L

March 11, 1991 VoL 23 No. 4 A Paper for People who Care about tbe West Onedollar Missouri: a river basin at war

by Peter Carrels and Lawrence Mosher Iy, is the Corps of Engineers. But the going to require new legislation by Janklow's brash, aggressive style basic issue is economic and social equi- Congress. It's as simple as that" has made him a popular figure in South hey call it the Big Muddy ty. How should the river be managed, Dakota. Following a one-term stint as because of the mountains of silt and by whom? . . he politics of the Missouri River attorney general, he was twice elected Tit moves. It is the country'S "The current system is basically basin, however, seem anything governor. He views the federal control of longest river and usually carries four unmanaged," asserts a retired Bureau of Tbut simple. Three of the upper the Missouri River as both unfair and times the flow of the mighty Colorado. Reclamation engineer Michael Clinton, basin states - Montana, North Dakota unwieldy. But a four-year drought has humbled the who worked in the basin for years. and South Dakota - filed suit against Janklow also represen ted the upper Missouri River and plunged its 10 basin "There is no forum, no vehicle, no pro- the Corps once again last month over the basin states in another lawsuit last year, states into a sour quarrel with one anoth- cedure for the varied interests in the Corps' management of the river's six when they unsuccessfully sued the Corps er and the Army Corps of Engineers, the basin to reach a consensus on what their dams and reservoirs. Their complaint is to stop water releases from the Oahe river's federal boss. resource strategies ought to be." that the Corps has favored the navigation reservoir. Janklow argued that the releas- On popular river reservoirs in the Not so, replies the Corps' Ed Dick- interests of the lower basin states over es hurt the state's recreation and sport Dakotas, record low-water levels have ey, acting deputy assistant Army secre- the recreation interests of the upper fishing industries. He contrasted the marooned boat access ramps and threat- tary for civil works. "I find no merit in basin. upper basin recreation industry'S annual ened fish spawns, jeopardizing a bur- this approach." But in an interview, "I don't intend to back down to fed. income of $67 million to the navigation geoning recreation industry. Several Dickey nevertheless acknowledged that eral bureaucrats who prefer to protect industry's $14 million in the lower basin. communities in different reaches of the the 1944 Flood Control Act - thy navigation over meeting the needs of our The upper basin states won a tempo- river have suffered shortages of drinking Corps' marching orders - is an citizens," declared South Dakota's Gov. rary order stopping the Corps from water. Irrigators and domestic water anachronism that badly needs updating. , George S. Mickelson. releasing water, but it was overturned users have watched their intake pumps "Here's a system that was autho- "The Corps is slavishly tied to the just three days later by the 8th U.S. Cir- suck mud, then air. Navigation seasons rized for one mix of outputs, and one of barge industry," says William Janklow, a cuit Court of Appeals. During those have been cut and hydropower produc- those outputs - irrigation - never former governor of South Dakota who three days the hamstrung barge industry tion slowed. developed," Dickey explained. "In fact, now heads the upper basin legal team. caused quick reactions. Never before have the river's opera- we're getting a lot more hydropower "But there's no place left to turn. The . "Following that injunction," recalls tions and water allocations so divided than was ever envisioned. And now we Corps throws us crumbs and operates the John Madgett, general manager of Mid- the basin's diverse interests. The light- have recreation as a new and unforeseen river the way the downstream states ning rod of dissatisfaction, unsurprising- player. So any substantive changes are want it operated." Comtnuedonpage 10

Missouri RIver atJudith Landing, Montana Marc Gaede 2- Higb Country News - Marcb 11,199~liiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii.!ii!iiiiiii~iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii~•••••••••••••• _ Dear friends, ing up in landfills across the nation because there is no market to recycle it. For the first time in the 21-year his- handedly developed the recycled paper Reclaiming used paper requires a de-ink- tory of High Country News, the paper market in the United States. By collect- ing plant, which costs between $20 mil- you are holding is made from recycled ing and combining purchase orders from lion and $50 million - an investment stock. erratic and far-flung markets, it has per- corporations are reluctant to make until Well, mostly. suaded mills to experiment with and they are sure of the demand. This paper - the best deal we have . expand their lines of recycled papers. To promote recycling, the federal found so far - is made from 54 percent Conservatree sales rep Gerard Glea- government now only buys paper that recycled fiber by weight It's an offset son immediately redirected our search contains at least 50 percent recycled paper instead of newsprint, costs more from newsprint to offset paper (used for fiber. However, the new EPA standards than twice what our old paper did, and office supplies and book printing). Of for labelling recycled paper count mill took two frustrating years to find. the several options he came up with, one scraps and pulp substitutes, which means HeN prides itself on its appearance. light-weight paper best fit our printer's mills can still qualify for government For the past decade we have printed on requirements for folding and cutting contracts and maintain business as usual. "Mandollrite,' a premium stock manu- machines. Conservatree says the EPA's new factured by Boise Cascade. At 72 per- That paper, Conservatree' S "Eco- standards allow "phony recycled prod- IDGH COUNTRY NEWS cent brightness, it is whiter and smoother Offset," carries the company's second ucts that do nothing to address the (ISSN/019115657) is publjshed biweek- than most newsprints. Unfortunately, it best environmental rating. It is made (by nation's environmental problems." The ly, except for one issue during July is also made of 100 percent virgin pulp- weight) from 45 percent de-inked paper company has developed an alternative and one issue during January, by the wood and is bleached by a process that (recycled from printer overruns or labelling system that rates paper by its High Country Foundation, J24 Grand releases dioxins - a deadly toxin (HCN, spoils); 9 percent post-consumer waste impact on landfills and recycling efforts. Avenue, Paonia, CO 81428. Second- 2/12/90). (returned through home or office recy- Those categories are post-mill material, class postage paid at Paonia, Cod- The result is a beautiful but glaring orado. cling programs); 10 percent filler (miner- de-inked material and post-consumer POSTMASTER, Send address changes inconsistency, very much at odds with als and clays); and 36 percent virgin material. to HIGH COUNTRY NEWS, Box 1090, the paper's mission and the beliefs of its pulpwood. Our new paper fits the last two cate- Paonia, CO 81428. staff and readers. Many readers have It has 78 percent brightness, making gories, and our order, though smaIl, Subscriptions are $24 per year for questioned us about it, in letters that it whiter than our old paper. The 36 per- should help push the industry towards individuals and public Ilbrarfes, $34 invariably made our collective con- cent virgin pulp is bleached in the tradi- building de-inking plants to handle used per year for institutions. Single copies science squirm, In late 1988 we launched tional chlorine bleach process, which paper. $1 plus postage and handling. Special a search for a recycled alternative, and produces dioxins. The 54 percent recy- The cost of becoming environmen- Issues $3 each. that's when we found out what a tiny cled fiber is bleached by a new sodium tally correct is substantial. The new paper we really are. hypochloride process, which produces paper comes in at more than two times TomBeU TheNew York Times, which owns a no measurable dioxins, but still gives off the cost of the old, which raises our total Editor EmerltWi majority share of three large paper mills, some toxins such as chloroform gas. printing bill by 60 percent. Its heavier Ed Marston and Betsy Marston recently ordered its mills to at least par- According to Conservatree's calcu- weight increases postage costs by 1.6 PNbUsher au EdiJor OIJ Leave tially convert to recycled pulp. HCN is lations, our five-ton test batch of recy- percent Combined, the move to recycled Lawrence Mosher printed at the.Glenwood Post, which cled paper, compared to 100 percent vir- paper has increased the cost of printing EtUtot- buys its newsprint in block orders for a gin paper, will result in a savings of 46.5 and mailing an average issue of HeN

Mary Jarrett dozen or so weeklies and shoppers. The standard-size trees; 11,234 kilowatt- (11,000 copies) from $1,926.23 to Deputy Editor Post is locked into a multi-year contract hours of electricity; 19,180 gallons of $2,463.87, for a total of $537.64 - a with Boise Cascade, which has no recy- linda Bacigalupi water; 164.4 pounds of air pollution and whopping 28 percent! Anodate Publisher cled paper operations. Louie Miller, 8.22 cubic yards of landfill space. Over the course of a year that will manager of newsprint marketing for Perhaps more important is the Steve Hinchman raise the cost of supplying our more than Assodate Editcw Boise Cascade. thanked us for our call, impact our order will have on the supply 10,000 subscriptions by $1.29 each. Our but said that even if his company and demand of recycled paper. There are hope is that it will not stay that high, but Usa Jones - . Staff Writer . expands into recycled newsprint, produc- basically two types of pap\,r waste that drop as we and other publications buy tion couldn't begin until late 1992 at the can be recycled. larger orders. Pat Ford earliest. NOrlhwest Regio_l &reau First is mill scraps and what the Lastly, we admit the move is not r We continued to look on our own, industry calls pulp substitutes: unmarked without some risk. We had to buy a min- ca. Rawlins finding little until we came across a Cali- printer scraps and trimmings from facto- imum test sample of five tons, which is Poetry Editor fornia company called Conservatree. The ries that make other paper products, such enough paper for six or seven issues. Diane Sylvain company was formed in 1976 by Alan as envelopes, paper plates or time cards. And we did it blind. You are looking at Productlon/e-phics Davis, an environmental lawyer who had This category contains no inks, glues or this first sample at the same time as we andy Wehling: searched in vain the year before for recy- waxes. Most of it never leaves the paper are. So while we judge how it looks and Desldop Publidrlng cled stock for an annual report. Conser- mill and traditionally it has been recy- feels, its opacity, text and photo repro- vatree deals solely in recycled and/or cled as a matter of good business sense. duction quality, etc., we invite your com- dioxin-free papers and is now the Second is the "used paper" category: ments and suggestions as well. Kay Henry Bartlett, manaaer nation's largest wholesaler of recycled printer overruns, spoils and post-con- Gretchen Nkholoff papers. The company has almost single- sumer waste. This is the paper that is pil- -Steve Hinchmanfor the staff Mkhe1le Godoey ara.:lRdoJl/BJlsi_ss

John Homing bald eagles, trout and thousands of Mike Bendc HOTLINE pollutants emitted from the nearby coal- Erika Zavaleta waterfowl. Once common in the Laramie fired power plant, remain unsatisfied. 1_ Basin, the Wyoming toad was consid- with the EPA's requirements. "The Judy Donald, WiAlsbu.gttM.. D.C ered extinct by the mid-1980s. In 1987, National Park Service recommended 90 Michael EhIers.BouIJer, Colo. the discovery of the healthy Mortensen percent cleanup, not 70 percent," said Jeff Fereday.Bot.se, Idaho Ben Flngerhut,A.spew, Colo. population in a livestock watering area Jack Davis, superintendent of Grand Tom Fnncc,Mino.u., Mo1fI. sparked efforts to protect it. The Nature Canyon National Park. "AIl of the analy- Karl. Peobboese, Par" Clly, Utab Sally Gordon, Buffalo, Wyo. Conservancy will manage the property ses I've seen of the scenic and economic Bin Hedden, M04b, urah for preservation of the toad and other benefits point to the 90-percent cleanup Dan Luecke; &ndder, Colo. Geoffrey O'Gara, UHUIer, Wyo. sensitive species, as well as for scientific as the most beneficiaL" But John McNa- James ':\. Kuch, Flag$ttl.ff, Ariz. study. To prevent the loss of the species mara, an official for the Salt River Pro- Emily Swanson, Bozeflllun., Mo1fL in the event of a disease outbreak or Lynda S. Taylor,Albuquerque, N.M. ject, which operates the plant, says evi- Herman Warsh, Emigna,.,r, Mo1fL severe weather at Mortensen Lake, the dence from a $13.5 million study "sug- Andy Wiessner,Denver, Colo. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service hopes to gests that we are being blamed for a Board of DireclOr$ reintroduce the Wyoming toad to its for- large part of the haze problem in the Articles appearing in mgb CouJltry News are: mer range. Grand Canyon that we are not responsi- indexed in Eftvlronmemal Periodicals Bibltogra- pb" Environmental Studies Institute, BOOGarden ble for." According to The New York sc, sune D, Santa Barbara, CA93101. Times, the study commissioned by Salt All rights to publkatlon of artklcs In this issue To see or not to see are reserved. Write for permission to print any River concluded that the haze resulted articles or lIIwtrations. Contributions (manu- from Los Angeles pollutants but was pri- scripts, photos, artwork) will be wekomed with To reduce air pollution over the marily a "natural phenomenon." The the W1dcrstanding that the edilDrs cannot be held responsible for loss or damage. Enc1o§c a self- Grand Canyon and seven other national EPA proposal would require the plant's addressed stamped envelope with all unsoUcUed parks in the Southwest, the Environ- owners, one of which is the Bureau of submissions to ensure return. Articles and letters 'mental Protection Agency has proposed will be edJted and published at the discretion of Wyoming toad Reclamation, to spend $400 million on the edJtonJ. makes a comeback a 70-percent reduction of sulfur dioxide pollution-control equipment. A public Advcrtising Information Is available upon emissions for the Navajo Generating Sta- request. To have a sample copy sent to a friend, hearing on the proposal will be held on sCnd us his or her address. Write 10 Box 1090, The Wyoming Nature Conservancy tion. The EPA's ruling marks the first March 18 in Phoenix, and the EPA is Paonia, CO 81428. Call mgll eo""'ry New. in in January purchased the habitat of the time the Clean Air Act has been invoked accepting comments on the proposal Colorado at 303/5274898. endangered Wyoming toad from a cattle to solve a visibility problem. But Park until April 19. Write to EPA, attention ~. Printed.onrecyded paper:45 percent rancher near Laramie. The 1,800-acre Service officials, who linked poor win- John Rudd, 401 M St SW, Washington, ,-" de-inked, 9 percent post·consumer. tract on Mortensen Lake is also home to tertime v~ibility in the Grand Canyon to DC 20460. Ii LRi:ecc:VZ

I

High Country News- March 11, 1991 - 3 ~ . How Montana cares for its 'Endangered' status for pine tree orphaned black bears A Montana conservation group has petitioned the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Ser- CH01EAU, Mont. - Like the leg- ter's caretaker, prepares the bears for vice to list the whitebark pine tree as endary Rip Van Winkle, three black bears hibernation by fattening them on scrap endangered in the .Pacific Northwest. The will wake to a new world this spring produce donated by Helena grocery seed of the whitebaik is an important food when they come out of hibernation. stores. Wild bears have mothers to help source for many animals, including grizzly Last fall, the bears curled up to them find food; orphaned bears don't. and black bears. The Great Bear Founda- hibernate in wooden boxes at the Mon- By fattening the orphaned bears, tion's Dan Connor says the loss of the tana Department of Fish, Wildlife and McMorran helps them survive until they whitebark could have devastating effects Parks' animal shelter in Helena. When learn how to live in the wild. on northern Rockies bears which depend they wake up, they will be in dens within Bears won't hibernate if it's warm on its seeds in preparalion for winter. Sixty the Rocky Mountains west of Choteau. or if they continue to fmd food. Once it years of active fire suppression has Over the last three years, IS turned cold in November, McMorran Bear In bonnet 8erIlindier allowed competing species to drive the orphaned or wounded black bears have stopped feeding the bears, and 10 days once-common tree out of much of the i awakened in the wild after entering later they began hibernating. bright light and belped keep it calm. Northwest. Disease, insect infestations and I' hibernation at the shelter. Such bears In mid-January, three bears were Madel fitted each bear's ear with a warming climates have not helped. The I can't be given to zoos, since zoos have placed in dens west of Choteau. Two numbered plastic tag and put a radio col- whitebark is a victim not of logging or all the black bears they want. State law males bears that had been kept together lar around the bear's neck. The collar direct habitat destruction but of long-term prevents them from being given to pri- at the shelter were placed in one den, and has a canvas spacer that will rot in about mismanagement, not easily corrected. vate individuals. The shelter can't keep a lone female bear in another. a year, allowing the collar to fall off. "Even if the tree is listed, we may not be the more than 200 bears it has raised Yannone brought the bears from the The bears were weighed and settled able to save significant stands," says Con- over the past two decades. animal shelter in cages in the back of a into a sled. After they were covered with nor. "But at the very least it will cause fed- ''They're Montana bears," said Vince covered pickup truck. canvas for the ride, Madel towed the sled eral fire policies to be rethought." Yannone, the assistant administrator of the In the parking lot at Rocky Moun- behind his snowmobile. department's conservation education divi- tain Hi Ski Area, biologists made the The den had been dug beneath the ' New drilling regulations sion. ''They're part of the ecosystem." final preparations before moving the two roots of a tree on a wooded hillside facing Reintroducing orphaned bears to the male bears, which had woken up during , north. Winter weather will linger there, on BLMlands? wild is no easy task. Yannone doesn't the trip. One of them came to the front of helping to deter the bears from leaving the The Interior Board of Land Appeals know of any other cases where black the cage and put his nose near the bars. den prematurely. Snow was deep on the recently ruled in favor of an appeal calling bears have been released successfully Meanwhile, the female bear bawled like steep hillside, and the crew of five snug- for more stringent environmental regula- using this technique, .first tried by a a baby, sometimes slapping her cage so gled up the hill, pulling a tarp with one of tions for oil and gas developments on researcher in Idaho. hard it rocked. the hears wrapped inside. Bureau of Land Management land. The Each fall, biologists prepare .pens Mike Madel, Montana's bear-manage- Logs covering the den were tossed board validated concerns expressed in the for the bears on relatively remote public ment specialist in Choteau, used an air pis- aside. Madel slid the bear through the appeal by Michael Gold, operator of a lands in either the Kalispell-Libby area tol to shoot the bears with tranquilizer darts. narrow entrance tunnel to the sleeping wilderness camp for children. Gold of northwestern Montana, the Absaroka- While the tranquilizer took effect, Yannone chamber, four feet wide and two and a charged that the permit for a drilling opera- Beartooth area of southwestern Mon- sang a lullaby. Once the bear was asleep, half feet high. The second bear was tion in the San Juan Basin had been issued tana, or the Rocky Mountain Front area Yannone pulled it onto the tailgate of the tucked in with the first on straw brought without adequate consideration of cumula- of north-central Montana. pickup where it could be worked on. A from their hibernation box at the animal tive environmental impacts. The Four C(X- Steve McMorran, the animal shel- bonnet on the bear's head protected it from shelter. The familiar smell would reas- ners.region now has over 9,000 wells and sure them so they could go back to sleep 10,000 miles of roads and pipelines. Oil when they recovered from the tranquiliz- and gas drilling in the Rocky Mountain er. Finally, logs were placed over the region rose 39 percent in 1990, while per- den, boughs were spread on top and mits to drill increased by 50 percent. snow was shoveled on for insulation. According to Phil Hocker of the Mineral The following morning the lone Policy Center, the ruling is significant female bear was put in a den in a because "it would require all existing oper- drainage several miles away. When ations on BLM land to look back and see if Madel checked her two days later, the they comply with the National Environ- radio signal indicated she was still in the mental Policy Act." BLM officials and den as he had hoped. industry representatives have opposed the If the black bear program continues ruling vehemently, claiming it would to be successful, the technique could be require full Environmental Impact State- considered for orphaned grizzly bears, ments for every well. Although the board's Madel said. Given public acceptance, it ruling would mandate an EIS in the Gold could be used to introduce grizzlies into case, it specifically does not require an EIS areas where they are becoming scarce or on every permit to drill. Most oil and gas are no longer found. wells on public lands operate with few or The other two orphan bears raised at no environmental restrictions. meaning the animal shelter last year, a male and a many existing operations would be fully female, were placed in dens in the assessed for the first time. Interior Secre- Absaroka-Beartooth. tary Manuel Lujan will decide on the - Bert Lindler appeal within the next few months. Bert Lindler Bert Lindler reports for the Great Mike Madel, left, and VInce Yannone slide an orphaned black bear into a den Falls Tribune in Montana. Deal revives N.M, defense research Four Comers states richer than believed Faced with shrinking budgets, New The Wilderness Society has pub- from 25 percent of the total to 18 percent ty extraction in the West, Goerold says, Mexico's three largest defense research lished a brief study of the Four Comers today (the U.S. average is 15 percent). many changes will cause additional pres- labs have agreed to work together more states (Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico Natural resource industries - agricul- sure on local resources and public lands. closely. Los Alamos and Sandia national and Utah) showing that they are neither ture, forestry, fisheries, farming, energy He notes that many of the newcom- laboratories and the Air Force's Phillips as poor nor as dependent on natural and minerals - ranked sixth, dropping ers hold environmental values at odds Laboratory signed the deal on Jan. 24. resources or the federal government as is from 8 to 4 percent. with those of old-line mining and ranch- They say the agreement should help usually thought. The most striking figure in this ing interests, and support protection of New Mexico's economy, heavily depen- "Economic and Demographic booklet is a map showing the region's public lands. But "demands for water, dent on defense-related research, by lur- Overview of the Four Corners States," richest counties: Pitkin County, Colo. land, and energy by a larger, increasing- ing big projects to the state. The labora- by W. Thomas Goerold, states that the (Aspen), followed by several of eastern ly urbanized population threatens the tories' first major collaboration will be a region's 10 million residents, 75 percent Colorado's Great Plains counties and very quality of life that attracts newcom- $100 million, four-year study of a nucle- of whom live in 13 urban areas,have a some of Denver's suburbs. The other ers in the first place." ar-powered Soviet space system. New per-capita income of 85 to 90 percent of three states lack the splashes of blue that The 28-page report was produced by Mexico has been criticized for clinging the national average. The regional econ- indicate counties with average per-capita The Wilderness Society, Four Corners stubbornly to its waning defense econo- omy is now dominated by services, incomes greater than $19,332. Ecoregion Project, 777 Grant St., Suite my instead of looking to new industries which grew from IS percent to 25 per- Although shifts in the region's econ- 60S, Denver, CO 80203; 303/839-1623. (HeN, 2/26/90). The cooperative move cent over the last 23 years. Since 1969, omy may soften the boom-and-bust - Ed Marston, HCN publisher should save some research jobs and, for government's contribution has shrunk cycles associated with typical commodi- and Michael Bencic, HCN intern, now, encourage the state's private defense-technology industry. 4 - Higb Country News - Marcb 11, 1991 BLM to get 'riparian showcase' in Nevada land swap

DEETH, Nev. - Cattlemen, corpo- rate developers and conservationists have come to a compromise on the fate of the Mary's River in northeastern Nevada. After all sides agreed that they could put together a swap in which everyone would win, the Bureau of Land Management approved a once hotly con- tested land exchange that will allow the agency to manage much of the river. Northeastern Nevada's Sagebrush Rebels succeeded in holding up the orig- inal exchange proposal (HCN, 7/2/90) until they won an apparently unprece- dented concession: a "reverse exchange" of equivalent acreage. The revised deal has two parts. First is the original exchange. Roughly 47,000 acres of private ranchland in Elko Coun- ty, including choice stretches of the Mary's River and its tributaries, will go to the BLM to be managed as a riparian "showcase." The land is the remnants of the huge Rafter Diamond Ranch, which How much more growth can the Las Vegas Valley take? is now owned by Olympic Land Man- son, the rebels were able to hold up the of public land - 2,560 acres - that lie the threatened desert tortoise and for agement, an Arizona land development Environmental Assessment of the initial amidst their 25,OOO-acreranch. Most of recreation lands near Las Vegas. Private company. In exchange, the BLM will exchange proposal while they "whittled the public lands that will be sold to ranch- properties targeted by the BLM in the give Olympic Management some 500 to it down," said Glaser. The Mary's River ers like the G1asers consist of checker- southland include tortoise habitat as well 700 acres of public land slated for "dis- acreage that the BLM sought to acquire board public sections interspersed with as additions to Red Rock Canyon and posal" within the Las Vegas city limits. was cut by some 25 percent, including private holdings, vestiges of the Central recreation areas adjoining Lake Mead. When the deal was first proposed, almost half of the riverfront meadows Pacific Railroad land grants. Dean Rhoads and the Nevada Cat- the conservative ranchers and politicians and' wetlands, which were or soon will Dave Vandenberg, the BLM real t1emen's Association remain opposed to who hold sway hereabouts vigorously be sold 10adjacent ranchers. estate specialist who helped put the deal the exchange in principle. But everyone objected to the federal government's Norman Glaser and his brother, who together, said the double exchange will else, including the Elko County Com- gaining control over even more land in own a ranch just downriver from the help "consolidate management" by the mission, has come on board Both parts Elko County, 70 percent of which is Rafter Diamond, were able to pick up BLM and will also strengthen existing of the double exchange appear on track; owned by the government, Elko County 1,000 acres of meadow lands along the ranching operations. the first exchange could be put in motion officials also complained about the loss Humboldt River below its confluence "We're getting a lot of problems and early this spring. of agricultural revenue and property with the Mary's River. A 7,690-acre longstanding conflicts resolved with this Some big questions remain. Another taxes from the Rafter Diamond. chunk of meadows was sold to the deal," said Vandenberg. Environmental Assessment will be To quell the opposition, Olympic Wright Ranch, which straddles the mid- Conservationists are happy, too. required before any pan of the exchange Management and the BLM offered to put dle section of the Mary's River. Merlin McColm called the deal a "good goes through. Full "resource inventories" together a second, "reverse" exchange. The sales whittled away at the ripar- model for compromise, almost a story- will be conducted, at the expense of the Olympic agreed to buy some 500 to 700 ian "showcase" but at the same time book example of what can be accom- private parties, before any lands are acres of "environmentally sensitive" pri- brought some key opponents in on the plished." He said, "The Mary's River included in the "reverse exchange." The vate lands in theLas Vegas area for the deal. However, the real deal-maker was was our original concern, and now BLM already has rejected some of the BLM. In exchange, the BLM will give the "reverse exchange." almost the entire system will be in a ranchers' applications. roughly 47,000 acres of public lands in "That's the only way this thing riparian management program." And it will be at least five years, said Elko County to Olympic Management. could be consummated," said Merlin The Environmental Assessment of Guy Inzalaco of Olympic Management, The company, in turn, has signed con- McColm of the Elko County Conserva- the land exchange promised restoration before any building begins on the land the tracts to sell the lands to many of the same tion Association, which lobbied long and of more than 70 miles of riparian habitat, company will acquire in Las Vegas. By ranchers who initially opposed the trade. hard to see the Rafter Diamond turned from the point where the Mary's River that time, the city's Colorado River water Norman Glaser, a former Nevada state over to the public. "We told Olympic the tumbles out of the Jarbidge Wilderness supply could be overtapped, To continue senator and one of the original Sagebrush only way to win is to get them on our to its confluence with the Humboldt growing, Las Vegas will have to seek more Rebels, said, ''The double exchange made side. Our feeling was, 'We'll have to River. Habitat improvements will water from the Colorado River and, ironi- the deal mutually advantageous 10the ranch- offer them something.' " increase the population of Lahontan cut- cally, from rural Nevada, which is already ers, the public, the BLM and Olympic." When the Glaser brothers and some throat trout from an average of 340 to putting up a separate fight to stop the city's At first, Glaser joined a fellow rebel, 39 other ranchers were cut in on the 2,500 fish per mile within 10 years, the expansion. state Sen. Dean Rhoads, in leading the "reverse exchange," it viruually eliminated document said, possibly allowing the - Jon Christensen opposition to the trade. By putting politi- opposition to the deal. The G1asers, for "delisting" of the threatened species. Jon Christensen is a free-lance writ- cal pressure on BLM director Cy Jami- example, have their eyes on four sections The deal also appears to be good for er in Carson City, Nevada. Bask in Western coverage with High Country News o Oneyear - $24 *0 Oneyear, institution - $34 o Two years - $42 *0 Two years, institution -$60 -Institutional rate applies to subscriptions paid for with a business, government, or other organization check. Public and school libraries may subscribe at the $24 rate. o My check is enclosed, or, o Charge my credit card o Visa 0 MasterCard Acct. no. _ Expiration date

Signature' _

o Please bill me Name --,_ Address _ City,State, Zip _

Please mail to:HeN.Box1090.Paonia.CO 81428 I HYPE"''''

High Country News - March 11, 1991- 5 When preservation tears at Hispanic and Indian roots

MOUNTAINAIR, N.M. - After 50 Another 'Beanfield War' years of living in the central New Mexi- co hills, Abenicio "Bennie" Sisneros The outcome of the Salinas dispute decided it was time to move when he seems inevitable. Congress authorized saw a map showing boundaries for a creation of the monument a decade ago, new national monument coming right up and the Park Service has the ultimate to his property line. Figuring that "you weapon: the power to condemn land. can't fight the government," Sisneros That hasn't stopped the fight from some- moved to Belen, a town about a half- times seeming like a scaled-down ver- hour's drive west of Mountainair. That sion of John Nichols' novel The Milagro was in 1988, after he had started huild- Beanfield War. about northern New ing a brick house for his son just north of Mexico Hispanics fighting the govern- his own in Mountainair. ment over land and water. Today, what was to be a house is a Twice, defiant Salinas-area shell, with a wooden door and a wooden landowners near Mountainair have window frame jutting into the air. The barred Park Service appraisers from scene symbolizes a ceaseless dispute entering their property, Three times, the between the Sisneros family and the fed- Park Service has started condemnation eral government over land, money and against landowners who didn't Want to history. sell or didn't like the government's Bennie Sisneros's problem was that price. Landowners have blasted the Park his brick shell stands on a hillside over- Service for tearing down the home of looking the reddish sandstone walls of a Bennie Sisneros's late Uncle Fred, a 350-year-old Spanish mission. The Park short, thin, gruff man who was the Service is buying 430 acres of land for nation's oldest park ranger when he died the Salinas Pueblo Missions National in 1988 at the age of 93. He lived in a Monument to protect these and other converted Works Progress Administra- ruins, which date as far back as the 12th tion-era schoolhouse just east of one of Eric Draper century. Abenido Sisneros walks through the-house he started building for his son the Salinas missions, and interpreted the As Sisneros tells it, the National ruins for visitors. The Park Service said Park Service was planning to buy land more and that they had previously sold that the Petroglyph monument, which his 50:year-old house had been altered for the monument from him and others land only out of fear of condemnation. Congress approved last year, could draw too much to be historic. in his family and cut off access to his as many as 400,000 people a year. Those The Park Service says it will present house via an old din road he'd used for 'Preserve and Protect' vs.land rights tourists could pour up to $1.6 million a the family's century-old history on the years. Although the Park Service was year into Albuquerque's currently land in its exhibits. But it needs some of also planning to build a new road he In a state where history is part of the slumping economy. the families' land for a new main monu- could use, Sisneros recalled that the Park landscape, preserving the past is an arti- But to the Park Service, attracting ment road, it says, because the old road Service had recently locked yet another cle of faith among many planners, envi- tourists is only an afterthought, Souder passes right over ruins. And, the Park old din road nearby that his brother Ray ronmentalists and even some business said. The agency's first priority is to pro- Service says, the landowners' 20th-cen- had used for years to get to his land to owners. New Mexico already has at least tect "the resource" - ruins that, on tury houses, stores and RY parks must run cattle. Ray Sisneros was allowed to IS parks and monuments devoted to pro- some of the new monuments, go back go, because they are "intrusive" and use that road only to remove his belong- tecting Anasazi ruins, Spanish colonial before 1000 A.D. threaten the ruins' integrity. The ings, while he and the government settlements and Civil War battlefields, Some people's roots on the land, landowners, however, note that they fought in court over the government's among others. however, are as old as the ruins. have donated small pieces of their prop- purchase price for condemning his land. But there are three separate conflicts The Sisneros family, for instance, erty to the government for roads or to Bennie Sisneros and other Sisneros going on in the state - the one at the says its research has found that its ances- protect ruins; some ljave even stood on and Gonzalez family members say the Salinas Pueblo and two others. All pit tors had lived near what is now Moun- scaffolds to do stabilization work to keep government's privately appraised price the federal government's mission to tainair in the 1650s. That was a few the mission ruins from crumbling. Only of about $1,000 an acre is too low. Fami- "preserve and protect" against Hispanic decades after the Spanish had colonized six 17th-century Spanish missions ly members also say they don't want to and Indian groups waving the banner of the area and started building missions to remain in the United States. cut their ties to land that has been in land rights. Christianize the native Pueblo Indians. The Salinas monument also includes their names since the Civil War. In the second dispute, a group of The Spanish and Indians abandoned the units at the old settlements of Gran "You have these roots on the land descendants holding an old rural land area around 1680 because of drought, Quivira, Abo and Quarai, outside the and they want to wipe them out like you grant west of Albuquerque are fighting famine and Apache raids. But the Span- town of Mountainair. White, blue, red never existed, like your parents never federal plans to buy 2,000 acres of cliffs ish - including Sisneros family mem- and green pictographs - ancient Indian existed, like your grandparents never holding thousands of Indian rock art pet- bers - were back by the middle 1800s. religious paintings - dot the red-flag- existed," said Beatrice Lucero, a mem- roglyphs for the new Petroglyph Nation- At the petroglyph park, Indians hail stone-laden hillsides surrounding the ber of the Gonzales family. Lucero now al Monumem, carved most of the rock art long before Abo ruins. Quarai has dams, irrigation lives in Albuquerque, where she owns a The third pits religious and tradi- the white man arrived. But Spanish ditches, walls, foundations, and other convenience store. But, she said, "I was tional leaders of the Zuni Indian Pueblo colonists did carve 100 crosses on the remains of War of 1812-era Spanish born there, near the ruins. I was married south of Gallup against the federal gov- rocks, and descendants of the land grant ranching settlements. there. We go for Easter, Christmas and ernment and tribal government leaders are asking that any government land-pur- Ranching ruins are uncommon in New 'Year's there. Our parents are over plans to create a new Zuni-Cibola chase deed include a guarantee that they the United States. "In most places where buried there." National Historical Park. It would be the will have a legal right of access to the they settled this way and succeeded, it After selling all but 130 acres, first national historic park on Indian- land for religious ceremonies. So far, the became a town, and the settlers' con- landowners in the Sisneros and Gonzales owned land. Park Service has refused, saying it needs struction just disappeared," said Park families say they don't want to sell any All three disputes pose unusually to buy and control the land to manage it Service historian Jake Ivey in Santa Fe. knotty questions in a state where Hispan- properly. It will, however, recognize the "The reason this park exists today is ics, Anglos and Indians have lived in land grant heirs in its monument pro- that my ancestors took care of the land for uneasy coexistence for ISO years. For grams and put them on the monument's hundreds of years," Bennie Sisneros said. there is also money to be made in his- governing board. ''Now, they're going to kick us out of here toric preservation. A recent random sur- South of Gallup on the Zuni Indian at their price whether we like it or not" vey of nearly 700 tourists found that Pueblo, tribal religious leaders have -TonyDavis New Mexico's history ranks second only turned the tables on the Park Service by to its scenery as a tourist attraction. defeating plans for a Zuni-Cibula Tony Davis is a reporter for the Local developers and chambers of com- National Historic Park. Albuquerque Tribune. merce are often big backers and benefi- In the late 1980s, Congress had ciaries of historic preservation because approved this park to preserve the Zunis' they think it means more business. ruins, some going back to the 12th- and BARBS At the planned Petroglyph monu- 13th-century days of the Anasazis or ment, one of the biggest federal govern- even before. But in early 1990, tribe If you would just stand still, this ment payouts for land acquisition will go members voted by a nearly 8-10-1 mar- would work, to Westland Development Co. Westland is gin against the idea, fearing that the park After two years of frustration, the a private landowner that will sell 2,000 would bring a flood of tourists and dam- Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife acres of prime petroglyph country for age the pueblo's spiritual life. Since and Parks has decided to abandon an preservation. It also plans to build a golf then, Congress has voted to give the attempt to track grizzlies by 'satellite. course and hotel on some neighboring Park Service until 1994 to negotiate an Trackers said satellites' effectiveness land that it won't sell to the government acceptable agreement with the pueblo. was diminished by rugged terrain as Eric Draper Park Service officials such as Diane The Park Service says there will be no well as by the bears' tendency to chew The ruins of a Spanish mission Souder in Albuquerque say studies show park without the Zunis' approval. off their collar transmitters. lneR"'qr~T.

6 - High Country News - March 11, 1991 Easter Jeep Safari gears up for 'high noon' in Moab

As the scheduled date of Moab, critical areas. It is the BLM's responsi- Utah's annual Jeep Safari approaches, bility to enforce the stay, she says. "Only Grand County officials continue to battle if the BLM decides to abdicate their conservationists over the fate of the responsibility for that land could there be week-long event If it is allowed to take damage," place, the 2,OOO-vehicle convoy will But the BLM insists it would not be cross proposed wilderness areas arid able to keep four-wheelers off the trails. enter bighorn sheep and peregrine falcon "I don't know how to stop them," says habitat during lambing and hatching sea- Regional BLM Director Gene Nodine. son. "We'll do the best we can, but the envi- In November, a coalition of environ- ronmental groups created the problem, mental groups filed an appeal to stay the so they can take all the credit for any Bureau of Land Management's five-year damage. I'm not sending my people out permit issued to the Moab Red Rock 4- there to be shot" Wheelers for the annual Easter Jeep The Interior Department Board of Safari. The BLM had issued the permit , Land Appeals' decision on the stay without completing an Environmental remains to be issued, despite a request Impact Statement for the event. by the Southern Utah Wilderness Angry Grand County officials have Alliance for an expedited review. asked Interior Secretary Manuel Lujan Unless the decision comes before this and other federal and state officials to year's safari, the vehicles will enter the deny the stay. They argue that the mea- critical areas with the Red Rock 4- sure and others like it threaten the Wheelers as planned. If the stay is economies of rural and remote Utah The 1989 Easter Jeep Safar/In Moab, Utah issued, the fate of the critical areas will communities. lie in the BLM's hands. And the BLM Grand County voters in 1989 chose down - just regulate it," he says. The But even if the stay is granted in insists that the Red Rock 4-Wheelers, in an economy based on tourism over an appeal for a stay came only after both time to block the event, four-wheel this case, are better equipped than the industrial one propelled by a toxic waste the BLM and the Red Rock 4- Wheelers enthusiasts already in Moab for the BLM to protect those areas. incinerator (HCN, 1/2/89). Disgruntled rejected the idea of a compromise Safari could invade the canyon country. "Should the Bureau fail to act, we officials say it was an environmentally restricting the event to non-critical areas. "There will be four-wheel activity here will pursue it at a state and federal sound decision that conservationists The stay on the 4-Wheelers' permit on Easter week," says Knutson. "The level," says Leeson. "It would be a con- should support, "First it was industry; would prevent the group from holding question is whether it will be organized scious decision not to carry out their now they don't want tourism either," this year's Jeep Safari and suspend all and controlled or not." responsibilities." says County Commissioner David Knut- four-wheel access to the 28 trails in Knutson, other county officials and As March 23 approaches, bighorn son, whose own business renting four- question. It would reaffirm the position the BLM call environmentalists "irre- lambs and peregrine hatchlings are wheel vehicles profits from the safari. held by the Sierra Club, the Wilderness sponsible" for trying to shut down the appearing in the cauyon country, and the "We're being shut down on all fronts. " Society and the Southern Utah Wilder- "protective" regulation of four-wheel jeeps are lining up in Moab. "We're But Ken Rait of the Southern Utah ness Alliance, which hope to push the activity by the Red Rock group. waiting for the word," says Knutson, Wilderness Alliance says the appeal and BLM to complete an Environmental Jane Leeson of the Wilderness Soci- "but everything's go:' stay would not affect Moab's economy. Impact Statement and limit the event in ety agrees that the stay alone will not "We are not trying to close the event future years. prevent four-wheelers from entering the - Erika Zavaleta, HCN intern Nevada clamps down on importing hazardous wastes

In what one environmental group ing solvents, chemical wastewater, and business interests. "We commend the Requests to bring material into the state has hailed as a landmark decision, the sludges with heavy metals - that are not Nevada Division of Environmental Pro- are reviewed on a case-by-case basis. Nevada Division of Environmental Pro- covered under U.S. Ecology's existing tection for rolling up the welcome mat on , In 1990 approximately 95 percent of tection in December, denied a request by permit. No wastes of these kinds are toxic waste dumping in the state. Any new the 147,000 tons of hazardous waste U.S. Ecology to bring eight types of haz- generated by Nevada firms. hazardous waste facility must be used for material disposed of in Nevada came ardous wastes into the state. Bob Fulkerson, director of Citizen waste generated within Nevada." from other states, according to Dodgion. The company has operated in Neva- Alert, a group that monitors hazardous NDEP Administrator Lew Dodgion He observed that it can be economically da since the mid-1960s and brings out- waste issues in the state, said the decision said the denial represents the first time attractive for a waste producer to ship of-state wastes to its disposal site, near is important because it shows that the divi- Nevada has formally cited its 1987 haz- hazardous materials to less regulated Beatty. But its recent request concerned sion will not easily be coerced into chang- ardous waste management plan in refus- sites, but that often there is little benefit several types of toxic material- includ- ing its environmental regulations to suit ing an application from a business to the receiving state. already operating a dump site in the The decision to deny U.S. Ecology state. The current regulations "discour- represents something of a turn-around on ment failed to prove Thomas's guilt con- age the inflow of out-of-state wastes," he the out-of-state waste issue for Nevada. Reno company convicted clusively, and he was acquitted. Thomas' said, adding that when companies learn In 1989 Elko County offered to build a attorney, Pete Gibson, says he will file a about the required procedures "that's large new landfill and import solid in toxic waste trial motion to set aside the verdict against the about as far as they usually get," The wastes, including asbestos. That same Reno jurors in December convicted company on grounds that a corporation is Reno Gazette-Journal reports that U.S. year the state Legislature passed a bill the now-defunct Aerolite Chrome COI]JOra- responsible only for the actions of its offi- Ecology did not appeal the NDEP ruling allowing 50,000 tons of hazardous waste tion in Nevada's first criminal prosecution cers. "If an officer is acquiued," said Gib- to the Nevada Environmental Commis- per year to be burned in Lincoln County. for violation of the Clean Water Act. Offi- son, "it's my belief that the corporation sion by the Jan. 25 deadline. Gov. Bob Miller, D, vetoed the bill cials shut down the operation in February cannot be held responsible." Until 1987,23 companies had been (HeN, 2/26/90). An attempt by the Leg- 1988 after investigation showed the com- expressing interest in bringing out-of- islature to override his veto this session pany was flushing toxic materials into the Arizona town resists state waste materials into Nevada for is considered unlikely to succeed. Reno sewer system, the Reno Gazette- disposal or incineration. This was part of In a related situation, the NDEP has Journal reponed. Aerolitehad installed a railroad oil dump Democratic Gov. Richard Bryan's irnpe- been sued by the U.S. Department of required pretreatment system in 1986 to Residents of Red Lake, Ariz., are tus for directing the Environmental Pro- Energy for refusing to issue environmen- purify waste water from therinsing of elec- fighting to keep an industrial dump out of tection Division to draft an updated man- tal- permits for the proposed high-level tropia ted parts, but the system "never their back yards. The Atchison, Topeka & agement plan. After the new standards nuclear waste disposal site at Yucca worked just quite right," according to a Santa Fe Railway wants to bury 17,000 were adopted, all the companies but one Mountain. Dodgion emphasized that the prosecutor in the case. When pools of con- cubic yards of dirt saturated with old withdrew their requests. The plan state remains vehemently opposed to the laminated water formed on the operation's steam-engine bunker oil on 15 acres of requires much stricter tests for evaluat- DOE on this matter, and that the stand of shop floor, the company began to pump it pinon pine stands near Red Lake. The pro- ing new waste disposal facilities or his division is consistent with positions into a toilet late at night and on weekends posed site, which, would be clearcut to expansions to existing facilities, and an expressed by the Nevada Legislature and to avoid detection. A former Aerolite accommodate the dump, adjoins a federal- applicant must show thatthe operation the state attorney general's office. employee who confessed to hatching the Iy designated scenic corridor to the Grand will not damage the environment or Dodgion cautions other Western idea now faces up to six months in jail Canyon. Locals fear the oil-drenched threaten public health. states "to be on guard against becoming under a plea-bargain agreement. He acted dump could leak toxics and create flash- Dodgion emphasized that the exist- viewed as dumping grounds" (HCN, as key government witness in the trial of flood runoffs in heavy rains. The Coconi- ing program does not provide a total pro- 9/10/90). He feels that states and business- former Aerolite Chrome President Arthur no County Planning and Zoning Commis- hibition against waste disposal in Neva- es that generate hazardous waste materials Thomas, who allegedly sanctioned the dis-' sion rejected a permit request for the pro. da. It addresses hazardous materials nor- must accept more responsibility for dis- posal plot Thomas faced up to 33 years in ject in late January, but the Santa Fe Rail- mall y generated by factories and indus- posing of them properly at the source. prison and millions of dollars in fines for way is appealing the decision. A final trial processes, but it does not cover II counts of discharging pollutants into the hearing scheduled for April I will deter- nuclear wastes or non-toxic items des- city sewer system. However, the govern- - - mine the dump's fate. ',.ynect f'1,r ;W'pica,,~pl~q-r.;1St;e,Il\l\dfil'., " " ,,,,il(ichaeJ.B.encic, 1i!9f intem _.',' ".e.{,I~l '.I,I.1"~!-.r.,.,.\'·.,;.i.."".1t_\f.{ "_1: .I'::,', '.t:r:t'.">' '1 ,"'1':Y~ f':·'}f~\·~''''. J I LRT 4-V2

High Country News - March 11, 1991 - 7 Preservation or development for Idaho's Oregon Trail?

BOISE, Idaho - What would the develop reveals a sagebrush flat, criss- of a specific zoning ordinance that Kansas, Nebraska and Wyoming as well pioneers think? The Oregon Trail is crossed with jeep tracks, and many would prohibit construction on the trail. as Oregon and Idaho. The primary route almost gone. More than 85 percent of the undulating swales covered with high- As an incentive for preserving the trail, of the Oregon Trail stretches 2,170 miles traiI already has been lost to development, desert vegetation. To the uninitiated, county planners now offer developers a from Independence, Mo., to Oregon reports the National Park Service. Now these brushy hills reveal no sign that "density bonus" that transfers the density City, Ore. It cuts 18 miles through Mis- preservationists and developers are wran- more than 53,000 emigrants rolled their of one area of the subdivision to another, souri, 173 miles through Kansas, 427 gling over a segment of the trail here that wagons through the Snake River Plain allowing the developer to maintain the miles through Nebraska, 495 miles still contains visible wagon ruts. nearly 150 years ago. same land value. Other incentives through Wyoming, 510 miles through Boise developerAI Marsden and pota- Even residents of the adjacent subdivi- include tax credits, land exchanges and Idaho and 547 miles through Oregon. to magnate J.R. Simplot want to build a sion, Oregon Trail Heights, who carne to compensation. More than half the trail - 1,092 miles subdivision called Columbia Village that the public hearing to object to traffic pat- "There is too much historical impact - is in private ownership. would straddle the western end of what is terns Colulnbia Village might create, did for us to ignore the possibilities that we In 1978, seven trail segmentstotal- called the North Trail, southeast of Boise. not know that their subdivisionwas situased have in front of us," Oregon Trail ing 318 miles were placed on the Nation- "I would hope that the developer on Oregon Trail ruts. When Oregon Trail Heights resident Mildred Hall told plan- al Historic Trail Register. The trail seg- would see the national significance of this Heights was built in 1978, Ada County ners .at the January meeting. She is the ments were chosen because of their out- ~d preserve [the trail]," said historican planners recommended that the trail be pre- great-granddaughter of Asa Abbott and standing historic and scenic values, visi. Larry Jones of the Idaho State Historical served as a greenhelt. But the recommenda- Anna Marie Shelby Abbott Spooner, ble wagon ruts and cross-country route, Society. "One of the reasons Boise came tion had been deletedby the time the coun- who. crossed the Oregon Trail in the Idaho and Wyoming each have two seg- to be is because of this trail." ty commissioners awroved the project All early 18508. ments; Oregon has three. All of the seg- Jones believes that about 250 miles that remains of the trail now is a cut where The sesquicentennial of the Oregon ments contain some private land. While of Idaho's portion of the Oregon Trail is wagon trains notched the earth as they Trail is in 1993, and historical research the trail is protected on public land, still visible. Approximately 160 miles of headed toward the Boise River: and preparations for the celebration have development on private land is subject to that is in the Boise area. The trail comes Sheri Freemuth, an Ada County been in the works for years. Oregon will local laws of the counties or cities in into Boise from the southeast, splitting planner, admits that trail preservation in spend $63 million developing four inter- which segments lie. into several branches that have become Oregon Trail Heights slipped through the pretive sites in Baker, Pendleton, The Students recently wrote letters to the capita! city's main arteries. cracks. "The Ada County zoning ordi- Dalles and Oregon City, and another $2 protest the building of Columbia Village But Marsden and Simplot are less nance has no specific provisions or regu- million promoting the event. on trail remnants. ''I'm just appalled," than enthusiastic about preserving the lations to protect historic property," Idaho, too, is promoting cultural and said Gail Sant, an eighth grade history trail. At a County Planning and Zoning Freemuth said. The county planners Can historical tourism. "It is our desire ... to teacher in Boise. "Oregon is setting aside meeting in January, Marsden said, "There only make non-binding recommenda- educate people about the trail," said John $63 million for the Oregon Trail, and are probably nine or 10 placements of the tions to the Planning and Zoning Com- Bertram, president of Planmakers of here we are going to put subdivisions on Oregon Trail through this area. This mission and the Board of County Com- Boise, a planning development firm that ours. There has to be some sort of ethics developer and this landowner are not missioners. has been hired by the state of Idaho to - if not enforced, at least encouraged about to preserve all these different route The planners are recommending that help bring off the sesquicentennial cele- - so that developers are looked at in locations. Boise city has destroyed all of the developer of Columbia Village sub- bration. "The Oregon Trail has been terms of edifying a community." them in relation to development [and it is] mit a plan that incorporates the trail into around so long we've forgotten about it. . For more information, write the not a policy that I know of where it's the subdivision. If the commission It was the settlement of the West. It is Oregon-California Trail Association at required to preserve them." agrees that preservation is needed, a per- time to revive it" 524 S. Osage St., Independence, MO Upon further questioning from the mit to develop the land can be denied if Jill Thome, executive director of the 54051-0519. Planning and Zoning Commission, how- the developer does not comply with the Oregon Trail Coordinator Council, feels -Deb Rose ever, Marsden said he "would cooperate commission's directions. that the success of the sesquicentennial in some form ifit makes sense to do so." The controversy has prompted Ada depends on coordinated efforts to Deb Rose Jives in Boise and writes A visit to the land Marsden wants to County planners to pursue the adoption involve all of the trail states - Missouri, for the Northern Rockies News Service.

Oregon Trail Heights subdivision sits above a cut in the earth made by the thousands of covered wagons that traveled the Oregon Trail

Americans, not just ChiefJoseph, according KMHA/Nalive American News.The 1990 more to try and get elected to influence to the Char-Koosta News. But rather than U.S. census counted approximately 2 mil- policies thataffect us." conflict with the Kingholiday,they said, the lion Indians in the country. According to M.L King,.Chief Joseph new holiday should fall on the second Mon- the National Conference of State Legisla- Second owlfound clash in Montana day in October - Columbus Day. The tors, only 20 Native Americans currently nailed to sign tribes' vice chairman, Laurence Kenmile, serve in Western Slate legislatures, and In an attempt to undermine support for . explained that Columbus Day is a day of fewer than two dozen in legislaturesnation- A deadowl was discovered nailed to a a statewide Martin Luther King Jr. boliday, mourning for manytribes. wide. Colorado Rep. Ben Nighthorse state forest sign on Washington's Olympic Montana SlatesenatorJerry Noble, R, intro- Campbell is the sole Native American in Peninsula on Feb. 7. It was the second such duced a bill to honor instead the famous Nez Native American the U.S. Congress. The only other Indian incident this year. In January, a spotted owl Perce leader, Chief Joseph. Officials of the legislators are feui ever elected in North Dakota was Art Ray- was found nailed to a sign in the Olympic Nez Perce tribe,bowe~&,, opposed Noble's mond, a Lakota Sioux, who served three National Park, along with a note that read, bill, calling it a politicalploy. The bill honor- Last November Dan Jerome became terms in the state House of Representatives 'The match has yet to be struck." Over the ing King has since been approved by the the first Native American elected state sen- during the 1970s. Raymond notes that next several weeks, a ranger station was slate congress, leaving Arizona and New ator in North Dakota. "It's really sad that I Native American culture and spiritual burned and a park restroom was vandalized Hampshire as the only states that do not happen to be the first," he said. ''There are beliefs make it difficult for most Indians to with a sledgehammer. The more recent honor King witha holiday.In the meantime, many, many [Indian] people better quali- run for elected office. But tribal councils finding turned out to be a barred owl, a officials of the Confederated Salish and fied than me who could have been in the are gaining influence and working more slightly largerbird than the spotted owl. The Kootenai Tribesof Montana called for a hol- Legislature." Jerome, part Chippewa, is one with the states. "We need our people U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service is investigr: iday honoring.allof-Montana's Native of -28,000 Indians in the state, reports the there," Raymond said. "It would help for ing whetherthe incidents are linked. Une R..t...... 1:a T.,..

8-Higb Country News-Marcb 11,1991 The ups-and downs of shifting to recycled newsprint

Recycled-content laws are obliging Meanwhile, at The Arizona Republic newspapers in some states to use old and The Phoenix Gazette, the percentage of newspapers to make new ones. But some recycled content is running at 37, and has newspapers in the West are missing out on been for "five to eight years at least," the patty because the demand for recycled according to production director Bob KOl- newsprint far outsteps the supply. wasinski, though by law the Republic and Nearly 21 years after Earth Day, Gazette only have to reach 25 percent by 1970, the newsprint industry has July I of this year. The two papers have announced over one billion dollars' had long-standing contracts with Stone worth of invesrments in de-inking and Container, whose mill is located 300 miles repulping plants and equipment, chang- from Phoenix by truck. ing the manufacturing practices of a cen- Despite the shortage, the Post's tury. Two years ago there were nine Cooke is optimistic about the future. "I recycled-newsprint mills in North Amer- would say that by 1995 we'll have ica. Today there are 10, with 16 more enough recycled mills up so that some of under construction and 22 more under us can be, maybe not 100 percent recy- consideration, says American Newspa- cled, but a good portion, he says. We'd per Publishers' Association spokesper- all like to be above 50 percent before son Joseph Lorfano. . legislation comes in and makes us do it." Facing an acute lack of space in Smurfit Recycling Co. landfills in the 1980s, many cities had Smurfit's mills in Oregon use 325,000 tons of waste paper a year Playing catch-up set up recycling programs for newspa- pers but found few takers for the end percent recycled stock in their papers by But the demand created by the Around the Northwest, other paper product. About two years ago, recogniz- July I, 1991. The percentages climb to mandatory-content laws and voluntary manufacturers are working to catch up ing that they had overlooked the demand 50 percent by the year 2000 .. agreements is causing new, though tem- with Smurfit. The new plants promise to side of the equation and in urgent need porary, problems: shortages of recycled- tum the Northwest into a major iroporter of relief from the newspaper glut, state Terrific and dirty papers content newsprint and even of old news- of old newspapers and an exporter of legislatures began requiring that newspa- papers. recycled-content newsprint. The North per stock include some recycled content. Newspaper publishers and the pulp In Oregon, where citizens recycle a Pacific Paper Company, a joint venture So far, Arizona, California, Mis- and paper industry have been coming remarkable 68 percent of their newspa- of a Japanese paper manufacturer and souri, Wisconsin, Maryland and Con- under increasing public scrutiny on the pers, most of the old newspapers end up Weyerhaeuser, will open in April. the necticut require some recycled content. recycling issue. at the Jefferson Smurfit mills. With two first of a series of new recycling facili- In seven more states in the East and Congressman Dick Schulze, R-Pa., plants in Oregon and one in California, ties in the Northwest. It is already taking Midwest, newspaper publishers have last summer announced a "Terrific Ten" Jefferson Smurfit is the only recycled orders for recycled paper. agreed to include recycled content in among newspapers that use recycled newsprint manufacturer currently operat- "We would use all the old newsprint their stock on a voluntary basis. Legisla- newsprint, and a "Dirty Dozen" for ing in the Northwest. Lissa West of the in Washington and Oregon combined if turesin seven additional .states are cur- newspapers using very little. Oregon Department of Environmental the doors opened tomorrow. We expect rently considering mandatory content The Denver Post placed fourth in Quality says, "Right now we could only to have a significant impact on the old laws, according to the, American Paper the Terrific Ten, the Portland Oregonian supply about one-third of what theyjthe newsprint recycling situation," says Institute (API). Opposition from the fifth, and the Tacoma Morning News company] can use." Roger Higle, of Weyerhaeuser's corpo- Pacific Northwest Newspaper Publishers Tribune ninth. The Wall Street Journal, Jim Tisdale, vice president of sales rate commurtications office. Association killed a mandatory content USA Today, The New York Times, The and marketing at Jefferson Smurfit, says, Idaho-based Boise Cascade will be bill in the Washington Legislature in Washington Post, The Los Angeles "We rely heavily on going down to the building a $55 million de-inking facility 1990. Times and The San Francisco Chronicle Bay area, sweeping over to the Salt Lake west of Tacoma, to be completed in To qualify as recycled, newsprint placed among the Dirty Dozen. City area and into Vancouver, British 1992. Paper from the West Tacoma plant stock must contain at least 40 percent Schultze cites the Worldwatch Insti- Columbia. We keep pipelines open as far goes to "the Pacific Northwest, Northern recycled fiber. The California bill, tute figure that one Sunday edition of as the Twin Cities, southern California California. and Western Montana," Sl\YS passed in 1989, required publishers to The New York Times can use as many as and Denver." Louis Miller at company headquarters in include recycled content in 25 percent of 75,000 trees. Smurfit finds its product in strong Boise. the newsprint they use'by Jan. I, 1991. "The most.disturbing fact," he says, demand. "We're running flat out," says In Spokane, Inland Empire Paper The percentage will rise to 30 percent in "is that mostU'S. newspapers use little if Tisdale. He says Smurfit's inspiration to Company has announced it will have a 1994 and 50 percent by the year 2000. any recycled newsprint. This has con- switch to recycled content was the oil de-inking plant in operation by the end California by itself represents 10 percent tributed to a solid-waste crisis, the need- shortage caused by the Arab oil embargo. of 1991. It will consume about 40,000 of the U.S. newspaper market. less loss of millions of acres of forest Supplied by Smurfit, The Denver tons of newspapers a year. Inland Following California's lead, Ari- lands, increased air pollution, increased Post. the Salt Lake City Tribune and Empire, owned by the Spokane Chroni- zona's Legislature last year passed the global warming and demand for import- Deseret News, The Los Angeles Times, cle, supplies newspapers in Spokane, Solid Waste Recycling Act, requiring ed newsprint - 58 percent - to meet The Oregonian, Tacoma's Morning Utah, California, Seattle and Montana. consumers of newsprint to use at least 25 our needs." News Tribune and The Idaho Statesman Diashowa America Company Ltd., had been able to claim some recycled on the Olympic Peninsula at Port Ange- content in the past, when demand was les, Wash., will use recycled newsprint, Casper Star-Tribune. The Garne and Fish not so high. magazines and old telephone directory Department officials say the sagebrush One Terrific Ten member, The Den- paper to make new telephone directory Less reclamation for standard already represented a significant ver Post, has seen its percentage of recy- paper. Diashowa supplies directory Wyoming mines weakening of federal standards. cled stock shrink from a maximum of paper to phone companies from Wash- over 80 percent to less than 20, accord- ington state to New York. .Arizona proposes state. ing to creative manager Rick Soulen. Even the Canadians, termed "reluc- The Wyoming state Legislature has environmental policy "Denver's awful hard to ship to," tant" by the publisher of The Seattle passed a bill eliminating a proposal calling explains Tom Cooke, the Post's Times, have come around. MacMillan for more stringent mining reclamation stan- Arizona legislators have introduced a newsprint manager. "There's just not Bloedel Ltd. and Fletcher Challenge, dards. It now awaits final approval by Gov. state environmental policy act under enough recycled to go around. There both of Vancouver, B.C., have made a Mike Sullivan. The bill. which also which projects requiring state funding or aren't enough mills on line." deal with a third company, Newsteeh, to removes the Wyoming Game and Fish approval would have to undergo environ- The Post used to get its recycled collect old newspapers from urban areas Department from mining reclamation over- mental-impact reports. "The main goal is stock from Stone Container, in of the province, de-ink and repulp them sight, overrules a proposal put forth by the to protect the environment of Arizona Snowflake, Ariz., and Smurfit in New- near Vancouver, and then barge the pulp state's Environmental Quality Council. when major projects are contemplated," berg, Ore. The Post's corporate owner, to the mills on Vancouver Island, all to That proposal, the result of extensive Rep. Bill Mundell, R-Chandler, a co- Media News Group, is channeling what satisfy the American market. According research, would require mining companies sponsor of the bill and chairman of the recycled stock it can purchase to papers to spokesperson Bob Barker, the compa- to plant sagebrush as a part of the reclama- House Environment Committee, told The it owns in California, where recycled ny supplies Montana, Idaho, Oregon, tion process. While the ruling will save Arizona Republic, Despite criticism from content is required by law. British Columbia and California papers mining companies millions of dollars, it the oil and gas and mining industries, "This year, we'll be lucky if we hit as well as The Seattle Times. will also make lands less suitable for Mundell says he expects overwhelming 15 percent. There's a definite lag Bill Reed, a program coordinator for wildlife habitat, though they would be ade- bipartisan support for the bill. Although between legislation and the ability to the solid waste department in King quate for grazing cattle. Proponents of the Arizona's growth has slowed down in the produce recycled newsprint," says County, Wash., says, "The general feel- bill say the coal industry, the state's largest past few years, some observers predict the Soulen. "I would like to say that the Post ing is that for the newspaper problem, a industry, already operates with too many population could double within the next is committed to using recycled solution is close at hand." costly environmental regulations, But state two decades. Jack De Bolske, executive newsprint, but that commitment is sub- Rep. Keith Goodenough, D, says the deci- director of the League of Arizona Cities ject to the availability." He added that - Sarah McCoy sion is a hasty one. "You're making biolog- and Towns, says the current lull is a good newspapers that are located far away ical decisions without knowledge ... [and] time to enact more stringent environmen- from recycled mills, or that have no part- Sarah McCoy is a free-lance writer based on a little opinion." he told The tal laws before such a boom occurs. nership interest in a mill, are shut out. in Seanle, Washington.

•I ' j I T.,.. LRT 4-V2

Higb Country News - Marcb 11, 1991 - 9 THE PATTERNED WORLD

Star tracks near KeblerPass, Colorado ' Grass tracks, Arches National Park

/

.. 'n' ~'t'...,111> .... -. . ... -

Telephone pole composite

Sandstone surface erosion

Photographs by Stephen R. Wenger 10-Hlgb CoUntryNews-Marcb 11, 1991 Missouri ...

(Cbntlnuedfrompage 1) F-i10Nro I I \ west Terminal in Kansas City, Mo., \ I "grain prices dropped 15 to 16 cents a " bushel and rail rates for alfalfa pellets \ ,I went up by $10 a ton." Some grain ele- ...., ,.- ( , vators "lowered their bids to farmers . •' immediately," said Don Huffman, exec- ,.,~ utive vice president of the St. Louis- based Phoenix TowingCo.

issowibargesprincipallycarry agricultural chemicals,fertiliz- If Mers, grains and chemicals. But o,c'J• navigation, a traditional Corps mainstay :r:'~ q'~<'G on ~,:ers across the country, has never .,. .,1>:: materialized on the Missourias the Corps -UTAH -..::.,...~~ once-predicted. Commercial tonnage :::. II peaJ/edin 1977 at 3.3milliontons.Eleven ------1-· yearslater barges carriedonly 2.1 million tons. In contrast, the Mississippi River transported around590 million tonsin those years. To facilitate and maintain navi- ~. gation, the Corps has spent hun- <'<; dreds of millions of dollars to install cr:1J) and repair levees and dikes along 732 0'"2: ..J' <; miles between Sioux City and St. 0':,: Louis. No locks or slackwaterdams are -,------.. ...Yll - _...------used on the Missouri, unlike other har- nessed navigation rivers. replacement for the irrigation develop- source in the northem Rockies, it carries Frustrations over the river's unpre- Instead, the systemrelies on releas- ment that has never taken place. Now mountain runoff across the high loess dictability came to a head in 1943 when es from upriver dams and lower basin that the reservoirs are shrinking, many plains of Montanaand the Dakotas. This three huge floods within four months tributaries to float barges during the feel that the federal government once is soil and sand country, short-grass inundated 600,000 acres of cropland and eight-month season. Up to 17 million againhas betrayed them. prairie, where treeless bluffs and sharp devastated river communities.Seven feet acre-feet of water are needed each year One option would be to switch the breaks border the river's broad, flat bot- of water covered the airport at Omaha, to do this. But the averagerunoff above reservoirs' heaviest hydropower produc- toms. Much of this landis semi-arid, with Neb., for six weeks; the downtown dis- Sioux City comes to only 25 million tionfrom summerto winter, whichwould annual precipitation levels frequently tricts of Kansas City, Mo., and Omaha acre-feet. This means thatduring periods allow summer reservoir levels to remain falling belowa dozeninches. also were submerged. of drought, upriver waterusers are liable higher.Summerproduction currentlyere- Near theSouthDakota-Nebraskabor- Those floods prompted the Corps of to get hurt first. ates a power surplus, according to Steven der and the confluencewith the Niobrara Engineers and its Missouri River engi- Navigation poses other complica- Schweitzer of the Western Area Power River, the Missourienters a lusher region neer, Col. Lewis Pick, to crank out a lO- tions as well. The swift releases from Administration's Billings office. where farmingsupersedesranching. Larg- page blueprint on how to shackle the upriver dams scour anddeepen the navi- Schweitzer said reversing the heaviest er cities and industriesbegin to crowd the unruly river, The Pick Plan, as it was gatidn channels. This lowers the area's productionto winter was feasible. river here. Three million people in the called, proposed to channelize 800 miles water table and dries up wetlands and "Low water levels have been very lower basin tap the riverfor their drinking of the river below Sioux City, Iowa, lakesadjacent to theriver. harmful to recreation at the two state water, and 21coal-firedand nuclear plants where the most serious flooding took The Missouri Riveralso is harder to parks on Fort Peck Reservoir," says Don use its watersin the generation of thermal place. Colonel Pick also sought to build navigate than other rivers, according to Hyyppaof Montana's Fish, Wildlifeand power. Some2,500 miles from its source, five large flood-control dams in the Skip Magoun, manager of Sioux City's Parks Department. "Recreation at Fon the Missouri meets the Mississippi at St. Dakotas to complement the Fort Peck Big S<50terminal. This is because of the PeckReservoirhas been so long neglect- Louis, wherethe armual rainfall can reach Darn in Montana, erected in 1940. Near- river's swift current - about seven miles ed by the Corps that use is discouraged. 42 inches. ly four miles across and 250 feet high, an hour - and its manycurves."Towboat All the upstreamreservoirs are suffering. The MissouriRiveris unusual for the the dam created a sprawling reservoir' captains from the Mississippionly last a We're quibblingover tenths of feetwhen disparate regionsit passes through. From that stretches 140 miles into the state's dayor two on the Missouri,"hesaid. the problem is in terms of tens of feet. rugged mountainsto high, dry plains to most remote area. If the Corps overestimatedthe Mis- Water is now more than one mile away fertile prairies to hardwood-forested hill Two of Pick's proposed dams, Gar- souri's navigational needs, it failed to from the marina at Crooked Creek, a country, it touchesan incredible varietyof rison in North Dakotaand Oabe in South appreciate the growth in hydropower countypark on Fon Peck." landscapes and a wide range of climates. Dakota, rivaled Fon Peck in size. Their production and recreational develop- South Dakota's Tourism Depart- The river's neighbors between Kansas reservoirs, along with Fort Peck, would ment. Mainstem dam power production ment reports that its Missouri River City and St. Louiswouldn't recognize the rank as the Corps' three largest among spurted to an average of 10 billion kilo- reservoirs were experiencing a dramatic Missouri if they traveledupstream to Fon more than 600 in the nation. They would watts a year, double the 1944 forecast. growth in recreational business until the Benton, Mont. control 90 percent of the river's 73 mil- The current drought, however, has cut drought, particularly at the Oahe Reser- Lewis andClarkused the Missourito lion acre-feet of storage created by the production 30 percent. voir. River tourism income reached penetrate the Northwestern frontier. six mainstem dams. South Dakota's Gov. Mickelson, in $41.4 million in 1989, reports Dee Dee Steamboatsattemptedtoprobe north as far Panicked at the prospect of losing announcing the upper basin lawsuit Raap, the department's operations man- as Fon Benton.But from the beginning control of the Missouri, the Bureau of against the Corps last month, also criti- ager. But last year it fell to $37.9 mil- the river frustrated the white man's Reclamation submitted its own plan to cized the Corps for cutting hydropower lion, and is expected to fall more this commerce. Its rapidly changing Congress. The Sloan Plan, named after production last year "so a couple of year because of the continuing drop channel and varying flows bureau engineer W. Glenn Sloan, dis- barges could run downthe river." Mick- in reservoirlevels. made steamboat navigation agreed with the Corps' proposal in sev- elson said "all the basin states lost 29 risky.Farmers and town eral significant ways.The bureau consid- percent of their hydropower last year The Missouri builders were lured ered the Corps' navigation plans waste- alone because of poor management of River drains an to the river bot- ful, and opposed the Garrison Dam the river. That forced us to seek coal- 1 m men s e toms during dry because it would floodpromising irrigat- fired power as an alternative and at a watershed covering years, only to be ed farmland and premium winter cattle collective cost of $40million. 592,000 square miles, run off when a snow- range. Sloan testified that the Pick Plan Mickelson, however,did not explain roughlyone-sixthof the con- pack thawed 1,500 amounted to gross overkill, and that how sustaining hydro production, which tinentalUnited States. From its milesupstream. impounding only an additional 2 million calls for water releases, could keep acre-feet of water would protect the reservoir levels higherto help the upper lower basin from another series of 1943- basin states' faltering recreation indus- size floods. try. The upper basin states, seemingly After much debate the two plans oblivious to the risksposedby prolonged were combined into one of the most droughts, have poured millionsof dollars ambitious river-breaking schemes ever into fish stocking and boating facilities devised. Nearly all the features of the to attract tourists andanglers. two plans survived. The reservoirs have become prime The 1944 Flood ControlAct pegged vacation destinations, The surprising the cost at $1.9 billion, which proved to growth of recredtion is viewed by many I Bert Lindler be ridiculously low. Even with much of , in the upper basin as an economic Low water levels at.I:Qt:t.P.eck Reservoir madethts sign obsolete .. , , ..... , , ... the blueprint, still -unexecuted, -the-two ., .. ~~~. ~ ' - : ~ - .~."': ..~.. '.' - .-- r..... LRT ~V2

Hlgb Country News-Marcb 11,1991-11

agencies spent more than 57 billion. federal arena continues to hurt the region. sequent court decisions that have provid- The Corps' Ed Dickey says the Even more haunting now are the Recreational use of the river is not pro- ed the authority and established the crite- review of the manual will, entail cost- bureau's irtitial concerns that the river could tected in the federal laws that empower ria for their actions. They also note that benefit analysis of competing river uses not support both the bureau's irrigation the Corps as the river's manager. their flood control efforts have prevented that will provide the basis for changes. plans and the Corps' navigation needs. "As long as there was a balance in more than $4.5 billion in property darn- But he said he would be surprised if Foreseeing the potential conflict between the Pick-Sloan plan of responsibilities age in the basin. recreational uses won a higher priority, the upper and lower basins, Congress and missions between the bureau and the The drought and the political uproar despite the comparative economic lift included language in the 1944 act to protect Corps," says retired bureau engineer from the upper basin states, however, that use of the river has given the upper upper basin flows for domestic, municipal, Michael Clinton, "thatbalance-served have pushed the Corps to take another basin states. This, Dickey explained, is livestock, irrigation, mining and industrial the basin well. But the bureau, in its look at its master operation manual, because of the way the Corps conducts uses. myopic approach to the world, could see which hasn't been reviewed for more its analysis. By 1967 all six mainstem dams nothing other than irrigation for develop- than a decade. Thernanual, the Corps' "The issue is not what the total ben- were in place: Fort Peck in Montana, ing the upper basin. It could not focus on river-management bible, lists six river- efits are, but what you have to give up to Garrison in North Dakota, and Gavins the recreational opportunities and rural use priorities. In descending order, they get an increase somewhere else. It's the Point, Fort Randall, Big Bend and Oahe domestic water systems, and couldn't are: flood control, irrigation, municipal marginal adjustments that we are looking in South Dakota. But the environmental even stomach t1je thought of working on and industrial supply, navigation, at," he said. era had begun, and grassroots opposition Indian reservations. There are 23 reser- hydropower, and on the bottom, recre- "Take the hydropower benefit. This to the bureau's irrigation projects grew vations in the basin, and none of them ation, fish and wildlife. is the savings that the users enjoy as a to defeat most of them. have significant water development. The review, which will not be com- result of having hydropower instead of The upper basin states had been "So the lower basin states, with their pleted until next year, will no doubt require another, more costly source of electrici- promised irrigation development as corn- navigation and flood-control interests, the Corps to prepare an Environmental ty. We look at these benefits from the pensation for the 1.7 million acres of have a very capable federal advocate in Impact Statement. And an EIS, according national perspective," Dickey said. "And lush bottomland lost to the reservoirs. the Corps," Clinton continues. "The envi- to Kent Keenlyne, the Fish and Wildlife the same thing is true for navigation. We But their expectations have never been ronmental and conservation community Service's Missouri River coordinator, could are looking at the savings to shippers realized. South Dakota had been has the Fish and Wildlife Service and the provide the key to reform. wherever they are. It's true that certain promised water for nearly 1 ~illion Environmental Protection Agency. But the "The master manual review only uses generate more indirect benefits, like acres, but by 1982 was irrigating only upper basin states, which sorely need eco- opens the door," says Keenlyne. "The recreation. But the notion of impacts on 24,000 acres. Montana, promised water nomic development, have no one. The nuts and bolts of this will be the EIS, a regional economy is not the way we for 1.3 million acres, was irrigating Bureau of Reclamation has been taken because it is a disclosure document that look at the tradeoffs.' 76,000. And for North Dakota the drop out, and the Bureau of Indian Affairs is subject to litigation." The Missouri's upper basin states, was from 1.2 million acres to only 9,000. never was a player. This unbalance has Conservation groups, for example, therefore, can expect little help from the left the rural communities of the upper could use the EIS to challenge the Corps Corps' operational review. If recreation oday the Missouri's upper basin basin, which are now hurting from outmi- over decisions that impact endangered on the mainstem reservoirs is to take a states have no federal advocate. gration, without a friend in court." species - the least tern, the piping plover front seat to the river's barge industry, T The Bureau of Reclamation has Corps of Engineers officials do not and the pallid sturgeon. Other issues could that shift will have to be authorized by receded in power and influence, a victim like to admit that their river management include wildlife protection, the emerging Congress. of the environmental movement and its favors the lower basin states. They point value of recreation and the worsening prob- Continued on page 12 own lack of vision. This imbalance in the to the 1944 Flood Control Act and sub- lem of silt buildup in the reservoirs, The Pick-Sloan Plan's 'shameful legacy' ndian tribes in the Missouri River basin could one day lay claim to up Ito 8 million acre-feet of water a year. But even if the tribes along the upper Missouri River are awarded all water rights due them, they would still remain undercompensated for the pro- ductive farmland they lost to the dams and reservoirs built on the mainstem of the river. The federal government's treatment of Missouri River Indians during and after the development of its Pick-Sloan Plan to control the river is a shameful legacy. The Army Corps of Engineers trampled on Indian rights to secure the bottomlands it needed to build its series of dams. Condemnation proceedings were used liberally, despite a 1920 Supreme Court rulingthat mandated con- gressional approval before such action could be taken. The Corps never received authorization to oust the Indians. All told, over 350,000 acres, or about 550 square miles, were taken from the tribes for the six mainstem dams in Montana and the Dakotas. Clearly, no other public works project in our nation's history caused more damage to Indian land. Many whites still have no idea how much the tribes sacrificed to the Pick-Sloan Plan. Maximilian-Bodmer Collection, Joslyn Art Museum, Omaha, Nebraska Three of the four Pick-Sloan main- Mlh-Tutta-Hangkush, a Mandan village, by Karl Bodmer (1809-1893) stem dams in South Dakota flooded over 202,000 acres of Sioux land. North acre for their sacrifice to Pick-Sloan. Reservation were relocated upriver general was difficult. The tribes were Dakota's Three Affiliated Tribes (Man- Tribal members reluctantly accepted the from Fort Randall's proposed reservoir. not allowed to cut standing timber in dan, Hidatsa and Arikara) lost 155,000 meager settlement as Garrison backed When the Corps later announced plans the future reservoirs; the Corps pre- acres to the Garrison Dam's Lake Saca- water up to their ankles. The dam was to build Big Bend Dam, above Fort ferred, it seemed, to waste the trees. jawea. But more than the best tribal closed before negotiations had conclud- Randall, these same Indian people were Years after the reservoirs filled, land disappeared. The Three Affiliated ed, so confident was the Corps that the forced to move again, since they had when it was apparent that the Corps had Tribes 'prosperous Fort Berthold Reser- Indians would be evicted. been resettled in what would soon be taken more land than the reservoirs vation slipped into poverty. Successful The Corps was just as confident another reservoir. required, conflicts ensued about return- ranching operation~land a viable way of from the outset of Pick-Sloan that the Settlement negotiations between the ing these lands to the reservations. life disappeared, an~ 350 families were Sioux could be uprooted, as the Fort Sioux and the Corps were a rocky process. When asked about his reservation's forced to abandon their homes. Berthold tribes had been. Construction The Indians eventually received 534 rnil-. relationship with the Corps regarding a Before there was a Garrison Dam, of Fort Randall, Big Bend and Oahe lion, half of what they wanted. 6,000-acre excess-land dispute along unemployment had been near zero on darns, which all posed threats to Sioux The tribes also were humiliated by Lake Sacajawea, Edward Lone Fight, the reservation. After the darn, up to 70 holdings, were started before Sioux the Corps in other ways. The displaced tribal chairman of the Three Affiliated percent had no work. The social ills of leaders had been formally approached Indians were denied cheap hydropower. Tribes, replied: "The Corps thinks this joblessness followed. about compensation. Grazing opportunities along the reser- is a war. That's their mentality." The Three Tribes were paid 533 an Indian families on the Crow Creek voirs were severely limited. Access in -P:C. ~':l"",'.'.·.·. r,' I.,' .< ~.~,~ J' l 1.1 , 1.1 .'" .. -~ ."•.".":.31': f'~~""'\+ I·~'~~'.tl'i'. 12 - Higb Country News - Marcb 11, 1991

Missouri ... Basin States Association is pursuing a the soils. Modern sprinkler systems, tled to a million acre-feet of water a year. less radical approach than Dorgan's. however, would solve the tight-soil If there is one theme that is fmding a Richard Opper, the association's execu- problem, as the Indians are now learning fair measure of acceptance all over the (Colltilluedfrom page 11) tive director, says the group "is develop- from agricultural experts. Missouri River basin, however, it is the ing a council that the Corps will be man- "Using current state-of-the-art water notion that the Anny Corps of Engineers OnhDakota's sole congressman, dated to work with, but won't usurp the management strategies, those Indian has ruled the river too long without ade- Democrat Byron Dorgan, has Corps' authority." Lribes can not only perfect their rights to quate input from the basin's political Nintroduced legislation to create a But there is one political wild card that water, but also develop irrigation on constituencies. But whether the basin Missouri River Governing Council, which that has yet to beplayed. This is the gather- much of their land," says Clinton. "And can find the political will to devise a would be made up of one member from ing impact of the basin's 23 Indian reser- what this will do is start to develop workable system and agree on what it each basin Slate, a Native American, and a vations on more than 12 million acres. The diversions of significant blocks of water wants is not yet clear. representative from the Corps. The propos- tribes are beginning to quantify their which will make it much more difficult "Their common interest is directly al would shift river authority to the council. potential water rights, which could end up to meet the navigation objectives of the entwined with the Indians and the recre- "It is time." Dorgan said, "to draw a rein diverting as much as one-third of the lower basin states. There also is the pos- ation economy of the upper basin, and on the Corps." But the bill is opposed by river's flow above Sioux City. Michael siblity that more of the river's fishery wraps right into the outmigration issue," the lower basin states and the Corps, and Clinton calls this possibility "the biggest could be placed on thCl, endangered says Clinton. "00 they want to abandon its chances for passage are slight, bombshell the Missouri River basin will species list. It could tum into the same that part of the country and let it become "We have no chance to beat the experience in the next 20 years," kind of conflict we are now seeing in " the Buffalo Commons? It's just that seri- lower basin in the Congress," admits the The Bureau of Reclamation wrote Colorado and New Mexico with the Ani- ous for these people," upper basin's lawyer, William Janklow. off the Indian lands because their glacial mas-La Plata project," "We have no political clout in Washing- soils were too tight to farm. But the The Fort Peck Reservation already • ton. It's simple arithmetic: three states, bureau had assumed that the land would has negotiated rights to Missouri River Peter Carrels is a free-lance writer in four congressmen." be irrigated by the old flood-and-furrow flows. The reservation borders the river Aberdeen, South Dakota. Lawrence The newly reorganized Missouri method, which indeed would waterlog east of the Fon Peck Dam, and is now enti- Mosher is HeN's editor.

BULLETIN BOARD EDUCATION IN THE DESERT ~.~ A conference on the natural history of the Great Basin Desert and the threats to it will WESTERN SLOPE LAND TRUST The 14th Annual International Wildlife be held at the Malheur Field Station near CONVOCATION Film Festival will take place April 2-7 in Bums, Ore., from April 25-28. This year's The Trust for Public Land arid the Mesa .Missoula, Mont. Workshops on filming in conference will focus on bringing the natural County Land Conservancy will co-host a and about wilderness occur every day of the values and the plight of the desert wildlands workshop for Western Slope citizens interested festival week, with prize-winning wildlife to a broader audience. Methods of protecting in forming Ian? trusts on March 16 in Grand movies each evening. Nightly admission is the desert from abusive uses such as mining Junction, Colo. The workshop will include a 55. For more information about the festival and grazing will be discussed. Participants presentation on the land trust movement call Lori Hudak at 406{728-9380. can enjoy a variety of field trips, workshops nationwide and the methods used by land trusts and presentations offered by a faculty of sci- to preserve open space in their community. CAMPGROUND HOSTS IN MONTANA entists, artists, historians and others devoted Participants can learn about ways in which The Parks Division of the Montaila Depart- to the desert land trusts can help implement the GO Col- ment of Fish, Wildlife and Parks is seeking vol- Participants must register by April 8. For orado initiative, the San Juan Skyway program. unteer hosts to help staff some of Montana's a registration form or more information. write and the Division of Wildlife's agriculture and stale parks in 1991. Duties include visitor con- to Desert Conference XIII, P.O. Box 15115, wildlife preservation efforts. Representatives of tact. public information. and minor mainte- Portland, OR 97215, or call 503/245-3658. .existing land trusts on the Western Slope will nance. Hosts must be available for a minimwn discuss their experiences, including a success- of two weeks from May to September. but may ful open-space bond campaign. volunteer for a longer period and can work at The cost of the workshop is 510, which more than one park. Hosts are given a free sea- includes lunch and refreslunents. For more son pass to all Montana state parks. For addi- information contact Tracy Cormer at 505/988- tional information call 406/444-3750. 5922 or John Butler at 303/464-7214. CANYON COUNTRY HIKES ('I .. ISSI 1;1I:'I)S Sandra Hinchman's first experience back- COLORADO STATE LAND MEETINGS packing in the Southwest ended in blisters, sun- The Colorado Public Access Task Force is HIGH COUNTRY NEWS classified ads cost 30 THE AH-HAA SCHOOL FOR BOOK AND burn, muscle cramps and heat exhaustion. But holding meetings on March 19 in La Junta and cents per word, S5 minimum, Display ads 4 col- STORY ARTS, Telluride, Colo., announces its the unusual beauty of the area caused her to per- April 16 in Craig to look at public-access issues umn inches or less are $10/col inch if camera- first season of summer courses and events. Ah- severe. A decede of her experiences now forms on stale lands. These hearings will help the task ready; S15/col. inch if we make up. Larger dis- Haa will offer over 40 courses, ranging from play ads are S30 or S35/col. inch. We reserve weekend to week-long classes. A sample of the basis of her excellent book, Hiking the South- force prepare recommendations to the State the right to screen all ads. Send your ad with courses includes: book-making: water gilding; west's Canyon Cowury. Six chapters guide the Land Board, which administers 3 million acres payment to: HCN, Box 1090, Paonia, CO 81428 experimental printmaking; Japanese dye tech- visitor through two-to-three-week "loop" tours of school and other trust lands. Issues will or call 30315274898 for more infonnation. niques; chain storytelling; and many more. For covering the area's most scenic hikes and drives. include lessee rights. recreation opportunities more information and a summer brochure/course descriptions, please write or Each hike description irdudes maps and details and increasing revenues for state schools. For STRING BAGS - Large string bags knit in USA using seine twine. Cotton webbing han- call the Ah-Haa School, P.O. Box 1854, Tel- on tDpographicaI features, distances and difficul- more information contact the Colorado State dles -long enough to fit over your shoulder. "hrride, CO 81435. Phone 303/728-3886. (lx4b) ly. Each drive description includes an itinerary Board of Land Conunissioners at 303/866-3454. Take shopping, on boat cruises, or use to sep- for exploring places like the Grand Canyon and arate things in your pack. Lightweight EXPERIENCED, MULTI-TALENTED, Zion National Park, and tips on camping and NATIVE JOURNALISM enough to be shoved in your pocket. Very responsible. bondable single man. seeks posi- tion as caretaker; or as employee with eco- provisioning. An inlroductory chapter contains The Seventh Annual Native American strong when filled. $12 includes shipping. Send orders to: 117 E. Louisa Street #140, minded or organic farm. ranch, or business. infonnalion about the region's history, geology, Journalists Association Conference will take Seattle, WA 98102.(6x25p) Interested in working with. alternate crops or archaeology, flora and fauna, along with a help- place March 13-16 in Denver. Colo. Speakers methods of farming, teams of horses, or busi- ful pre-trip plarming section and panel discussions will address topics STUDENT INTERNSHIPS: Would you like ness in eco-minded setting or community. The Mountaineers, 306 2nd Ave. West" including media coverage of the year's Native to live on the edge of Glacier National Park, Dennis, 307{742-0213 evenings. (lx4p) Seattle," WA 98119. (800/553-4453). Paper: American news, war coverage, and cultural- Montana. for a season and help run an out- door education program? The Glacier Insti- OUTDOOR SINGLES NETWORK, bi- SI2.95 plus S2 shipping. 255 pages with maps diversity issues.)'he 1991 oonference will also tute offers outdoor classes for all ages and monthly newsletter, ages 19-90, Sl8II-year, and Ii>otos. feature training and education workshops in interests. including 1-5 day residential envi- S4/trial issue-infcrmanon. OSN-HCN, 1611 journalism, broadcasting and public relations; a ronmental programs for lst·9th grade stu- Cooper #7, Glenwood Springs, CO gl601. ACHIEVING A WIWUFE BALANCE photography show and competition; and pre- dents. 3 interns Spring, 2 Summer, 2 Fall. (8x2p) A biennial symposium called "Issues and sentations of awards for excellent journalism. Write: Glacier Institute, Box 1457, Kalispell, MT 59903. (4xlp) SEEKING wholesome, sane, nature-oriented, Teclmology in the Management of Impaeted Registration for the conference, which coin- spiritually aware community with minimal Wildlife" will take place April 8-10 in Snow- cides with the Denver March Powwow, is SIOO "OUTDOOR PEOPLE" lists 50-word EMR. Morgan, Box 2356, Cottonwood, AZ mass, Colo. The symposimn will use a broad for NAJA members and SI50 for non-mem- descriptions of active, outdoor-oriented Sin- 86326, 602/634-2455. (4x3p) range of case studies to look at the conflicts hers. The Native American Journalists Associ- gles and Trip companions nationwide. WESTERN COLORADO 630 acres next to between wildlife and hwnan activity. Topics ation is also accepting applications through S2/copy, SIO/ad. OUTDOOR PEOPLE- HCN, PO Box 600, Glaston, SC 29053. National Forest, river, aspen, meadows. will include creative solutions to the impacts May 31 for three SI,OOO scholarships, to be (12xI5p) spruce, lake, cabin, lodge. S400,000. of industry and recreation, insights into how awarded to Native American students pursuing TREECE LAND, 303/243-4170. (3x3b) development affects the patterns and behavior media-related professions. For more informa- DISCOVER COLORADO. 1980 Liberty 2- of wildlife, and ideas for incorporating ani- tion, call 303/492-7397. bedroom mobile home, completely furnished, SEASONED DEVELOPMENT PROFES- on approximately 6500 sq. ft. lot with water, SIONAL seeks affiliation with environmen- mals and their habitat into planning projects. sewer, electricity. In foothills of beautiful talIconservation group in Nonhwest or Rock- Reservations mush. be received by March 23. Sangre de Cristo mountains. Less than two ies. 15 years record of accomplishment in The SI65 registration fee includes a banquet hours from major ski areas, adjacent to golf, annual funds, membership drives, major gifts dinner; students can anend the discussions for tennis, backpacking trails, horseback riding, and capital campaigns. Quality educational $60. For more information, write the Thome stream fishing. Hot springs bathing and background. M.B.A. Write or call: Henry Duckham, 291 Oak St., Oberlin, OH 44074. Ecological Institute, 5398 Marthauan Circle, swimming in area. $14,000. Richard John- ston, P.O. Box 128, Crestone, CO 81131, 216/775-8249 (office), 216/774-1096 Boulder, CO 80303 or call 303/499-3647. 719/256-4960. (2x3p) (home). (lx4p) T

High Country News - March 11, 1991 - 13

Dakota dust: denial, delusion, dishonesty ------lby Michael M. Melius excuses, the lack of media coverage or analysis of the monotonous, the endless rounds alone - what drives dust storms. After the first major storm of March 25, us to do it? What drives us away? his is an essay about farming, at there were stories of closed roads and dust-caused acci- As these farms become virtual one-man factories, least the types practiced in the north- dents, comparisons with the Ditty Thirties and inter- the landscape is becoming one only a "din farmer" ern Great Plains, which is what I views with old-timers and soil scientists. But after the could love, with little life but what the farmer allows. _ know best dryland farming of small novelty wore off, the dust-storm stories moved off the Dormant or dead (stubble) eight months of the year, 'i grains, some row crops, and live- front page and back from the nightly lead story on the it's planted to a monoculture of grains for the growing ~~g,!,!!!!.b;-!;!1J('stock. While parts of what I say may TV news. The Aberdeen American News, at the heart season. "Fencerow to fencerow" is passe; fences gone, apply to farming anywhere in the world, I don't pre- of the dust bowl, gave less and less space to stories it's now road ditch to road ditch. An industrial land- tend to be so all-embracing, I keep a focus just north of about erosion until they were relegated to summaries of scape, field after farmless field. the 45th Parallel, 99 degrees West: Faulk County, yesterday's weather. The National Weather Service, It seems unfair that the depopulation of the plains South Dakota. however, began to include the blowing dust in its fore- has been accompanied not by the return of the prairie, This essay takes as its staning point the blowing casts, and South Dakota Public Radio regularly repon- but by its decrease. Sometimes it seems so dead out dust of March 1988, a virtual dust bowl over the east- ed it in hourly updates from across the state. here, in terms of social life and natural history, espe- ern half of the Dakotas. The dust continued through the Yet the longer the dust bowl went on, the more it cially when compared to the stories my older relatives summer, each time a cold front blew through and lifted should have become news. The silence of citizens and tell. Thinking back only on my 30 years here, I realize the dust off everything to the north. Some rain had fall- local media suggests that something more ominous than that growing up here has also meant knowing so many en throughout the region by mid-May. Why did the wearied resignation was at work, something more like people who are gone, and so many places. Whether for dust keep coming? denial, delusion or dishonesty. Or not wanting to draw the farmsteads razed and plowed under or the pastures Just one year earlier, USDA payments to farmers auention of the world to our apparent failure as tenants of around that Iplayed in, there have been too many times had reached all-time high levels. A taxpaying citizen the land and our more obvious exploitationof its soil. I've been forced to leap almost bodily past grief into having to breathe the dust might have wondered, "Is Consider the comparisons with the Dust Bowl of the acceptance, for the places and times in my memory that this the thanks I get? Is this the return on my invest- 1930s. The comparisons seemed always to be aimed at were erased one morning and now are irrevocable. ment? If this occurred under the watch of the 1985 downplaying the current erosion, because nothing could Farm Bill, what might the next one allow?" be as had as the Dust Bowl. As if we measured success or @\=,!'>0':7T7'1i ow do we turn our system around, Do farmers care about soil, about its loss or preser- progress in negative terms - 'This isn'tas had as it once from valuing the extractive, capitaliz- vation? The airborne dust would suggest otherwise, was; we're not at our worst." In doing so we avoid ing and urbanizing uses of land to . and its reappearance throughout the summer suggests responsibility for our own actions, and for setting our own valuing conservation at least as that embarrassment didn't improve the situation: The staildardsof excellence and progress. ,.., .,\~ much? Saving land for later. Growing first linle rains sent farmers back into the field, busi- The essential lesson of the Dust Bowl, as I remem- 'l!! :,~ soil. Leaving land to its own growth ness-as-usual. Years of government farm programs ber it, was that it was not to be repeated. That sad, and decay, without harvest Where in our laws should we haven't helped, either. How else could there be blow- stupid, shameful time in our history was supposed to be look for the best ways to encourage such treatment of ing dust when over 85 percent of the region's farms behind us. So, logically and justly, the first day of this land? were enrolled in the prior year's program? dust bowl connects directly to-the last day of that one We shouldn't have to look to laws and taxes. Could the marketplace, via .higher or lower com- - with sidings in the '50s and '70s - as if no learning Farmers as landowners should know without thinking modity prices, produce a respect for soil? Or at least an or progress had come between. As if we hadn't learned to hold onto their land. Imagine an owner of a factory evaluation of soil that encourages its preservation and that droughts happen, that wind is a given, and the letting one of its walls crumble. The fact that non-farm- increase? History indicates otherwise, as high and low wind often comes before the rain. ers have to watch over farmers' soil loss implies that prices both are used by farmers as reasons to grow farmers are not willing partners. Under such circum- more of the commodity. Low prices should communi- ~~~;¥0\1n this region it's not unknown for a stances, the 1985 farm program, by offering handsome cate that it would pay better to grow soil, while high dusty dry winter to tum into a flow- payments for panicipation in a weak-willed conserva- prices should tell farmers that now they can afford to. ing wet spring. One late blizzard and tion program, was asking for trouble. But would we What would beget a soil-first point of view in a couple of inches of rain can do it. rather treat farming like some smokestack industry and farmers? Has tying farm subsidies to soil conservation , ' Preparing for both puts us somewhat force farmers to stop eroding? failed, expensively, and do taxpayers care? Or is cheap lhJ1U!j!~~' 1i!!:'J at cross-purposes in our work and I believe we should first seek to work with willing and care-free food more important to us? How should planning: needing to keep a protective vegetative cover farmers, by tying program benefits to conservation mea- we as citizens go about the business of preserving soil on the land through winter, yet not so much that it sures so strict that only the most rigorous and practiced and overseeing its increase? shades the wet ground late into spring, delaying our conservationists will qualify. A program that favored entry into the fields. Then the late-planted grains are such farmers might help them proliferate in a market- Iiiii:;===';;;;:; rom inside the dust bowl it's hard to burned up by summer heat That is, if the fields are too place that otherwise hinders them. While most farmers see the edges, not only because the wet in the spring they'll be too dry in July. Late-plant- may be removed from the regnlatory reach of the pro- dust obscures but also because it's ed row crops are also at risk from early fall frosts. gram, the results can't be much worse than the near- 1";P7~~hard to imagine any place without it So we drain wet places in our fields to hasten their record erosion levels we attained within the last program. I At the peak of a blowing day it looks drying, which aggravates streambed erosion and down- With our tax laws we need to distinguish between ~,,=~~~d like rain, with the sky a uniform gray. stream flooding. We work fields after harvest to kill annually cropped land and land in perennial cover, and The dust is awful, grinding at the eyes, clogging weeds that would rob moisture, and to bury straw that decide to what extent we wish to tax the relative soil nostrils, sifting down our backs and into our homes - would conserve it - too well - by catching snow and loss of the two. We need some means to balance the I won't belabor the sensations, all imaginably bleak. A shading the ground. The result is land left exposed to antithetic requirements for growing food and growing person could have experienced 35 full days of blowing winter winds. We have adapted, of course. We have soil. Perennial land could be further differentiated to dust in South Dakota from March through May. winter annual crops that survive winters wet or dry and reward land left wholly unharvested, each year's We knew it was worse to the north. But south winds, are ripe by July. Yet these have their own complica- growth passively allowed to fall back to earth. too, brought dust Doubtless some of our dust went south tions, besides not being erosion-proof. And we have The 1990 Farm Bill did create a program for a and seuled in, only to return with t1)enext south wind. perennials from native prairie to alfalfa, that can thrive longer-term set-aside of farmland. Called Integrated Viewed this way, the bowl seems to be swirling, enlarg- through any weather or season with minimal soil loss. Farm Management, it has the potential to conserve and ing by abrasion at the edges, the wind and dust grinding But we've hardly exhausted our ingenuity in designing enrich soils, but we haven't seen the fine print or the away at everything, creating more dust an agriculture that can squeeze a crop from our short program put into practice. I'm not optimistic, since my Every morning we'd wake up hoping the wind season without losing the land during the longer dor- experience tells me farmers will do the minimum to wouldn't blow, and dreading those moments when mant period. comply. The politicians will be trumpeting that they've we'd firsthear it rise. As a farmer you walk around a To talk about continued or increased soil erosion is made more progress in putting conservation first. And little bit lost, with nothing growing. There is nothing to talk about increased cropland, converted from pasture, the dust will keep coming, sifting into our homes and you can think of that will make it better, Rain; but that hayland and other perennial cover such as woods and our lungs. And we'll still be paying for the privilege. you can barely remember or believe possible. wetlands. It suggests trends that are contrary to ones we The suggestions I've made here, for rewarding land The fact that it's other farmers' soil, or that there are more familiar with, such as !hat abandoned farms go left in perennials, unharvested, would increase organic may even be income for you in the fallout, is no conso- back to some perennial cover. Think of the Eastern matter in the soil and produce the benefits described. lation for sharing in the general failure. You can't deciduous forest re-establishing itself in the Yankees' What other consequences there might be need to be ignore it, time seems not to heal it, and there's little hard-won fields. But the less-wild, less-diverse, even examined. Higher food prices, more need for imports, you can do about it, once the topsoil degrades to six or industrial landscape that we are creating here is usually and farming more wild land around the world are all pos- eight inches of powder. associated with increased population density. It suggests sibilities. We might see the economics of farming change If our neighbors in the towns and cities shared in that our land is becoming unlivable as it becomes as farmers are able to produce as much value as before, our distress and disgU&f'they had difficulty in express- unlived-in, in that one would like some wild companions, from fewer acres - especially if those acres are more ing it. There was no public uproar or outrage, no move- and something of a natural setting in which to work. fertile. Then we may find more smaller farms making it, ment to expose the causes or culprits. Perhaps it was The old adage just gets worse: Who will want to and even more people able to farm. More farmers farm- too painful and embarrassing to face squarely. Perhaps stay down on such farms? Who will want to do the ing fewer acres: That is whatI'd like to see. there was some feeling of helplessness. Or was it work? For certainly some of the exodus from farms has acquiescence, accepting the dust as the price of doing been people choosing to leave, not all forced out by business? The way factory towns were said to look economics, banks, crop prices, interest rates. taxes, benignly on their belching smokestacks. land prices, debt - all the usual reasons/excuses. The A farmer, writer, naturalistand environmental activist, Acquiescence might explain, although it hardly work. Ditty, greasy, noisy, hot, cold, dangerous, long, Michael Melius lives near Hermosa, South Dakota. ... 1_, , 14 - High Country News-: March 11, 1991

LETTERS work. Indeed, in the case of this photo, I land acquired, numbers of artimals trans- Lawrence Williamson. Williamson writes must say it certainly is a fitting reflection planted, etc., before the election. to HCN that the subject "has little to do of our government's so-called Animal The Department of Conservation with the West and nothing to do with con- PREDATOR SLAUGHTER Damage Control program, and I believe then proceeded to meet or exceed its servation." Idisagree. it will help dismantle their carefully goals, and followed through with news Hasselstrom describes experiences Dear HCN, crafted image as our benevolent protec- releases, yearly reports to the taxpayers, and fears many of us can appreciate. Her My compliments for an excellent tor from the dangerous and destructive and five-year revisions to the program reasons for carrying a gun indicate she is article (HCN, 1/28191) on the continuing wildlife here on the frontier. and its goals. No wonder that when the a clear-headed and responsible person tragedy of predator slaughter in the state Farm Bureau led the way in trying who appreciates the freedom and open- West. The mindless killing of coyotes, Karen E. Duke to repeal the measure twice, they were ness of living in the West. In response, cougars, bears and everything else that Phoenix, Arizona thwarted by successively larger "yes" Valerie Cohen acknowledges that it is doesn't produce wool or beef on the . votes, at which point they quietly packed hard and scary to live in the West, but public lands by the ADC is a sickening TOO MANY PEOPLE their bags and went home. she reminds us how serious are the con- example of a government agency out of I don't believe that the recent envi- sequences of carrying guns and the like- control. While this slaughter is presum- . Dear HCN, ronmental setbacks are due as much to a lihood that we will use them to escalate ably undertaken to protect the heavily I would like to Praise Tracy Stone- change in voter attitude as they are a violence. subsidized stock industry, I suspect an Manning for getting to the heart of the demand for accountability and perfor- While there are fundamental philo- equally compelling motive is the preser- problem, the first cause, in her article mance on the part of the government. sophical differences here, one thing vation of the jobs of the government's "On grizzlies, babies and a shrinking HCN recognizes that Williamson does hired guns, the federal trappers. land" (HCN, 2/11/91). Thank you. Albert F. Sutlick, Jr. not is that the "human environment" in I would also like to add something Walla Walla, Washington the West is as important as the physical to your inset, "How Sy Keeps the Coy- Tobi Van Dyck and biological environment. Conserva- otes Away." The trial program referred Gosben, Indiana tion is a broader concept than he seems to on the Naomi Wilderness allotments to recognize. Both Hasselstrom and in the Wasatch-Cache National Forest in FUNDING FOR WILDLIFE Cohen sense a conflicting relationship northern Utah was not instituted by the between the kind of values and attitudes Forest Service. It came about, in fact, as PROGRAMS regarding appropriate behavior toward the result of several appeals filed by the the earth and other human beings and Utah Wilderness Association against the Dear HCN, those which foster violence, aggression, decision of the local ranger and the Your article on wildlife manage- and exploitation. regional forester to permit aerial gunning ment in the West (HCN, 11/5/90) was of Perhaps it is time for people who in the wilderness area. After two years of particular interest to me as a federal care about the West to more closely negotiation between the Forest Service, wildlife professional, and I sympathize examine the nature of violence which UWA and the permittee, the trial plan to with the states' efforts to fund their pro- seems to be so much a part of our lives. use guard dogs was agreed upon, and, grams. I, for one, do not believe guns are the happily, it appears to be working. Much If wildlife agencies are to obtain answer. But unlike Williamson, I think credit for this plan must be given to the secure funding, they had best take a very this topic is appropriate to your publica- forest supervisor, Dale Bosworth (now close look at the successes of states like tion. I predict more letters 10 the editor in Washington, D.C,), and the permittee. Wyoming and Missouri. As a resident of and encourage the staff to respond with The plan was adopted in the face of both areas when the programs were pro- GUNS AND THE HUMAN special articles, if not an entire issue, on opposition from both the local ranger posed, I can assure you that Washington the full range of activities which consti- and the stockmen's organizations, and it state's sales-tax proposal could not hold ENVIRONMENT tute "Violence in the West." points out what can be accomplished a candle to Missouri's. While Washing- I enjoy and appreciate the responsi- when everyone approaches a problem in ton asked for money to fund the Depart- Dear HCN, ble reporting of HCN. You face unpleas- good faith. ment of Game's general programs (at I am responding to the views held by ant realities. We had hoped this plan would serve . least that was the message delivered to Linda Hasselstrom and Valerie Cohen as a model for other predator control the voters), Missouri defined specific, regarding guns and women, and the com- Barbara Jane Dilly plans, but I am afraid most of the forests measurable goals in terms of acres of ments made about that subject by reader Huntington Beach, California (and the BLM districts) in Utah are still pursuing business as usual, as described in your excellent article. The stockmen VULTURES, ARISE It's appalling to find Abbey's are still calling the shots, and there is lit- intent monkeywrenched by his own tle ev ide nee this will change. As all Dear HCN, publisher, especially when he's not example, the Dixie Forest Supervisor, Readers of Edward Abbey will be around to defend himself. Abbey's Hugh Thompson, recently decided to finding four new, glamorous covers on longtime friend Dave Foreman has sug- permit an extensive aerial killing pro- Cactus Ed's familiar backIist titles. The gested selling these retread editions in gram in most of the forest (the Dixie familiar icon of Jim Stiles' drawing that plain brown wrappers. extends over much of southern Utah) showed a ruptured Glen Canyon Dam Fortunately the contents of during this winter, in spite of lack of evi- has graced the cover to Abbey's The Abbey's books, his "vitriolic rumina- dence for a need for the program and Journey Home for the past 13 years. tions," remain unmolested. And rather considerable opposition by environmen- Now it's gone. In its place is an image than imagine him spinning in his grave tal organizations. While such decisions that will lead discerning Western bib- somewhere in the expanse of the are appealed, the appeals are never liophiles to conclude that James Watt Cabeza Prieta, I prefer to envision the decided until the question is moot, and has infiltrated the graphics department silhouette of a vulture (his reincarna- the killing proceeds during this period. of one of Abbey's publishers. tion of choice) patiently wheeling in the Attempts to obtain stays have been uni- What has replaced the dream-ful- sky, waiting to shred the choicest formly unsuccessful. - filling image of the dam upon which morsels from the carcass of Melissa Abbey heaped volumes of humorous Jacoby, who is credited with designing Jack T, Spence contempt (most notably in The Monkey these covers. Condon, Montana Wrench Gang) is a photograph of "Lake Foul's" dead water and bathtub Jose Knighton GORY PHOTOS ring. It would be difficult to intention- Back of Beyond Bookstore ally devise anything more insulting to Moab, Utah Dear HCN, the memory of this great Western The photo of the "skinned and author, or to encounter a single act dumped" coyotes by Dick Randall which more revealing of an Eastern publish- graced the front page of the Jan. 28 edi- er's outright ignorance of one of its tion of HCN made quite a strong impres- authors. To a Western environmental sion. activist, the new cover is roughly akin / I' I've never particularly endorsed the to a picture of Hitler erroneously I publication of gory photos or illustra- applied to a book about Gandhi. tions as a way of "heightening the Abbey's widow, Clarke, was sent impact" of a news story. I believe it is a sample covers "for approval" only after technique which is both overused and the new editions were in production. To used for the wrong reasons by today's her horror, she found that the travesty media. After all, sensationalism does applied not only to The Journey Home, seem to raise circulation rates for many but also to Down the River. From the , newspapers and magazines, at least in new cover of that book, an aerial view the eyes of publishers who are bound of some other impounded Western river and tied by their daily profit margins. (probably the Green behind the Flam- I do not wish to suggest that HCN ing Gorge Dam) stared back at her with falls within those ranks, for I have noth- the glazed eyes of a corpse. Edward Abbey's self-p0r/rait ing but the -greatest respect Jor your Target LRT 4-V2

~>~.~ ",g'Cou,"",N~'-M"'OH':;: _ Collectors threaten rare butterfly in San Juans

supports listing, and many question ____ JJby Steve Boyle Scott's motives. In a 1981 letter to the Forest Service, Gall charged that Scott Above 13,000 feet in Colorado's had "specimens from the Uncompahgre San Juan Mountains, the tundra seems colony AVAILABLE FOR PURCHASE frozen and lifeless in winter. Bitter ON THE COMMERCIAL MARKET," winds scour the ridges and heap snow in and that Scott desired to "influence con- enormous sculptured drifts. But in a few servationist decisions with still unveri- small colonies under the snow, eggs and fied ... colony rumors, and simultaneous- larvae of North America's rarest butter- ly deflect ... focus by conservational fly wait for summer. groups on HIM as a tangible threat to the Verified at only two major sites in welfare of B. acrocnema' Among those the San Juans, the Uncompahgre fritil- who believe Scott really found additional lary seems to be declining from a popu- COlonies, Opler says, the feeling is that lation estimated in 1989 at less than he prefers to keep them for his "own pri- 1,000. Research studies and habitat pro- vate hunting grounds." tection efforts by federal land agencies The rift between Scott and the tradi- ~. are under way, and the U.S. Fish and tional scientific community is deep and Wildlife Service has proposed to list the many-sided. From the start he chal- fritillary as an endangered species. But lenged separate species status for the questions remain: Is the fritillary a dis- Uncompahgre fritillary, as well as Gall's tinct species? Why is it so rare? Do other William Henry Jackson/USGS population estimates and field tech- colonies exist? And most importantly: Uncompahgre peak In Colorado's San Juan Range (photo circa 1875) niques. But Scott is not affiliated with a Will listing as an endangered species university or established research body, and the even-years. Either population human-caused mortality can be con- destroy the butterfly, as one authority and his challenges carne in testy, roughly could become extinct while the other trolled by listing. Joe Capodice, a BLM claims? typed letters with scribbled graphs, not persisted. wildlife biologist involved with the fritil- Larry Gall, as a graduate student in peer-reviewed journal articles. Scien- Brossard considers the Uncompah- lary for several years, agrees. , working at the Rocky Mountain Biologi- tists writing letters to the Fish and gre/dingy Arctic species complex a relic . But one lepidopterist believes cal Laboratory at Gothic, Colo., found a Wildlife Service to rebut Scott's chal- of the Pleistocene, with southern popula- endangered-species listing is the worst colony of unusual butterflies in 1978. 'lenges bristled at his refusal to play by tions confined to increasingly patchy thing that could happen. Dr. Jim Scott' After detailed studies, he and Felix Sper- .the rules as much as at his unverified habitats as North America grew warmer and Opler were Ph.D. students together. ling published a paper naming the claims and haughty manner. and drier. The San Juan colonies repre- Scott, the author of a respected field Uncompahgre fritillary (Boloria aeroc- "Benign neglect is the last resort for sent pieces of what sociobiologist E.O. guide to butterflies, is also a commercial nema) as a new species. This caused a nature," Scott told me. "Government Wilson calls a metapopulation: "a nexus butterfly collector who has taken and sensation in the tight world of lepi- efforts to save endangered species are a of patches, each patch winking into life sold specimens of the Uncompahgre frit- dopterists. Gall's fmd was only the sec- joke. Look what happened to the black- as a population colonizes it and winking illary. ond new butterfly species -discovered in . footed ferrets in Wyoming." Scott's dis- , out again as extinction occurs. At equi- "The only human-caused problem North America this century. Commercial enchantment with the system makes librium the rate of winking and the num- with the fritillary is excessive collecting, demand was immediate. sense when we read about the case of the ber of occupied sites are constant, which has resulted from Gall's publish- Mount Graham red squirrel, in which despite the fact that the pattern of occu- ing the type locality," Scolt said. (Fol- politics overrule biology for a population pancy is constantly shifting." lowing long-established scientific rules, the Endangered Species Act is supposed There are large doubts about the Gall described the exact location of the to protect, or when we stop to wonder existence of any such equilibrium for the colony he discovered). Scott has spent a why the Fish and Wildlife Service took Uncompahgre fritillary. Its low genetic lot of time in the San Juans looking for 11 years to propose listing for the variability, as measured by Brossard at the Uncompahgre fritillary, and he says he knows of 11 colonies, including one Uncompahgre fritillary. According to Dr. Peter Brossard, one of the colonies, increases the risk of in another mountain range. But he's not Perhaps the fritillary will persist, who studied the small, inconspicuous extinction. Because the adults fly weakly telling anyone where they are. despite our clumsy efforts to understand butterfly, the Uncompahgre fritillary and suitable habitats are often miles "Why should I?" he asks. "The fed- and save it. Perhaps the Pleistocene relic represents the southern end of a series of apart, natural colonization of new sites is eral government doesn't do anything for is doomed by the natural warming of the isolated populations of cold-adapted but- probably infrequent. conservation. If anyone in the Fish and West, now accelerated by humans. In the terflies related to the dingy Arctic fritil- The Uncompahgre fritillary's known Wildlife Service knew the locations of high San Juans, under a brittle cold sky lary, Boloria improba, a widespread colonies are in federal wilderness, where these other colonies, they would blab it filled with winking stars, eggs and larvae Arctic species. Scattered populations habitats are relatively safe from human and the colonies would be wiped out by of the Uncompahgre fritillary are sleep- occur in the high mountains of Alberta disturbance. The unknown factor, and collectors." SCOlt cites an incident from ing now, waiting for another short harsh and Wyoming; moving south, each pop- perhaps the greatest threat to the fritil- when the second colony was discovered: summer, waiting for the winking out. ulation shows increasing differences lary, is private collecting. In 1981, for example, more than 100 adults - 20 Researchers and government managers from the large Arctic population. But ...i i. agreed to keep the location secret, but •. -, while the Alberta and Wyoming popula- percent of the estimated population - • ::', .;, Scott says he received a conservation- tions are considered races of the dingy were taken from one colony, some by organization mailing that described the Steve Boyle lives in Montrose, Col- Arctic, the San Juan butterflies are dif- scientists for study, most by commercial exact location. . orado, and works as a consultant in ferent enough to be named a separate collectors. The Forest Service has pro- wildlife biology. species. Since the point at which an iso- hibited collecting at one colony; the Practically everyone else involved lated population becomes a separate other, on BLM land, is unprotected. Yet species is not sharply defined, there are collecting bans are unlikely to be technical arguments about the species enforced at remote sites, and specimens SOLAR ELECTRICITY status of the Uncompahgre fritillary. The still bring $50 to $150 apiece in what Complete water pumping & remote home power fact remains that the San Juan population some scientists scornfully call the systems. Gas refrigerators, wind generators, etc. Design & local installation available. $2 catalog of this little butterfly is reproductively "stamp collecting" business. If commercial sale of the butterflies YELLQW JACKET SOLAR • OFF THE nEATEN PATH isolated, measurably different from any Box 253, Yellow Jacket, CO h11l1~ is the problem, isn't the obvious solution other known populations, and apparently 81335. PH (303)-562-4884 ~~~~ MASTER NATURALIST GUIDES in great danger of extinction. to halt collecting? Yes, says Dr. Paul WANTED to guide individuals, fami- The butterfly exists in a harsh envi- Opler of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Ser- lies and small groups in YOUR ronment. The two "verified" colonies are vice, author of a proposal to list the AREA of the ROCKY MOUNTAIN WEST for OFF THE BEATEN each above 13,200 feet, on steep, north- Uncompahgre fritillary as endangered. PATH, a custom travel company Nothing can be done about short-term Ecollama east-facing slopes, the coolest and specializing in educational, environ- climate variations that may be reducing wettest possible habitat in the San Juans. Wilderness Llama Treks mentally responsible and high quality The caterpillars feed only on snow wil- fritillary numbers, Opler says, but travel experiences from Jasper, - low, a common plant about an inch tall Alberta, south along the spine of the at this elevation. The adults hatch, sip Rockies to southern New Mexico and nectar from alpine wildflowers, and mate L!:; -, Raft· Kavak > Paddleboat Arizona. If you have experience or during a few1week-Iong flight season I~il %~I" ,Participatory "For the environmentally- have experience or have extensive ...... ";,,,7~... BENEFIT RIVER TRIPS knowledge of the area where you live during the short alpine summer. Since. minded ill Montana's wildest." (particularly cultural history, wildlife, the butterfly has a two-year life cycle ~/l . GRAND CANYON flora and fauna, or geology) send a _ BOOKINGS / AENTALS I ARRANGEMENTS - (one summer as a caterpillar, the next as 17060 Roman Creek Road resume and two references to: Off an adult) there can be two reproductively Stoo Uranium Miningl (602} 774-0130 Frenchtown, MT59834 Paone & Protect P.O. Box 1115 The Beaten Path, 109 East Main distinct populations at each colony: the me Colorado Haqstatt. AI 86002 (406) 626-4676 Street, Bozeman, Montana 59715. odd-years (adults hatching in odd years) FRIENDS OF THE COLORADO RIVER LRT V2

16-Htgb CountryNews-Marcb 11,1991

FRIEND W.R. and Jean Saunders Susy Ellison Angela Matz Glencoe, Illinois Aspen, Colorado Bellingham, Washington.

RC. Stamp Robert J. GoIten Todd Whitaker CAsper, Wyoming Boulder, Colorado San iose. California

Michael Lunter Harold and Linda Yarger Rex and Ann Bavousett Houston, Texas Park City, Utah Garland, Texas

Steve Acquafresca Diane L. Madigan Jerome Schoen Cedaredge, Colorado Elko, Nevada Amherst, Massachusetts

Michael Moore Stephen M. Born Gary Bentrup Madison, Wisconsin Arlington, Virginia Manhattan, ~n5as

Tim Brater john F. Oppenlander Catherine James Denver, Colorado Longmont, Colorado Batavia, Illinois

Dorothy Lorig and Rosemary Conner S. Galbreath and Conifer, Colorado David Rickard D. Henderson Denver, Colorado Flagstaff, Ariwna Sandhano Danison Missoula, Montana William Stolzenburg Thomas Budlong Vienna, Virginw Los Angeles, California William C. Guenther LAramie, Wyoming Rich Truax: Beth and Lee Padgitt Fort Collins, Colorado Salt U.ke City, Utah , Bill Hamann Palisade, Colorado Ellen P. Childress Tobin Kelley and Plains, Montil.na Christine Paige Jane Hoffman Kalispell, Montana Alpine, Arizona Paul B. Cornia Thornton, Colorado Ann 1. and Harvey A Pratt Tom Knudson Englewood, Colorado Truckee, Ollifornw Phil Heywood Minneapolis, Minnesota David M. Rose Rick Price Crested Butte, Colorado Pocatello, Idaho Peter [. Mintzer Seattle, Washington Rich Schiebel EdRawl Dallas, Texas Tucson, Arizone Pat Musick Colorado Springs, Colorado Andy Teetzel WolkyToll Healdsburg, Californw Santa Fe, New Mexico Tamara Naumann Boulder, Colorado Mark Udall C.E. Uehling Boulder, CDlorado Golden, Colorado KathIeene Parker Denver, Colorado Charles Bleskan Bruce von Zellen Elizabeth, Colorado De Kalb, Illinois Steve and Hope Smith Red Lodge, Montana Wendell Garton William]. Vorkoeper Hunteoiile, Alabama Flagstaff, Arizona Frederick Sorensen Phoenix, Arizona E.I. jencsok Kent Wagener lAkewood, Colorado Dick Randall Wilson, Wyoming Golden eaglets Gael Bissell Kslispell, Montana M.Onishuk Gregory and Nancy V/arren MissoulQ., MontanQ. Kalispell, Motltana. Maria Brousse Research Fund Friends WQ.shington, D.C. Kim Springer Jim Stoltz, Teton Village, Wyoming Wild Wind Records Edwin and Alison InkIey Big Sky, MOIl",,,,, Seattle, WllShington Janna Caughron and Wayne Vandergriff thanks for feeding us Darwin Lambert Truckee, GUifornia William H. Wolverton ESC4lJlnte, Utah Luray, VirginiR Patrick B. Shafroth Sarah Jane Yost Liz McCarthy Littleton, Colorado MaryP.and Karla Knoop Paul Tomer Taylorst>ille,o.llfarnia Seattle, Washington Timothy B. Erdman Hdper, Utah Gilktte, Wyoming Boulder, Colorado Peter White Paul Frank Anne I.Nelson SaniQ Fe, New Mexico Leslie Lomas Moab,Utah Robert and Dorothy Udall Stillwater, Minnesota Donald F. Anthrop Boulder, Colorado Fort Collins, Colorwlo Berkeley,o.lifarnia Bruce Chesler Susanna Joannidis Kathryn Rupp Q:dar City, Utah Berriene Martin Mark Walsh CAmbridge, Massachusetts Elgin, Illirwis Don Bachman Rye, Colorado Milngilao, Guam Bozeman, Montana Chris and Faith Rumm jon Scott Cobble Nadene Steinhoff Bishop, California Carol Jones and Mary Price and Logan, Utah Colorado Springs, Colorado John Benson Tim Martin Nick Waser jack johns Salt u.ke City, Utah Windsor, Colorado Riverside, CaliforniQ. Chuck Neal Tory and Somers, Montana Meredith Taylor CDdy, Wyoming Jesse and Betsy Boyce Charles R. Miller Patrick Wheeler Dubois, Wyoming Scott Kodno Grand junction, Colorado Mt. Prospect, Illirwis Manitou Springs, Colorado Shirley Kale San Francisco, California Nel Betcher , AlblUlutrque, New Mexico David Catterson K.Mumin Penny B. Williams AnchorQ.ge, Alaska. Tom Meacham Olympw, Washington Salt U.ke City, Utah Tulsa, Oklahoma Anchorage, AiQ.sb,. Paul Harms David Clark Mike Keselik Charles and Ethel Orr Ed and Beth Baruth Salt LAke City, Utah Jacksonville, Florida james Moore Glendale, CalifontiQ. Tempe, Arimna Littleton, Colorado New York, New York Tom Casacky Ronald French and Patrick C. and Lucia Collins Harry Osbom PaSQ.dena,CaliforniQ. Stan and Glenda Bradshaw jodie Richter Basalt, Colorado Greenbush, Massachusetts S. Phillips Helena, Montana Boulder, Colorado Brecksville, Ohio Margaret Wilburn Anne Deberoise Ostby Karin and Jose Pacheco Mike Budig Dale Gillespie Salt LAke City, Utah Dagmar, Montana Brighton, Colorado Robert Smythe Salt U1ke City, Utah Rock Springs, Wyoming Washington, D.C. Barbara Baxter Phil Egidi Brian Peck Reed K. Oils Daniel Kruse Tempe, Arizona Hotchkiss, Colorado Boulder, Colorado Marc Otytilo Buena Vista, Colorado Deadwood, South Dakota Santa BarbarQ.,California Richard Dana Bernard Evers Paul and Jean Peters Richmond, Vermont NQ.shviIle, Tennessee Flagstaff" Arizona john T. Ellerheck Darlene A. Fowler Steve Powell Logan, Utah Add my gift to the 1990-91 Research Fund Fort Collins, Colorado Hamilton, Montana 0$1-$49 (Friend) 0$50-$99 (Patron) 0$100.$249 (Sponsor) Carolyn Raffensperger Barbara Grove Bill Ramsey Forest Park, lllirwis Hermitage, Tennessee Ashland, Oregon 0$250·$499 (Benefactor) 0$500·$999 (Assoc.) 0$1000 and above (Pub. Circle) Brenda Durant Lill Erickson and Phil Herne Robert F. Richards Amount of Gift ~O Payment is enclosed 0 Charge my credit card VernaI,Utah Gardil1D', Montana Denvtr, Colorado Name 0 Visa or 0 MasterCard Expires _ Eric and Marcy Kelly Address' -: _ Joanrte S. Hershenhom George Rinker Pen1'fM, Colorado TUC507l, Arizona LAfay,t~, India"" Card s Signature' __ --' _ Kevin R. Parks Please check here if you do not want your gifl acknowledged in lieN. Don Hickman Howard Sloan o Paonia, Colorado LogQ.n,Utah Conifer, Colorado If you contribute $50 or more, you may designate the recipient of a free J-/CNgift subscription (new subscriptions only, please).' Donald H. Steuter john Holder Geraldine D. Stoke o Yes, see other side for name and address of my gift sub recipient. Phoenix, Arizona Ponaa City, Oklahoma Pierre, South Dakota o I do not wish to receive any premium for my gift level. Olris Trapp Make checks payable to the High Country News Rese~rch Fund. Mail to Box 1090, Paonia, CO 81428 Michael and Diane Jones Martin and Cyndy Thomas Bigfork,Mcmul'la Madison, Wisconsin la/iet, Montana • This premium has a $24 value whidl must be subtracted from your Research Fund gift to arrive at !tie lax-deductible portion.