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Canada Du Canada Canadian Theses Service Service Des Thèses Canadiennes National Library Bibliothèque nationale 1+1 of Canada du Canada Canadian Theses Service Service des thèses canadiennes Ottawa, Canada K1A ON' NOTICE AVIS The quality ofthis microform is heavilydependent upon the La qualité de celte microforme dépend grandement de la quality of the original thesis submitted for microfilming. qualité de la thèse soumise au microfilmage. Nous avons Every effort has been made to ensure the highest quality of tout fait pour assurer une qualité supérieure de reproduc­ reproduction possible. tion. If pages are missing, contact the university which granted S'il manque des pages, veumez communiquer avec the degree. l'université qui a conféré le grade. Some pages may have indistinct print especially if the La qualité d'impression de certaines pages peut laisser il original pages were typed with a poor typewriter ribbon or désirer, surtout si les pages originales ont été dactylogra­ if the univershy sent us an inferior photocopy. phiées à l'aide d'un ruban usé ou si l'université nous a fait parvenir une photocopie de qualité inférieure. Reproduction in full or in part of this microform is ooverned La reproduction, méme partielle, de celte microforme esl by the Canadian Copyright Act, R.S.C. 1970, c. C-30, and soumise à la Loi canadienne sur le droit d'auteur, SRC subsequent amendments. 1970, c. C-30, et ses amendements subséquents. Canada 1 LE PROCESSUS DE REDEFINITION DE L'ESPACE POLITIQUE, DANS L'ARCTIQUE: LES iNUIT ET L'ETAT CANADIEN par Christine Tremblay Département de géographie Université McGill, Montréal Mai 1990 Thése présentée à la Faculté des études avanCées et de la recherche remplissant partiellement les criteres requIs pour l'obtention du titre de docteur en philosophle o Christine Tremblay 1990 National Library Bibliothèque nationale Il•• of Canada du Canada Canadian Theses Service Service des thèses canadiennes Ottawa. Canada K1A ON4 The author has granted an irrevocable non· L'auteur a accordé une licence irrévClCable et exclusive licence a1lowing the National Ubrary non exclusive penmettant à la Bibliothèque of Canada to reproduce, Ioan, arstribute orsell nationale du Canada de reproduire, prêter, copies of his/her thesis by any means and in distribuer ou vendre des copies de sa thèse any form or fonnat, making this thesis available de quelque manière et sous quelque forme to interested persons. que ce soit pour mettre des exemplaires de cette thèse à la disposition des personnes intéressées. The author retains ownership of the copyright L'auteur conserve la propriété du droit d'auteur in his/her thesis. Neither the thesis nor qui protège sa thèse. Ni la thèse nides extraits substantial extracts from it may be printed or substantiels de celle-ci ne doivent être otherwise reproduced without hislher per­ imprimés ou autrement reproduits sans son mission. autorisation. ISBN 0-315-66508-4 Canada TABLE DES MATI ERES PAGES LIMINAIRES 5IJmmary - Résumé 6 Remerciements 7 Liste des figures 8 Liste des abrevlatlons 9 PresentatIon des notes de références 10 INTRODUCTION Gt:Nt:RALE 1- La dimension culturelle et l'espace politique 13 2- Question et hypothése 17 }- Plan de la these 18 \ ·PREMIERE PARTIE 1- l't:tat et t'évolution des relations Internationales 1.1- Hypotheses concernant l'évolution politique contemporame 21 1.2- Les éléments constItuants du présent système InternaticnaL...24 1.3- Les interdépendances complexes 26 1.4- Elements suggérant l'existence d'un Agenda globaL 32 2 2- Le Quart-Monde • 2.1- L'orlgine historlQue et epistémologlQue du concept de Quari.-Monde 36 ??_._- L"teued du Quart··~·-Î,on",e en geograp. h'le pol·t·l lQue.................................. 41 2.3- La CICP et la régional1satlon de l'aire culturelle inuit... 43 3- L'évolut1on de la soc1été 1nu1t jusqu'à l'époque contemporaine 3.1- Les transformations de base 50 3.2- Les transformations de la superstructure 51 3.3- La politique indigéniste et la formatlOn du modèle socio-economlQue autochtone 59 4- Les d1mens1ons géopol1t1ques et globales de l'histoire du Canada 4.1- L'évolution du Canada dans le Nord et dans l'ArctiQue 65 4,2- L'enjeu politique du Nunavut pour l'Etat canadien 71 4.3- Le modèle socio-economiQue étatique 74 , DEUXIEME PARTIE 1- 1ntroduct1on 1.1- La période pré-confédérative: Etablissement d'une politique central1sèe 77 1.2- A compter de 1867: l'Assimilatlonnlsme 79 2- Pér10de de planlricalion 0971-76) 2.1- Introductlon 83 3 2.2- La questIon ae l'Agenaa gloDal. problemes ae pollutlOn mternatlonale 84 2.3- L'Autorite: contradictions entre les droits collectifs et les droIts inaividuels 87 2.4- La Population: Le mamtien de la tutelle et le respect du statu quo 93 2.5- Le Territoire: la dimension physique et l'amenagement de la democratle iJarlementaire dans les TNO 97 3- Pér10de de préparat10n (1976-82) 3.1- Introduction 102 3.2- La question de l'Agenda global: j'Habitat humain........................................................................................................... 103 3.3- L'Autorité: Le Rapport Berger 106 3.4- La Population: les droits autochtones et le rapatrlement de la Constitution................................................................ 114 3.5- Le Territoire 1: La dimension culturelle et la redéfinition de l'espace polltlque: des éléments antagonistes et irréconciliables.... 1113 3.6- Le Territoire 2: L'assimilation du Nunavut .au modéle socio-économique étatique............................................................. 128 4- Période de négociat1on (1982-87) 4.1- Introductlon 140 4.2- La question de l'Agenda global: une atmosphère changeante 140 4.3- l'Autorité: les Conférences des Premiers ministres sur les questions constitutionnelles mtéressant les autochtones 145 4.3.1- La Conférence constitutionnelle de 1983 150 4 4.3.2- La Conference constitutionnelle de 1984 151 4.3.3- La Conférence constltutionnelle de 1985 156 4.3.4- La Conférence constitutionnelle de 1987 158 4.4- La,Population: l'impossibilité de franchir certams tabous aSSOCles à la dimension culturelle 160 4.5- Conclusion de la recherct'le empirique. Le Terrltoire: du rôle acceSS01re des Inuit dans la fédération canadienne à l'avenir prévisible du Nunavut à court et à moyen terme: 173 CONCLUSION 1- Vérification de l'hypothése et des variables 184 2- La croix des convergences et la réconclliatlon des contraires......... 185 3- Le redressement de l'axe nord-sud et la conquête involontaire du temps 188 4- Le centre de convergence spatio-temporel des grands axes 191 BIBLIOGRAPHIE 198 5 SUMMARY ThIS thesis studles the SOClO-politlcal ~"I)lutlon of Nunavut, a proposea political entlty ln the Canadlan Arctlc, and trles to PlnPOlnt ltS potentlal impact and Influence for Canada, nationally and lnternationally, ThIS study of politlcal geography is done by way of discourse and content analysis of Inuit publicatlOns (Inuit Today, Nunavut Newsletters) and governmental documents (Hansard, the Gazette of Canada, etc), This analysls covers a time-perlod of 16 years, from the foundation of the Inuit Tapirisat of Canada (lTC) in 1971 to the last Conference of First Ministers on aboriginal rights in 1987, This time-period is subdivided into three segments of approximately 5 years: 1- Planning period (1971-76),2­ Preparation period (1976-82), 3- Negotiation period (1982-87), The introduction and conclusion of the thesls elaborate on the evolution of world affairs toward globalism and on the evolution of the Fourth World in thlS context. RESUMÉ Cette these étudIe l'évolution soclo-politique du Nunavut, une entité politlque a être créée dans l'Arctique canadien, Elle vise aussi à déterminer l'impact possible et l'influence Que le Nunavut pourrait avoir sur le Canada, aux niveaux natlOna1et internatIonal. Cette étude de géographIe politique consIste en une analyse de discours et de contenu dont les sources sont tirées de documents officiels provenant des principaux organismes inuit (Inuit Today, Nunavut Newsletters et autres publications) ainsi Que de publicatIons officielles du gouvernement fédéral canadien (Débats du Sénat et de la Chambre des communes, Gazette du Canada, etc), L'étude couvre une période historIque de 16 ans débutant avec la fondatIon du Tapirisat inuit du Canada (TIC) en 1971 et se poursuivant jusqu'à la derniére Conférence des premiers ministres sur les Questions constitutionnelles intéressant les autochtones en 1987, Cette période historique est subdiviSée en 3 sous-périodes: 1- La période de planification U971-76), 2- La période de préparation (1976-82), 3- La période de négociation (1982-87), L'introduction et la conclusion de cette thèse étudient l'évolution du concept de Quart-Monde à travers celui de l'évolution vers la globalisation des affaires internationales. 6 REMERCI EMENTS Je remercie le mmlstère des Affaires indiennes et du Nord de m'avoIr accorde l'aide financIère grâce alaquelle j'ai pu effectuer un voyage de recherche dans les TNO pendant l'été 1987, Je remercie également l'Universitè McGill de m'avoir accordé une bourse qUl m'a permIs de presenter le resultat de mes recherches lors du Sixiéme Congrès des Etudes inuit tenu aCopenhague pendant l'automne 1988, et de m'avoir donné une importante charge de cours pendant l'année acadèmique 1987-88, PlUSIeurs personnes m'ont apporté un soutien moral et académlque Important dans l'accomplissement de ce travaIl. Parmi celles-cl, Je veux mentIonner le professeur George Wenzel, Kevin O'Keefe. Red Pedersen, John U,l3aily, Gérard Duhalme, .Judy Cross et Lelth Peterson, de même que le personnel de soutIen et le corps professoral du département de géographie de l'Université McGill. Enfin, Je remercIe spéclalement ma Collègue et amle Phoebe Nahanm, mon directeur de thèse le professeur Ludger Müller-Wil1e et mon ami Francesco Bellissimo de leur précieuse collaboration. 7 C· LISTE DES FIGURES page ... Flgure 1: EvolutIOn des relations mternatlonales _ : 27 Figure 2: Triade geostrategiQue : 42 Figure 3: Aire de survIe culturelle lnuit... 46 Figure 4: Redefinition de la triade geostrategiQue 55 Figure 5: Territoire du Nunavut 56 Figure 6: Le Canada; t"llstoire impériale et nationale 66 Figure 7: Situation formelle et informelle concernant le Nunavut.
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