Physicochemical Analysis of Selected Groundwater Samples of Anand District, Gujarat, India

American International Journal of Available online at http://www.iasir.net Research in Formal, Applied & Natural Sciences ISSN (Print): 2328-3777, ISSN (Online): 2328-3785, ISSN (CD-ROM): 2328-3793 AIJRFANS is a refereed, indexed, peer-reviewed, multidisciplinary and open access journal published by International Association of Scientific Innovation and Research (IASIR), USA (An Association Unifying the Sciences, Engineering, and Applied Research)

Physicochemical analysis of selected groundwater samples of Anand District, Gujarat, India

Rashmi Thakkar1*, Rita Kumar2, Nirmal Kumar3, Dharitri Ramanlal4 Department of Biological& Environmental Science, Natubhai V. Patel College of Pure & Applied Sciences1, 2, 4 Department of Environmental Science & Technology, Institute of Science & Technology for Advanced Studies & Research3 Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar- 388120, Gujarat, INDIA1, 2, 3, 4

ABSTRACT: Groundwater is very important source of human being. With the growing period groundwater is continuously declining and water table is also denigrated. The present study focuses on assessment of groundwater quality of selected sites of Anand district. It includes 27 selected sites of Anand, Borsad and Umreth talukas. Physico-chemical parameters where assessed and compared with Indian drinking water standard to distinguish its suitability for dinking purpose. Also, co-relation matrix were analysed for comparative evaluation between the parameters.

KEYWORDS: Groundwater, Physico chemical analysis, Anand District, Correlation.

I. INTRODUCTION Water acts as the most vital part in all living beings. Human can endure for many days without food but cannot live without water for long time. Also fresh water is one of the mainresource for the survival of allindividuals. In addition, Groundwater is very important source for drinking water. Its chemical structure is suitable for human and animal usage including irrigation, industrial practices and many more. Quality of water is denoted by physical, chemical and biological characteristics. So, it is important to monitor the quality of water as it is essential for human health and ecosystem, too.1 The groundwater is supposed to be cleaner and less contaminated up to some extent than surface water. But continued discharge of effluents, sewage and solid waste are main sourcesof groundwater pollution which can leads to health issues.2 Likewise, groundwater pollution can done through various ways such as domestic cleaning chemicals, insecticides, pesticides, rodent poisons and other chemicals. These type of chemicals can run the possibility of leaking and spilling into the soil which can leads to pollution of groundwater. It gets contaminated when elements are found into water in exceeding concentration.

II. SITE SPECIFICATION The sampling was done for post monsoon season and from each site groundwater samples were collected for three months duration. The water samples were collected from bore well as well as hand pumps or well. Total 27 samples were collected from three tehsils of Anand district i.e. Anand, Borsad and Umreth. The sites for ground water assessment were selected by keeping in mind the sources of ground water pollution. (a) Landfill / waste dumping site (LS): Available groundwater source in urban areas aremainly contaminated by various anthropogenic activities nearer to the solid waste dumping site and landfilling site. Areas which are in vicinity of waste dumping have greater probability of contamination from liquid waste generation and storage which leads to risk to urban supply and consumers.

(b) Agricultural Site (AS): In agricultural areas contamination of groundwater takes place due to over usage of synthetic pesticides, fungicides and herbicides.

(c) Industrial Site (IS): Groundwater contamination in the nearby areas of industrial sectors is more recurrent then all other zones as inadequate waste disposaland many more activities affects groundwater by percolation through aquifers. Different taluka of Anand were investigated to locate above such three sites for collection of ground water samples.

Figure 1: Selected Talukas of Anand District

Three study areas in form of each talukas were selected to examine the groundwater quality. In each study area, three sites i.e. LS, AS and IS were selected. Study has taken place in three phases.

Table 1: Selected Sites of Anand District Study Phase I Phase II Phase III Area LS AS IS LS AS IS LS AS IS ANAS- ANIS- ANLS- ANAS- ANIS- ANLS- ANAS- ANIS- Anand ANLS- Navli Sandesar GIDC Jol Gana Lambhvel Kherda Vadod Mogar BOLS- BOIS- BOLS- BOAS- BOIS- BOLS- BOAS- BOIS- Borsad BOAS- Davol Dabhasi Vasana Alarsa Dali Khanpur Gorva Kathol Naman UMLS- UMAS- UMIS- UMLS- UMAS- UMIS- UMLS- UMAS- UMIS- Umreth Bharoda Parvata Thamna Sureli Ardi Bhalej Lingda Vansol Jakhala

III. MATERIALS & METHODS: After completion of sampling, the samples were immediately transferred to the lab and stored in cold place. The analysis were followed using APHA3 with the priority to analyse the parameters. Several physico-chemical parameters where examined with collected 27 samples which includes pH, Dissolved Oxygen, Total Dissolved Solids, Nitrate, Fluoride, Sulphate, Boron, Calcium Hardness and Magnesium Hardness. pH was analysed using pH meter. Total Dissolved Solids were analysed by filtration method. Nitrate, Fluoride, Sulphate and Boron were analysed using spectrophotometer by Phenol Disulphonic Acid, SPANDS, Turbidimetric and Carmine method respectively. Calcium Hardness and Magnesium Hardness were performed using titration method by using murexide and Erichrome Black- T indicator. The data were statistically analysed by conception and calculation with correlation matrix.

IV. RESULTS & DISCUSSION: From selected samples mean was taken forall the three sites in selected three talukas and for permissible level of parameters, Indian Drinking water standards (IS 10500: ) were followed. (i) pH: pH

MGWS AGWS IGWS

8 6.4 6.3 6.1 6.3 6.2 6 6.4 6.5 5.9

6 pH 4 Umreth Borsad Anand Sites

Figure 2: Graph of pH obtained in different sites

AIJRFANS 19-214; © 2019, AIJRFANS All Rights Reserved Page 55 Rashmi et al., American International Journal of Research in Formal, Applied & Natural Sciences, 26(1), March-May 2019, pp. 54-59 pH of all the selected sites appeared to be below level than the standard limit by IS: 10500. Desirable limit of pH for drinking water is 6.5 to 8.5. In above selected sites results showed acidic pH. Amongst them industrial site of Anand was with 5.9 pH which showed high level contamination in the nearby areas.A same range was resulted of pH with various level which can cause corrosion also it shows presence of toxic metals.4

(ii) Dissolved Oxygen (DO): Dissloved Oxygen

MGWS AGWS IGWS

4.7 5 4.4 4.1 3.9 4 3.8 4 3.2 3 2.3

DO(ppm) 1.9 2

0 Umreth Borsad Anand Sites

Figure 3: Graph of DO obtained in different sites

Dissolved Oxygen (DO) is very important parameter of water. Standard limit for DO according to Indian standard is 4 mg/l. Four samples from above showed lower values then 4 mg/l and sample taken from the nearer area of Umreth industrial zone illustrates 2.3 mg/l which exhibits high level of pollution over there.

(iii) Total Dissolved Solids (TDS): Total Dissloved Solids

MGWS AGWS IGWS

1400 1227 1176 1200 980 1000 810 720 768 742 759 800 625 600 TDS (ppm) TDS 400 200 0 Umreth Borsad Anand Sites

Figure 4: Graph of TDS obtained in different sites

Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) denotes existence of cations or anions in sample. Maximum limit of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) in the water is 500 mg/L, above the permissible value the palatability of water decreases and may cause gastro intestinal problems. Above graph shows groundwater in all the areas have high amount of TDS values and regions of Umreth are having very high TDS level i.e. 1227 mg/L.4

(iv) Nitrate: Nitrate

MGWS AGWS IGWS

100 84 68 65 61 69 53 49 52 48 50

Nitrate (ppm) Nitrate 0 Umreth Borsad Anand Sites

Figure 5: Graph of Nitrate obtained in different sites

Nitrate is very essential parameter in soil and water as well. According to IS 10500 nitrate content in drinking water should not beyond 45 mg/L, as it can cause Methaemoglobinemia also indicates high level of pollution.From above graph Nitrate shows very high in Anand industrial areas with 84 mg/L.5 (v) Fluoride: Fluoride

MGWS AGWS IGWS 2 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.5 1.2 1.1 1.2 0.9 0.9 0.8 1 0.5 0 Fluoride (ppm) Fluoride Umreth Borsad Anand Sites

Figure 6: Graph of Fluoride obtained in different sites

Level of Fluoride in water is desirable up to 0.8 ppm and it is permissible up to 1.2 ppm beyond the limit it can cause fluorosis. Level of Fluoride is more frequently found in ground water than surface water4. Water samples of Anand, Borsad and Umreth were observed with high level of fluoride in industrial and municipal water with 1.4 and 1.3 ppm values. (vi) Sulphate: Sulphate

MGWS AGWS IGWS

600 364 356 400 233 257 236 224 169 211 187 200

Sulphate (ppm) Sulphate 0 1 2 3 Sites

Figure 7: Graph of Sulphate obtained in different sites

Reading of sulphates of above graph in trade areas are 257, 364 and 356 respectively for Umreth, Borsad and Anand taluka. Acceptable limit of Sulphate is 200 mg/L. It shows abundant contamination in water samples which can cause gastro intestinal problems. The same was also examined in groundwater near freshwater wetland of Netherlands .5 (vii) Boron: Boron

MGWS AGWS IGWS

0.8 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2

0.2 Boron (ppm) Boron 0 Umreth Borsad Anand Sites

Figure 8: Graph of Boron obtained in different sites

Boron has permissible amount in water is 0.3 mg/L. As it is needed element for human health but beyond the limit is not suitable for central nervous system. Agricultural sites of Umreth, Borsad and Anand shows very high volume of Boron i.e. 0.6, 0.4 and 0.5 ppm. (viii) Calcium Hardness: Calcium Hardness

MGWS AGWS IGWS

200 158 122 87 93 81 79 100 64 72 73

0 Umreth Borsad Anand

Ca Hardness (ppm) Hardness Ca Sites

Figure 9: Graph of Calcium Hardness obtained in different sites (ix) Magnesium Hardness: Magnesium Hardness 60 MGWS AGWS IGWS 51 50 46 42 39 40 37 35 31 28 30 19 20

Mg Hardness Hardness (ppm) Mg 10

0 Umreth Borsad Anand

Figure 10: Graph of Magnesium Hardness obtained in different sites

Hardness is measure of cation and anion in water sample. Calcium and magnesium hardness are observed in water samples with 75 ppm and 30 ppm tolerable limit respectively. Beyond the limit it can cause encrustation in water supply. According to graph areas of Anand are having high level of hardness with 158 mg/L and 51 mg/L for both calcium and magnesium hardness. It was also observed in Vadodara district with high level of calcium and magnesium hardness in groundwater.6

(x) Correlation matrix: Table 2: Correlation matrix of physico-chemical parameters Ca Mg pH DO TDS Nitrate Fluoride Boron Hardness Hardness pH 1 DO 0.6842 1 - TDS -0.7490 1 0.8223 - Nitrate -0.5080 0.5645 1 0.2780 - Fluoride -0.4941 0.5522 0.4568 1 0.5890 - Boron 0.5559 0.6272 0.0743 -0.2036 1 0.5922 Ca - - -0.8075 0.7532 0.6461 0.6655 1 Hardness 0.6082 0.6252 Mg - - -0.6678 0.6216 0.1707 0.6567 0.8331 1 Hardness 0.5662 0.7604

The correlation matrix of total 9 parameters of 27 sites were prepared (Table 2). It is clearly observed that pH is positively correlated with DO and Boron. On other hand it is negatively correlated with TDS, Nitrate, Fluoride and Hardness. Furthermore, TDS also shows negative correlation with Boron and Nitrate exhibit positive correlation with Hardness7.Also, Fluoride indicated negative correlation with pH, DO and Boron also progressively relative with other parameters8.

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