Physicochemical Analysis of Selected Groundwater Samples of Anand District, Gujarat, India
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American International Journal of Available online at http://www.iasir.net Research in Formal, Applied & Natural Sciences ISSN (Print): 2328-3777, ISSN (Online): 2328-3785, ISSN (CD-ROM): 2328-3793 AIJRFANS is a refereed, indexed, peer-reviewed, multidisciplinary and open access journal published by International Association of Scientific Innovation and Research (IASIR), USA (An Association Unifying the Sciences, Engineering, and Applied Research) Physicochemical analysis of selected groundwater samples of Anand District, Gujarat, India Rashmi Thakkar1*, Rita Kumar2, Nirmal Kumar3, Dharitri Ramanlal4 Department of Biological& Environmental Science, Natubhai V. Patel College of Pure & Applied Sciences1, 2, 4 Department of Environmental Science & Technology, Institute of Science & Technology for Advanced Studies & Research3 Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar- 388120, Gujarat, INDIA1, 2, 3, 4 ABSTRACT: Groundwater is very important source of human being. With the growing period groundwater is continuously declining and water table is also denigrated. The present study focuses on assessment of groundwater quality of selected sites of Anand district. It includes 27 selected sites of Anand, Borsad and Umreth talukas. Physico-chemical parameters where assessed and compared with Indian drinking water standard to distinguish its suitability for dinking purpose. Also, co-relation matrix were analysed for comparative evaluation between the parameters. KEYWORDS: Groundwater, Physico chemical analysis, Anand District, Correlation. I. INTRODUCTION Water acts as the most vital part in all living beings. Human can endure for many days without food but cannot live without water for long time. Also fresh water is one of the mainresource for the survival of allindividuals. In addition, Groundwater is very important source for drinking water. Its chemical structure is suitable for human and animal usage including irrigation, industrial practices and many more. Quality of water is denoted by physical, chemical and biological characteristics. So, it is important to monitor the quality of water as it is essential for human health and ecosystem, too.1 The groundwater is supposed to be cleaner and less contaminated up to some extent than surface water. But continued discharge of effluents, sewage and solid waste are main sourcesof groundwater pollution which can leads to health issues.2 Likewise, groundwater pollution can done through various ways such as domestic cleaning chemicals, insecticides, pesticides, rodent poisons and other chemicals. These type of chemicals can run the possibility of leaking and spilling into the soil which can leads to pollution of groundwater. It gets contaminated when elements are found into water in exceeding concentration. II. SITE SPECIFICATION The sampling was done for post monsoon season and from each site groundwater samples were collected for three months duration. The water samples were collected from bore well as well as hand pumps or well. Total 27 samples were collected from three tehsils of Anand district i.e. Anand, Borsad and Umreth. The sites for ground water assessment were selected by keeping in mind the sources of ground water pollution. (a) Landfill / waste dumping site (LS): Available groundwater source in urban areas aremainly contaminated by various anthropogenic activities nearer to the solid waste dumping site and landfilling site. Areas which are in vicinity of waste dumping have greater probability of contamination from liquid waste generation and storage which leads to risk to urban supply and consumers. (b) Agricultural Site (AS): In agricultural areas contamination of groundwater takes place due to over usage of synthetic pesticides, fungicides and herbicides. (c) Industrial Site (IS): Groundwater contamination in the nearby areas of industrial sectors is more recurrent then all other zones as inadequate waste disposaland many more activities affects groundwater by percolation through aquifers. Different taluka of Anand were investigated to locate above such three sites for collection of ground water samples. AIJRFANS 19-214; © 2019, AIJRFANS All Rights Reserved Page 54 Rashmi et al., American International Journal of Research in Formal, Applied & Natural Sciences, 26(1), March-May 2019, pp. 54-59 Figure 1: Selected Talukas of Anand District Three study areas in form of each talukas were selected to examine the groundwater quality. In each study area, three sites i.e. LS, AS and IS were selected. Study has taken place in three phases. Table 1: Selected Sites of Anand District Study Phase I Phase II Phase III Area LS AS IS LS AS IS LS AS IS ANAS- ANIS- ANLS- ANAS- ANIS- ANLS- ANAS- ANIS- Anand ANLS- Navli Sandesar GIDC Jol Gana Lambhvel Kherda Vadod Mogar BOLS- BOIS- BOLS- BOAS- BOIS- BOLS- BOAS- BOIS- Borsad BOAS- Davol Dabhasi Vasana Alarsa Dali Khanpur Gorva Kathol Naman UMLS- UMAS- UMIS- UMLS- UMAS- UMIS- UMLS- UMAS- UMIS- Umreth Bharoda Parvata Thamna Sureli Ardi Bhalej Lingda Vansol Jakhala III. MATERIALS & METHODS: After completion of sampling, the samples were immediately transferred to the lab and stored in cold place. The analysis were followed using APHA3 with the priority to analyse the parameters. Several physico-chemical parameters where examined with collected 27 samples which includes pH, Dissolved Oxygen, Total Dissolved Solids, Nitrate, Fluoride, Sulphate, Boron, Calcium Hardness and Magnesium Hardness. pH was analysed using pH meter. Total Dissolved Solids were analysed by filtration method. Nitrate, Fluoride, Sulphate and Boron were analysed using spectrophotometer by Phenol Disulphonic Acid, SPANDS, Turbidimetric and Carmine method respectively. Calcium Hardness and Magnesium Hardness were performed using titration method by using murexide and Erichrome Black- T indicator. The data were statistically analysed by conception and calculation with correlation matrix. IV. RESULTS & DISCUSSION: From selected samples mean was taken forall the three sites in selected three talukas and for permissible level of parameters, Indian Drinking water standards (IS 10500: ) were followed. (i) pH: pH MGWS AGWS IGWS 8 6.4 6.3 6.1 6.3 6.2 6 6.4 6.5 5.9 6 pH 4 Umreth Borsad Anand Sites Figure 2: Graph of pH obtained in different sites AIJRFANS 19-214; © 2019, AIJRFANS All Rights Reserved Page 55 Rashmi et al., American International Journal of Research in Formal, Applied & Natural Sciences, 26(1), March-May 2019, pp. 54-59 pH of all the selected sites appeared to be below level than the standard limit by IS: 10500. Desirable limit of pH for drinking water is 6.5 to 8.5. In above selected sites results showed acidic pH. Amongst them industrial site of Anand was with 5.9 pH which showed high level contamination in the nearby areas.A same range was resulted of pH with various level which can cause corrosion also it shows presence of toxic metals.4 (ii) Dissolved Oxygen (DO): Dissloved Oxygen MGWS AGWS IGWS 6 4.7 5 4.4 4.1 3.9 4 3.8 4 3.2 3 2.3 DO (ppm) 1.9 2 1 0 Umreth Borsad Anand Sites Figure 3: Graph of DO obtained in different sites Dissolved Oxygen (DO) is very important parameter of water. Standard limit for DO according to Indian standard is 4 mg/l. Four samples from above showed lower values then 4 mg/l and sample taken from the nearer area of Umreth industrial zone illustrates 2.3 mg/l which exhibits high level of pollution over there. (iii) Total Dissolved Solids (TDS): Total Dissloved Solids MGWS AGWS IGWS 1400 1227 1176 1200 980 1000 810 720 768 742 759 800 625 600 TDS (ppm) TDS 400 200 0 Umreth Borsad Anand Sites Figure 4: Graph of TDS obtained in different sites Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) denotes existence of cations or anions in sample. Maximum limit of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) in the water is 500 mg/L, above the permissible value the palatability of water decreases and may cause gastro intestinal problems. Above graph shows groundwater in all the areas have high amount of TDS values and regions of Umreth are having very high TDS level i.e. 1227 mg/L.4 AIJRFANS 19-214; © 2019, AIJRFANS All Rights Reserved Page 56 Rashmi et al., American International Journal of Research in Formal, Applied & Natural Sciences, 26(1), March-May 2019, pp. 54-59 (iv) Nitrate: Nitrate MGWS AGWS IGWS 100 84 68 65 61 69 53 49 52 48 50 Nitrate (ppm) Nitrate 0 Umreth Borsad Anand Sites Figure 5: Graph of Nitrate obtained in different sites Nitrate is very essential parameter in soil and water as well. According to IS 10500 nitrate content in drinking water should not beyond 45 mg/L, as it can cause Methaemoglobinemia also indicates high level of pollution.From above graph Nitrate shows very high in Anand industrial areas with 84 mg/L.5 (v) Fluoride: Fluoride MGWS AGWS IGWS 2 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.5 1.2 1.1 1.2 0.9 0.9 0.8 1 0.5 0 Fluoride (ppm) Fluoride Umreth Borsad Anand Sites Figure 6: Graph of Fluoride obtained in different sites Level of Fluoride in water is desirable up to 0.8 ppm and it is permissible up to 1.2 ppm beyond the limit it can cause fluorosis. Level of Fluoride is more frequently found in ground water than surface water4. Water samples of Anand, Borsad and Umreth were observed with high level of fluoride in industrial and municipal water with 1.4 and 1.3 ppm values. (vi) Sulphate: Sulphate MGWS AGWS IGWS 600 364 356 400 233 257 236 224 169 211 187 200 Sulphate (ppm) Sulphate 0 1 2 3 Sites Figure 7: Graph of Sulphate obtained in different sites AIJRFANS 19-214; © 2019, AIJRFANS All Rights Reserved Page 57 Rashmi et al., American International Journal of Research in Formal, Applied & Natural Sciences, 26(1), March-May 2019, pp. 54-59 Reading of sulphates of above graph in trade areas are 257, 364 and 356 respectively for Umreth, Borsad and Anand taluka.