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Newspaper Analysis Programe TM

Missile Deve lopment

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Foundation PT CUM MAINS WORK-SHEET Part - 14

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2 Easy to PICK UPSC “PT” DNA successfully conducted night trial of -I Theme: Agni-I Ballistic Missile (The Hindu) (Economic times, Indian express, The Wire ETC) Helpful: PT & Mains (S&T)

In news: launched in 1983. • India has successfully carried out • It was developed by premier night user trial of agni-I short- missile development laboratory range nuclear-capable ballistic of DRDO in collaboration with missile. Defence Research Development • The test flight was conducted by Laboratory and Research Centre 's Strategic Forces Imarat and integrated by Bharat Command off Abdul Kalam Dynamics Limited, . Island, formerly known as • It weighs 12 tonnes and is 15- wheeler Island, in Bay of Bengal, metre-long. off the coast of the Indian state of • It is designed to carry payload of more than one tonne (both • The test was second Known trial conventional and nuclear of agni-I since its first such warhead). successful test in April 2014. • It is single stage missile powered Agni-I Missile: by solid propellents. • Short range nuclear capable • It can hit a target 700 km away. surface-to-surface ballistic • its strike range can be extended missile. by reducing the payload. • It is first missile of the agni series • It can be fired from road and rail

3 Easy to PICK UPSC “PT” DNA mobile launchers. • It is equipped with sophisticated navigation system which ensures it reaches the target with a high degree of accuracy and precision. • The missile already has been inducted into armed forces. since its induction it has proved its excellent performance in terms of range, accuracy and lethality. • It is also claimed to be a part of India's minimum credible deterrence under No first to use policy.

The Integrated Guided Missile better by its abbreviation IGMDP, is Development Programme, now known perhaps the first programme in India

4 Easy to PICK UPSC “PT” DNA which brought together a large number programme had been developed and of R&D laboratories, government inducted by the . departments, industries and academic By the start of the 1980s, the DRDL institutions in the country within an had developed competence and integrated structure involving all the expertise in the fields of propulsion, groups in a functional network. The navigation and manufacture of Programme was visionary and aerospace materials based on the ambitious, aiming at the same time, Soviet rocketry technologies. Thus, deliveries to the Services as the end India's political leadership, which goal in a reasonable time frame. included Prime Minister Indira The Integrated Guided Missile Gandhi, Defence Minister R. Development Programme (IGMDP) Venkataraman, V.S. Arunachalam was an Indian Ministry of Defence (Political Advisor to the Defence programme for the research and Minister), decided that all these development of the comprehensive technologies should be consolidated. range of missiles. The programme was This led to the birth of the Integrated managed by the Defence Research and Guided Missile Development Development Organisation (DRDO) Programme with Dr. Abdul Kalam, and Ordnance Factories Board in who had previously been the project partnership with other Indian director for the SLV-3 programme at government political organisations. ISRO, was inducted as the DRDL The project started in 1982–83 with Director in 1983 to conceive and lead popular political support from the it. While the scientists proposed the successive governments and bestowed development of each missile under the leadership of Abdul Kalam consecutively, the Defence Minister R. who oversaw its ending in 2008 after Venkataraman asked them to these strategic missiles were reconsider and develop all the missiles successfully developed. simultaneously. Thus, four projects, to On 8 January 2008, the DRDO be pursued concurrently, were born formally announced the successful under the IGMDP: completion of the IGMDP. It added Short range surface-to-surface missile that the strategic integrated guided (code-named ) missile programme was completed Short range low-level surface-to-air with its design objectives achieved missile (code-named ) since most of the missiles in the

5 Easy to PICK UPSC “PT” DNA Medium range surface-to-air missile 4. (code-named ) and Nag is a third-generation hit-to-kill Third-generation anti-tank missile anti-tank missile that was first tested (code-named Nag). in 1990. The two-stage solid propellant The Agni missile was initially weapon uses the lock-on before launch conceived in the IGMDP as a system where the target is identified technology demonstrator project in the and designated before the weapon is form of a re-entry vehicle, and was launched. later upgraded to a ballistic missile 5. Trishul with different ranges. As part of this Trishul is a short-range surface-to-air program, the Interim Test Range at missile equipped with electronic in Orissa was also developed measures against all known aircraft for missile testing. jammers. It has a range of 9 km and is TIME-LINE used as anti-sea skimmer from ships 1. Prithvi I against low-flying attacks. Prithvi I was one of the first missiles 6. Agni II developed under Government of An intermediate-range ballistic missile, India's IGMDP. Launched in February the Agni-II was first test fired on April 1988, Prithvi I is a single-stage, liquid- 11, 1999. The surface-to-surface missile fuelled missile. A surface-to-surface has a range of 2000 to 2500 km and missile, it has a range of 150 km and a can carry conventional or nuclear mounting capability of 1000 kg. It was warheads. inducted into the Indian Army in 1994. 7. Prithvi III 2. Agni I Prithvi III is the naval-version missile A nuclear-capable ballistic missile, with a range of 350 km. A two-stage Agni 1 is the first of the five-missile surface-to-surface missile, Prithvi III Agni series launched in 1983 by the was first tested in 2000. Defence Research and Development 8. Brahmos Organisation. It has a range of 700 km. BrahMos is a supersonic 3. Akash that is first test-fired on June 12, 2001. Akash is a surface-to-air missile with It was developed as a joint venture an intercept range of 30 km. It has between India and Russia and is the multi-target engagement capability world's fastest anti-ship cruise missile and is in operational service with the in operation. Indian Army and the Indian Air Force. 9. Prithvi Air Defence (PAD)

6 Easy to PICK UPSC “PT” DNA India’s ballistic missile defence got a and carries forward the legacy of the K- fillip with the development of PAD, 15 . which has been given the moniker 12. Agni III Pradyumna. The system was tested Agni III is an intermediate-range with a maximum interception altitude ballistic missile developed as the of 80 km, and has been designed to successor to the Agni II. It is an neutralise missiles within a range of improvement over its previous 300-2000 km up to a speed of Mach iteration, and has a range of 3,500- 5.0. The technology employed in the 5,000 km, making it capable of PAD was the precursor to the engaging targets deep inside indigenously developed Advanced Air neighbouring countries. It was Defence (AAD) interceptor missile inducted in to the armed forces in June which was tested in 2007, as well as 2011, enhancing its strike capability. the Barak-2 which was developed in 13. Agni IV collaboration with Israel. Carrying forward the success of its 10. K-15 Sagarika predecessor, the Agni III was The successful test of the Sagarika developed to strike targets within a marks an inflection point in India’s similar range but with a significantly military history. It forms the crucial shorter flight time of 20 minutes. The third leg of India’s nuclear deterrent Agni IV, which has a two-phase vis-à-vis its submarine-launched propulsion system is designed to carry ballistic missile (SLBM) capability. The a 1,000 kg payload. K-15 Sagarika, which has a range of 14. 750 km, was successfully tested in It was initially conceived as a surface- February 2008, and was subsequently to-surface ballistic missile (SSM) integrated with India’s nuclear- variant of the K-15 Sagarika, that can powered Arihant class submarine. be stored in underground silos for 11. extended periods and launched using Dhanush is a liquid propelled sea- gas canisters as a trigger. The nuclear based missile that was envisaged as a capability of the missile enhances short-range version of the Prithvi II India’s second strike capability reduces ballistic missile. It has a range of 350 the dependence on the K-15 ballistic km and is capable of carrying nuclear missile which was built with significant warheads. It was successfully test-fired Russian assistance. from a naval warship in March 2011, 15.

7 Easy to PICK UPSC “PT” DNA Nirbhay is a subsonic missile which is ancillary to the BrahMos range. It uses Hurdle a terrain-following navigation system After India test-fired the first Prithvi to reach up to 1,000 km. Nirbhay is missile in 1988, and the Agni missile in capable of being launched from 1989, the Missile Technology Control multiple platforms on land, sea, and Regime (then an informal grouping air. established in 1987 by Canada, France, 16. Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Prahaar is a surface-to-surface missile Kingdom and the United States) with a range of 150 km that was decided to restrict access to any successfully tested for the first time in technology that would help India in its July 2011. Stated to be a unique missile development program. To missile, the Prahaarboasts of high counter the MTCR, the IGMDP team maneuverability, acceleration and formed a consortium of DRDO accuracy. Primarily a battlefield laboratories, industries and academic support system for the Army, the institutions to build these sub-systems, missile can be fired from a road mobile components and materials. Though launchers and is extremely mobile in this slowed down the progress of the battle situations owing to its lighter program, India successfully developed build. indigenously all the restricted 17. components denied to it by the MTCR. Astra is a beyond-visual-range (BVR) air-to-air missile (AAM) that was MTCR tested successfully in May 2011. In MTCR is the acronym for Missile terms of size and weight, the Astra is Technology and Control Regime. the smallest missile developed by the MTCR was recently in the news as DRDO. It was envisaged to intercept India got membership in the group and destroy enemy aircraft at (contrary to NSG where India was supersonic speeds in the head-on mode denied membership). within a range of 80 km. 18. Agni V Benefit to India? Agni is India’s first inter-continental India has joined MTCR as a full ballistic missile (ICBM), with high road member and also agreed to join the mobility, fast-reaction ability and a Hague Code of conduct made it bolster strike range of over 5,000 km. its position as a responsible nuclear

8 Easy to PICK UPSC “PT” DNA state and strengthen its case for the It is a multilateral, consensus – based membership of other multilateral grouping of 35 member countries who export control regimes like Nuclear are voluntarily committed to the non- Suppliers Group, Australia Group, and proliferation of missiles capable of Wassenaar arrangement. carrying chemical, biological and India can buy high-end missile nuclear weapons of mass destruction technology and run joint programmes (WMDs). for development of unmanned aerial It controls the export of the vehicles with other countries. eg. technologies and materials involved in Procurement of theater missile ballistic missile systems and interceptor “Arrow II” from Israel, unmanned aerial vehicles particularly military drones like “Avenger” from the capable of carrying nuclear warheads USA etc. of above 500kg payload for more than India can sell its missiles to other non- 300 km. member countries with comparative This is a non–treaty association of ease.eg. Supersonic cruise missile, member countries with certain “BrahMos”, to Vietnam. guidelines about the information ISRO can access the forbidden sharing, national control laws and cryogenic technology from Russia export policies for missile systems and which is required for the space a rule-based regulation mechanism to exploration operations. limit the transfer of such critical MTCR membership can be used as a technologies of these missile systems. bargaining chip against China which is not a full member of the regime and Rules aspiring to be one as it has blocked It was established in April 1987 by G-7 India’s way to NSG. countries – USA, UK, France, Germany, Canada, Italy, and Japan, to About MTCR check the spread of unmanned delivery systems capable of carrying nuclear weapons of above 500kg for more than 300km. In 1992, it was extended for all types of weapons of mass destruction. Now, it has 35 full members including India and 4 “non-adherent members”

9 Easy to PICK UPSC “PT” DNA – Israel, Macedonia, Romania, Recently, it played a major role to Slovakia. hamper Libyan and Syrian missile China is not a member of this regime efforts. but it had verbally pledged to adhere to its original guidelines but not to the Negative: It is not a legally-binding subsequent additions. treaty. Hence, no punitive measures These efforts of non-proliferation of could be taken against non-compliance ballistic missile systems had further to the guidelines of the regime. been strengthened by “The It has only 35 member countries as full International Code of Conduct against members. Whereas, countries like Ballistic Missile Proliferation”, also North Korea, Pakistan, Iran which known as the Hague Code of Conduct have significant missile systems which (HCOC), which was established on 25 could deliver WMDs, are not adherent November 2002 as an arrangement to to the regime. prevent the proliferation of ballistic Some of such countries are exploring missiles with 136 UN member long – range intercontinental missiles countries including India. and they are also sellers in the arms market. Analysis There are incidences of violation of the Positive: It has significantly rules by MTCR countries. In 2007, contributed to curbing or slow down China secretly sold solid-fuel, medium- the nuclear programmes of some range ballistic missiles,” DF 21”, to countries. Saudi Arabia. France sold the Storm Argentina dropped its joint ballistic Shadow/SCALP cruise missile to the missile programme” Condor II” with UAE (Black Shaheen) in the 1990s. Egypt and Iraq. The USA had bent some rules to give Poland and the Czech Republic concessions to some Non -member vanished their ballistic missiles in an countries aspiring to join the regime. effort to join the regime. Eg. Ukraine was allowed to retain its Brazil, South Africa, South Korea, and Scud missiles irrespective of the rule of Taiwan also withdrew or curbed their destroying ballistic missiles (capable of missiles or space launch vehicle carrying a 500kg payload for 300km) programs. for the non-recognised nuclear state. Similarly, USA also allowed South Korea to develop ballistic missiles of

10 Easy to PICK UPSC “PT” DNA the range of 800 kilometers with a BENEFITS: 500-kilogram payload. Benefit to ISRO: During the cold war With a technological advancement, it is years, Russia denied cryogenic also possible to adapt and develop the technology to India. However, in a existing missiles with a range shorter welcome change ISRO will now have than 300km and carrying WMDs less access to restricted high-end than 500kgs to escape the regulations technologies for developing its imposed by the regime. cryogenic engines in order to enhance space exploration. Limitation for India Sale of BrahMos: India will be able to MTCR membership does not guarantee sell the Indo-Russian supersonic cruise any special technological entitlement missile BrahMos to Vietnam and other from other members or adherent countries in a development that would countries. make India a significant arms exporter. India needs to align its national laws Procurement of Israel's Arrow II dealing with development, transfer, missile: In its bid to develop and procurement of the nuclear indigenous Ballistic Missile System, technologies and export policies as per India wanted to procure Arrow II the guidelines of the MTCR regime theatre missile defence interceptor which could be stricter and stringent as from Israel but was denied due to the compared to the existing ones and MTCR sanctions. The newly-forged likely to have implications for the membership will help India in the stakeholders. procurement of Arrow II, which will It is unlikely to give an immediate further help India defend itself against boost to the export of the India Pakistani or Chinese ballistic missiles. missiles. India being a member of the regime Buying surveillance drones: India will will have some obligations like sharing be able to buy surveillance drones from critical information about its military other countries like the American and technological assets, consulting Predator drones (e.g. the Avenger other member countries regarding the drone). The US might also consider export of any MTCR items, especially exporting UAVs, Reaper and Global those notified or denied by another Hawk, which have been key to counter- partner. terrorism efforts in countries like Afghanistan, Pakistan and Yemen.

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Boost to Make in India: Indian technology that will be developed or made under the flagship of Make in India will see free movement out of the country, which in turn will contribute to the success of the programme.

Step closer to NSG: The accession to MTCR is one step closer to India's membership to the 48-member NSG (Nuclear Suppliers Group). It also gives India a chance to engage with other global non-proliferation players. One-upping China: Significantly, China, which opposed India's entry into the Nuclear Suppliers Group at the just-concluded Seoul plenary, is not a member of 34-nation MTCR.

Defence Procurement Policy

12 Easy to PICK UPSC “PT” DNA Defence Procurement Procedure simplified with provisions for funding (DPP)-2016, which has come into of 90 % of development cost by the effect from April 2016, focuses on government to Indian industry and institutionalising, streamlining and reserving projects not exceeding simplifying defence procurement development cost of Rs. 10 crore procedure to give a boost to “Make in (government funded) and Rs. 3 crore India” initiative of the Government of (industry funded) for MSMEs. India, by promoting indigenous design, development and manufacturing of The following achievement have been defence equipment, platforms, systems made by the Government under this and sub-systems. The key features of programme:- revised DPP, promoting ‘Make in India’ inter alia include:- • Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) accorded approval of 136 capital • A new category of procurement ‘Buy procurement cases at an estimated cost {Indian-IDDM (Indigenously of Rs. 4,00,714/- crore during the last Designed, Developed and two financial years (2014-15 and 2015- Manufactured)}’ has been introduced 16) and current year 2016-17 (upto in Defence Procurement Procedure- January 2017), out of which 96 cases 2016 and the same has been accorded involving Rs. 2,46,417/- crore are top most priority for procurement of under the ‘Buy (Indian-IDDM)’, ‘Buy capital equipment. (Indian)’, ‘Buy & Make (Indian)’, ‘Make’ categories. • Preference has been accorded to ‘Buy (Indian)’ and ‘Buy and Make • 141 contracts with total value of Rs. (Indian)’ categories of capital 2,00,010/- Crore (approx.) were signed acquisition over ‘Buy (Global)’ & ‘Buy during the last two financial years & Make (Global)’ categories. (2014-15 and 2015-16) and current year 2016-17 (upto December 2016), • Requirement of Indigenous content out of which 90 contracts involving a has been enhanced / rationalised for value of Rs. 83,344/- crore (Approx) various categories of capital were signed with Indian vendors. acquisition. • Capital expenditure of Rs. • The ‘Make’ Procedure has been 1,75,420/- Crore (approx.) was

13 Easy to PICK UPSC “PT” DNA incurred on purchase of defence items Defence Public Sector Undertakings for Armed forces during the last two (DPSUs), Directorate General of financial years (2014-15 and 2015-16) Quality Assurance (DGQA), etc. At and current year 2016-17 (upto present, there is no proposal to open December 2016), out of which of any new lab in the country to check / Capital expenditure of Rs. 1,05,030/- investigate the defence products. Crore (approx.) was incurred on However DGQA, DRDO, OFB, DPSUs purchase from Indian vendors. and Armed forces already have their own laboratories or test facilities at The responsibility of quality assurance various locations across the country to of raw material used in defence check / investigate the defence products rests with Organizations such products. as Ordnance Factory Board (OFB), . All the best JAI HIND

Class explanation- mind map

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