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Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education Vol.12 No.6 (2021), 2849-2857

Research Article

A Method for the Affixed Word Transliteration to the on the Learning Web Application

G. Indrawan1, K. Paramarta2, D. P. Ramendra3, I G. A. Gunadi1, Sariyasa1 1Computer Science Department 2Balinese Language Education Department 3English Language Education Department Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha (Undiksha), Singaraja, , 81116

Abstract: This research proposed a method for the affixed word transliteration to the since there has not been studied yet and it is important since the affixed word needs to be transliterated, inevitably. This research is one of the efforts to preserve digitally the endangered Balinese local language knowledge in Indonesia through the multi-discipline collaboration between Computer Science and Language discipline. The proposed method was taken care of two related aspects, i..; (1) A Latin root word has its related Balinese Script root word by using default or special transliteration rule; and (2) A Latin root word with a special transliteration rule for its Balinese Script root word, also need a special transliteration rule for its affixed word. This study was conducted on the pioneering web-based transliteration learning application, BaliScript, that receives the Latin text input and outputs the Balinese Script by using the Noto Serif Balinese font with its dedicated Balinese . Through the experiment, the proposed method gave the expected transliteration results, added a certain perspective, and strengthened the transliteration knowledge. Future work is to enhance and reuse this method on the mobile computing device, as a part of the ubiquitous learning that supports Balinese Language education, which is a mandatory local subject from the elementary school to the high school in Bali Province.

Keywords: affixed word, Balinese Script, transliteration, learning web

1. Introduction The Balinese Script as an endangered local language (G. Indrawan, Paramarta, Agustini, & Sariyasa, 2018) in Indonesia affects its Latin-to-Balinese Script transliteration knowledge, as part of the transliteration research in general (Karimi, Scholer, & Turpin, 2011; Kaur & Singh, 2014). The preservation effort by the Bali Government has already been conducted through the Bali Governor Circular Letter (Bali Government, 2018) that follows up the Bali Governor Regulation (Bali Government, 2019). Also, from the previous preservation regulation, the Balinese Language (including all aspects of the Balinese Script) was considered and running as a mandatory local subject from elementary school to senior high school in Bali Province. As the preservation effort of the language can be done by that governmental/political approach, multiple approaches should strengthen it and should have a greater impact. This research joined the effort through the technological approach, through the multi-discipline collaboration between Computer Science and Language discipline, by proposing a method for the affixed word transliteration to the Balinese Script since there has not been studied yet and it is important since the affixed word needs to be transliterated, inevitably. Moreover, this study was conducted on the pioneering web-based transliteration learning application, BaliScript, as part of the planned Balinese Language ubiquitous learning that supports Balinese Language education. The proposed method can be reused in the future for the mobile application as part of ubiquitous learning to give the transliteration knowledge for the next generations to come. As known, ubiquitous learning improves learning by providing learners with content and interaction anytime and anywhere (Hwang, Tsai, & Yang, 2008) by mobile and embedded computers and wireless networks in everyday life (Ogata, Matsuka, Bishouty, & Yano, 2009). This research proposes an unexposed method for the affixed word transliteration to the Balinese Script based on the supporting computer font Noto Serif Balinese (NSB). Also, this work advances the previous authors‟ work on the transliteration process by: (1) accommodating the rule from the Balinese Language, Script, and Literature Advisory Agency (Anom et al., 2009). This Bali Province government agency (Bali Government, 1992) carries out guidance and formulates programs for the maintenance, study, development, and preservation of the Balinese Language, Script, and Literature; (2) accommodating seventeen types of special words (G. Indrawan, Paramarta, & Agustini, 2019; G. Indrawan, Paramarta, et al., 2018) by using a particular table structure in the database which is avoiding hard-coded special word repositories in the learning application; (3) utilizing the Noto Serif Balinese font (Google, 2020b; The , 2020b, 2020a) with more developed and less bug than the Noto Sans Balinese font (Google, 2020a). Also, it uses dedicated Balinese ______2849

Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education Vol.12 No.6 (2021), 2849-2857

Research Article

Unicode as a standard Balinese Script font on the computer system including mobile devices (so the method can be reused on the mobile application); and (4) maximizing the learning application, that used this method, for the delivery of the knowledge in the area of transliteration and also translation, at the same time, specifically for the Balinese Script, Indonesian, and English (see the next Figure 2). Overall, all of those advances were considered as the contribution of this work. This paper is organized into several sections, i.e.: Section 1 (Introduction) states the problem background related to the Balinese Script in general, and the Latin-to-Balinese Script transliteration in specific; Section 2 (Related Work) describes the related works in the area of the Latin-to-Balinese Script transliteration; Section 3 (Research Method) exposes the supporting transliteration computer font (which is the NSB font) with its dedicated Balinese Unicode, and the supporting rule-based algorithm for the affixed word transliteration to the Balinese Script; Section 4 (Result and Discussion) covers the analysis of the testing result; and finally, Section 5 (Conclusion and Future Work) consists of some important conclusion and future work points. 2. Related Work As the Balinese Script adheres with its scriptio-continua writing style like its relatively close (geographically and culturally) Script (Widiarti & Pulungan, 2020), several related works on Latin-to- Balinese Script transliteration were conducted on the previous author‟s works (Crisnapati et al., 2019; G. Indrawan, Dantes, Aryanto, & Paramarta, 2020; G. Indrawan, Gunadi, Gitakarma, & Paramarta, 2021; G. Indrawan, Paramarta, et al., 2019; G. Indrawan, Puspita, Paramarta, & Sariyasa, 2018; G. Indrawan, Sariyasa, & Paramarta, 2019; G. Indrawan, Setemen, Sutaya, & Paramarta, 2020; G. Indrawan, Swastika, Sariyasa, & Paramarta, 2020; Loekito, Indrawan, Sariyasa, & Paramarta, 2020). Various non-dedicated Balinese Unicode fonts (i.e. Bali Simbar (Suatjana, 1999) and Bali Simbar Dwijendra (Suatjana, 2009)) and dedicated Balinese (The Unicode Consortium, 2020b, 2020a) (i.e. Noto Sans Balinese (Google, 2020a)) were used for displaying Balinese Script output on those previous research. A more developed dedicated Balinese Unicode font was found on Noto Serif Balinese font (Google, 2020b) rather than Noto Sans Balinese font. Bali Simbar font was used in (G. Indrawan, Sariyasa, et al., 2019) with a relatively good accuracy result on testing cases from The Balinese document (Sudewa, 2003). It was also used on the developed robotic system that writing Balinese Script from Latin text input (Crisnapati et al., 2019), and on the transliteration line-breaking handling exploration (G. Indrawan, Setemen, et al., 2020). Bali Simbar Dwijendra (BSD) font, as the improvement of Bali Simbar (BS) font, was used in (G. Indrawan, Swastika, et al., 2020) with additional testing cases from the Balinese Script dictionary (Anom et al., 2009), in addition to the same testing cases on (G. Indrawan, Sariyasa, et al., 2019). It was also used on the transliteration exploration of the mathematical expression (G. Indrawan, Dantes, et al., 2020). Ten transliteration lessons were also learned by using this font on the extended testing data (G. Indrawan et al., 2021) other than the initial established testing data (G. Indrawan, Paramarta, et al., 2019; G. Indrawan, Sariyasa, et al., 2019). Noto Sans Balinese font was used in (G. Indrawan, Paramarta, et al., 2019) with the same testing cases in (G. Indrawan, Sariyasa, et al., 2019) and gave a relatively good accuracy result. It was also used on the developed robotic system that writing Balinese Script from Latin text input (G. Indrawan, Puspita, et al., 2018). Extensive accuracy analysis on the developed algorithm (G. Indrawan, Paramarta, et al., 2019) was conducted in (Loekito et al., 2020) for improvement in the future. For Balinese Script preservation effort and learning, both sides of transliteration knowledge need to be explored from a technological point of view for digitalization. Ref. (G. Indrawan, Ariawan, Agustini, & Paramarta, 2020) was related to the Balinese Script-to-Latin transliteration along with the other authors‟ work (Gede Indrawan, Gunadi, & Paramarta, 2020) that utilizing GNU Optical Character Recognition (OCR), i.e. Ocrad (Antonio Diaz, 2003). Ref. (Gede Indrawan et al., 2020) is still limited only to basic syllable (Sudewa, 2003) recognition from the Balinese Script image that was based on Bali Simbar glyph shape. For advancing functionality and mobile adoption for ubiquitous learning, utilization of Tesseract1 OCR was conducted by (G. Indrawan, Ariawan, et al., 2020). 3. Research Method The proposed method for the affixed word transliteration to the Balinese Script was relied on two related aspects, i.e.; (1) A Latin root word has its related Balinese Script root word by using default or special transliteration rule; and (2) A Latin root word with a special transliteration rule for its Balinese Script root word, also need a special transliteration rule for its affixed word. This section describes: (1) the supporting transliteration computer font (which is the NSB font) with its dedicated Balinese Unicode, as a standard Balinese Script font on the computer system including mobile devices; and (2) the supporting rule-based algorithm for the affixed word transliteration to the Balinese Script.

1 https://github.com/tesseract-ocr/ (Retrieved April 25, 2021) ______2850

Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education Vol.12 No.6 (2021), 2849-2857

Research Article

3.1. The Supporting Computer Font The proposed method for the affixed word transliteration to the Balinese Script involves the Noto Serif Balinese (NSB) font with its dedicated Balinese Unicode (Google, 2020b; The Unicode Consortium, 2020b, 2020a), as shown by Table 1. NSB font accommodates Balinese Script Complex Behaviours (Narendra, 2008) which cover: (1) reordering and splitting; (2) various placement of ; (3) contextual shaping; (4) complex construction. Table 1 shows 121 glyphs and 7 code points in reserve grey areas. The Unicode group allocation is at +1B00 – U+1B7F, i.e.: (1) 1B00–1B04 for various signs; (2) 1B05–1B12 for independent ; (3) 1B13–1B33 for consonants; (4) 1B34 for sign rerekan; (5) 1B35–1B43 for dependent signs; (6) 1B44 for sign adeg-adeg; (7) 1B45–1B4B for additional consonants (Akśara Sasak); (8) 1B50–1B59 for digits; (9) 1B5A– 1B60 for ; (10) 1B61–1B6A for musical symbols for notes; (11) 1B6B–1B73 for diacritical marks for musical symbols; and (12) 1B74–1B7C for musical symbols. Table 1. Glyphs and their related Unicode of the Noto Serif Balinese font

3.2. The Algorithm The algorithm for the affixed word transliteration to the Balinese Script was based on two related aspects, as described previously. For an example of the first aspect, the root word “aksara” (alphabet) (Sudewa, 2003) must be transliterated to the Balinese Script as “ ” (special transliteration), not “ ” (default ᬅᬓ᭄ᬱᬭ ᬳᬓ᭄ᬲᬭ transliteration). The vowel “a” must be transliterated to “ ” (Balinese Letter Akara, U+1B05) not “ ” ᬅ ᬳ (Balinese Letter , U+1B33), and the consonant-vowel cluster “ksa” must be transliterated to “ ” ᬓ᭄ᬱ (constructed by Balinese Letter , U+1B13, and Balinese Letter Sa Sapa, U+1B31), not “ ” (constructed ᬓ᭄ᬲ by Balinese Letter Ka, U+1B13, and Balinese Letter Sa, U+1B32) (The Unicode Consortium, 2020a). For an example of the second aspect, related to the root word “aksara” from the first aspect, its affixed word (in this case, root word with suffix) “aksarane” (that alphabet) (Sudewa, 2003) must be transliterated to the Balinese Script as “ ” (special transliteration), not “ ” (default transliteration). The ᬅᬓ᭄ᬱᬭᬦᬾ ᬳᬓ᭄ᬲᬭᬦᬾ syllable “ne” was constructed by “ ” (Balinese Letter Na, U+1B26) and “ ” (Balinese Vowel Sign Taling, ᬦ ᬾ U+1B3E) (The Unicode Consortium, 2020a). That example of the affixed word transliteration and several other cases (using prefix and/or suffix) should be handled by the proposed method. Algorithm 1 shows the pseudocode for the affixed word transliteration to the Balinese Script. Figure 1 shows the generated SQL instruction for the example of word_string = “aksarane” with word_ string_length = 8. Based on the example, line 01 gave part of SQL instruction, i.e. “SELECT „aksarane‟ varian, 8 varianLength”. Line 02 sets word_min = 3 which means searching in the database for the root words with a minimum of three characters. Line 03 sets the initial value of word_substring = “aksarane” for the first for iteration at line 04. Line 05 and 06 set the initial value of word_substring2 = “aksaran” with word_ substring2_length = 7 for the second for iteration at line 07. Line 08 gave part of SQL instruction, i.e. “UNION ALL SELECT „aksaran‟, 7”. Line 09 updates the value of word_substring2 = “aksara” with word_ substring2_length = 6 for the second for iteration at line 07. The condition of word_substring2 ≥ word_min would break the second for iteration at line 07 and continue with the first for iteration at line 04. Figure 1 shows the complete variants of word_substring2 that would be JOIN with records in the database if column “kata” equal to those variants of word_substring2. Line 13 result was shown at the bottom section of Figure 1. Only the top record was used as the result since it has the biggest match level compare to the other records. For the sake of ______2851

Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education Vol.12 No.6 (2021), 2849-2857

Research Article clarity, the other records result was shown by commented line “LIMIT 1” of the constructed SQL instruction.

Algorithm 1. The affixed word transliteration to the Balinese Script 01 insert word_string and its word_ string_length to SQL SELECT instruction 02 set word_min = 3 03 set word_substring = word_string 04 for word_substring and word_substring ≥ word_min, do 05 set word_substring2 = word_substring 06 update word_substring2 by removing its most left character 07 for word_substring2 and word_substring2 ≥ word_min, do 08 insert word_ substring2 and its word_ substring2_length to SQL UNION ALL SELECT instruction 09 update word_substring2 by removing its most right character 10 end 11 update word_substring by removing its most left character 12 end 13 retrieve kata and its related konvert from the database by using constructed SQL instruction with “records.is_exclude = 0” and “LIMIT 1” 14 update word_string by replacing its same string part (refer to kata) with its related konvert of kata 15 go to the next transliteration process to get the Balinese Script output from the word_string

Figure 1. The example result from the fully constructed SQL instruction that was generated by the algorithm

Finally, line 15 gave word_string = “\akßarane” from column value “konvert” for the next transliteration process to give the right result “ ”. As a note, the SQL instruction search in the database for all ᬅᬓ᭄ᬱᬭᬦᬾ related words which have flag status is_excluded = 0. Also “konvert” was referred to as Balinese code in the next ______2852

Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education Vol.12 No.6 (2021), 2849-2857

Research Article result and analysis section. 3.3. The Testing The testing of the proposed method was conducted on the web application that was run on Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-4600U CPU @ 2.09GHz platform with 8 GB RAM and Windows 8 64-bit Operating System. That web application was constructed by the web server of Apache 2.4.46 (Win64), the database server MySQL 10.4.18-MariaDB, and programming language PHP 7.4.16 combined with JavaScript. Also as one of the contributions of this work, this web learning application, that used this method, maximizing the learning experience through the delivery of the knowledge in the area of transliteration and also translation at the same time, specifically for the Balinese Script, Indonesian, and English (Figure 2). The translation information comes from the columns from the database. For example, Indonesian translation for certain transliterated word can be seen in the column “indo” (Figure 1) Table 2 shows the testing transliteration cases on several affixed words that exist from the testing data set of the previous authors‟ work (G. Indrawan, Paramarta, et al., 2019). Those cases were also accompanied by their counterpart testing cases that comply with the rule from the Balinese Language, Script, and Literature Advisory Agency (Anom et al., 2009). All of those testing cases, along with the root words to be transliterated, consists of various affixed words (the bold words) that using a prefix and/or suffix. Table 2. Testing transliteration cases Case1 Case2 Remarks 1 Bank Pembangunan Daerah Bank Pembangunan Daerah Abbreviations section in (Sudewa, Bali Bali 2003). Its English: Be Pe De Bali Bē, Pē, Dē, Bali Regional Development Bank Pe Da Bali Ba, Pe, Da, Bali Bali Be Pe De Ba Da Bali Ba, Pa, Da, Bali Bali Ba Pe Da Bali Ba Pa Da Bali 2 Akeh akśarane, 47, luir ipun: Akeh akśaranē, 47, luir Line Break section in (Sudewa, 2003). akśara suara, 14, akśara ipun: akśara suara, 14, akśara Its English: wianjana, 33, akśara suara wianjana, 33, akśara suara Many of those letters, 47, as follows punika talěr dados punika talěr dados vowels, 14, consonants, 33, those vowels pangangge suara, tur pangangge suara, tur also become vowel signs, and have two madrěwe suara kakalih, madrěwe suara kakalih, sounds, that was called: sound hrěswa kawāśţanin: suara hrěswa kawāśţanin: suara hrěswa and dīrgha. miwah dīrgha. miwah dīrgha. 1The original testing cases from the previous authors‟ work testing data set (G. Indrawan, Paramarta, et al., 2019) 2The updated testing cases that comply with the rule (Anom et al., 2009)

Figure 2. The BaliScript transliteration learning web application with translation feature for the Balinese Script, Indonesian, and English ______2853

Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education Vol.12 No.6 (2021), 2849-2857

Research Article

4. Result and Analysis Figure 3 shows the testing result of the proposed method for the affixed word transliteration on the transliteration learning web application BaliScript. The testing on the BaliScript was based on testing cases in Table 2. Figure 3(a) shows the input with various affixed words through the select input box2, while Figure 3(b) shows the transliteration output with a line break for each testing case (Table 2). Several aspects were analyzed related to the transliteration process that was successfully displayed by the Noto Serif Balinese (NSB) font with its dedicated Balinese Unicode. Balinese Script writing uses the non-scriptio-continua style (Widiarti & Pulungan, 2020) which means the output should fully occupy all of the writing space without paragraph and line break. For ease of learning and also for the ease of visual analysis, this aspect could be accommodated in the future by a feature to switch between the scriptio-continua style (the traditional look) and the non-scriptio-continua style (the modern look). The non- style using Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) property white-space3 with value pre-line.

(a)

(b) Figure 3. Transliteration result of various affixed words on the BaliScript learning web application: (a) the input through the select box; (b) the output with a non-scriptio-continua style.

The first affixed word, i.e. an Indonesian word “Pembangunan” (development) was constructed by a prefix “pem”, a root word “bangun” (develop), and a suffix “an”. The writing of “e” and its sound [ə] (Esling, 1999) complies with the rule from the Balinese Language, Script, and Literature Advisory Agency (Anom et al., 2009).

2 https://select2.org (Retrieved April 25, 2021) 3 https://www.w3schools.com/cssref/pr_text_white-space.asp (Retrieved April 25, 2021) ______2854

Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education Vol.12 No.6 (2021), 2849-2857

Research Article

The affixed word “Pembangunan” was successfully transliterated by the proposed method to the Balinese Script “ ” by using its Balinese code (see column “konvert” at the previous algorithm section) related to ᬧᭂᬫ᭄ᬩᬗᬸᬦᬦ᭄ the existing root word “bangun” (“ ”) in the database. As a note, consonant “n” (“ ”) of word ᬩᬗᬸᬦᬦ᭄ ᬦ᭄ “Pembangunan” was transformed to “nda” (“ ”) since it was followed by a syllable “da” from word ᬦ᭄ᬤ “Daerah”. The appended form of “da” was positioned under the regular form of “na” (“ ”). ᬦ The second affixed word, i.e. a Balinese word “akśarane” (that ) was constructed by a root word “akśara” (alphabets) and a suffix “ne”. The root word “akśara” (Sudewa, 2003), as a variant word of “aksara” (Anom et al., 2009) with the same transliteration, is accommodated by the proposed method. Since its intended sound is [e] (Esling, 1999), to comply with the rule from the Balinese Language, Script, and Literature Advisory Agency (Anom et al., 2009), the writing of suffix “ne” should be changed to “nē”. Based on that change, the affixed word “akśaranē” was successfully transliterated by the proposed method to the Balinese Script “ ” by using its Balinese code related to the existing root word “akśara” (“ ”) in the ᬅᬓ᭄ᬱᬭᬦᬾ ᬅᬓ᭄ᬱᬭ database. The third affixed word, i.e. a Balinese word “punika” (that) was constructed by a prefix “pu”, and a root word “nika” (that). The affixed word “punika” was successfully transliterated by the proposed method to the Balinese Script “ ” by using its Balinese code related to the existing root word “nika” (“ ”) in the ᬧᬸᬦᬶᬓ ᬦᬶᬓ database. The fourth affixed word, i.e. a Balinese word “pangangge” (sign) was constructed by a prefix “pang”, and a root word “angge” (use). The root word “angge” (Sudewa, 2003), as a variant word of “anggē” (Anom et al., 2009) with the same transliteration, is accommodated by the BaliScript. Rather than using its Balinese code related to the existing root word “angge” (“ ”) in the database, the affixed word “pangangge” was ᬳᬗ᭄ᬕᬾ successfully transliterated by the proposed method to the Balinese Script “ ” by using its Balinese ᬧᬗᬗ᭄ᬕᬾ code related to the existing root word “ngangge” (“ ”) in the database (see Algorithm 1). As a note, ᬗᬗ᭄ᬕᬾ syllable “pa” (“ ”) of word “pangangge” was transformed to “spa” (“ ”) since it followed a consonant “s” ᬧ ᬲ᭄ᬧ (“ ”) from word “dados”. The appended form of “pa” was positioned after the regular form of “sa” (“ ”). ᬲ᭄ ᬲ The fifth affixed word, i.e. a Balinese word “madrěwe” (have/has) was constructed by a prefix “” and a root word “drěwe” (belonging). The root word “drěwe” (Sudewa, 2003), as a variant word of “drewē” (Anom et al., 2009) with the same transliteration, is accommodated by the BaliScript. The affixed word “madrěwe” was successfully transliterated by the proposed method to the Balinese Script “ ” by using its Balinese code ᬫᬤᬺᬯᬾ related to the existing root word “drěwe” (“ ”) in the database. ᬤᬺᬯᬾ The sixth affixed word, i.e. a Balinese word “kakalih” (both) was constructed by a prefix “ka” and a root word “kalih” (two). Rather than using its Balinese code related to the existing root word “kalih” in the database, the affixed word “kakalih” was successfully transliterated by the proposed method to the Balinese Script “ ” by setting the flag status “is_excluded” = 1 of the existing root word “kalih” (“ ”) in the ᬓᬓᬵᬮᬶᬄ ᬓᬵᬮᬶᬄ database (see Algorithm 1). As a note, rather than using the Balinese Script “ ” (Sudewa, 2003) as the ᬓᬓᬮᬶᬄ ground truth for the transliteration result of the affixed word “kakalih”, the proposed method used “ ” ᬓᬓᬵᬮᬶᬄ (with “ ” as the Balinese Vowel Sign Tedung, U+1B35) since it complies with the rule from the Balinese ᬵ Language, Script, and Literature Advisory Agency (Anom et al., 2009). The seventh affixed word, i.e. a Balinese word “kawāśţanin” (be named) was constructed by a prefix “ka”, a root word “wāśţa” (name), and a suffix “nin”. The root word “wāśţa” (Sudewa, 2003), as a variant word of “wasta” (Anom et al., 2009) with the same transliteration, is accommodated by the BaliScript. The affixed word “kawāśţanin” was successfully transliterated by the proposed method to the Balinese Script “ ” by ᬓᬯᬱ᭄ᬝᬦᬶᬦ᭄ using its Balinese code related to the existing root word “wāśţa” (“ ”) in the database. As a note, rather ᬯᬱ᭄ᬝ than using the Balinese Script “ ” (Sudewa, 2003) as the ground truth for the transliteration result ᬓᬯᬵᬱ᭄ᬝᬦᬶᬦ᭄ of the affixed word “kakalih”, the proposed method used “ ” (without “ ” as the Balinese Vowel ᬓᬯᬱ᭄ᬝᬦᬶᬦ᭄ ᬵ ______2855

Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education Vol.12 No.6 (2021), 2849-2857

Research Article

Sign Tedung, U+1B35) since it complies with the rule from the Balinese Language, Script, and Literature Advisory Agency (Anom et al., 2009). Conclusion and Future Work A method for the affixed word transliteration to the Balinese Script was proposed with the implementation on the web learning application by using Noto Serif Balinese font with its dedicated Balinese Unicode. All various cases were handled successfully by the proposed method. This research added a certain perspective and strengthened the transliteration knowledge, which is part of the Balinese culture preservation effort. Future work to enrich and strengthen this transliteration knowledge is to enhance and reuse this method on mobile computing through the implementation on the mobile device, as a part of the planned Balinese Language ubiquitous learning that supports Balinese Language education. Acknowledgment This work was supported by the Indonesian Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology through the multi-years Applied Research Grant. The application used by this research has also been approved by the Indonesian Ministry of Law and Human Rights for the copyright certificate with No. 000235267. References 1. Anom, I. G. K., Suasta, I. B. M., Suardiana, I. W., Djapa, I. W., Suteja, I. W., Riken, I. M., & Swatjana, I. M. (2009). Balinese - Indonesian Dictionary with its Latin and Balinese Script [Kamus Bali - Indonesia Beraksara Latin dan Bali]. : Bali Province. 2. Antonio Diaz. (2003). Ocrad - The GNU OCR. Retrieved April 25, 2021, from https://www.gnu.org/software/ocrad/ 3. Bali Government. (1992). Bali Government Regulation No. 3 on Balinese Language, Script, and Literature [Peraturan Pemerintah Bali No. 3 tentang Bahasa, Aksara, dan Sastra Bali]. Retrieved April 25, 2021, from https://bphn.go.id/data/documents/perda_3_1992.pdf 4. Bali Government. (2018). Bali Governor Regulation No. 80 on Protection and Usage of Balinese Language, Script, and Literature, also Organizing Balinese Language Month [Peraturan Gubernur Bali No. 80 tentang Pelindungan dan Penggunaan Bahasa, Aksara, dan Sastra Bali serta Penyelenggaraan Bulan Bahasa Bali]. Retrieved April 25, 2021, from https://jdih.baliprov.go.id/produk- hukum/peraturan/abstrak/24665 5. Bali Government. (2019). Bali Governor Circular Letter No. 3172 Year 2019 about The Usage of Balinese Traditional Clothing and Balinese Script [Surat Edaran Gubernur Bali No. 3172 Tahun 2019 tentang Penggunaan Busana Adat Bali dan Aksara Bali]. Retrieved April 25, 2021, from https://jdih.baliprov.go.id/produk-hukum/peraturan/abstrak/24741 6. Crisnapati, P. N., Indrawan, G., Novayanti, P. D., Suranata, I. W. A., Pande, I. M. S. A., Yusadara, I. G. P. M., & Santrisna, I. P. (2019). Pasang Aksara Bot: A Balinese Script Writing Robot using Finite State Automata Transliteration Method. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1175(1), 012108. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1175/1/012108 7. Esling, J. (1999). Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet. Cambridge University Press. 8. Google. (2020a). Google . Retrieved April 25, 2021, from https://www.google.com/get/noto/#sans-bali 9. Google. (2020b). Google Noto Serif Balinese. Retrieved April 25, 2021, from https://github.com/googlefonts/noto- fonts/blob/master/unhinted/ttf/NotoSerifBalinese/NotoSerifBalinese-Regular.ttf 10. Hwang, G. J., Tsai, C. C., & Yang, S. J. H. (2008). Criteria, strategies and research issues of context- aware ubiquitous learning. Journal of Educational Technology and Society, 11(2). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40561-014-0004-5 11. Indrawan, G., Ariawan, K. U., Agustini, K., & Paramarta, I. K. (2020). Finite-State Machine for Post- Processing Method of Balinese Script to Latin Transliteration. The 6th International Conference on Science, Technology, and Interdisciplinary Research. In press 12. Indrawan, G., Dantes, G. R., Aryanto, K. Y. E., & Paramarta, I. K. (2020). Handling of Mathematical Expression on Latin-to-Balinese Script Transliteration Method on Mobile Computing. 2020 Fifth International Conference on Informatics and Computing (ICIC), 1–5. IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICIC50835.2020.9288563 13. Indrawan, G., Gunadi, I. G. A., Gitakarma, M. S., & Paramarta, I. K. (2021). Latin to Balinese Script Transliteration: Lessons Learned from Computer-based Implementation. The 4th International Conference on Software Engineering and Information Management (ICSIM). Yokohama. In press ______2856

Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education Vol.12 No.6 (2021), 2849-2857

Research Article

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