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A Method for the Affixed Word Transliteration to the Balinese Script on the Learning Web Application

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A Method for the Affixed Word Transliteration to the Balinese Script on the Learning Web Application Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education Vol.12 No.6 (2021), 2849-2857 Research Article A Method for the Affixed Word Transliteration to the Balinese Script on the Learning Web Application G. Indrawan1, I K. Paramarta2, D. P. Ramendra3, I G. A. Gunadi1, Sariyasa1 1Computer Science Department 2Balinese Language Education Department 3English Language Education Department Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha (Undiksha), Singaraja, Bali, Indonesia 81116 Abstract: This research proposed a method for the affixed word transliteration to the Balinese Script since there has not been studied yet and it is important since the affixed word needs to be transliterated, inevitably. This research is one of the efforts to preserve digitally the endangered Balinese local language knowledge in Indonesia through the multi-discipline collaboration between Computer Science and Language discipline. The proposed method was taken care of two related aspects, i.e.; (1) A Latin root word has its related Balinese Script root word by using default or special transliteration rule; and (2) A Latin root word with a special transliteration rule for its Balinese Script root word, also need a special transliteration rule for its affixed word. This study was conducted on the pioneering web-based transliteration learning application, BaliScript, that receives the Latin text input and outputs the Balinese Script by using the Noto Serif Balinese font with its dedicated Balinese Unicode. Through the experiment, the proposed method gave the expected transliteration results, added a certain perspective, and strengthened the transliteration knowledge. Future work is to enhance and reuse this method on the mobile computing device, as a part of the Balinese Language ubiquitous learning that supports Balinese Language education, which is a mandatory local subject from the elementary school to the high school in Bali Province. Keywords: affixed word, Balinese Script, transliteration, learning web 1. Introduction The Balinese Script as an endangered local language (G. Indrawan, Paramarta, Agustini, & Sariyasa, 2018) in Indonesia affects its Latin-to-Balinese Script transliteration knowledge, as part of the transliteration research in general (Karimi, Scholer, & Turpin, 2011; Kaur & Singh, 2014). The preservation effort by the Bali Government has already been conducted through the Bali Governor Circular Letter (Bali Government, 2018) that follows up the Bali Governor Regulation (Bali Government, 2019). Also, from the previous preservation regulation, the Balinese Language (including all aspects of the Balinese Script) was considered and running as a mandatory local subject from elementary school to senior high school in Bali Province. As the preservation effort of the language can be done by that governmental/political approach, multiple approaches should strengthen it and should have a greater impact. This research joined the effort through the technological approach, through the multi-discipline collaboration between Computer Science and Language discipline, by proposing a method for the affixed word transliteration to the Balinese Script since there has not been studied yet and it is important since the affixed word needs to be transliterated, inevitably. Moreover, this study was conducted on the pioneering web-based transliteration learning application, BaliScript, as part of the planned Balinese Language ubiquitous learning that supports Balinese Language education. The proposed method can be reused in the future for the mobile application as part of ubiquitous learning to give the transliteration knowledge for the next generations to come. As known, ubiquitous learning improves learning by providing learners with content and interaction anytime and anywhere (Hwang, Tsai, & Yang, 2008) by mobile and embedded computers and wireless networks in everyday life (Ogata, Matsuka, Bishouty, & Yano, 2009). This research proposes an unexposed method for the affixed word transliteration to the Balinese Script based on the supporting computer font Noto Serif Balinese (NSB). Also, this work advances the previous authors‟ work on the transliteration process by: (1) accommodating the rule from the Balinese Language, Script, and Literature Advisory Agency (Anom et al., 2009). This Bali Province government agency (Bali Government, 1992) carries out guidance and formulates programs for the maintenance, study, development, and preservation of the Balinese Language, Script, and Literature; (2) accommodating seventeen types of special words (G. Indrawan, Paramarta, & Agustini, 2019; G. Indrawan, Paramarta, et al., 2018) by using a particular table structure in the database which is avoiding hard-coded special word repositories in the learning application; (3) utilizing the Noto Serif Balinese font (Google, 2020b; The Unicode Consortium, 2020b, 2020a) with more developed and less bug than the Noto Sans Balinese font (Google, 2020a). Also, it uses dedicated Balinese __________________________________________________________________________________ 2849 Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education Vol.12 No.6 (2021), 2849-2857 Research Article Unicode as a standard Balinese Script font on the computer system including mobile devices (so the method can be reused on the mobile application); and (4) maximizing the learning application, that used this method, for the delivery of the knowledge in the area of transliteration and also translation, at the same time, specifically for the Balinese Script, Indonesian, and English (see the next Figure 2). Overall, all of those advances were considered as the contribution of this work. This paper is organized into several sections, i.e.: Section 1 (Introduction) states the problem background related to the Balinese Script in general, and the Latin-to-Balinese Script transliteration in specific; Section 2 (Related Work) describes the related works in the area of the Latin-to-Balinese Script transliteration; Section 3 (Research Method) exposes the supporting transliteration computer font (which is the NSB font) with its dedicated Balinese Unicode, and the supporting rule-based algorithm for the affixed word transliteration to the Balinese Script; Section 4 (Result and Discussion) covers the analysis of the testing result; and finally, Section 5 (Conclusion and Future Work) consists of some important conclusion and future work points. 2. Related Work As the Balinese Script adheres with its scriptio-continua writing style like its relatively close (geographically and culturally) Javanese Script (Widiarti & Pulungan, 2020), several related works on Latin-to- Balinese Script transliteration were conducted on the previous author‟s works (Crisnapati et al., 2019; G. Indrawan, Dantes, Aryanto, & Paramarta, 2020; G. Indrawan, Gunadi, Gitakarma, & Paramarta, 2021; G. Indrawan, Paramarta, et al., 2019; G. Indrawan, Puspita, Paramarta, & Sariyasa, 2018; G. Indrawan, Sariyasa, & Paramarta, 2019; G. Indrawan, Setemen, Sutaya, & Paramarta, 2020; G. Indrawan, Swastika, Sariyasa, & Paramarta, 2020; Loekito, Indrawan, Sariyasa, & Paramarta, 2020). Various non-dedicated Balinese Unicode fonts (i.e. Bali Simbar (Suatjana, 1999) and Bali Simbar Dwijendra (Suatjana, 2009)) and dedicated Balinese Unicode font (The Unicode Consortium, 2020b, 2020a) (i.e. Noto Sans Balinese (Google, 2020a)) were used for displaying Balinese Script output on those previous research. A more developed dedicated Balinese Unicode font was found on Noto Serif Balinese font (Google, 2020b) rather than Noto Sans Balinese font. Bali Simbar font was used in (G. Indrawan, Sariyasa, et al., 2019) with a relatively good accuracy result on testing cases from The Balinese Alphabet document (Sudewa, 2003). It was also used on the developed robotic system that writing Balinese Script from Latin text input (Crisnapati et al., 2019), and on the transliteration line-breaking handling exploration (G. Indrawan, Setemen, et al., 2020). Bali Simbar Dwijendra (BSD) font, as the improvement of Bali Simbar (BS) font, was used in (G. Indrawan, Swastika, et al., 2020) with additional testing cases from the Balinese Script dictionary (Anom et al., 2009), in addition to the same testing cases on (G. Indrawan, Sariyasa, et al., 2019). It was also used on the transliteration exploration of the mathematical expression (G. Indrawan, Dantes, et al., 2020). Ten transliteration lessons were also learned by using this font on the extended testing data (G. Indrawan et al., 2021) other than the initial established testing data (G. Indrawan, Paramarta, et al., 2019; G. Indrawan, Sariyasa, et al., 2019). Noto Sans Balinese font was used in (G. Indrawan, Paramarta, et al., 2019) with the same testing cases in (G. Indrawan, Sariyasa, et al., 2019) and gave a relatively good accuracy result. It was also used on the developed robotic system that writing Balinese Script from Latin text input (G. Indrawan, Puspita, et al., 2018). Extensive accuracy analysis on the developed algorithm (G. Indrawan, Paramarta, et al., 2019) was conducted in (Loekito et al., 2020) for improvement in the future. For Balinese Script preservation effort and learning, both sides of transliteration knowledge need to be explored from a technological point of view for digitalization. Ref. (G. Indrawan, Ariawan, Agustini, & Paramarta, 2020) was related to the Balinese Script-to-Latin transliteration along with the other authors‟ work (Gede Indrawan, Gunadi, & Paramarta, 2020) that utilizing GNU Optical Character Recognition (OCR), i.e. Ocrad (Antonio
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