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All Make It Freely Available for Inspection ENERGY-EFFICIENT DISTRIBUTED WEARABLE PHYSIOLOGICAL MONITORING: FRAMEWORK AND IMPLEMENTATIONS by MLADEN MILOŠEVIĆ A DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering to The School of Graduate Studies of The University of Alabama in Huntsville HUNTSVILLE, ALABAMA 2013 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a doctor of philosophy degree from The University of Alabama in Huntsville, I agree that the Library of this University shall make it freely available for inspection. I further agree that permission for extensive copying for scholarly purposes may be granted by MY advisor OR, in hislher absence, by the Chair of the Department OR the Dean of the School of Graduate Studies. It is also understood that due recognition shall be given TO me and TO The University of Alabama in Huntsville in any scholarly use which may be made of any material in this thesis. MLADEN MILO~mVIC (date) 11 DISSERTATION APPROVAL FORM Submitted by Mladen Milosevic in partial fUlfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in ComPuter Engineering and accepted ON behalf of the Faculty of the School of Graduate Studies by the thesis committee. We, the undersigned members of the Graduate Faculty of The University of Alabama in Huntsville, certify that we have advised and/or SUPervised the candidate ON the WORK described in this dissertation. We further certify that we have reviewed the dissertation manuscript and approve it in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Computer Engineering. ~~~/:U;B Committee Chair v.'1.-.- Committee Member (Dr. Kerstin Thurow) (date) ~/~20{3 Committee Member (date) Committee Member 5/28/2013 Committee Member (Dr~~ (date) gr~W~ S/;2 /2013 Committee Member (Dr. B. Earl Wells) (date) Department Chair (date) College Dean ( ate) Graduate Dean -~--.D-a-v-id~B==er~ko-W-i-~-)------~~-----~~~~~ 11I ABSTRACT School of Graduate Studies The University of Alabama in Huntsville Degree Doctor of Philosophy College/Dept. Electrical and Computer Engineering Name of Candidate Mladen Milošević Title Energy-Efficient Distributed Wearable Physiological Monitoring: Framework and Implementations Recent technological advances in sensors, wireless networking, mobile and cloud computing promise to fundamentally change the way health care services are delivered and used. The development and proliferation of the wearable physiological monitors enable a shift in healthcare services from centralized hospitals and medical centers to individuals and their homes. Continuous wearable health monitoring has the potential to engage users, improve wellness management, prevent disease by early detection, and assist rehabilitation and treatments. This dissertation presents a general framework and a practical implementation of computing infrastructure (both hardware and software aspects) to support mobile health and wellness monitoring applications as well as services to support further research in the area of wearable health monitoring. Specifically, we focus on a multi-tiered organization of the mHealth infrastructure that includes wearable sensor nodes at Tier 1, personal applications running on mobile computing platforms at Tier 2, and servers and services at Tier 3. We consider several important aspects of the mHealth systems including time-synchronization to support simultaneous distributed real-time monitoring and techniques for quantifying and improving energy-efficiency. These aspects are discussed on each tier of our infrastructure. Finally, the dissertation makes the case and introduces several original mHealth applications that are fully implemented and tested. These include monitoring and capturing dynamic heart response to posture transitions, iv quantification of timed-up-and-go tests, monitoring of physical activity of wheelchair users, and monitoring of occupational stress of nurses. Abstract Approval: Committee Chair ~~~ 5l:<'6/~t3 (ifR': Emil Jovanov) (date) Department Chair 7~~ &:l4I1 (Dr. Robert Lindquist) (date) Graduate Dean V ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my advisor, Dr. Emil Jovanov, for his excellent guidance, caring, and patience from the very first day of my graduate studies. He was an excellent advisor in my professional and private life, and his great expertise helped me to acquire many new skills. I would like to thank Dr. Aleksandar Milenković for his patience, motivation, enthusiasm, and immense knowledge. His support and guidance during my research were irreplaceable. Also, I would like to thank Dr. Kerstin Thurow for all help and advice she provided. I would like to thank Dr. Karen Frith for her help during our collaborative projects. I would like to thank Tommy Shrove and Armen Dzhagaryan for their help during my research. This work was supported in part by the U.S. National Science Foundation under grant CNS-1205439. Finally, I would like to thank my beloved spouse Marina. She was always there cheering me up and stood by me through the good times and bad. vi Table of Contents Page List of Tables .................................................................................................................................. xi List of Figures ................................................................................................................................ xii Chapter One Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background and Motivation ......................................................................................... 1 1.2 Technological Trends ................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Wearable Physiological Monitoring ............................................................................. 3 1.4 Main Contributions ...................................................................................................... 5 1.5 Thesis Outline .............................................................................................................. 6 Chapter Two Wearable Physiological Monitoring Infrastructure ......................................................................... 7 2.1 System Architecture ..................................................................................................... 7 2.2 mHealth System Architecture ...................................................................................... 9 2.3 Tier 1 of mHealth Infrastructure ................................................................................ 11 2.3.1 Software Architecture .......................................................................................... 11 2.3.2 Commercially Available Sensors ......................................................................... 13 2.3.3 Custom Sensors from UAHuntsville ................................................................... 15 2.3.4 Built-in Smartphone’s Sensors ............................................................................ 16 2.4 Tier 2 of mHealth Infrastructure ................................................................................ 17 2.4.1 Personal Application Architecture ....................................................................... 17 vii 2.4.2 PC Applications ................................................................................................... 19 2.4.3 Smartphone Applications ..................................................................................... 24 2.5 Tier 3 of mHealth Infrastructure ................................................................................ 28 2.5.1 Software Architecture .......................................................................................... 28 2.5.2 mHealth Server Applications ............................................................................... 30 Chapter Three Distributed Physiological Monitoring in mHealth Systems.......................................................... 36 3.1 Distributed Systems and Monitoring .......................................................................... 36 3.1.1 Time Measurement .............................................................................................. 37 3.1.2 Time Synchronization .......................................................................................... 39 3.2 Distributed Physiological Monitoring on Tier 1 of the mHealth................................ 40 3.2.1 Time Synchronization in WBAN ........................................................................ 40 3.2.2 Implementation of Distributed Wearable Monitoring on the Tier 1 .................... 42 3.3 Distributed Physiological Monitoring on Tier 2 of the mHealth................................ 46 3.3.1 Time Synchronization of Personal Devices ......................................................... 46 3.3.2 Implementation of Distributed Wearable Monitoring on Tier 2 .......................... 50 3.4 Distributed Physiological Monitoring on Tier 3 of the mHealth’ .............................. 53 3.4.1 Time Synchronization on Tier 3 .......................................................................... 54 3.4.2 Support for Distributed Implementation. ............................................................. 54 Chapter Four Power-efficient Wearable Monitoring .........................................................................................
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