................... 51 2.2.2 The process of electricity market liberalization in Germany ........... 51 2.2.2.1 First wave of liberalization 1998-2005: mixed results ................ 51 2.2.2.2 The second and third wave of Liberalization in 2005 & 2009 & further reforms ........................................................................... 53 2.2.2.3 Liberalization and Market design: the target model for the internal electricity market ....................................................................... 55 2.2.3 Structure of and participation in electricity markets today .............. 55 2.2.3.1 Wholesale electricity market ...................................................... 56 2.2.3.2 Retail electricity market ............................................................. 57 2.2.4 Energy transition strategy: political targets and market design reform ............................................................................................ 61 2.2.4.1 The beginning of the energy transition ...................................... 61 2.2.4.2 Relevant government strategy papers ....................................... 62 2.2.4.3 An energy transition based on variable renewable energies (VRE) and energy efficiency ...................................................... 63 III 2.3 Structure of Japanese and German electricity generation systems – A direct comparison .......................................................................... 63 3 Dispatching capacity: market segments and players ............................... 66 3.1 Efficient dispatch .............................................................................. 66 3.1.1 Japan ............................................................................................. 66 3.1.1.1 Structure of wholesale market: market segments and volumes 66 3.1.1.2 Market areas and market split ................................................... 69 3.1.1.3 Other aspects: merit-order and generation costs ...................... 71 3.1.2 Germany ........................................................................................ 73 3.1.2.1 Structure of wholesale market: market segments and volumes 73 3.1.2.2 Market areas and market split ................................................... 76 3.1.2.3 Efficient dispatch, market segments and stakeholder ............... 77 3.2 Clean Dispatch ................................................................................ 78 3.2.1 Japan ............................................................................................. 78 3.2.1.1 Voluntary Efforts by the Electric Utilities to Tackle with Climate Changes .................................................................................... 78 3.2.2 Germany ........................................................................................ 79 3.2.2.1 Emission reduction and emissions trade ................................... 80 3.2.2.2 Introduction and build-up of renewable capacities ..................... 81 3.2.2.3 Combined heat and power ........................................................ 81 4 Financing capacities: market segments & players ................................... 83 4.1 Financing firm capacity .................................................................... 83 4.1.1 Japan ............................................................................................. 83 4.1.1.1 Markets for firm capacity ........................................................... 83 4.1.1.2 Other market reforms ................................................................ 86 4.1.2 Germany ........................................................................................ 87 4.1.2.1 Markets for firm capacity ........................................................... 87 4.1.2.2 Other market and forms: Longer term issues and “no-regret” measures................................................................................... 97 4.2 Financing variable capacity ........................................................... 100 4.2.1 Japan ........................................................................................... 100 IV 4.2.1.1 Renewable portfolio Standard ................................................. 101 4.2.1.2 Net metering ............................................................................ 101 4.2.1.3 Feed-in tariff ............................................................................ 101 4.2.2 Germany ...................................................................................... 106 4.2.2.1 Relevant characteristics of financing variable PV, on- and offshore wind ........................................................................... 106 4.2.2.2 VRE investment policy in Germany ......................................... 108 4.2.2.3 The actor structure in the market for variable RES .................. 118 4.3 Finance and regulation of electricity Networks............................... 123 4.3.1 Japan ........................................................................................... 123 4.3.1.1 Network in Japan ..................................................................... 123 4.3.1.2 Planning of cross-regional transmission network .................... 124 4.3.1.3 Network Regulation and Prices of Transmission Services ...... 125 4.3.1.4 Status of Utilizing Interconnectors ........................................... 126 4.3.1.5 Rules Governing the Use of Interconnectors ........................... 129 4.3.1.6 Access Rules and curtailment ................................................. 130 4.3.2 Germany ...................................................................................... 133 4.3.2.1 Network