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Zwischen Hunden Und Löwen Iranica Antiqua, vol. XLVIII, 2013 doi: 10.2143/IA.48.0.2184694 ZWISCHEN HUNDEN UND LÖWEN VON Peter CALMEYER(†)1 Dem Gedächtnis Edith Poradas zu ihrem hundertsten Geburtstag gewidmet Abstract: “Between dogs and lions”. Two stone troughs with sculptured decora- tions were seen at Susa in the first half of the 19th cent. AD and are now lost. Ker Porter and Loftus published drawings of them respectively. For a long time they were regarded as one and the same piece, differentiated only through the styles of the drawings. But it is obvious that the organization of the relief and the species of the animals are different. Both troughs show naked men lying on their backs, the animals, dogs resp. lions, touch them on their heads. It seems that this imagery allows a glimpse at the idea of human after-life in early Elam. Keywords: Susa, early Proto-Elamite period, stone reliefs, netherworld. Sir Robert Ker Porter, der uns in seiner präzisen, wenn auch etwas baro- ckisierenden Zeichentechnik so zahlreiche Aufschlüsse über das Aussehen Irans und seiner Monumente hinterlassen hat (Vasileva 1994), konnte selbst nicht bis nach Susa gelangen. Doch er ließ zwei Denkmäler nach Skizzen des Majors Monteith umzeichnen, der nach Aussage von Loftus (1857: 417) im Jahr 1809 am Grab des Daniel gewesen war; eines davon bezeichnet er als Trog (Abb. 1) und teilt nach Monteith Material und Maße mit (Ker Porter 1822: 416 f., Fig. p. 417): „white marble“, 20 ≈ 10 ≈ 10 inches (50.8 ≈ 25.4 ≈ 25.4 cm). 1850 oder 1851, bei seinem ersten oder zweiten Aufenthalt in Susa, zusammen mit dem Zeichner H.K. Churchill sah William Loftus (1857: 415): 1 Peter Calmeyer wrote this article in his last year, 1995, as a contribution to a memo- rial volume for Edith Porada, which never materialised. The manuscript was prepared for the present publication by U. Seidl who also added notes 13 and 15, references that appeared since 1995. 995632_Iran_Antiq_48_02_Calmeyer.indd5632_Iran_Antiq_48_02_Calmeyer.indd 2121 114/01/134/01/13 113:013:01 22 PETER CALMEYER Abb. 1. Verschwundener Marmor-Trog, angeblich aus dem Hügel beim Danielsgrab in Shush, L. ca. 51 cm. — Zeichnung Ker Porter (1821/22: 417) nach Monteith. “… very archaic sculptures upon a trough of yellow limestone, lying in the channel of the Sháour at the foot of Daniel’s tomb. Around the sides are two animals — doubtful wether dogs or lions — apparently about to devour two prisoners with their arms tied. As Sir R. Ker Porter gives an exceedingly rough and incorrect sketch of these ani- mals, the annexed woodcut from Mr Churchill’s careful drawing is here inserted. Whether or not the scene herein represented is intended to commemorate the events which befell the prophet [Daniel], I leave to the consideration of my readers.” Dazu bildete er eine Ansicht des Blockes nach dem oberen Teil der Zeichnung ab, die John Curtis in den Archiven des British Museum ent- deckte und jüngst dankenswerter Weise publizierte (Curtis 1993: 14. 47, Pl. 12; danach hier Abb. 2). — Daß diese Zeichnung sehr vertrauenswürdig ist, wird man gerne glauben, obwohl seitdem leider keine Spur des Denk- mals mehr bekannt wurde. Die Tiere nämlich entsprechen sehr genau denen auf dem elfenbeinernen Messergriff vom Gebel el-Arak (Abb. 3), womit noch einmal die enge Verbindung dieser Schnitzarbeit mit der frühesten susanischen Kunst belegt ist (Boehmer 1974; id. 1991; Sievertsen 1992). — Für unsere Zwecke entscheidend ist aber, daß hier in einer Darstellung eindeutig Löwen, sowohl angreifend als auch vom Heros bezwungen2, 2 Zum Typus des Löwenbezwingers und seiner Verbindung mit Susa („Daniel“) vgl. Calmeyer 1994: 18-22. 995632_Iran_Antiq_48_02_Calmeyer.indd5632_Iran_Antiq_48_02_Calmeyer.indd 2222 114/01/134/01/13 113:013:01 ZWISCHEN HUNDEN UND LÖWEN 23 Abb. 2. Verschwundener Kalkstein-Trog aus dem Sha’ur beim Danielsgrab in Shush. Maße unbekannt. — Zeichnung H. A. Churchill, nach Curtis 1993: 47, Pl. 12. zusammen mit jenen Tieren vorkommen, wie wir sie vom Trog von Susa kennen. Wir können also getrost Loftus’ Frage beantworten: seine men- schenfressenden Untiere mit Nackenwulst und spitzen Ohren sind Hunde. Auf dem Messergriff scheinen sie zum Schutz der Herde bestellt zu sein. — So eng die formale Beziehung sein mag, so gegensätzlich ist die Aus- sage: hier triumphiert der Mensch, und die großen Hunde sind seine Helfer — dort ist er gefesselt und wird von ihnen verschlungen. Wie wir gesehen haben, hielt Loftus die Zeichnung bei Ker Porter ohne Diskussion für die desselben Objektes3 — nur eben rough and incorrect. Doch da melden sich allerlei Bedenken. Roh ist jene Zeichnung (Abb. 1) keineswegs. Man muß sich vielmehr fragen, wie die Hunde durch derart elegante Löwen ersetzt werden konnten. War die Vorstellung schockie- rend, daß Hunde so etwas tun könnten? Wie konnten Monteith oder Ker 3 Ebenso Calmeyer 1973: 137 und Curtis 1993: 14. 995632_Iran_Antiq_48_02_Calmeyer.indd5632_Iran_Antiq_48_02_Calmeyer.indd 2323 114/01/134/01/13 113:013:01 24 PETER CALMEYER Abb. 3. Nilpferdbeinerner Messergriff vom Gebel Al-Arak. — Zeichnung nach Boehmer 1991: 55, Abb. 6a. Abb. 4. Schema der Darstellungen auf den Trögen. Zeichnung R. Klein. 995632_Iran_Antiq_48_02_Calmeyer.indd5632_Iran_Antiq_48_02_Calmeyer.indd 2424 114/01/134/01/13 113:013:01 ZWISCHEN HUNDEN UND LÖWEN 25 Porter ahnen, daß von Löwen gefressene Menschen ein Thema der Kunst im späten 4. Jahrtausend war (Abb. 5) — wie wir erst seit 1966 wissen4? und wie konnten sie die Gestalt der wie aufgeplusterten, voluminösen Löwen mit ihren steif erhobenen Schwänzen so gut treffen, deren Ver- gleichsstücke (Abb. 5; Taf. 1) erst jetzt bekannt sind? Bei näherer Betrachtung kommt noch ein zweiter, wesentlicher Unter- schied hinzu: der der Aufteilung der Reliefs auf die Tröge. Durch die Abrollung von der Hand H.K. Churchills (Abb. 2 unten) wissen wir nun, daß eine der Langseiten von den Beinen zweier Männer eingenommen wurde, deren Oberkörper sich auf den anschließenden Schmalseiten fort- setzen; auf der vierten (Lang-)Seite stoßen die beiden Hunde dos à dos aneinander. Bei Ker Porter nimmt dagegen ein Liegender eine ganze Lang- seite ein; die Löwen, wiederum dos à dos und durch ihre hockende Stel- lung gedrungener als die Hunde, füllen nur eine Schmalseite. Der entfern- tere Löwe erzwingt die Annahme eines weiteren Liegenden, und das entspricht auch der Beschreibung (Ker Porter 1921/22: 416 f.): “Three of its sides are cut in bas-relief; two of them with similar representions of a man, apparently naked, except a sash around his waist, and a sort of a cap on his head. His hands are bound behind him. The corner of the stone holds the neck of the figure, so that his head forms part of one of its ends. Two lions, in sitting postures, appear on either side at the top, each having a paw on the head of the man.” 4 Nagel 1966: 30-41, Taf. II-X: Schlangenbecken und Kupferbecher. — Die Echtheit des Schlangenbeckens (hier Abb. 5, Taf. 1) sollte nicht bezweifelt werden: ausnahmsweise war es möglich, sie durch zwei Fragmente aus Uruk sogleich zu beweisen (Nagel 1966: 32, Taf. VIII 4-5; vgl. S. 22 Abb. 5b). O.W. Muscarella 1977: 188 no. 208, hat das wohl überlesen, wenn er fordert, es „should not be accepted unless convincing comparisons are presented“; er ist mit Recht dafür von E. Strommenger 1976/77: 321, gescholten worden. Muscarella’s Erwiderung (1980/81: 119) zeigt, daß er immer noch nicht die ausgegrabe- nen Parallelstücke zur Kenntnis nimmt; dafür zitiert er seltsamerweise einen ungenannten deutschen Kollegen für das Stück. — Falls noch weitere, diesmal stilistische Parallelen gewünscht werden: Die Beine des Mannes unter dem Löwen (hier Abb. 5, Taf. 1C) sind in einer Art Schrittstellung angegeben, ganz ähnlich wie auf unseren Trögen (hier Abb. 1, 2); die überraschend starke Muskulatur der Unterschenkel des gepeinigten Mannes kehrt wieder auf einer verlorenen Stele aus Uruk (Loftus 1857: 185 f.; Curtis 1986 [nach W. Boucher]; Becker 1993: 58 f. Nr. 784, Taf. 38). — Heinrich (1934: 12 f.) hatte ohne Abbildung, die Verwandtschaft der Löwenjagdstele mit Loftus’ Beschreibung erkannt. 995632_Iran_Antiq_48_02_Calmeyer.indd5632_Iran_Antiq_48_02_Calmeyer.indd 2525 114/01/134/01/13 113:013:01 26 PETER CALMEYER Es ergeben sich damit zwei gänzlich verschieden arrangierte Tröge (Abb. 4). Alles das können unmöglich »Inkorrektheiten« eines (oder zweier) Zeichner sein — schon gar nicht von einem Zeichner, der den Liegenden (vgl. Abb. 2) offenbar so gut getroffen hat. Es ergibt sich daraus der Schluß, daß wir es mit zwei verschiedenen Trögen zu tun haben: einem, den Monteith 1809 sah, und einen anderen, den Loftus 1850/1 im Flußbett am Fuß von Daniels Grab liegend fand. In den 30iger Jahren sah H. C. Rawlinson (1839: 70) am Ufer des Flusses einen Felsblock mit „Daniel“ in der Löwengrube; 1841 besuchte A. H. Layard Susa; er berich- tet später (1887: II, 296 f.; 1894: 353): “I found the remains of a flight of steps, built of large dressed stones, leading down to the water’s edge. Amongst them was a slab, with bas-relief which has been described as a man between two lions, and has been converted by a lively imagination into Daniel in the lion’s den. It was partly concealed, and I could only distinguish the legs of a man…. the dervish assured me that it represented not one but two human figures, as well as two lions.” In einer Anmerkung der ersten Auflage fügt Layard hinzu: “This slab was subsequently uncovered by Colonel (afterwards Sir Fenwick) Williams, and a drawing is given of it in Mr. Loftus’s account of the excavations at Susa…” Da Layard
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