NATIONAL WATER COMMISSION OF MEXICO

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO

2007 Edition

www.cna.gob.mx DISCLAIMER

The unaltered reproduction of the material contained in this book is authorized, for non-profit making purposes and quoting the source.

This publication is one of the products generated by the National Information System on the Quantity, Quality and Conservation of Water, part of the Planning Division. The edition of this publication was the responsibility of the General Coordination for Institutional Attention, Communication and Water Culture of the National Water Commission of Mexico.

Title: Statistics on Water in Mexico, 2007 ISBN: 978-968-817-870-6 First 2007 edition

Author: National Water Commission Av. Insurgentes Sur 2416, Col. Copilco El Bajo C.P. 04340, Coyoacan, Mexico City, D.F., Mexico Tel. +52 55 5174 4000.

Editor: Ministry of the Environment and Natural Resources Boulevard Adolfo Ruiz Cortines No. 4209 Col. Jardines de la Montaña, C.P. 14210, Tlalpan, Mexico City, D.F., Mexico

Printed in Mexico Distributed free of charge. Not for sale. DIRECTORY OF THE NATIONAL WATER COMMISSION

José Luis Luege Tamargo Director General

Marco Antonio Velázquez Holguín Coordinator of Advisors of the Director General

Raúl Alberto Navarro Garza Deputy Director General for Administration

Roberto Anaya Moreno Deputy Director General for Water Management

José Ramón Ardavín Ituarte Deputy Director General for Drinking Water, Sewerage and Sanitation

Sergio Soto Priante Deputy Director General for Hydro-Agricultural Infrastructure

Jesús Becerra Pedrote Deputy Director General for Legal Division

José Antonio Rodríguez Tirado Deputy Director General for Planning

Felipe Ignacio Arreguín Cortés Deputy Director General for Technical Matters

Coordinator for Emergency Attention and River Basin Councils

Heidi Storsberg Montes Coordinator for Institutional Attention, Communication and Water Culture

Mario Alberto Rodríguez Pérez Coordinator of the Revision and Fiscal Liquidation Unit

Michel Rosengaus Moshinsky Coordinator of the National Meteorological Service

Lic. Ricardo Saúl Gutiérrez Calderón Head of the Internal Control Unit

EDITORIAL TEAM

General coordination: José Antonio Rodríguez Tirado Orlando Jaimes Martínez

Publication manager: Ricardo Martínez Lagunes

Integration of the edition: Eduardo Acosta Lara

Proofreader of the Spanish version / English translator: Colin Herron

Collaborators: Claudia Esther Coria Bustos Pérez, María Eugenia de la Peña Ramos, Alejandro Díaz Ponce, Héctor Fonseca Meléndez, María Elena del Carmen Lagos Santoyo, Carlos Raúl Montaño Espinosa, Gabino Gaspar Monterrosa Reyes, Jessica Penagos García, Rubén Ramírez Castro, Lidya Ramírez Altamirano, José Guadalupe Trujillo Jiménez, Gilberto Valdez Rivera y Lourdes Vargas Martínez

Your opinion and comments are very important for us:

Write to us at: [email protected].

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

For the elaboration of this document, we received the priceless support of the following institutions: Ministry of the Environment and Natural Resources; National Statistics, Geography and Informatics Institute; National Population Council; Ministry of Health; Federal Commission for the Protection against Health Risks; and Federal Commission for Electricity.

In particular, we would like to thank the support of the following individuals:

Benito Arciniega Castro, Luis Berga, Mario Chavarría Espinosa, Edmundo Gutiérrez Martínez, Carlos Roberto López Pérez, Alejandra Martínez, Hortencia Medina Uribe, María Isabel Monterrubio Gómez, Virgilio Partida Bush, Gilberto Salinas Mendoza, Francisco Takaki Takaki, Eduardo Vázquez Herrera y José Enrique Zavaleta Dorantes.

From the CONAGUA, it would be practically impossible to mention the names of all of the people who contributed information; however, we would particularly like to recognize and thank the collaboration of the following:

Antonio Acosta Godínez, Julio Alexander Frezieres, Guillermo Bautista Bárcenas, Luis Josafat Caballero, Othón Cervántes Sánchez, Rubén Chávez Guillén, Roberto Contreras Martínez, Antonio Dávila Capiterucho, Valentina Davydova Belitskaya, David Estrella Gómez, Alberto Fernández Cervantes, Antonio Fernández Esparza, Juan Carlos Garcés del Angel, Anabelle García Espinosa, Isidro Gaytan Arvizu, Ernesto González Ocaña, Antonio de Jesús Gordillo Ozuna, Héctor Gutiérrez Ahumada, Martín Hidalgo Wong, José María Hinojosa Aguirre, Ulrich Hungsberg Engelmann, Alberto Hernández Unzón, Juan José Jiménez Becerril,Oscar Islas Camacho, Jorge Juárez González, Mario López Pérez, Jorge Malagón Díaz, Ixchel Martínez Cortés, Carlos Marsch Moreno, Enrique Mejía Maravilla, Antonio Mosqueda Tinoco, Rodrigo Murillo Fernández, Gerardo Ramírez Jiménez, Luís Rendón Pimentel, Mario Alberto Rodríguez Pérez, Pedro Sedano Flores, Lourdes Vargas Martínez, Judith Vásquez Vásquez, Ricardo Vázquez González y Mirna Vida Olascoaga. INTRODUCTION

The management and preservation of our nation’s waters is a complex task that requires the combined work of several federal, state and municipal dependencies, and of society as a whole. In order to achieve this, it is necessary for all stakeholders to possess reliable and appropriate information on all aspects related with water management, from variables related to the components of the hydrological cycle, to socio-economic aspects that have an impact on the use of the resource.

Aware of this, the National Water Commission (CONAGUA) is pleased to present the 2007 edition of “Statistics on Water in Mexico”, in which the aim is to present the reader with a clear and up-to-date panorama of the situation regarding water in Mexico, and how this compares with the other countries of the world. This document has been developed within the framework of the National Information System on the Quantity, Quality and Conservation of Water (SINA, its initials in Spanish), which has been put together with information provided by the various institutions and organizations which take part in the management and preservation of water resources in Mexico.

The document includes eight chapters. They present information on the country’s geographical and socio-economical context and the manner in which this vital resource occurs and is used. Similarly, appropriate information is included on precipitation, runoff, groundwater recharge and meteorological phenomena, as well as water quality. On the subject of hydraulic infrastructure, storage dams, wastewater and drinking water treatment plants and aqueducts are introduced. Likewise, the legal, financial and consensus-building tools that exist in Mexico to carry out the appropriate management of water are approached. Information is also provided related to the relationship between the themes of water, health and the environment, as well as offering a panorama of water in the year 2030 and the aspects related to water planning. Finally, various indicators are compared that allow the information on Mexico to be placed into context with that of other countries around the world.

Furthermore, a compact disk has been prepared to accompany the printed version, which includes detailed information for those interested in analyzing the theme and data dealt with in this document in greater depth.

We are sure that the publication that we are presenting will be of interest and use to you; and without doubt it will contribute to increasing the appreciation of the water situation in Mexico, supporting awareness-raising on the responsible use and fair payment for water, an indispensable resource for life and the economic development of our nation, as well as for the preservation of the environment.

José Luis Luege Tamargo Director General of the National Water Commission

Mexico City, August 2007 CONTENTS

1. GEOGRAPHICAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONTEXT 9 1.1 GEOGRAPHICAL AND DEMOGRAPHICAL ASPECT 10 1.2 ECONOMIC INDICATORS 14 1.3 INDEX AND DEGREE OF MARGINALIZATION 14 1.4 THE HYDROLOGICAL-ADMINISTRATIVE REGIONS FOR WATER MANAGEMENT 16 1.5 REGIONAL CONTRAST BETWEEN DEVELOPMENT AND WATER AVAILABILITY 17 1.6 SUMMARY OF DATA BY HYDROLOGICAL-ADMINISTRATIVE REGION AND STATE 18

2. STATE OF WATER RESOURCES 23 2.1 THE COUNTRY’S CATCHMENTS AND AQUIFERS 24 2.2 MEAN NATURAL AVAILABILITY OF WATER 26 2.3 METEOROLOGICAL PHENOMENA 33 2.4 SURFACE WATER 37 2.5 GROUNDWATER 44 2.6 WATER QUALITY 48

3. USES OF WATER 59 3.1 CLASSIFICATION OF THE USES OF WATER 60 3.2 DISTRIBUTION OF USES THROUGHOUT MEXICO 61 3.3 AGRICULTURAL USE 65 3.4 USE FOR PUBLIC SUPPLY 66 3.5 USE IN SELF-SUPPLYING INDUSTRY 66 3.6 USE IN THERMOELECTRIC PLANTS 67 3.7 USE IN HYDROPOWER PLANTS 67 3.8 WATER STRESS 68

4. HYDRAULIC INFRASTRUCTURE 71 4.1 THE NATION’S HYDRAULIC INFRASTRUCTURE 72 4.2 THE MAIN DAMS IN MEXICO 72 4.3 HYDRO-AGRICULTURAL INFRASTRUCTURE 77 4.4 DRINKING WATER AND SEWERAGE INFRASTRUCTURE 85 4.5 WASTEWATER TREATMENT AND REUSE 98 4.6 PROTECTION AGAINST FLOODS AND EMERGENCY ATTENTION 106

5. WATER MANAGEMENT TOOLS 109 5.1 INSTITUTIONS RELATED WITH WATER IN MEXICO 110 5.2 LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE USE OF NATIONAL WATERS 111 5.3 ECONOMY AND WATER FINANCES 114 5.4 PARTICIPATION MECHANISMS 123 5.5 WATER-RELATED STANDARDS 132

6. WATER, HEALTH AND THE ENVIRONMENT 139 6.1 WATER AND HEALTH 140 6.2 SOILS, VEGETATION AND FORESTS 143 6.3 BIODIVERSITY 146 6.4 WETLANDS 150

7. FUTURE SCENARIOS 153 7.1 GROWTH TRENDS 154 7.2 NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN 2007-2012 160 7.3 NATIONAL WATER PROGRAM 2007-2012 161 8. WATER IN THE WORLD 163 8.1 SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND DEMOGRAPHIC ASPECTS 164 8.2 COMPONENTS OF THE HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE IN THE WORLD 168 8.3 USES OF WATER AND INFRASTRUCTURE 174 8.4 WATER IN THE INTERNATIONAL AGENDA 186 8.5 4TH WORLD WATER FORUM 188 8.6 THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS 190

ANNEXES 193 ANNEX A. INFORMATION ON THE HYDROLOGICAL-ADMINISTRATIVE REGIONS 193 ANNEX B. INFORMATION ON THE STATES 206 ANNEX C. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE HYDROLOGICAL REGIONS 223 ANNEX D. LIST OF AQUIFERS WITH PUBLISHED AVAILABILITY 225 ANNEX E. LIST OF OVEREXPLOITED AQUIFERS 230 ANNEX F. LIST OF CATCHMENTS WITH THEIR MEAN ANNUAL SURFACE WATER AVAILABILITY PUBLISHED 232 ANNEX G. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TECHNICAL GROUNDWATER COMMITTEES (COTAS) 244 ANNEX H. LOCATION AND SURFACE AREA OF THE WETLANDS REGISTERED IN THE RAMSAR CONVENTION, BY YEAR OF INCORPORATION 247 ANNEX I. BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR THE ELABORATION OF STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 249 ANNEX J. GLOSSARY 252 ANNEX K. ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS 256 ANNEX L. UNITS OF MEASUREMENT 257 ANNEX M. ANAYLTICAL INDEX 258

Chapter 1 Geographical and Socio-economic Context

In this first chapter, Mexico’s geographical and demographic aspects are presented, both by State and Hydrological-Administrative Region. Through this brief panorama, we hope to enhance the understanding of the particularities of water in Mexico.

The country’s main economic indicators are also presented, as well as the regional contrast between development and the availability of water, factors which should be taken into account in the designing and implementation of the sector’s public policies. GEOGRAPHICAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONTEXT

1.1 Geographical and demographical aspects

Mexico covers a total area of 1 964 375 km2, of which 1 959 248 km2 are the mainland area and 5 127 km2 are islands. The Exclusive Economic Zone of territorial sea, covering 3 149 920 km2, should be added to this area. As a result, the country’s overall surface area is 5 114 295 km2.

Mexico is placed between the meridians 118°42’ and 86°42’ longitude west and between 14°32’ and 32°43’ latitudes north, precisely in the same latitudes as the Sahara and Arabian deserts. Due to the characteristics of relief of the country, a great variety of climates may be found. Two thirds of the national territory are considered arid or semi-arid, whereas the southeast is humid, with more than 2 000 mm of precipitation per year in some parts. It is worth noting that 63% of the population of the country lives in areas at least 1 000 meters above sea level.

GeoGraphical borders and state capitals of Mexico

Mexicali

Baja California Sonora Chihuahua Hermosillo Chihuahua Coahuila

Nuevo Leon

Sinaloa Saltillo Monterrey Durango La Paz Tamaulipas Culiacan Durango Zacatecas Baja California Sur Cd. Victoria San Luis Zacatecas Potosi Aguascalientes San Luis Potosi Tepic Hidalgo Nayarit Guanajuato Merida Queretaro Distrito Federal Yucatan Guanajuato Queretaro Guadalajara Pachuca Tlaxcala Aguascalientes Jalisco Campeche Campeche Quintana Roo Mexico D.F. Veracruz Colima Morelia Toluca Tlaxcala Jalapa Michoacan Cuernavaca Puebla Tabasco Colima Puebla Chetumal De Ocampo Villahermosa

Chilpancingo Morelos Oaxaca Tuxtla Guerrero Gutierrez Oaxaca Chiapas State capitals States

SOURCE: INEGI. Municipal Geostatistical Framework. Mexico, 2005.

10 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 CHAPTER ONE

Land mass: Borders: Total area: 1 964 375 km2 3 152 km with the United States of America Mainland area: 1 959 248 km2 956 km with Guatemala Island area: 5 127 km2 193 km with Belize Exclusive Economic Zone of territorial sea: 3 149 920 km2 Total area: 5 114 295 km2

Extreme geographical coordinates: Length of the coastline: North: 32° 43´ 06˝ latitude north, marked at Monument 206, on the border with the United 11 122 km States of America. 7 828 km in the Pacific Ocean South: 14° 32´ 27˝ latitude north. At the mouth of the Suchiate river, border with Guatemala. 3 294 km in the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean sea East: 86° 42´ 36˝ longitude west. Extreme southeast of Mujeres Island in the Mexican Caribbean. West: 118° 27´ 24˝ longitude west. Tip of Elephant Rock on Guadalupe Island, in the Pacific Ocean.

SOURCE: INEGI. Yearbook of Statistics by State, 2007 Edition. Mexico, 2007.

Mexico is made up of 31 states and one Federal District (D.F.), constituted by 2 439 municipalities1 and 16 delegations of the D.F. respectively.

From 1950 to 2005, the population of the country quadrupled, and went from being mainly rural (57.4%) to predominately urban (76.5%). At the same time the mean annual birth rate decreased significantly. The highest rate was during the period 1960-1970 (3.40%), but it then decreased to a value of 1.02% in the period 2000-2005. In the following table, the growth rates of the total, urban and rural populations for the period from 1950 to 2005 are shown.

population of Mexico, froM 1950 to 2005

100

80 Rural 60

40 Urban

Millions of inhabitants 20

0 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 Year

YEAR 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

RURAL 14.80 17.23 18.58 19.93 21.24 22.55 22.93 23.30 23.73 24.16 24.71 24.28 URBAN 11.02 17.76 23.10 28.43 36.45 44.47 51.34 58.21 62.73 67.25 72.98 79.20 TOTAL 25.82 34.99 41.68 48.36 57.69 67.02 74.27 81.51 86.46 91.41 97.69 103.48

NOTE: The population was interpolated on December 31st every year, based on data from the Censuses. The rural population is considered as that which lives in localities of less than 2 500 inhabitants, whereas the urban population refers to that of 2 500 inhabitants or more. SOURCE: CONAGUA. Planning Division. Produced based on data from INEGI. General Censuses. a Includes the Municipality of San Ignacio Cerro Gordo in Jalisco, which has recently been created.

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 11 GEOGRAPHICAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONTEXT

National population, according to Censuses, from 1950 to 2005 POPULATION MEAN ANNUAL GROWTH (millions of inhabitants) DATE OF REFERENCE PERIOD RATE FOR THE PERIOD OF THE CENSUS YEAR TOTAL URBAN RURAL (percentage)

1950 25.79 11.00 14.79 June 6th 1940-1950 2.69

1960 34.93 17.71 17.22 June 8th 1950-1960 3.08

1970 48.23 28.31 19.92 January 28th 1960-1970 3.40

1980 66.85 44.30 22.55 June 4th 1970-1980 3.21

1990 81.25 57.96 23.29 March 12th 1980-1990 2.02

1995 91.15 67.00 24.15 November 5th 1990-1995 2.06

2000 97.48 72.76 24.72 February 14th 1995-2000 1.58

2005 103.26 78.98 24.28 October 17th 2000-2005 1.02

SOURCE: CONAGUA. Planning Division. Produced based on data from INEGI. General Censuses.

According to the latest Census, from 2005, there are 187 938 inhabited localities in Mexico, spread out as follows, according to their population.

Approximately 10% of the rural population may be found spread out in small localities of less than 100 inhabitants, to which it is particularly expensive to provide drinking water and sanitation services.

It is worth noting that the localities are defined according to the limits of the municipality or delegation in which they are found. Additionally, population centers include metropolitan zones (several municipalities) or isolated municipalities, for example Mexicali in Baja California.

There are 29 population centers in the country with more than 500 000 inhabitants, of which 26 are considered metropolitan zones, since they cover more than one municipality. These population centers are shown in the following figure:

Distribution of the population, by size of locality, 2005

POPULATION PERCENTAGE OF THE POPULATION OF THE LOCALITY number of localities (millions of inhabitants) POPULATION

More than 500 000 34 29.12 28.20

From 50 000 to 499 999 162 26.45 25.61

From 2 500 to 49 999 2 994 23.41 22.67

From 100 to 2 499 47 233 21.84 21.15

Less than100 137 515 2.44 2.36

Total 187 938 103.26 100.00

SOURCE: INEGI. II Census of Population and Housing 2005. Mexico, 2006.

12 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 CHAPTER ONE

population centers with More than 500 000 inhabitants in Mexico, 2005

NOTE: Includes metropolitan zones and isolated municipalities. SOURCE: CONAGUA. Planning Division. Produced based on data from: SEDESOL, INEGI and CONAPO. Limits of the metropolitan zones in Mexico. Mexico, 2004. INEGI. II Census of Population and Housing 2005, Mexico, 2006.

The metropolitan zones of the Valley of Mexico, Guadalajara, Monterrey, Puebla-Tlaxcala and Toluca concentrate 29.8% of the country’s population, or 30.72 million inhabitants, as shown in the following table:

the five Metropolitan zones in the country with the larGest population, 2005 NUMBER OF MUNICIPALITIES POPULATION IN 2005 NO METROPOLITAN ZONE AND/OR DELEGATIONS OF THE (millions of inhabitants) D.F. 1 Valley of Mexico 19.24 76 2 Guadalajara 4.10 8 3 Monterrey 3.66 11 4 Puebla-Tlaxcala 2.11 23 5 Toluca 1.61 12 Total 30.72 130

SOURCE: CONAGUA. Planning Division. Produced based on: INEGI. II Census of Population and Housing 2005. Mexico, 2006. SEDESOL, INEGI and CONAPO. Limits of the metropolitan zones of Mexico. Mexico, 2004.

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 13 GEOGRAPHICAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONTEXT

1.2 Economic indicators

Mexico’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita in 2006 was more than 8 000 US dollars and inflation has been maintained at levels close to 4% over the last few years, vastly inferior to the rates recorded in the previous decade.

Mexico’s main economic indicators, from 1990 to 2006

INDICATORS 1990 1995 2000 2005 2006 Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in billions 262.7 286.2 580.8 767.7 840.0 of US dollars GDP per capita in US dollars 3 157 3 140 5 928 7 447 8 066

Inflation based on the National Consumer 29.93% 51.97% 8.96% 3.33% 4.05% Price Index (December each year)

SOURCE: International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook. United States of America, 2007. Bank of Mexico, www.banxico.org.mx. Mexico 2007.

1.3 Index and degree of marginalization

CONAPO’s Marginalization Index presents a measure-summary that allows states and municipalities to be differentiated according to the global impact of their population’s shortages, through four dimensions: the lack of access to education, residence in inappropriate housing, insufficient income and those related with residence in small localities.

These dimensions are evaluated through nine forms of exclusion: illiteracy; the population that has not completed primary school education; private housing without piped water; private housing without sanitation or sanitary services; private housing with an earthen floor; private housing without electricity; private housing with some level of overcrowding; occupied population that receives up to two minimum wages; population without access to electricity; and localities with less than 5 000 inhabitants.

Based on the calculated value of the Marginalization Index, municipalities are classified to determine their degree of marginalization. There are 367 municipalities in the country with a very high degree of marginalization, in which 4.5 million people live. The following table shows that 77.8% of the population of municipalities with a very high degree of marginalization may be found in the states of Chiapas, Oaxaca, Guerrero and Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave:

14 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 CHAPTER ONE

nuMber of Municipalities and their population with a very hiGh deGree of MarGinalization, by state, 2005

NUMBER OF POPULATION STATE MUNICIPALITIES (thousands of inhabitants)

7 Chiapas 47 1 257.26 20 Oaxaca 174 862.57 12 Guerrero 38 830.41 30 Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave 37 554.89 21 Puebla 29 297.15 8 Chihuahua 10 180.44 13 Hidalgo 6 121.88 24 San Luis Potosí 4 84.32 10 Durango 4 68.03 16 Michoacán de Ocampo 5 59.45 31 Yucatán 6 57.4 18 Nayarit 3 53.14 25 Sinaloa 1 32.3 22 Querétaro Arteaga 1 25.33 14 Jalisco 2 20.69 Total 367 4 505.27 SOURCE: CONAPO. 2005 Marginalization Indexes. Mexico, 2006.

Municipalities with a very hiGh deGree of MarGinalization, 2005

SOURCE: CONAPO. 2005 Marginalization Indexes. Mexico, 2006.

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 15 GEOGRAPHICAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONTEXT

1.4 The Hydrological-Administrative Regions for water management

Given that the watershed is the basic unit for the management of water resources, the country has been divided into 13 Hydrological-Administrative Regions, with the aim of organizing the management and preservation of the nation’s waters. The Hydrological-Administrative Regions are made up of groups of river basins, respecting the municipal limits so as to facilitate the integration of socio-economic information.

The National Water Commission of Mexico (CONAGUA), an administrative, normative, technical and consultative agency in charge of water management in the country, carries out its functions through 13 River Basin Organizations (formerly known as Regional Departments), the scope of competence of which are the Hydrological-Administrative Regions, shown in the following figure:

hydroloGical-adMinistrative reGions

SOURCE: CONAGUA. Planning Division. Produced based on the By-Laws of the CONAGUA.

16 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 CHAPTER ONE

The headquarters of the River Basin Organizations are based in the cities shown in the following table:

Headquarters of the River Basin Organizations

RIVER BASIN ORGANIZATION City of the Headquarters

I Baja California Península Mexicali, Baja California

II Northwest Hermosillo, Sonora

III Northern Pacific Culiacán, Sinaloa

IV Balsas Cuernavaca, Morelos

V Southern Pacífic Oaxaca, Oaxaca

VI Río Bravo Monterrey, Nuevo León

VII Central Basins of the North Torreón, Coahuila de Zaragoza

VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacífic Guadalajara, Jalisco

IX Northern Gulf Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas

X Central Gulf Xalapa, Veracruz

XI Southern Border Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas

XII Yucatan Peninsula Mérida, Yucatán

XIII Waters of the Valley of Mexico Federal District

SOURCE: By-Laws of the CONAGUA. Mexico, 2006.

The Hydrological-Administrative Regions were defined according to the limits of the country’s watersheds, and are made up of whole municipalities. The municipalities that make up each one of these Hydrological-Administrative Regions are indicated in the By-Laws of the National Water Commission.

In addition, the CONAGUA has 20 Local Offices (formerly known as State Departments) in the states in which no River Basin Organization has its headquarters.

1.5 Contrast between regional development and water availability

The country may be divided into two main zones: the north, center and northwest zone, which concentrates 77% of the population, where 87% of the Gross Domestic Product is generated, but only 31% of the renewable water may be found; and the south and southeast zone, where 23% of the population lives, 13% of the GDP is generated and 69% of the renewable water occurs. The following figure illustrates the disparity between these two zones as regards their availability of water and economic activity.

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 17 GEOGRAPHICAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONTEXT

contrast between reGional developMent and water availability, 2006

SOURCE: CONAGUA. Planning Division. Produced based on: CONAGUA. Technical Division. INEGI. Economic Censuses 2004. Mexico, 2005. CONAPO. 2005 Marginalization Indexes. Mexico, 2006.

1.6 Summary of data by Hydrological-Administrative Region and state

In the following table, the main geographical and socio-economic data for each Hydrological- Administrative Region is shown. It should be mentioned that the majority of the country’s economic activity is concentrated in the Hydrological-Administrative Regions XIII Waters of the Valley of Mexico, VI Rio Bravo, VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific and IV Balsas, which between them generate two thirds of the national Gross Domestic Product (GDP):

18 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 CHAPTER ONE

GeoGraphical and socio-econoMic data, by hydroloGical-adMinistrative reGion

MUNICIPALITIES POPULATION 2005 POPULATION AND/OR HYDROLOGICAL-ADMINISTRATIVE MAINLAND AREA GDP 2004a (millions of DENSITY 2005 DELEGATIONS OF REGION (thousands of km2) (percentage) inhabitants) (inhabitants/km2) THE D.F.b (number)

I Baja California Peninsula 3.36 145.49 23 4.11 10

II Northwest 2.49 205.29 12 2.69 79

III Northern Pacific 3.91 151.93 26 3.09 51

IV Balsas 10.32 119.22 87 11.90 422

V Southern Pacific 4.04 77.09 52 1.84 362

VI Rio Bravo 10.30 379.60 27 15.46 141

VII Central Basins of the North 4.00 202.39 20 2.70 83

VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacífic 20.05 190.44 105 14.38 329

IX Northern Gulf 4.85 127.14 38 6.49 154

X Central Gulf 9.38 104.63 90 4.34 445

XI Southern Border 6.32 101.81 62 2.94 139

XII Yucatan Peninsula 3.70 137.80 27 4.29 124

XIII Waters of the Valley of Mexico 20.54 16.42 1 251 25.76 116

Total 103.26 1 959.25 53 100.00 2 455

NOTE a Calculated based on the Gross Censual Added Value by Municipality for 2004. b Includes the Municipality of San Ignacio Cerro Gordo in Jalisco, which has recently been created. SOURCE: CONAGUA. Planning Division. Produced based on data from INEGI. General Censuses.

percentaGe of the national Gross doMestic product, by hydroloGical-adMinistrative reGion, 2004

30.0 25.8 25.0

20.0 15.5 14.4 15.0 11.9 10.0 6.5 Percentage of the GDP Percentage 4.3 4.3 4.1 3.1 5.0 2.9 2.7 2.7 1.8 0 XIII VI VIII IV IX X XII I III XI VII II V Hydrological-Administrative Regions

SOURCE: CONAGUA. Planning Division. Produced based on: INEGI. II Census of Population and Housing 2005. Mexico, 2006. INEGI. Economic Censuses 2004. Mexico, 2005.

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 19 GEOGRAPHICAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONTEXT

In the following table, geographical and socio-economic data on the states of Mexico is presented, as well as a graph showing the contribution of each of them to the nation’s Gross Domestic Product. It is worth mentioning that the Federal District concentrates more than a fifth of the national GDP.

Geographical and socio-economic data by state

POPULATION MUNICIPALITIES AND/OR POPULATION 2005 MAINLAND AREA GDP 2004a DELEGATIONS OF THE STATE DENSITY 2005 (millions of (thousands of km2) (%) D.F.b (inhabitants/km2) inhabitants) (number) 1 Aguascalientes 1.07 5.63 189 1.23 11 2 Baja California 2.84 71.55 40 3.50 5 3 Baja California Sur 0.51 73.94 7 0.60 5 4 Campeche 0.75 57.73 13 1.24 11 5 Coahuila de Zaragoza 2.50 151.45 16 3.37 38 6 Colima 0.57 5.63 101 0.53 10 7 Chiapas 4.29 73.68 58 1.70 118 8 Chihuahua 3.24 247.49 13 4.33 67 9 Distrito Federal 8.72 1.48 5 877 21.84 16 10 Durango 1.51 123.37 12 1.33 39 11 Guanajuato 4.89 30.62 160 3.60 46 12 Guerrero 3.12 63.62 49 1.68 81 13 Hidalgo 2.35 20.86 112 1.30 84 14 Jalisco 6.75 78.63 86 6.31 125 15 México 14.01 22.33 627 9.48 125 16 Michoacán de Ocampo 3.97 58.67 68 2.21 113 17 Morelos 1.61 4.89 330 1.38 33 18 Nayarit 0.95 27.86 34 0.54 20 19 Nuevo León 4.20 64.20 65 7.43 51 20 Oaxaca 3.51 93.34 38 1.52 570 21 Puebla 5.38 34.25 157 3.55 217 22 Querétaro Arteaga 1.60 11.66 137 1.72 18 23 Quintana Roo 1.14 42.54 27 1.64 8 24 San Luís Potosí 2.41 61.17 39 1.81 58 25 Sinaloa 2.61 5733 45 1.99 18 26 Sonora 2.39 179.52 13 2.68 72 27 Tabasco 1.99 24.75 80 1.25 17 28 Tamaulipas 3.02 80.15 38 3.34 43 29 Tlaxcala 1.07 4.00 267 0.57 60 30 Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave 7.11 71.86 99 4.17 212 31 Yucatán 1.82 39.67 46 1.41 106 32 Zacatecas 1.37 75.42 18 0.76 58 Total 103.26 1 959.25 53 100.00 2 455

NOTE: a Calculated based on the Censual Added Value by Municipality for 2004. b Includes the Municipality of San Ignacio Cerro Gordo in Jalisco, which has recently been created. SOURCE: CONAGUA. Planning Division. Produced based on data from INEGI. General Censuses.

20 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 CHAPTER ONE

Percentage of the national Gross Domestic Product, by state, 2004

Federal District 21.84 State of Mexico 9.48 Nuevo Leon 7.43 Jalisco 6.31 Chihuahua 4.33 Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave 4.17 Guanajuato 3.60 Puebla 3.55 Baja California 3.50 Coahuila de Zaragoza 3.37 Tamaulipas 3.34 Sonora 2.68 Michoacán de Ocampo 2.21 States Sinaloa 1.99 San Luis Potosí 1.81 Querétaro Arteaga 1.72 Chiapas 1.70 Guerrero 1.68 Quintana Roo 1.64 Oaxaca 1.52 Yucatán 1.41 Morelos 1.38 Durango 1.33 Hidalgo 1.30 Tabasco 1.25 Campeche 1.24 Aguascalientes 1.23 Zacatecas 0.76 Baja California Sur 0.60 Tlaxcala 0.57 Nayarit 0.54 Colima 0.53 0 5 10 15 20 25 Porcentage of the National GDP

SOURCE: CONAGUA. Planning Division. Produced based on data from INEGI. Economic Censuses 2004. Mexico, 2005.

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 21

Chapter 2 The State of Water Resources

This chapter presents information related to the state of Mexico’s water resources. Aspects related to the components of the hydrological cycle are also presented, from precipitation to runoff into rivers and streams, and aquifer recharge.

The issue of meteorological phenomena is also approached, including tropical cyclones, which bring the majority of the country’s water, as well as the opposite phenomenon, droughts, which occur in some areas of the nation.

Finally the information related to surface and groundwater quality is shown, as well as the monitoring systems employed. THE STATE OF WATER RESOURCES

2.1 The country’s catchments and aquifers

In the hydrological cycle, a significant proportion of the precipitation returns to the atmosphere in the form of evapotranspiration, whereas the rest runs off to the country’s rivers and streams, grouped together in catchments, or filters through to the country’s aquifers.

The basic unit for water management is the watershed, a concept which includes the water that runs off the surface (catchments) and the subsoil (aquifers). Based on this concept, and as mentioned in the previous chapter, the 13 Hydrological-Administrative Regions into which the country has been divided for the purpose of water management were created.

Additionally, the country’s 718 catchments are grouped into 37 hydrological regions, which are in turn covered by the 13 Hydrological- Administrative Regions. The definition of the hydrological regions was carried out in the 1960s by the former Hydrology Office of the Ministry of Water Resources. In annex to this document you will find the main characteristics of these hydrological regions, the position of which is shown in the following diagram:

Hydrological regions

24 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 CHAPTER TWO

Key: 1. Baja CaliforniaNorthwest 14. Ameca River 27. North of Veracruz (Ríos Tuxpán-Nautla) 2. Baja California Central-West 15. Jalisco Coast 28. Papaloapan 3. Baja California Southwest 16. Armería-Coahuayana 29. Coatzacoalcos 4. Baja California Northeast 17. Michoacán Coast 30. Grijalva-Usumacinta 5. Baja California Central-East 18. Balsas 31. Yucatán West 6. Baja California Southeast 19. Greater Guerrero Coast 32. Yucatán North 7. River Colorado 20. Lower Guerrero Coast 33. Yucatán East 8. Sonora North 21. Oaxaca Coast 34. Closed Catchments of the North 9. Sonora South 22. Tehuantepec 35. Mapimí 10. Sinaloa 23. Chiapas Coast 36. Nazas-Aguanaval 11. Presidio-San Pedro 24. Bravo-Conchos 37. El Salado 12. Lerma-Santiago 25. San Fernando-Soto La Marina 13. Huicicila River 26. Pánuco

SOURCE: CONAGUA. Technical Division.

In addition, as regards groundwater, the country is divided into 653 aquifers or hydrogeological units, as published in the Official Government Gazette on December 5th, 2001, and as shown in the following diagram:

limits of tHe aquifers, by Hydrological-administrative region

SOURCE: CONAGUA. Technical Division.

The CONAGUA has 3 521 stations in operation to measure climate and hydrometric variables. The climate stations measure the temperature, precipitation and evapotranspiration; the hydrometric stations measure flows and volumes stored, and the hydroclimate stations measure both climate and hydrometric variables. The distribution of these stations according to their type is as follows:

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 25 THE STATE OF WATER RESOURCES

number of climate and Hydrometric stations in mexico, 2006

TYPE OF STATION NUMBER OF STATIONS Climate 2 811 Hydrometric 499 Hydroclimate 211 Total 3 521

SOURCE: CONAGUA. Technical Division.

In addition, the CONAGUA, through the National Meteorological Service, operates 80 observatories and 94 automatic meteorological stations.

2.2 Mean natural availability of water

Every year, Mexico receives around 1 512 billon cubic meters of water in the form of precipitation. Of this water, 72.5% evaporates and returns to the atmosphere, 25.6% runs off into rivers and streams and the remaining 1.9% filters through to the subsoil and recharges the aquifers, in such a way that every year the country has 465 thousand million cubic meters of renewable freshwater, which is referred to as its mean natural availability. The following diagram shows the components and values of this availability:

mean annual values of tHe components of tHe Hydrological cycle in mexico (Millions of cubic meters, hm3)

Evapotranspiration 1 096 378

Precipitation 1 512 203

I Sheet (mm) 771.8 Mean Total mean Period from natural internal natural 1941 a 2000 surface runoff surface runoff Total mean 337 261 386 573 natural availability E 465 137 Mean Mean aquifer recharge aquifer recharge 78 564 78 564

NOTE: I = Imports from other countries, 49 744, E = Exports to other countries, 432 SOURCE: CONAGUA. Technical Division.

26 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 CHAPTER TWO

The imports from other countries refer to the volume of water generated in the shared catchments with the three countries with which Mexico has borders (United States of America, Guatemala and Belize) and which runs off to Mexico. The exports refer to the volume of water that Mexico delivers to the United States of America as part of the 1944 Water Treaty.

In addition to the freshwater that is renewed by rainfall, the country has reserves of water stored mainly in its aquifers, but also in the country’s natural and artificial lakes; however, this water is not considered in the calculation of mean natural availability, since it is not renewable.

The mean natural per capita availability, which results from dividing the national value by the number of inhabitants, has decreased from 18 035 m3/inhabitant/year in 1950 to only 4 416 in 2006. In the following diagram, it may be observed how this value has decreased in recent decades:

variation in tHe mean natural per capita availability of water, from 1950 to 2000 (m3/inhabitant/year)

NOTE: The value of the mean natural availability, in millions of cubic meters per year, is 465 137 For the years 1950 to 2000, the data on the population is from INEGI’s Censuses. SOURCE: CONAGUA. Technical Division.

It is worth mentioning that the availability should be analyzed from three perspectives: • Seasonal distribution, since in Mexico there is a great variation in availability throughout the year. The majority of the rainfall occurs in the summer, whereas the rest of the year is relatively dry. • Spatial distribution, since some regions of the country have an abundant precipitation and low population density, whereas in others exactly the opposite occurs. • The area of analysis, since water problems are predominantly local in scale. Indicators calculated on a greater scale may hide some strong variations which exist throughout the country.

In some Hydrological-Administrative Regions, such as XIII Waters of the Valley of Mexico, VI Rio Bravo and VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific, the mean natural per capita availability is alarmingly low. In the following table the availability for each of the Hydrological-Administrative Regions may be observed:

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 27 THE STATE OF WATER RESOURCES

Mean natural per capita availability, by Hydrological-Administrative Region Population Mean natural Total mean Total mean as of Mean total Hydrological- per capita natural natural December groundwater Administrative Region availability surface availability a 2006 recharge a 2006 b runoff b (hm3/year) (millions of (hm3/year) (m3/inhabitant/year) (hm3/year) inhabitants) I Baja California Peninsula 4 600 3.48 1 321 3 367 1 233 II Northwest 7 944 2.55 3 116 5 074 2 870 III Northern Pacific 25 681 3.96 6 489 22 487 3 194 IV Balsas 21 277 10.49 2 029 17 057 4 220 V Southern Pacific 32 496 4.10 7 928 30 800 1 696 VI Rio Bravo 11 938 10.56 1 131 6 857 5 081 VII Central Basins of the North 8 394 4.09 2 055 6 097 2 297 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 34 003 20.44 1 663 26 437 7 566 IX Northern Gulf 25 619 4.93 5 201 24 227 1 392 X Central Gulf 102 779 9.55 10 764 98 930 3 849 XI Southern Border 157 754 6.45 24 450 139 739 18 015 XII Yucatan Peninsula 29 645 3.83 7 750 4 329 25 316 Waters of the Valley of XIII 3 009 20.92 144 1 174 b 1 835 Mexico Total 465 137 105.33 4 416 386 573 78 564

NOTE: The quantities expressed in this table are indicative and for planning purposes only; they may not be used by themselves to carry out water concessions or to determine the feasibility of any given project. a The mean values refer to historical values, according to the availability of hydrological studies. b Includes Mexico City’s wastewater. SOURCE: CONAGUA. Planning Division. Produced based on data from: CONAGUA. Technical Division. CONAPO. Population Predictions in Mexico 2005-2050. Mexico, 2006.

Precipitation

The country’s normal precipitation in the period from 1941 to 2000 was 771.8 mm. The “normal” values correspond to periodic measures, calculated for a uniform and relatively long period, which must be at least a decade of information, starting on January 1st of a year ending in one and finishing on December 31st of a year ending in zero.

It is worth mentioning that the monthly distribution of the precipitation in particular accentuates the problems related with water availability, since 67.3% of the normal monthly precipitation falls between the months of June and September.

28 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 CHAPTER TWO

montHly normal Historical precipitation in mexico, in tHe period from 1941 to 2000 (Millimeters)

137.9 137.0 141.0

103.7

73.7

39.8 31.7 25.9 29.2 19.1 17.7 15.2

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

SOURCE: CONAGUA. Technical Division, General Coordination of the National Meteorological Service.

The following table presents the normal precipitation by state in the period from 1941 to 2000. It may be observed, for example, that in Tabasco, the rainiest state, the precipitation during this period was almost 14 times more than in Baja California Sur, the driest state. In the majority of states, the precipitation occurs mainly between June and September, with the exception of Baja California and Baja California Sur, where the rainfall is mainly in the winter.

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 29 THE STATE OF WATER RESOURCES

Normal monthly historical precipitation by state, in the period from 1941 to 2000 (Millimeters)

State JAN Feb Mar APr May Jun Jul AUG Sep Oct Nov DEc AnNual

1 Aguascalientes 12.3 5.9 3.3 7.5 16.3 71.7 98.7 101.7 76.5 32.5 11.4 10.1 447.8 2 Baja California 37.3 32.5 38.0 15.4 4.4 1.3 1.3 4.8 6.2 8.8 21.1 31.9 203.1 3 Baja California Sur 13.3 4.4 2.2 0.9 0 .6 1.0 18.3 43.1 54.1 17.1 6.4 14.1 175.6 4 Campeche 28.1 20.1 18.4 16.3 61.0 161.7 189.1 203.8 213.2 130.4 59.4 35.9 1 137.3 5 Coahuila de Zaragoza 12.4 11.8 8.0 19.3 36.2 40.1 32.8 43.1 55.4 31.1 13.7 11.9 315.8 6 Colima 20.8 6.7 3.7 2.2 8.3 114.4 163.6 202.9 223.7 101.0 24.8 13.7 885.9 7 Chiapas 78.6 57.0 46.9 56.4 131.4 269.1 270.6 268.1 340.8 230.9 101.8 1 963.4 111.8 8 Chihuahua 15.9 9.4 6.7 7.9 9.8 36.2 108.4 99.8 69.7 28.3 10.6 18.3 421.0 9 Federal District 7.9 4.5 9.0 23.0 51.1 124.1 154.8 145.8 124.3 53.2 11.4 7.1 716.2 10 Durango 20.0 9.3 5.7 5.3 11.0 60.1 114.0 116.1 91.1 35.2 13.1 24.9 505.6 11 Guanajuato 11.8 6.4 8.0 15.1 36.4 105.2 124.1 123.8 98.4 41.1 11.5 10.1 591.7 12 Guerrero 9.7 2.8 2.5 8.9 48.7 199.0 221.5 220.7 255.5 108.3 24.8 6.5 1 108.8 13 Hidalgo 20.4 17.4 22.2 40.7 66.0 123.5 116.4 112.4 156.8 82.4 36.2 21.2 815.7 14 Jalisco 14.4 7.5 6.6 6.7 24.9 144.6 203.2 182.7 142.5 61.9 16.0 12.8 823.7 15 State of Mexico 13.0 6.3 9.1 23.8 61.7 156.5 183.2 176.9 160.3 72.6 19.9 8.8 892.1 16 Michoacan 13.3 4.3 3.9 9.9 32.1 137.5 184.0 170.3 156.5 65.2 15.7 9.4 802.0 17 Morelos 9.9 2.9 4.2 13.6 54.9 182.9 170.3 165.5 180.9 70.4 14.0 5.3 875.0 18 Nayarit 19.1 8.7 4.4 4.3 8.0 139.3 279.9 273.8 216.3 74.7 15.8 17.5 1 061.6 19 Nuevo Leon 20.5 17.2 17.5 36.1 60.3 72.5 53.2 86.5 125.8 63.1 19.2 17.0 588.9 20 Oaxaca 30.2 26.2 21.9 31.2 87.5 253.6 266.9 257.0 291.0 150.9 63.9 37.7 1 518.0 21 Puebla 29.8 26.1 26.5 45.5 83.2 186.3 198.3 194.6 233.0 138.8 63.9 36.5 1 262.4 22 Queretaro 11.4 5.4 8.0 20.2 41.1 101.3 105.7 100.3 98.6 42.2 12.7 7.5 554.4 23 Quintana Roo 66.6 38.3 31.2 33.6 96.4 177.4 121.7 137.1 208.2 164.1 95.3 80.6 1 250.6 24 San Luis Potosi 19.2 16.7 17.7 35.5 66.5 149.3 142.6 150.2 203.1 96.3 36.4 24.5 957.9 25 Sinaloa 28.4 13.4 11.8 8.6 9.9 58.6 187.7 195.2 156.3 59.0 23.5 32.9 785.3 26 Sonora 23.5 15.0 10.5 4.1 3.5 19.9 117.4 110.1 56.1 26.1 13.8 27.4 427.3 27 Tabasco 181.6 118.2 80.6 75.2 122.3 246.4 213.5 251.7 383.7 349.7 210.1 191.1 2 424.1 28 Tamaulipas 19.3 15.3 19.0 35.3 66.7 124.4 102.1 108.0 151.4 77.3 26.5 20.2 765.4 29 Tlaxcala 8.0 6.3 11.7 34.0 73.8 130.6 124.3 129.9 110.8 54.7 17.0 8.0 709.0 30 Veracruz de Ignacio 42.0 33.9 33.2 44.8 76.8 205.5 239.4 203.0 291.2 160.0 87.9 57.8 1 475.7 de la Llave 31 Yucatan 34.9 32.9 30.4 31.7 79.8 162.8 167.4 165.5 185.0 113.9 52.1 45.3 1 101.6 32 Zacatecas 16.0 7.7 5.5 7.4 18.5 82.0 117.4 112.3 83.5 35.7 12.8 16.6 515.4

Total 25.9 17.7 15.2 19.1 39.8 103.7 137.9 137.0 141.0 73.7 31.7 29.2 771.8

SOURCE: CONAGUA. Technical Division, General Coordination of the National Meteorological Service.

30 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 CHAPTER TWO

Normal monthly historical precipitation, by Hydrological-Administrative Region, in the period from 1941 to 2000 (Millimeters)

Hydrological- JAN Feb Mar APr May Jun Jul AUG Sep Oct Nov DEc AnNual Administrative Region

I Baja California Peninsula 22.4 19.7 13.8 4.9 1.4 1.0 14.3 35.5 40.4 14.0 11.2 23.4 202.1

II Northwest 29.1 24.7 14.5 5.4 3.7 18.4 114.6 110.4 61.4 26.1 18.5 36.0 462.8

III Northern Pacific 31.6 17.4 8.6 5.2 9.3 66.4 184.5 181.4 138.7 49.4 24.7 36.9 754.0

IV Balsas 13.0 5.7 7.1 17.0 53.2 181.6 192.8 182.9 194.2 83.2 20.1 8.6 959.3

V Southern Pacific 12.9 8.0 8.2 17.1 70.9 241.0 238.9 236.3 279.2 123.6 30.8 11.7 1 278.6

VI Rio Bravo 14.8 13.1 9.6 17.0 28.4 44.6 71.8 74.1 75.6 37.5 14.8 15.2 416.4

VII Central Basins of the North 12.2 7.4 5.4 10.4 21.4 54.9 77.2 76.1 72.5 32.7 11.4 12.7 394.3

VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 17.0 8.2 5.7 4.9 14.5 143.3 190.0 178.4 168.0 91.1 15.6 12.9 849.6

IX Northern Gulf 19.5 14.9 19.1 36.2 64.4 126.2 124.6 122.1 164.3 78.8 27.2 18.3 815.6

X Central Gulf 57.7 40.9 41.3 47.5 92.4 271.4 312.1 283.8 338.6 217.7 109.8 76.8 1 889.9

XI Southern Border 98.4 51.3 54.9 74.1 184.3 347.2 292.6 310.9 394.4 291.0 121.7 80.2 2 300.8

XII Yucatan Peninsula 41.6 32.0 31.4 35.6 86.8 172.9 155.8 158.4 198.8 145.1 65.7 47.0 1 171.2 Waters of the Valley of XIII 9.9 5.1 9.5 23.1 50.6 133.2 157.9 142.3 125.9 57.8 14.6 7.3 737.1 Mexico Total 25.9 17.7 15.2 19.1 39.8 103.7 137.9 137.0 141.0 73.7 31.7 29.2 771.8

SOURCE: CONAGUA. Technical Division, General Coordination of the National Meteorological Service.

The accumulated precipitation in the Mexican Republic from January 1st to December 31st, 2006 reached a sheet of 808.2 mm, which was 4.7% higher than the normal historical mean for the period from 1941 to 2000 (771.8 mm). The following figure presents the national variation in the precipitation for 2006.

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 31 THE STATE OF WATER RESOURCES

distribution of tHe total annual precipitation registered in mexico, 2006 (Millimeters)

SOURCE: CONAGUA. Technical Division, General Coordination of the National Meteorological Service.

32 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 CHAPTER TWO

anomaly in tHe montHly mean precipitation from 2006, as compared to tHe normal value for tHe period 1941 to 2000 (Millimeters)

200

150

100

50

0

-50 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec -100

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV dEC ANNUAL

Normal precipitation from 1941 to 26 18 15 19 40 104 138 137 141 74 32 29 772 2000 (mm)

2006 Precipitation (mm) 18 8 11 10 49 105 150 160 147 88 31 32 808

Anomaly for 2006 (%) -30 -58 -27 -47 23 1 9 16 4 20 -4 11 5

SOURCE: CONAGUA. Technical Division, General Coordination of the National Meteorological Service.

2.3 Meteorological phenomena

Tropical cyclones

Tropical cyclones are natural phenomena that should be given high priority, since the majority of the movement of sea humidity to the semi-arid zones of the country occurs through them. In various regions of the country, cyclonic rains represent the majority of the annual precipitation. The following figure shows the frequency of tropical cyclones per month in the period from 1970 to 2006, and compares that to the normal precipitation in the period from 1941 to 2000, which demonstrates that the months in which there is the greatest precipitation in the country are also those in which these natural phenomena occur.

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 33 THE STATE OF WATER RESOURCES

relationsHip between tHe frequency of tHe direct impact of tropical cyclonesa and normal precipitationb

160.0 60 55 137.9 137.0 140.0 141.0 50

120.0 103.7 40 40 100.0

80.0 30 27 73.7

60.0

17 20 Precipitation per month month per Precipitation 39.8

40.0 31.7 Number of tropical cyclones per month 25.9 12 29.2 17.7 19.1 10 20.0 15.2 4 3 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

NOTE a Refers to the period from 1970 to 2006. b Refers to the period from 1941 to 2000. SOURCE: CONAGUA. Planning Division. Produced based on data from the Technical Division, General Coordination of the National Meteorological Service.

Cyclones are classified according to the intensity of the maximum winds sustained. When they are stronger than 119 km/h (33.1 m/s), they are referred to as hurricanes; when they are between 61 km/h (16.9 m/s) and 119 km/h (33.1 m/s), they are tropical storms; and when the winds are less than 61 km/h (16.9 m/s), they are tropical depressions.

Between 1970 and 2006, 158 tropical cyclones hit Mexico’s coasts, of which 59 had the intensity of a hurricane when they reached land. On average, every year 4.2 of these phenomena hit the country, of which 1.6 are on the coasts of the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean, and 2.6 on the Pacific coasts.

The following figure presents a chronological list of the 47 hurricanes that occurred in Mexico between 1980 and 2006. It may be observed that in the last five years, there has been a greater frequency of hurricanes of category 3 or greater.

34 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 CHAPTER TWO

Hurricanes tHat Have Hit mexico, by Hydrological-administrative region, according to tHeir category, in tHe period from 1980 to 2006

SOURCE: CONAGUA. Planning Division. Produced based on data from the Technical Division, General Coordination of the National Meteorological Service.

Hurricanes tHat Have Hit mexico, in cHronological order, in tHe period from 1980 to 2006

NAME MAXIMUM dATE OF No. OF THE PLACE(S) IT HIT GROUNda SPEEd CATEGORYb COAST OCCURRENCE HURRICANE (km/h) 1 Allen Lauro Villar, Tamaulipas Jul 31-Aug 11, 1980 185 H3 Atlantic 2 Norma Marmol, Sinaloa Oct 8-12, 1981 165 H2 Pacific Las Lagunas, Baja California Sur 3 Paul Sep 18-30, 1982 158 H2 Pacific [Topolobampo, Sinaloa] 4 Tico Caimanero, Sinaloa Oct. 11-19, 1983 205 H3 Pacific 5 Waldo Punta Prieta, Sinaloa Oct 7-9, 1985 165 H2 Pacific 6 Newton Yavaros, Sonora Sep 18-23, 1986 120 H1 Pacific 7 Paine Topolobampo, Sinaloa Sep 28-Oct 2, 1986 148 H1 Pacific 8 Roslyn Mazatlan, Sinaloa Oct 15-22, 1986 120 H1 Pacific 9 Eugene Tenacatita, Jalisco Jul 22-26,1987 148 H1 Pacific 10 debby Tuxpan, Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave Ago 31-Sep 8, 1988 120 H1 Atantic Puerto Morelos, Quintana Roo [La Pesca, 11 Gilbert Sep. 8-13, 1988 287[215] H5 [H4] Atlantic Tamaulipas] 12 Cosme Cruz Grande, Guerrero Jun 18-23, 1989 140 H1 Pacific 13 Kilo Bahia Los Muertos, Baja California Sur Aug 24-29, 1989 195 H3 Pacific diana Chetumal, Quintana Roo [Tuxpan, Veracruz 14 Aug 4-8, 1990 110 [158] TS [H2] Atlantic de Ignacio de la Llave] Lester Punta Abreojos, Baja California Sur [Bahia 15 Aug 20-24, 1992 120 [85] H1 [TS] Pacific Sargento, Sonora] 16 Virgil Peñitas, Michoacan de Ocampo Oct 1-5, 1992 175 H2 Pacific 17 Winifred Cuyutlan, Colima Oct 7-10, 1992 175 H2 Pacific

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 35 THE STATE OF WATER RESOURCES

Hurricanes that have hit Mexico, in chronological order, in the period from 1980 to 2006

Name Maximum Date of No. of the Place(s) it hit grounda speed CategorYb COAST occurrence hurricane (km/h) Manzanillo, Colima [Las Lagunas, Baja 18 Calvin Jul 4-9, 1993 165 [75] H2 [TS] Pacific California Sur] 19 Barry Media Luna, Tamaulipas Aug 23-29, 1983 130 H1 Atlantic 20 Lidia Campo Anibal, Sinaloa Sep 8-13, 1993 160 H2 Pacific Chetumal, Quintana Roo [Tuxpan, Veracruz 21 Gert Sep 14-21,1993 65 [148] TS [H1] Atlantic de Ignacio de la Llave] 22 Rosa Escuinapa, Sinaloa Oct 8-15, 1994 165 H2 Pacific 23 Henriette Cabo San Lucas, Baja California Sur Sep 1-8, 1995 158 H2 Pacific 24 Ismael Topolobampo, Sinaloa Sep 12-15, 1995 120 H1 Pacific Tulum, Quintana Roo [Martinez de la Torre, 25 Roxanne Oct 8-20, 1995 185 [45] H3 [TD] Atlantic Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave] 26 Alma La Mira, Michoacan de Ocampo Jun 20-27, 1996 160 H2 Pacific 27 Boris Tecpan de Galeana, Guerrero Jun 28-Jul 1,1996 148 H1 Pacific Felipe Carrillo P, Quintana Roo [Pueblo 28 Dolly Aug 19-24, 1996 110 [130] TS [H1] Atlantic Viejo, Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave] Todos Santos, Baja California Sur 29 Fausto Sep 10-14, 1996 130 [120] H1 [H1] Pacific [San Ignacio, Sinaloa] 30 Hernan Cihuatlan, Jalisco [San Blas, Nayarit] Sep 30-Oct 4,1996 120 [45] H1 [TD] Pacific Bahia Tortugas, Baja California Sur [Punta 31 Nora Sep 16-26,1997 130 [120] H1 [H1] Pacific Canoas, Baja California]

32 Pauline Puerto Angel, Oaxaca [Acapulco, Guerrero] Oct 6-10, 1997 195 [165] H3 [H2] Pacific

33 Rick Puerto Escondido, Oaxaca Nov 7-10, 1997 140 H1 Pacific Los Cabos, Baja California Sur [Topolob- 34 Isis Sep 1-3, 1998 110 [120] TS [H1] Pacific ampo, Sinaloa] 35 Greg San Jose del Cabo, Baja California Sur Sep 5-9, 1999 120 H1 Pacific Chetumal, Quintana Roo [Tampico, Tam- 36 Keith Oct 3-5, 2000 148 H1 Atlantic aulipas] La Paz, Constitucion, Baja California Sur; 37 Juliette Libertad, Sonora; El Huerfanito, Baja Sep 21-30, 2001 120 [55] H1 [TD] Pacific California 38 Isidore Telchac Puerto, Yucatan Sep 14-26, 2002 205 H3 Atlantic 39 Kenna San Blas, Nayarit Oct. 21-25, 2002 230 H4 Pacific

36 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 CHAPTER TWO

Hurricanes that have hit Mexico, in chronological order, in the period from 1980 to 2006

Name Maximum Date of No. of the Place(s) it hit grounda speed CategorYb COAST occurrence hurricane (km/h) 40 Erika Matamoros, Tamaulipas Aug 14-16, 2003 120 H1 Atlantic 60 km to the east of Cuidad Constitucion, 41 Ignacio Aug 22-27,2003 165 H2 Pacific Baja California Sur 15 km to the northeast of San Jose del 42 Marty Sep 18-24, 2003 160 H2 Pacific Cabo, Baja California Sur 20 km to the north of Tulum, Quintana Roo 43 Emily Jul 10-21, 2005 215 H4 [H3] Atlantic [Mezquital, Tamaulipas] Felipe Carrillo Puerto, Quintana Roo [San 44 Stan Oct 1-5, 2005 75 [130] TS [H1] Atlantic Andrés Tuxtla, Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave] Isla Cozumel [Puerto Morelos, Quintana 45 Wilma Oct. 15-25, 2005 230[220] H4 Atlantic Roo] 46 John El Saucito, Baja California Sur Aug 28-Sep 4, 2006 175 H2 Pacific 47 Lane Cruz de Elota, Sinaloa Sep 13-17, 2006 205 H3 Pacific NOTE a When the hurricanes hit ground in two places, the second is indicated in brackets. b Categories: TD = Tropical depression (a tropical cyclone in which the mean maximum surface wind is 62 km/h or less). TS = Tropical storm (a well-organized tropical cyclone with a hot core in which the mean maximum surface wind is from 63 km/h to 117 km/h inclusive). H = Hurricane (a tropical cyclone with a hot core in which the mean maximum surface wind is 118 km/h, or greater).

The Saffir / Simpson Hurricane Scale, according to the wind speed in km/h, is as follows: H1 119 to 153 H4 210 to 250 H2 154 to 177 H5 Greater than 250 H3 178 to 209

SOURCE: CONAGUA. Technical Division, General Coordination of the National Meteorological Service. National Weather Service of the United States of America. www.nhc.noaa.gov/aboutsshs.shtml. June 2007.

Droughts

In Mexico, droughts occur with greater intensity every ten years, with a variable duration, and the most affected regions are the arid and semi-arid ones, in which the average precipitation is 400 millimeters per year.

The droughts are found in the states of Chihuahua, Coahuila de Zaragoza, Durango, Nuevo Leon, Baja California, Sonora, Sinaloa, Zacatecas, San Luis Potosi, Aguascalientes, Guanajuato, Queretaro Arteaga, Hidalgo and Tlaxcala.

2.4 Surface water

Rivers

Every year, approximately 400 km3 of water flow through the country’s rivers, including imports from other countries but excluding exports. Approximately 87% of this water may be found in the 39 main rivers that are shown in the following figure, the basins of which occupy 58% of the total land mass:

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 37 THE STATE OF WATER RESOURCES

mexico’s main rivers

SOURCE: CONAGUA. Planning Division. Produced based on data from the Technical Division.

65% of the surface runoff belongs to just seven rivers: Grijalva-Usumacinta, Papaloapan, Coatzacoalcos, Balsas, Panuco, Santiago and Tonala. The surface of their watersheds represents 22% of the country’s total. The Balsas and Santiago rivers empty into the Pacific Ocean and the other five empty into the Gulf of Mexico. As regards the surface area they cover, the most outstanding watersheds are those of the rivers Grande and Balsas, whereas the rivers Grande and Grijalva-Usumacinta stand out for their length. Lerma, Nazas and Aguanaval are all inner rivers. The following table presents the most important data related to the country’s rivers, according to the water body into which they empty:

38 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 CHAPTER TWO

Characteristics of the main rivers that empty into the Pacific, ordered according to their mean natural surface runoff

Mean natural Area of the Length of Hydrological- No. RIVER surface runoff a watershed the river Administrative Region (hm3/year) (km2) (km)

1 Balsas IV Balsas 16 587 117 406 770 2 Santiago VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 7 849 76 416 562 3 Verde V Southern Pacific 5 937 18 812 342 4 Ometepec V Southern Pacific 5 779 6 922 115 5 El Fuerte III Northern Pacific 5 176 33 590 540 6 Papagayo V Southern Pacific 4 237 7 410 140 7 Yaqui II Northwest 3 163 72 540 410 8 San Pedro III Northern Pacific 3 528P 26 480 255 9 Culiacan III Northern Pacific 3 161 15 731 875 10 Suchiateb XI Southern Border 2 737 203 75 11 Ameca VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 2 165P 12 214 205 12 Armeria VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 2 015P 9 795 240 13 San Lorenzo III Northern Pacific 1 680 8 919 315 14 Coahuayana VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 1 867P 7 114 203 15 Coloradob I Baja California Peninsula 1 863 3 840 160 16 Sinaloa III Northern Pacific 2 126 12 260 400 17 Baluarte III Northern Pacific 1 838 5 094 142 18 Acaponeta III Northern Pacific 1 438 5 092 233 19 Piaxtla III Northern Pacific 1 415 11 473 220 20 Tehuantepec V Southern Pacific 950 10 090 240 21 Coatanb XI Southern Border 751 605 75 22 Huicicila VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 410 1 194 50 Total 76 671 463 200 6 567

NOTE: a The data on mean natural surface runoff represents the mean annual values of its historical record. b The mean natural surface runoff of this river includes imports from other countries. The area of the watershed and its length refer only to the Mexican part. P Preliminary figure. SOURCE: CONAGUA. Technical Division.

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 39 THE STATE OF WATER RESOURCES

Characteristics of the main rivers that empty into the Gulf of Mexico, ordered according to their mean natural surface runoff

Area of Mean natural Length of Hydrological-Administrative the water- No RIVER surface runoffa the river Region shed (hm3/year) (km) (km2)

23 Grijalva-Usumacintab XI Southern Border 115 536 83 553 1 521 24 Papaloapan X Central Gulf 44 662 46 517 354 25 Coatzacoalcos X Central Gulf 32 752 17 369 325 26 Panuco IX Northern Gulf 20 330 84 956 510 27 Tonalá X Central Gulf 11 389 5 679 82 28 Bravob VI Rio Bravo 5 588 226 280 2 018c 29 Tecolutla X Central Gulf 6 885 7 903 375 30 Nautla X Central Gulf 2 284 2 785 124 31 Antigua X Central Gulf 2 193 2 827 139 32 Tuxpan X Central Gulf 2 580 5 899 150 33 Soto La Marina IX Northern Gulf 2 086 21 183 416 34 Candelariab XII Yucatan Peninsula 2 011 13 790 150 35 Cazones X Central Gulf 1 716 2 688 145 36 San Fernando IX Northern Gulf 1 545 17 744 400 Total 251 557 539 173 6 709

NOTE: a The data on mean natural surface runoff represents the mean annual values of its historical record. b The mean natural surface runoff of this river includes imports from other countries. The area of the watershed and its length refer only to the Mexican part. c Length of the border between Mexico and the United States of America. SOURCE: CONAGUA. Technical Division.

Characteristics of the main inner rivers, ordered according to their mean natural surface runoff

Mean natural Area of the Length of Hydrological-Administrative No. RIVER surface runoffa watershed the river Region (hm3/year) (km2) (km)

37 Lermab VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 4 908 47 116 708 38 Nazas VII Central Basins of the North 1 999 57 101 600 39 Aguanaval VII Central Basins of the North 509 32 138 481 Total 7 416 136 355 1 789

NOTE: a The data on mean natural surface runoff represents the mean annual values of its historical record. b This river is considered an inner river because it flows into Lake Chapala. SOURCE: CONAGUA. Technical Division.

40 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 CHAPTER TWO

Mexico’s transboundary watersheds

Mexico shares eight watersheds in total with its neighboring countries: three with the United States of America (Bravo or Grande, Colorado and Tijuana), four with Guatemala (Grijalva- Usumacinta, Suchiate, Coatan and Candelaria) and one with both Belize and Guatemala (River Hondo).

Characteristics of the rivers with transboundary watersheds, by Hydrological-Administrative Region

Mean natu- Area of Length Hydrological- ral surface the water- of the No. RIVER COUNTRY Administrative Region runoff shed river (hm3/year) (km2) (km)

Mexico 6 778 225 242 NA 1 Grande VI Rio Bravo E.U.A. 502 241 697 1 074 Binational NA NA 2 034 Mexico 13 3 840 160 Baja California 2 Colorado I E.U.A. 17 885 484 350 2 056 Peninsula Binational NA NA 29

Baja California Mexico 78 3 203 143 3 Tijuana I Peninsula E.U.A. 92 1 221 9

Grijalva-Usu- Mexico 71 716 83 553 1 521 4 XI Southern Border macinta Guatemala 43 820 44 837 390 Mexico 184 203 75ª 5 Suchiate XI Southern Border Guatemala 2 553 1 084 60 Mexico 354 605 75 6 Coatan XI Southern Border Guatemala 397 280 12 Mexico 1 750 13 790 150 7 Candelaria XII Yucatan Peninsula Guatemala 261 1 558 8 Mexico 533ª 7 614 115b 8 Hondo XII Yucatan Peninsula Guatemala NA 2 873 45 Belize NA 2 978 16

NOTE: a The 75 km belong to the border between Mexico and Guatemala b The 115 km belong to the border between Mexico and Belize NA = Not applicable SOURCE: CONAGUA. Technical Division. CONAGUA. Division of Drinking Water, Sewerage and Sanitation.

The waters of the Bravo or Grande, Colorado and Tijuana rivers are shared according to the indications of the Treaty on the Distribution of International Waters between the United States of Mexico and the United States of America, signed in Washington, D.C. on February 3rd, 1944.

In the case of the River Colorado, the Treaty specifies that the United States of America must deliver 1 850.2 hm3 (1.5 million AF) each year to Mexico.

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 41 THE STATE OF WATER RESOURCES

annual volume of water from tHe river colorado delivered by tHe united states of america to mexico, annual series from 1945 to 2006 3 25 000 (Millions of cubic meters, hm )

20 000 ) 3 15 000 Volume (hm Volume 10 000

5 000

0 1947 1952 1955 1956 1945 1946 1948 1949 1950 1951 1953 1954 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1970 1971 1969 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1988 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 1987 1989 2004 2005 2006

SOURCE: CONAGUA. Technical Division.

As regards the River Tijuana, the Treaty only establishes that both countries, through the International Boundary and Water Commission (IBWC), will make recommendations for the equitable distribution of its waters, will draw up projects for storage infrastructure and flood control, will estimate the costs and build the infrastructure that is agreed upon, sharing the construction and operation costs equitably.

As regards the Rio Bravo (referred to in the United States of America as the Rio Grande), the following distribution of its waters is established in the Treaty:

THE UNITEd STATES OF MEXICO’S SHARE THE UNITEd STATES OF AMERICA’S SHARE

• The total of the runoff of the Alamo and San Juan •The total of the runoff from the Pecos and devils rivers. rivers, from the Goodenough spring and from the Alamito, Terlingua, San Felipe and Pinto streams.

• Two thirds of the water that enters the mainstream •One third of the water that enters the mainstream of the Rio Bravo from the following six Mexican of the Rio Bravo from the following six Mexican channels: the Conchos, San diego, San Rodrigo, channels: the Conchos, San diego, San Rodrigo, Escondido and Salado rivers, and the Las Vacas Escondido and Salado rivers, and the Las Vacas stream. stream.

• One half of the runoff not assigned in the Treaty • One half of the runoff not assigned in the Treaty that reaches the main channel, between Fort Quit- that reaches the main channel, between Fort Quit- man and Falcon. man and Falcon.

• One half of the runoff of the River Grande water- •One half of the runoff of the River Grande water- shed, downstream from Falcon. shed, downstream from Falcon.

In the Treaty, three criteria are established regarding the six Mexican channels previously referred to, which should be mentioned:

1. The volume that Mexico must provide to the United States of America as part of the one- third of the six Mexican channels previously mentioned, shall not be greater on the whole, on average and in consecutive five-year cycles than 431.72 hm3 (1 750 000 AF), the equivalent of supplying a minimum volume of 2158.6 hm3 (350 000 AF) in each cycle. 2. In cases of extraordinary drought or serious accident in the hydraulic systems of the Mexican tributaries that might make it difficult for Mexico to allow the 431.72 hm3 to

42 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 CHAPTER TWO

flow, the remaining flow that exists at the end of the five-year cycle will be added to the following cycle with water from the same tributaries. 3. In the event that the United States of America’s assigned capacity in the international dams shared by both countries (La Amistad and Falcon) is covered, the five-year cycle is considered finished and all volumes not yet delivered will be totally covered, a new cycle starting from that point.

capacities assigned in tHe international dams, 2006 (Millions of cubic meters, hm³)

COUNTRY LA AMISTAd FALCON

Mexico 1 703 1 355

United States of America 2 185 1 918

SOURCE: CONAGUA. Coordination of Advisors of the Director General.

accounting of delivery cycles of tHe rio bravo’s water, 2005

NUMBER OF NUMBER OF CYCLES WITH dURATION OF THE CYCLE CYCLES OUTSTANdING dELIVERY

Less than two years 17 - Between two and four years 3 -

Five years with no outstanding 2 - volumes

• 1 cycle from Oct 1953 to Sep 1958 4 Five years with outstanding volumes • 1 cycle from Jun 1982 to Jun 1987 • 2 cycles from Sep 1992 to Sep 2002

SOURCE: CONAGUA. Coordination of Advisors of the Director General.

Mexico’s main lakes

area and storage volume of mexico’s main laKes, by Hydrological-administrative region and state, 2006

AREA OF THE WA- STORAGE CAPACITY HYdROLOGICAL-AdMINISTRA- No. LAKE TERSHEd STATE(S) (hm3) TIVE REGION (km²)

1 Chapala 1 116 8 126 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific Jalisco y Michoacan de Ocampo 2 Cuitzeo 306 920a VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific Michoacan de Ocampo 3 Patzcuaro 97 550a VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific Michoacan de Ocampo 4 Yuriria 80 188 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific Guanajuato 5 Catemaco 75 454 X Central Gulf Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave 6 Tequesquitengo 8 160a IV Balsas Morelos 7 Nabor Carrillo 10 12a XIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific Mexico NOTE: a The data refers to the mean volume stored; no updated studies exist on their storage capacity SOURCE: CONAGUA. Technical Division.

Lake Chapala is the biggest inner lake in Mexico. It has an extension of 1 116 km3 and has an average depth of between 4 and 6 m.

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 43 THE STATE OF WATER RESOURCES

volumes stored in laKe cHapala, from 1942 to 2006a (Millions of cubic meters, hm3)

10000 9000 8000 7000 6000 5000

Volumen 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 1942 1946 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 Year

NOTE: a The values indicated are on October 1st of each year. SOURCE: CONAGUA. Technical Division.

2.5 Groundwater

The importance of groundwater is manifest due to the magnitude of the volume employed by the main users; close to 37% (28 341 hm3/year) of the total volume assigned for offstream uses is from groundwater sources. For the purpose of groundwater management, the country has been divided into 653 aquifers, the official names of which were published in the Official Government Gazette on December 5th, 2001. In annex you will find a list of groundwater sources and aquifers with their availability published in the Official Government Gazette.

tHe country’s aquifers, by Hydrological-administrative region, 2006

NUMBER OF AQUIFERS

WITH SUFFERING FROM THE PHENOME- AVERAGE HYdROLOGICAL-AdMINISTRA- TOTAL OVEREXPLOITEd SALTWATER NON OF SOIL SALINIZATION ANd RECHARGE TIVE REGION 3 INTRUSION BRACKISH GROUNdWATER (hm )

I Baja California Peninsula 87 7 9 4 1 233 II Northwest 63 15 5 0 2 870 III Northern Pacific 24 1 0 0 3 194 IV Balsas 47 2 0 0 4 220 V Southern Pacific 34 0 0 0 1 696 VI Rio Bravo 100 16 0 4 5 081 VII Central Basins of the North 68 24 0 8 2 297 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 127 33 1 0 7 566 IX Northern Gulf 40 2 0 0 1 392 X Central Gulf 22 0 2 0 3 849 XI Southern Border 23 0 0 0 18 015 XII Yucatan Peninsula 4 0 0 1 25 316 XIII Waters of the Valley of Mexico 14 4 0 0 1 835 Total 653 104 17 17 78 564 SOURCE: CONAGUA. Technical Division.

44 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 CHAPTER TWO

Overexploitation of aquifers

From the 1970s onwards, the number of overexploited aquifers has been growing steadily, from 32 in 1975, 36 in 1981, 80 in 1985, 97 in 2001, 102 in 2003 and 104 in 2006. From these aquifers almost 60% of groundwater is extracted for all uses.

overexploited aquifers, by Hydrological-administrative region, 2006

SOURCE: CONAGUA. Planning Division. Produced based on data from the Technical Division.

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 45 THE STATE OF WATER RESOURCES

Aquifers with saltwater intrusion and/or suffering from the phenomenon of soil salinization and brackish groundwater

Saltwater intrusion is understood as the phenomenon in which seawater is introduced by the subsoil into the inner continent, causing the salinization of the groundwater; this occurs when the extraction of water causes the groundwater level to fall below sea level, altering the dynamic natural balance between seawater and freshwater.

The phenomenon of soil salinization and brackish groundwater are factors that affect groundwater; the former by causing the recharge with saltwater and the latter by inducing the transport of connate saltwater.

There are 17 aquifers in Mexico with problems of saltwater intrusion, situated in the states of Baja California, Baja California Sur, Colima, Sonora and Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave. Among these are Maneadero and San Quintin in Baja California, Santo Domingo in Baja California Sur, Caborca, Hermosillo Coast, Guaymas Valley and San Jose de Guaymas in Sonora.

aquifers witH saltwater intrusion and/or suffering from tHe pHenomenon of soil salinization and bracKisH groundwater, by Hydrological-administrative region, 2006

SOURCE: CONAGUA. Planning Division. Produced based on data from the Technical Division.

46 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 CHAPTER TWO

Piezometric networks

With the aim of having information on the levels of water in the country’s aquifers, the CONAGUA has piezometric networks in 211 of the 653 aquifers of the country, with a total of 8 100 measurement points. In the following figure, the aquifers with piezometric networks are shown:

aquifers witH reactivated piezometric networKs, 2006

SOURCE: CONAGUA. Planning Division. Produced based on data from the Technical Division.

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 47 THE STATE OF WATER RESOURCES

2.6 Water quality

Monitoring of water quality

In 2006, the National Monitoring Network had 1 026 sites, distributed throughout the country, as described in the following table:

sites of tHe national monitoring networK, 2006

NUMBER OF NETWORK AREA SITES Surface bodies 216 Primary network Coastal zones 40 Groundwater 125 Surface bodies 242 Secondary network Coastal zones 21 Groundwater 28 Surface bodies 133 Special studies Coastal zones 62 Groundwater 78 Groundwater Reference Network 81 Total 1 026

location of tHe sites of tHe national monitoring networK, 2006

SOURCE: CONAGUA. Planning Division. Produced based on data from the Technical Division.

48 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 CHAPTER TWO

The physio-chemical and biological determinations were carried out in the National Laboratory Network, which is made up of 13 regional and 16 state laboratories and one National Reference Laboratory, situated in Mexico City.

190 surface water bodies were covered in 94 watersheds, including 34 of the 39 water bodies of national importance, with fixed sites to evaluate the evolving trends in time (Primary Network).

In addition to the aforementioned physio-chemical and microbiological parameters, from 2005 onwards, biological monitoring has been carried out in some regions of the country, which allows water quality to be evaluated, using simple low-cost methods (the benthic organisms diversity index).

Samples for biological monitoring, by selected Hydrological-Administrative Region, 2006 Hydrological-Administrative Region Number of samples III Northern Pacific 8 IV Balsas 68 VII Central Basins of the North 22 IX Northern Gulf 8 X Central Gulf 8 XI Southern Border 2 XII Yucatan Peninsula 6 Total 122 SOURCE: CONAGUA. Technical Division.

Evaluation of water quality

The evaluation of water quality is carried out by using three indicators, five-day Biochemical

Oxygen Demand (BOD5), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Total Suspended Solids

(TSS). The BOD5 and COD are used to determine the quantity of organic matter present in water bodies, mainly from municipal and non-municipal wastewater discharges.

The BOD5 determines the quantity of biodegradable organic matter and the COD measures the total quantity of organic matter. The increase in the concentration of these parameters has an impact on the decrease of the dissolved oxygen content in the water bodies with the consequent affectation of aquatic ecosystems.

Additionally, the increase in COD indicates the presence of substances coming from non- municipal discharges.

The TSS originate in wastewater and through soil erosion. The increase in the levels of TSS results in the water body losing its capacity to support the diversity of aquatic life. These parameters allow degrees to be recognized that vary from a relatively normal condition or without the influence of human activity, to water which shows significant signs of municipal and non-municipal wastewater discharges, as well as areas with severe deforestation.

It is appropriate to mention that the sites of water quality monitoring are situated in areas with a high anthropogenic influence.

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 49 THE STATE OF WATER RESOURCES

Scales of classification of water quality

Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5)

Criteria Classification Color mg/l

Excellent

BOD5 ≤ 3 Blue Not polluted Good quality

3 < BOD5 ≤ 6 Green Surface water with a low content of biodegradable organic matter Acceptable 6 < BOD 30 Yellow 5 ≤ With signs of pollution. Surface water with a capacity of self-purification or with biologically treated waste- water discharges Polluted

30 < BOD5 ≤ 120 Orange Surface water with raw wastewater discharges, mainly of municipal origin Highly polluted

BOD5 > 120 Red Surface water with a strong impact of raw municipal and non-municipal wastewater discharges

Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)

Excellent COD ≤ 10 Blue Not polluted Good quality 10 < COD ≤ 20 Green Surface water with a low content of biodegradable and non-biodegradable organic matter Acceptable 20 200 Red Surface water with a strong impact of raw municipal and non-municipal wastewater discharges

Total Suspended Solids (TSS)

Excellent TSS ≤ 25 Blue Exceptional, very high quality Good quality 25 < TSS ≤ 75 Surface water with a low suspended solids content, generally in natural conditions. Favors the conservation Green of aquatic communities and unrestricted agricultural irrigation Acceptable 75 < TSS ≤ 150 Surface water with signs of pollution. With biologically treated wastewater discharges. A regular condition Yellow for fish. Restricted agricultural irrigation Polluted 150 < TSS ≤ 400 Orange Poor quality surface water with raw wastewater discharges. Water with a high suspended material content

Highly polluted TSS > 400 Surface water with a strong impact of raw municipal and non-municipal wastewater discharges with a high Red polluting load. Poor conditions for fish SOURCE: CONAGUA. Technical Division.

50 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 CHAPTER TWO

The evaluation of water quality in 2006 for these quality indicators was carried out at the sites mentioned in the following table:

monitoring sites, for eacH water quality indicator, 2006

WATER QUALITY INdICATOR NUMBER OF MONITORING SITES

Five-day Biochemical Oxygen demand (BOd5) 443 Chemical Oxygen demand (COd) 429

Total Suspended Solids (TSS) 406

NOTE: The total number of sites is 503; however, the stations without data were not considered. SOURCE: CONAGUA. Technical Division.

water quality in surface water monitoring stations, according to tHe category of bod5, 2006

SOURCE: CONAGUA. Planning Division. Produced based on data from the Technical Division.

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 51 THE STATE OF WATER RESOURCES

percentage of surface water quality monitoring stations, according to

tHeir category of bod5, 2006

Highly polluted Polluted 5.4% Excellent 11.3% 40.4%

Good quality 25.3%

Acceptable 17.6%

BOD BOD BOD BOD BOD

SOURCE: CONAGUA. Technical Division.

distribution of surface water quality monitoring stations,

according to tHe category of bod5, by Hydrological-administrative region, 2006 (Number of stations)

HYdROLOGICAL-AdMINISTRATIVE GOOd HIGHLY EXCELLENT ACCEPTABLE POLLUTEd TOTAL REGION QUALITY POLLUTEd

I Baja California Peninsula 7 2 4 1 1 15

II Northwest 3 4 0 6 1 14

III Northern Pacific 27 7 6 1 1 42

IV Balsas 12 10 9 9 2 42

V Southern Pacific 15 0 0 0 0 15

VI Rio Bravo 15 2 6 3 1 27

VII Central Basins of the North 9 5 6 0 0 20

VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 43 18 26 15 7 109

IX Northern Gulf 23 7 8 1 0 39

X Central Gulf 0 41 4 4 1 50

XI Southern Border 11 16 3 2 0 32

XII Yucatan Peninsula 13 0 0 0 0 13

XIII Waters of the Valley of Mexico 1 0 6 8 10 25

Total 179 112 78 50 24 443 SOURCE: CONAGUA. Technical Division. Mexico, 2007.

52 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 CHAPTER TWO

water quality in surface water monitoring stations, according to tHe category of cod, 2006

SOURCE: CONAGUA. Planning Division. Produced based on data from the Technical Division.

percentage of surface water quality monitoring stations, according to tHe category of cod, 2006

Highly polluted Excellent 11.0% 19.6%

Good quality Polluted 18.9% 26.8%

Acceptable 23.8%

DQO ≤ 10 10 < DQO ≤ 20 20 < DQO ≤ 40 40 < DQO ≤ 200 DQO > 200

SOURCE: CONAGUA. Technical Division.

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 53 THE STATE OF WATER RESOURCES

distribution of surface water quality monitoring stations, according to tHe category of cod, by Hydrological-administrative region, 2006 (Number of stations) HYdROLOGICAL-AdMINISTRATIVE GOOd HIGHLY EXCELLENT ACCEPTABLE POLLUTEd TOTAL REGION QUALITY POLLUTEd I Baja California Peninsula 0 0 5 8 2 15

II Northwest 0 0 6 5 3 14

III Northern Pacific 7 13 8 6 2 36

IV Balsas 3 9 4 19 8 43

V Southern Pacific 0 0 0 0 0 0

VI Rio Bravo 7 6 14 6 1 34

VII Central Basins of the North 5 4 9 2 0 20

VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 3 9 28 48 13 101

IX Northern Gulf 26 14 9 1 1 51

X Central Gulf 21 6 7 7 2 43

XI Southern Border 3 14 9 5 1 32

XII Yucatan Peninsula 8 5 2 0 0 15

XIII Waters of the Valley of Mexico 1 1 1 8 14 25

Total 84 81 102 115 47 429 SOURCE: CONAGUA. Technical Division.

water quality in surface water monitoring stations, according to tHe category of tss, 2006

SOURCE: CONAGUA. Planning Division. Produced based on data from the Technical Division.

54 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 CHAPTER TWO

percentage of surface water quality monitoring stations, according to tHe category of tss, 2006 Strongly polluted 2.2% Polluted 5.4% Excellent Acceptable 45.3% 14.0%

Good quality 33.0%

TSS ≤ 25 25 < TSS ≤ 75 75 < TSS ≤ 150 150 < TSS ≤ 400 TSS > 400

SOURCE: CONAGUA. Technical Division.

distribution of surface water quality monitoring stations, according to tHe category of tss, by Hydrological-administrative region, 2006 (Number of stations)

HYdROLOGICAL-AdMINISTRATIVE GOOd HIGHLY EXCELLENT ACCEPTABLE POLLUTEd TOTAL REGION QUALITY POLLUTEd

I Baja California Peninsula 11 9 1 0 0 21 II Northwest 3 4 4 2 1 14 III Northern Pacific 16 10 3 1 0 30 IV Balsas 11 17 10 3 2 43 V Southern Pacific 11 2 2 0 0 15 VI Rio Bravo 2 0 0 0 1 3 VII Central Basins of the North 14 4 2 0 0 20 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 29 38 16 5 5 93 IX Northern Gulf 31 18 2 0 0 51 X Central Gulf 38 8 4 0 0 50 XI Southern Border 0 16 6 4 0 26 XII Yucatan Peninsula 12 2 1 0 0 15 XIII Waters of the Valley of Mexico 6 6 6 7 0 25 Total 184 134 57 22 9 406

SOURCE: CONAGUA. Technical Division. Mexico, 2007.

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 55 THE STATE OF WATER RESOURCES

Groundwater quality

One of the parameters that allows groundwater salinization to be evaluated is the total solids. The following figure shows the distribution of groundwater quality, as the salinity expressed in the concentration of Total Dissolved Solids (SDT), in milligrams per liter (mg/L). According to its concentration, groundwater is classified as fresh (<1 000 mg/L), lightly brackish (1 000- 2 000 mg/l), brackish (2 000-10 000 mg/L) and salty (>10 000 mg/L).

The limit between freshwater and lightly brackish coincides with the maximum concentration indicated by the modification of the Official Mexican Standard NOM-127-SSA1-1994, which “establishes the maximum permissible limits that should be adhered to for water for human consumption and treatment as regards water quality for human consumption”.

concentration of total dissolved solids in groundwater, by Hydrological-administrative region, 2006

calidad del agua en estaciones de monitoreo de agua superficial, según categoría de sst,sst, 2006

NOTE: ppm = parts per million. SOURCE: CONAGUA. Planning Division. Produced based on data from the Technical Division.

56 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 CHAPTER TWO

Water quality on beaches

The Clean Beach Program promotes the sanitation of beaches, and the watersheds and aquifers associated with them. The finality of the program is to prevent and turn back the pollution of Mexico’s beaches, respecting the native ecology, making them competitive and thus raising the quality and standard of living of the local population and increasing tourism.

For the development of the program, Beach Committees have been set up in various tourist destinations, which are headed by the President of the municipality in which the beach is found (in chapter 5, you will find a complete list of the Beach Committees set up). Additionally, in order to support the program, an inter-institutional group has been created, whose activities commenced in April 2006, and which is made up of staff from the SEMARNAT, PROFEPA, SEMAR, Sector, COFEPRIS and the CONAGUA.

tourist destinations of tHe clean beacH program

SOURCE: CONAGUA. Planning Division. Produced based on data from the SEMARNAT, CONAGUA, PROFEPA, SEMAR, SECTUR and COFEPRIS. Clean Beach Program, Mexico, 2006.

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 57 THE STATE OF WATER RESOURCES

In order to evaluate water quality on beaches, the values of the indicator of enterococcus faecalis are determined. The qualification criteria are the following:

• Apt for recreational use: 0 or less than 500 MLN/100 mL. • Not apt for recreational use: > 500 MLN/100 mL. MLN; Most likely number of organisms or enterococcus faecalis.

Results of the Water Quality Monitoring Program on Beaches, annual series from 2003 to 2005 2003 2004 2005 Number of tourist destinations 35 37 44 Number of beaches 226 209 259 Number of coastal states 17 17 17 Samples that comply with the quality criteria (%) 93.7 94.5 96.5 SOURCE: SEMARNAT. CONAGUA. PROFEPA. SEMAR. SECTUR. COFEPRIS. Clean Beach Program, Mexico, 2006.

58 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 Chapter 3 Uses of Water

This chapter presents the most recent information as regards the five main uses of water in Mexico: agricultural, public supply, industrial, thermoelectric and hydroelectricity.

For each of these uses, the volumes assigned are indicated, as well as the source of withdrawal, from both surface and groundwater. The values associated to water stress are also shown.

It is important to reflect on the need for a responsible use and payment for water, which is especially relevant given the scarcity of water in large areas of the country. USES OF WATER

3.1 Classification of the uses of water

The Public Registry of Water Rights (REPDA, its initials in Spanish), specifies the volumes assigned to the users of Mexico’s waters. In this registry, the uses of water are classified into 12 headings, which for reasons of clarity have been grouped into five main categories; four that correspond to offstream uses, namely agricultural, public supply, self-supplying industry and thermoelectric, as well as hydroelectric, which is counted separately since it corresponds to an instream use of water.

As may be observed in the following figure, the greatest volume assigned for offstream uses of water is the one corresponding to agricultural activities, since Mexico is one of the countries with the most substantial irrigation infrastructures in the world.

Percentage of volumes assigned for offstream uses, 2006

Thermoelectric Self-supplying 5.4% industry 3.8% Agricultural 76.8%

Public supply 13.9%

SOURCE: CONAGUA. Water Management Division.

63% of the water used in the country comes from surface sources (rivers, streams and lakes), whereas the remaining 37% comes from groundwater sources (aquifers).

60 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 CHAPTER THREE

offstream uses, according to the origin of the source of withdrawal, 2006 (Billions of cubic meters, km³)

ORIGIN USO SURfACE WATERS GROUNdWATER TOTAl vOlUME

Agriculturala 39.7 19.7 59.4 Public supplyb 3.9 6.8 10.7 Self-supplying industryc (not including thermoelectric) 1.6 1.4 3.0 Thermoelectric 3.8 0.5 4.2 Total 49.0 28.3 77.3 NOTE: 1 km³ = 1 000 hm³ = 1 billion m³ The data corresponds to volumes assigned on December 31st, 2006. a Includes the agricultural, livestock, aquaculture, multiple and other headings of the REPDA classification, as well as the volumes of water that are pending registration (2.05 km2). b Includes the public urban and domestic headings of the REPDA classification. c Includes the industrial, agro-industrial, services and trade headings of the REPDA classification.

SOURCE: CONAGUA. Water Management Division. As regards the use in hydroelectricity plants, 140.3 billion cubic meters of water were used throughout the country in 20062. It should be clarified that for this use the same water is used and counted several times, in all of the country’s plants.

3.2 Distribution of uses throughout Mexico

The following figure shows the way in which volumes of water have been assigned for offstream uses throughout Mexico. It may be observed that the Hydrological-Administrative Regions with the greatest volume of water assigned are VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific, IV Balsas, III Northern Pacific and VI Rio Bravo. It is also worth noting that the use for agriculture is more than 80% of the total of all concessions in these regions, with the exception of the region IV Balsas, where the thermoelectric plant in Petacalco, situated near the mouth of the river Balsas, occupies a significant volume of water.

volumes assigned for offstream uses, by hydrological-administrative region, 2006 (Millions of cubic meters, hm3)

15 000 13 666

10 569 10 282 10 000 9 112 Agricultura Public supply 6 917 Self-supplying industry 4 930 4 643 5 000 4 588 Thermoelectric 3 807 3 493 2 040 1 997 1 279

0 VIII IV III VI II X XIII IX VII I XI XII V

NOTE: The regionalization of the volumes was carried out based on the location of the use as recorded in the REPDA, and not the place of assignation of the respective deeds. SOURCE: CONAGUA. Planning Division. Produced based on the volumes registered in the REPDA on December 31st, 2006.

2 This data comes from the volumes of water declared for the payment of duties for the use of water. It should be clarified that the volume registered in the REPDA for use in hydropower plants was 158.6 km3 as of December 2006. STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 61 USES OF WATER

Volumes assigned for offstream uses, by Hydrological-Administrative Region, 2006 (Millions of cubic meters, hm³)

Self-supplying Hydrological- Total volume industry without Thermoelectric Agriculturala Public supplyb Administrative Region assigned thermoelectric plantsd plantsc

I Baja California Peninsula 3 492.6 2 880.1 328.2 85.3 199.0

II Northwest 6 916.8 5 888.1 967.5 61.2 0.0

III Northern Pacific 10 281.6 9 670.1 550.8 60.7 0.0

IV Balsas 10 569.3 6 282.7 851.3 266.4 3 168.9

V Southern Pacific 1 279.4 987.9 275.7 15.8 0.0

VI Rio Bravo 9 112.4 7 616.8 1 178.4 201.9 115.3

VII Central Basins of the 3 807.4 3 331.4 367.2 73.1 35.7 North

VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 13 665.7 11 287.6 1 967.2 386.4 24.5

IX Northern Gulf 4 587.5 3 584.8 475.5 461.7 65.6

X Central Gulf 4 929.5 2 810.5 741.2 876.2 501.5

XI Southern Border 2 040.4 1 547.2 444.8 48.4 0.0

XII Yucatan Peninsula 1 996.7 1 279.8 460.4 247.0 9.4

XIII Waters of the Valley of 4 642.9 2 233.0 2 133.3 187.1 89.6 Mexico

Total 77 322.2 59 400.2 10 741.4 2 971.3 4 209.4

NOTE: The percentages may not add up precisely to the sum, due to the rounding up or down of figures. The regionalization of the volumes was carried out based on the location of the use as recorded in the REPDA and not the place of assignation of the respective deeds. a Includes the agricultural, livestock, aquaculture, multiple and other headings of the REPDA classification. b Includes the public urban and domestic headings of the REPDA classification. c Includes the industrial, agro-industrial, services and trade headings of the REPDA classification. d Includes the total volume assigned for the generation of electricity, not including hydroelectricity. SOURCE: CONAGUA. Planning Division. Produced based on the volumes registered in the REPDA on December 31st, 2006.

62 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 CHAPTER THREE

In the following figure, information is shown on the volumes of water assigned by state, among which those in Sinaloa and Sonora stand out, for their extensive surfaces under irrigation.

volume assigned for offstream uses, by state, 2006 (Millions of cubic meters, hm3)

Sinaloa 9 070.7 Sonora 6 744.1 Chihuahua 5 133.0 Michoacan de Ocampo 5 051.6 Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave 4 652.4 Guerrero 4 197.5 Guanajuato 4 007.3 Tamaulipas 3 759.0 Jalisco 3 554.5 Baja California 3 097.7 State of Mexico 2 562.5 Puebla 2 454.8 Hidalgo 2 333.5 Nuevo Leon 1 967.6 Coahuila de Zaragoza 1 906.6 Colima 1 654.2 Chiapas 1 638.3 Durango 1 559.1 Zacatecas 1 421.8 San Luis Potosi 1 310.5 Morelos 1 210.2 Nayarit 1 168.1 Federal District 1 123.1 Oaxaca 1 081.7 Yucatan 1 056.1 Queretaro Arteaga 970.2 Aguascalientes 624.5 Campeche 601.1 Baja California Sur 395.0 Quintana Roo 387.1 Tabasco 345.8 Tlaxcala 282.7

0 1 000 2 000 3 000 4 000 5 000 6 000 7 000 8 000 9 000 10 000

Agricultural Public supply Self-supplying industry Thermoelectric

NOTE: The volumes are those as of December 31st, 2006. SOURCE: CONAGUA. Planning Division. Produced based on data from CONAGUA. Water Management Division.

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 63 USES OF WATER

Volumes assigned for offstream uses, by state, 2006 (Millions of cubic meters, hm³)

Self-supplying Total volume industry without Thermoelectric State Agriculturala Public supplyb assigned thermoelectric plantsd plantsc

1 Aguascalientes 624.5 494.0 118.9 11.5 0.0 2 Baja California 3 097.7 2 558.4 266.7 77.4 195.2 3 Baja California Sur 395.0 321.8 61.5 7.9 3.9 4 Campeche 601.1 459.6 125.2 16.4 0.0 5 Coahuila de Zaragoza 1 906.6 1 574.8 183.7 73.2 74.9 6 Colima 1 654.2 1 561.2 61.5 27.7 3.8 7 Chiapas 1 638.3 1 351.4 258.3 28.6 0.0 8 Chihuahua 5 133.0 4 578.7 474.9 51.7 27.6 9 Federal District 1 123.1 1.3 1 089.8 32.1 0.0 10 Durango 1 559.1 1 374.6 153.4 22.2 8.8 11 Guanajuato 4 007.3 3 347.8 584.7 54.3 20.5 12 Guerrero 4 197.5 832.2 234.8 8.5 3 122.1 13 Hidalgo 2 333.5 2 018.1 166.9 65.9 82.6 14 Jalisco 3 554.5 2 717.1 712.4 124.8 0.1 15 State of Mexico 2 562.5 1 245.1 1 158.3 152.2 6.9

16 Michoacan de Ocampo 5 051.6 4 592.1 270.0 142.7 46.8 17 Morelos 1 210.2 911.6 253.2 45.4 0.0 18 Nayarit 1 168.1 1 016.1 102.5 49.4 0.0 19 Nuevo Leon 1 967.6 1 373.0 511.8 78.4 4.4 20 Oaxaca 1 081.7 847.3 196.6 37.8 0.0 21 Puebla 2 454.8 1 959.4 378.0 110.9 6.5 22 Queretaro Arteaga 970.2 658.4 244.5 61.6 5.7 23 Quintana Roo 387.1 91.4 91.3 204.4 0.0 24 San Luís Potosi 1 310.5 1 060.4 168.6 40.5 41.0 25 Sinaloa 9 070.7 8 605.1 419.6 46.0 0.0 26 Sonora 6 744.1 5 737.7 946.2 60.3 0.0 27 Tabasco 345.8 147.5 184.8 13.5 0.0 28 Tamaulipas 3 759.0 3 285.9 314.1 105.0 54.0 29 Tlaxcala 282.7 178.2 85.5 19.0 0.0 Veracruz Ignacio de la 30 4 652.4 2 440.5 567.2 1 149.6 495.1 Llave 31 Yucatan 1 056.1 769.8 244.4 32.6 9.4 32 Zacatecas 1 421.8 1 289.9 112.3 19.6 0.0 Total 77 322.2 59 400.2 10 741.4 2 971.3 4 209.4

NOTE: The volumes are those as of December 31st, 2006. Due to the rounding up or down of the figures, the values of the national total may differ from the sum of the state values. a Includes the agricultural, livestock, aquaculture, multiple and other headings of the REPDA classification. b Includes the public urban and domestic headings of the REPDA classification. c Includes the industrial, agro-industrial, services and trade headings of the REPDA classification. d Includes the total volume assigned for the generation of electricity, not including hydroelectricity. SOURCE: CONAGUA. Water Management Division.

64 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 CHAPTER THREE

As regards the generation of hydroelectricity, the Hydrological-Administrative Regions XI Southern Border and IV Balsas are those which have the most significant assignation of water, since in these regions the rivers with the greatest flow may be found, and therefore the country’s biggest hydropower plants. It is worth noting that three regions, I Baja California Peninsula, VII Central Basins of the North and XII Yucatan Peninsula, do not have hydropower plants.

Volumes declared for the payment of duties for the production of hydroelectricity, by Hydrological- Administrative Region, annual series from 1999 to 2006 (Millions of cubic meters, hm³)

Volume of water assigned Hydrological-Administrative Region 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

I Baja California Peninsula 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 II Northwest 2 758 3 369 2 740 2 613 1 987 1 014 3 251 2 929 III Northern Pacific 7 950 8 309 9 479 5 859 5 168 7 284 11 598 10 747 IV Balsas 41 524 32 596 25 992 45 588 30 969 35 207 32 141 21 820 V Southern Pacific 2 075 2 104 1 891 1 705 1 925 2 049 1 890 1 949 VI RIo Bravo 2 503 2 867 2 067 1 550 1 110 462 2 074 2 263 VII Central Basins of the North 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 13 468 6 122 4 126 5 572 7 792 10 418 7 361 4 658 IX Northern Gulf 1 230 1 230 1 180 989 997 1 598 1 488 810 X Central Gulf 19 407 16 844 15 510 12 602 12 108 16 043 13 978 17 835 XI Southern Border 62 322 92 365 65 821 44 454 34 056 36 454 41 573 77 246 XII Yucatan Peninsula 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 XIII Waters of the Valley of Mexico 33 38 42 50 52 54 31 39 Total 153 269 165 844 128 848 120 982 96 164 110 581 115 386 140 295

NOTE: The volumes are those declared by the Federal Commission for Electricity for the payment of duties. SOURCE: CONAGUA. Water Management Division. 3.3 Agricultural use

The main use of water in Mexico is for agriculture, which refers mainly to the water used for the irrigation of crops. The surface assigned to agricultural work in Mexico varies between 20 and 25 million hectares, with a surface harvested of between 18 and 22 million hectares per year. The value of the direct production is the equivalent of 6.5% of the Gross Domestic Product of the nation. Furthermore, the population occupied under this heading fluctuates between 4 and 5 million individuals, and it is estimated that around 25 million Mexicans depend directly on this activity, the majority of them among the rural population.

It is worth mentioning that the surface of the country under irrigation has increased considerably from 750 thousand hectares in 1926 to 6.4 million hectares currently, which places the country in sixth place worldwide in terms of the surface with irrigation infrastructure. 54% of the surface under irrigation corresponds to 85 Irrigation Districts and the remaining 46% to more than 39 000 Irrigation Units.

The productivity in the areas of irrigation is 3.7 times greater than that in rainfed areas, as a result of which these activities represent more than half of the national agricultural production.

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 65 USES OF WATER

3.4 Use for public supply

The use for public supply includes all water delivered through the drinking water networks, which supplies domestic users, as well as the various industries and services connected to these networks.

According to the Censuses of Capture, Treatment and Water Supply carried out by INEGI on the country’s water utilities, it was calculated that in 2003, 82% of the water supplied by the drinking water networks was for domestic use and the remaining 18% for industries and services. Additionally, comparing the data from the Census for 1998 with those of 2003, it can be observed that in this five-year period the volume of water used by water utilities increased by 22%. Another relevant fact is that in 2003, the percentage of water billed compared to the total of water used by water utilities was 49%, which indicates that the remaining 51% of this volume was lost in leaks, was used illegally or corresponds to deficiencies in the roster of users.

3.5 Use in self-supplying industry

This heading includes the industry that takes its water directly from the country’s rivers, streams, lakes or aquifers.

The main industrial uses are those that correspond to the chemical industry and the production of sugar, petroleum, cellulose and paper.

66 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 CHAPTER THREE

3.6 Use in thermoelectric plants

In 2006, thermoelectric plants generated 191.78 TWh, which represented 86.8% of the total of electricity produced in the country. The corresponding plants have an installed capacity of 47 857 MW, or 78.5% of the country’s total.

The water included under this heading refers to that used in steam, dual, coal-electric, combined cycle, turbo-gas and internal combustion plants.

It should be noted that 74% of the water assigned to thermoelectric plants in the country corresponds to the coal-electric plant in Petacalco, situated on the Guerrero coast, very close to the mouth of the river Balsas.

Generation of thermoelectricity and the capacity installed, annual series from 1999 to 2006

PARAMETER 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Generation of thermoelectric- 147.07 157.39 167.11 174.60 181.95 181.24 188.78 191.78 ity (TWh) Total generation of electricity 179.07 190.00 194.92 198.88 200.94 205.39 215.63 221.00 (TWh) Thermoelectric capacity (MW) 25 449 25 995 28 312 30 971 34 348 35 423 35 306 37 572

Total capacity installed (MW) 34 839 35 385 37 691 40 350 43 727 45 687 45 576 47 857

NOTE: 1 TWh = 1000 GWh SOURCE: Federal Commission for Electricity. 2005 Annual Report. Mexico, 2006. Federal Commission for Electricity. www.cfe.gob.mx/es/LaEmdam/igeneracionelectricity. June 2007.

3.7 Use in hydropower plants

In 2006, hydropower plants employed a volume of 140.3 billion cubic meters of water, which allowed 29.22 TWh of electricity to be generated, or 13.2% of the country’s total generation. The capacity installed in the hydropower plants is 10 285 MW, which corresponds to 21.5% of the country’s total installed capacity.

Generation of hydroelectricity and capacity installed, annual series from 1999 to 2006

PARAMETER 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Generation of thermoelectric- 32.01 32.61 27.81 24.28 18.99 24.16 26.85 29.22 ity (TWh)

Total generation of electricity 179.07 190.00 194.92 198.88 200.94 205.39 215.63 221.00 (TWh)

Thermoelectric capacity (MW) 9 390 9 390 9 379 9 379 9 379 10 264 10 270 10 285

Total capacity installed (MW) 34 839 35 385 37 691 40 350 43 727 45 687 45 576 47 857

NOTE: : 1 TWh = 1000 GWh SOURCE: Federal Commission for Electricity. 2005 Annual Report. Mexico, 2006. Federal Commission for Electricity. www.cfe.gob.mx/es/LaEmdam/igeneracionelectricity. June 2007.

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 67 USES OF WATER

3.8 Water stress

The percentage represented by water used for offstream uses as compared to the total availability is an indicator of the water stress in any given country, watershed or region. It is considered that if the percentage is greater than 40%, there is strong water stress.

On the whole, Mexico is experiencing 17% water stress, which is considered moderate; however, the central, northern and northwest area of the country is experiencing 47% water stress, which is considered as a strong degree of stress. In the following table, this indicator is shown for each of the country’s Hydrological-Administrative Regions:

Water stress, by Hydrological-Administrative Region, 2006

Total volume Total mean Hyd roloGICAl- Water Classification of water natural Administrative Region stress of the water assigned availability (hm3) (%) stress (hm3) (hm3)

Baja California I 3 492.6 4 600 75.93 High Peninsula

II Northwest 6 916.8 7 944 87.07 High

Northern III 10 281.6 25 681 40.04 High Pacific

IV Balsas 10 569.3 21 277 49.67 High

V Southern Pacific 1 279.4 32 496 3.94 Low

VI RIo Bravo 9 112.4 11 938 76.33 High

Central Basins VII 3 807.4 8 394 45.36 High of the North

Lerma-Santiago- VIII 13 665.7 34 003 40.19 High Pacific

IX Northern Gulf 4 587.5 25 619 17.91 Moderate

XCentral Gulf 4 929.5 102 778 4.80 Low

Southern XI 2 040.4 157 753 1.29 Low Border

Yucatan XII 1 996.7 29 645 6.74 Low Peninsula

Waters of the XIII 4 642.9 3 009 154.30 High Valley of Mexico

Total 77 322 465 137 16.62 Moderate

NOTE: Water stress = 100*(Total volume of water assigned / Total mean natural water availability). SOURCE: CONAGUA. Planning Division. Produced based on: CONAGUA. Water Management Division. CONAGUA. Technical Division.

68 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 CHAPTER THREE

water stress, by hydrological-administrative region, 2006

SOURCE: CONAGUA. Planning Division. Produced based on: CONAGUA. Technical Division. CONAGUA. Water Management Division.

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 69

Chapter 4 Hydraulic Infrastructure

In order to be able to make an appropriate use of water, it is essential to have appropriate hydraulic infrastructure, which includes large storage dams, aqueducts and wastewater treatment plants.

Mexico is one of the countries in the world with the most extensive irrigation infrastructures, as a result of which a section of this chapter has been devoted to that theme. Another of the great challenges for the nation has been that of providing the population with drinking water and sanitation, as well as increasing the treatment and reuse of wastewater, and consequently this chapter presents the main progress achieved over the last few years in these areas. HYDRAULIC INFRASTRUCTURE

4.1 The nation’s hydraulic infrastructure

Among the hydraulic infrastructure available within the country to provide the water required for the various national users, the following stands out:

4 000 storage dams. 6.4 million hectares with irrigation. 2.74 million hectares with technified rainfed infrastructure. 491 drinking water treatment plants in operation. 1 593 municipal wastewater treatment plants in operation. 1 868 industrial wastewater treatment plants in operation. 3 000 km of aqueducts.

4.2 The main dams in Mexico

There are approximately 4 000 dams in Mexico, of which 667 are classified as large dams, according to the definition of the International Commission on Large Dams (ICOLD).

The storage capacity of the country’s dams is 150 billion m3. The volume stored in these dams, in the period from 1990 to 2006, is shown in the following figures, both nationally and regionally. This volume depends on the precipitation and runoff in the various regions of the country.

Volume stored in the main dams in mexico, annual series from 1990 to 2006 (Millions of cubic meters, hm3)

NOTE: The volume stored is on October 1st of each year. SOURCE: CONAGUA. Planning Division. Produced based on data from the Technical Division.

72 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 CHAPTER FOUR

Volume stored in the main dams in mexico, by hydrological-administratiVe region, annual series from 1990 to 2006 (Percentages at the normal pool elevation) II Northwest III Northern Pacific 120% 120% 100% 100% 80% 80% 60% 60% 40% 40% 20% 20% 0% 0% 1991 1997 1992 1993 1995 1999 1996 2001 1994 1998 1990 2002 2003 2005 2006 2004 2000 1991 1997 1992 1993 1995 1996 1999 2001 1994 1990 1998 2002 2003 2005 2006 2000 2004

IV Balsas V Southern Pacific 120% 120% 100% 100% 80% 80% 60% 60% 40% 40% 20% 20% 0% 0% 1991 1997 1992 1993 1995 1996 1999 2001 1994 1990 1998 2002 2003 2005 2006 2000 2004 1991 1997 1992 1993 1995 1996 1999 2001 1994 1990 1998 2002 2003 2005 2006 2000 2004

VI Rio Bravo VII Central Basins of the North 120% 120%

100% 100% 80% 80% 60% 60% 40% 40% 20% 20% 0% 0% 1991 1997 1992 1993 1995 1996 1999 2001 1994 1990 1998 2002 2003 2005 2006 2000 2004 1991 1997 1992 1993 1995 1996 1999 2001 1994 1990 1998 2002 2003 2005 2006 2000 2004

VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific IX Northern Gulf 120% 120% 100% 100% 80% 80% 60% 60% 40% 40% 20% 20% 0% 0% 1991 1997 1992 1993 1995 1996 1999 2001 1994 1990 1998 2002 2003 2005 2006 2000 2004 1991 1997 1992 1993 1995 1996 1999 2001 1994 1990 1998 2002 2003 2005 2006 2000 2004

X Central Gulf XI Southern Border 120% 120% 100% 100% 80% 80% 60% 60% 40% 40% 20% 20% 0% 0% 1991 1997 1992 1993 1995 1996 1999 2001 1994 1990 1998 2002 2003 2005 2006 2000 2004 1991 1997 1992 1993 1995 1996 1999 2001 1994 1990 1998 2002 2003 2005 2006 2000 2004

XIII Waters of the Valley of Mexico

120% 100%

80% 60% 40%

20% 0% 1991 1997 1992 1993 1995 1996 1999 2001 1994 1998 1990 2002 2003 2005 2006 2000 2004

NOTE: In the regions I and XII, there are no dams which, regarding their storage capacity, are included in the list of the country’s main dams. Useful volume stored on October 1st of each year, as regards the capacity at the normal pool elevation. As a result, the values may be higher than 100%. SOURCE: CONAGUA. Planning Division. Produced based on data from the Technical Division.

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 73 HYDRAULIC INFRASTRUCTURE

The country’s 52 dams with the greatest storage capacity represent almost 60% of the country’s total storage capacity. Their location is shown in the following figure:

main dams in mexico for their storage capacity, 2006

SOURCE: CONAGUA. Planning Division. Produced based on data from the Technical Division.

74 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 CHAPTER FOUR

Storage capacity and use of the main dams in Mexico, 2007 Height Total Hydrological- Effective Common of the Year of No. Official name capacitya Administrative State UsES capacity name curtain completion (hm3) Region (MW) (m) 1 Belisario La 10 727 143 1974 Southern Border Chiapas G 900.0 Dominguez Angostura 2 Netzahualcoyotl Malpaso 9 605 138 1964 Southern Border Chiapas G 1 080.0 Guerrero 3 Infiernillo Infiernillo 9 340 149 1963 Balsas G, C 1 000.0 -Michoacan 4 Presidente Temascal 8 119 76 1955 Central Gulf Oaxaca G, C 354.0 Miguel Aleman Lerma-Santiago- 5 Solidaridad Aguamilpa 5 540 186 1993 Nayarit G, I 960.0 Pacific General Vicente Las 6 3 900 60 1971 Northern Gulf Tamaulipas I, A Guerrero Adjuntas Internacional La 7 La Amistad 3 887 77 1969 Rio Bravo Coahuila G, I, A, C 66.0 Amistad 8 Internacional Tamaulipas Falcon 3 273 50 1953 Rio Bravo A, C, G 32.0 Falcon – Texas Adolfo Lopez 9 El Humaya 3 087 106 1964 Northern Pacific Sinaloa G, I 90.0 Mateos 10 Alvaro Obregon El Oviachic 2 989 90 1952 Northwest Sonora G, I 19.0 11 Plutarco Elias El Novillo 2 925 139 1964 Northwest Sonora G, I 135.0 Calles Miguel Hidalgo y 12 El Mahone 2 921 81 1956 Northern Pacific Sinaloa G, I 60.0 Costilla 13 Luis Donaldo Huites 2 908 165 1995 Northern Pacific Sinaloa G, I 422.0 Colosio Lago 14 La Boquilla 2 903 80 1916 Rio Bravo Chihuahua I 0 Toronto Central Basins of 15 Lazaro Cardenas El Palmito 2 873 105 1946 Durango I, C the North 16 Leonardo Lerma-Santiago- El Cajon 2 282 186 2006 Nayarit G 750.0 Rodriguez Alcaine Pacific 17 El Jose Lopez Portillo 2 250 134 1983 Northern Pacific Sinaloa G, I 100.0 Comedero 18 Gustavo Diaz Bacurato 1 860 116 1981 Northern Pacific Sinaloa G, I 92.0 Ordaz 19 Carlos Ramirez El Caracol 1 414 126 1986 Balsas Guerrero G 600.0 Ulloa 20 Manuel Moreno Chicoasen 1 376 261 1980 Southern Border Chiapas G 2 400.0 Torres 21 Ingeniero Hidalgo Zimapan 1 360 297 1996 Northern Gulf G 292.0 Fernando Hiriart – Queretaro 22 Venustiano Don Martin 1 313 35 1930 Rio Bravo Coahuila I, A, C Carranza 23 Miguel de la Cerro de 1 250 70 1988 Central Gulf Oaxaca G, I 360.0 Madrid Oro 24 Cuchillo- El Cuchillo 1 123 44 1994 Rio Bravo Nuevo Leon A,I Solidaridad 25 Angel Albino Peñitas 1 091 58 1986 Southern Border Chiapas G 420.0 Corzo 26 Adolfo Ruiz Mocuzari 950 62 1955 Northwest Sonora G, I 10.0 Cortines 27 Benito Juarez El Marques 947 86 1961 Southern Pacific Oaxaca I 28 Marte R. Gomez El Azucar 824 49 1946 Rio Bravo Tamaulipas I 29 Sanalona Sanalona 673 81 1948 Northern Pacific Sinaloa G, I 14.0 Lerma-Santiago- 30 Solis Solis 728 52 1980 Guanajuato I Pacific

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 75 HYDRAULIC INFRASTRUCTURE

Storage capacity and use of the main dams in Mexico, 2007

Height Total Hydrological- Effective Common of the Year of No. Official name capacitya Administrative State UsES capacity name curtain completion (hm3) Region (MW) (m) La 31 Lazaro Cardenas 703 73 1942 Northwest Sonora I, A Angostura Constitucion de 32 Chilatan 601 105 1989 Balsas Jalisco I Apatzingan Estudiante Ramiro 33 Las Animas 571 31 1976 Northern Gulf Tamaulipas I Caballero Michoacan 34 Jose Maria Morelos La Villita 541 73 1968 Balsas G, I 280.0 – Guerrero Josefa Ortiz de 35 El Sabino 514 44 1967 Northern Pacific Sinaloa I Dominguez Lerma-Santiago- 36 Cajon de Peña Tomatan 467 68 1976 Jalisco I Pacific Paso de 37 Chicayan 457 30 1976 Northern Gulf Veracruz I Piedras 38 El Gallo El Gallo 441 30 1991 Balsas Guerrero G 60.0 Lerma-Santiago- 39 Tepuxtepec Tepuxtepec 425 43 1972 Michoacan G, I 79.5 Pacific Valle de State of 40 Valle de Bravo 418 56 1944 Balsas A Bravo Mexico Aurelio Benassini 41 El Salto 415 73 1986 Northern Pacific Sinaloa I Viscaino Manuel M. Lerma-Santiago- 42 Santa Rosa 403 114 1964 Jalisco G 61.0 Dieguez Pacific Central Basins of 43 Francisco Zarco Las Tortolas 365 40 1968 Durango C, I the North 44 Luis L. Leon El Granero 356 62 1968 Rio Bravo Chihuahua I, C Plutarco Elias Lerma-Santiago- 45 Calles 350 67 1931 Aguascalientes I Calles Pacific Francisco I. Las 46 348 57 1949 Rio Bravo Chihuahua I Madero Vírgenes Manuel Avila 47 Valsequillo 304 85 1946 Balsas Puebla I Camacho Guillermo Blake 48 El Sabinal 300 81 1985 Northern Pacific Sinaloa C. I Aguilar Cerro 49 Jose Lopez Portillo 300 50 1984 Rio Bravo Nuevo Leon A, I Prieto 50 Vicente Guerrero Palos Altos 250 67 1968 Balsas Guerrero I General Ramon Lerma-Santiago- 51 Trigomil 250 107 1993 Jalisco I Corona Madrigal Pacific Federalismo 52 San Gabriel 247 44 1981 Rio Bravo Durango I, A Mexicano Total 103 465 10 636.5

NOTE: aThe total capacity is at the normal pool elevation. G: Generation of hydroelectricity I: Irrigation A: Public use C: Flood control SOURCE: CONAGUA. Technical Division.

76 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 CHAPTER FOUR

4.3 Hydro-agricultural infrastructure

The area in Mexico under irrigation is 6.46 million hectares, of which 3.50 corresponds to 85 Irrigation Districts, and 2.96 to more than 39 000 Irrigation Units.

The Irrigation Districts and Units were designed according to the prevalent technology for the application of water to plots, by means of gravity. In many cases only the main channel and drain networks were built, with the plot work remaining the users’ responsibility. This situation, along with the deterioration in the infrastructure, accumulated over various decades through the scarcity of economic resources destined to their conservation and improvement, caused a decrease in the overall efficiency -of water management.

Irrigation Districts

Irrigation Districts are large-scale irrigation projects developed by the federal government since 1926, the year in which the National Irrigation Commission was created, and include various works, such as storage basins, direct diversions, pumping plants, wells, channels and pathways, among others.

irrigation districts in mexico

NOTE: The numbers correspond to the code of each Irrigation District, which are listed in the following table. SOURCE: CONAGUA. Hydro-Agricultural Infrastructure Division.

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 77 HYDRAULIC INFRASTRUCTURE

Location and surface area of the Irrigation Districts

Hydrological-Administrative Total surface No. CODEIrrigation District State Region (hectares) 1 001 Pabellon VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific Aguascalientes 11 938 2 002 Mante IX Northern Gulf Tamaulipas 18 094 3 003 Tula XIII Waters of the Valley of Mexico Hidalgo 51 825 Coahuila de Zaragoza y 4 004 Don Martin VI Rio Bravo 29 605 Nuevo Leon 5 005 Delicias VI Rio Bravo Chihuahua 82 324 6 006 Palestina VI Rio Bravo Coahuila de Zaragoza 12 964 7 008 Metztitlán IX Northern Gulf Hidalgo 4 876 8 009 Valle de Juárez VI Rio Bravo Chihuahua 24 492 9 010 Culiacán-Humaya III Northern Pacific Sinaloa 212 141 10 011 Alto Río Lerma VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific Guanajuato 112 772 11 013 State of Jalisco VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific Jalisco 58 858 12 014 Rio Colorado I Baja California Peninsula Baja California y Sonora 208 805 13 016 State of Morelos IV Balsas Morelos 33 654 Coahuila de Zaragoza y 14 017 Region Lagunera VII Central Basins of the North 116 577 Durango 15 018 Colonias Yaquis II Northwest Sonora 22 794 16 019 Tehuantepec V Southern Pacific Oaxaca 44 074 17 020 Morelia VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific Michoacan de Ocampo 20 665 18 023 San Juan del Rio IX Northern Gulf Queretaro Arteaga 11 048 19 024 Ciénega de Chapala VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific Michoacan de Ocampo 45 176 20 025 Bajo Rio Bravo VI Rio Bravo Tamaulipas 248 001 21 026 Bajo Rio San Juan VI Rio Bravo Tamaulipas 86 102 22 028 Tulancingo IX Northern Gulf Hidalgo 753 23 029 Xicoténcatl IX Northern Gulf Tamaulipas 24 021 24 030 Valsequillo IV Balsas Puebla 49 932 25 031 Las Lajas VI Rio Bravo Nuevo Leon 3 693 26 033 State of Mexico VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific State of Mexico 18 080 27 034 State of Zacatecas VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific Zacatecas 18 060 Veracruz de Ignacio de la 28 035 La Antigüa X Central Gulf 21 851 Llave 29 037 Altar Pitiquito Caborca II Northwest Sonora 57 587 30 038 Rio Mayo II Northwest Sonora 97 046 31 041 Rio Yaqui II Northwest Sonora 232 944 32 042 Buenaventura VI Rio Bravo Chihuahua 7 718 33 043 State of Nayarit VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific Nayarit 47 253 34 044 Jilotepec IX Northern Gulf State of Mexico 5 507 35 045 Tuxpan IV Balsas Michoacan de Ocampo 19 376 36 046 Cacahoatan-Suchiate XI Southern Border Chiapas 8 473 37 048 Ticul XII Yucatan Peninsula Yucatán 9 689 38 049 Rio Verde IX Northern Gulf San Luis Potosi 3 507 39 050 Acuña-Falcon VI Rio Bravo Tamaulipas 12 904 40 051 Costa de Hermosillo II Northwest Sonora 66 296 41 052 State of Durango III Northern Pacific Durango 29 306 42 053 State of Colima VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific Colima 37 773 43 056 Atoyac-Zahuapan IV Balsas Tlaxcala 4 247 44 057 Amuco-Cutzamala IV Balsas Guerrero 34 515 45 059 Rio Blanco XI Southern Border Chiapas 8 432 Veracruz de Ignacio de la 46 060 El Higo (Panuco) IX Northern Gulf 2 250 Llave 47 061 Zamora VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific Michoacan de Ocampo 17 982 48 063 Guasave III Northern Pacific Sinaloa 100 125

78 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 CHAPTER FOUR

Location and surface area of the Irrigation Districts

Hydrological-Administrative Total surface No. CODEIrrigation District State Region (hectares) 49 066 Santo Domingo I Baja California Peninsula Baja California Sur 38 101 Tepecoacuilco- 50 068 IV Balsas Guerrero 1 991 Quechultenango 51 073 La Concepcion XIII Waters of the Valley of Mexico State of Mexico 964 52 074 Mocorito III Northern Pacific Sinaloa 40 742 53 075 Rio Fuerte III Northern Pacific Sinaloa 227 518 54 076 Valle del Carrizo III Northern Pacific Sinaloa 51 681 Veracruz de Ignacio de la 55 082 Rio Blanco X Central Gulf 21 657 Llave 56 083 Papigochic II Northwest Chihuahua 8 947 57 084 Guaymas II Northwest Sonora 16 667 58 085 La Begoña VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific Guanajuato 10 823 59 086 Rio Soto La Marina IX Northern Gulf Tamaulipas 35 925 60 087 Rosario-Mezquite VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific Michoacan de Ocampo 63 144 61 088 Chiconautla XIII Waters of the Valley of Mexico State of Mexico 4 498 62 089 El Carmen VI Rio Bravo Chihuahua 20 805 63 090 Bajo Rio Conchos VI Rio Bravo Chihuahua 13 313 64 092 Rio Panuco, Las Animas IX Northern Gulf Tamaulipas 44 483 Veracruz de Ignacio de la 65 092 Rio Panuco, Chicayan IX Northern Gulf 54 882 Llave 66 092 Rio Panuco, Pujal Coy I IX Northern Gulf San Luis Potosi 41 382 67 093 Tomatlan VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific Jalisco 19 773 68 094 Jalisco Sur VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific Jalisco 16 940 69 095 Atoyac V Southern Pacific Guerrero 5 016 70 096 Arroyozarco IX Northern Gulf State of Mexico 18 866 71 097 Lazaro Cardenas IV Balsas Michoacan de Ocampo 71 593 72 098 Jose Ma. Morelos IV Balsas Michoacan de Ocampo 5 083 73 099 Quitupan-Magdalena IV Balsas Michoacan de Ocampo 5 120 74 100 Alfajayucan XIII Waters of the Valley of Mexico Hidalgo 39 211 75 101 Cuxtepeques XI Southern Border Chiapas 8 267 76 102 Rio Hondo XII Yucatan Peninsula Quintana Roo 27 182 77 103 Rio Florido VI Rio Bravo Chihuahua 8 964 78 104 Cuajinicuilapa (Ometepec) V Southern Pacific Guerrero 6 720 79 105 Nexpa V Southern Pacific Guerrero 14 549 80 107 San Gregorio XI Southern Border Chiapas 11 227 81 108 Elota-Piaxtla III Northern Pacific Sinaloa 27 104 82 109 Rio San Lorenzo III Northern Pacific Sinaloa 69 399 83 110 Rio Verde-Progreso V Southern Pacific Oaxaca 5 030 84 111 Rio Presidio III Northern Pacific Sinaloa 8 435 85 112 Ajacuba XIII Waters of the Valley of Mexico Hidalgo 8 500 Irrigation Zone Labores VI Rio Bravo Chihuahua 3 712 Viejas, Chihuahuaa Irrigation Zone Fuerte-Mayo, III Northern Pacific Sinaloa 15 073 Sonorab Irrigation Zone Fuerte-Mayo, III Northern Pacific Sonora 7 510 Sonorab Total 3 496 902

NOTE: In 2005, the Irrigation District 081 State of Campeche became a Coordination of Irrigation Units a The surface area of this irrigation zone depends operatively and administratively on the Irrigation District 005 Delicias, Chihuahua. b The surface area of this irrigation zone depends operatively and administratively on the Irrigation District 076 Carrizo Valley, Sinaloa. SOURCE: CONAGUA. Hydro-Agricultural Infrastructure Division.

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 79 HYDRAULIC INFRASTRUCTURE

Volume of water used in irrigation districts, agricultural years 1989-90 to 2005-06 (Billions of cubic meters, km3)

groundwater 3.5 3.4 2.8 3.1 4.1 3.8 4.3 4.3 4.0 3.9 3.9 3.8 3.6 3.8 3.6 2.8 3.6 Surface water 29.5 30.2 27.0 30.7 31.9 26.0 25.1 29.2 25.9 21.9 23.9 21.6 23.3 20.5 20.1 25.6 27.5 Total 33.0 33.6 29.8 33.8 35.9 29.8 29.5 33.4 29.9 25.8 27.8 25.4 26.9 24.3 23.7 28.5 31.1

NOTE: The agricultural year in Mexico includes the period from October to September of the following year. 1 km3 = 1 000 hm3 = 1 billion m3. SOURCE: CONAGUA. Hydro-Agricultural Infrastructure Division.

physical surface irrigated in the irrigation districts, agricultural years from 1989-90 to 2005-06 (Millions of hectares)

NOTE: The agricultural year in Mexico includes the period from October to September of the following year. SOURCE: Hydro-Agricultural Infrastructure Division.

The productivity of water in the Irrigation Districts is a key indicator to evaluate the efficiency with which water is used for food production, and depends upon the efficiency with which water is piped to the plots and applied. It should be added that this indicator may vary significantly according to the meteorological conditions.

80 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 CHAPTER FOUR

productiVity of water in the irrigation districts, series of agricultural years from 1994-1995 to 2004-2005 pROdUCTION BRUTE vOlUME pROdUCTIvITy AgRICUlTURAl yEAR (metric tons) (hm³) (kg/m³)

1994-1995 31 920 050 28 738 1.11

1995-1996 32 653 122 28 411 1.15

1996-1997 34 677 432 32 668 1.06

1997-1998 33 541 655 29 685 1.13

1998-1999 31 353 502 24 795 1.26

1999-2000 36 445 441 27 466 1.33

2000-2001 35 933 490 24 807 1.45

2001-2002 35 050 108 26 161 1.34

2002-2003 36 514 857 24 329 1.50

2003-2004 37 165 124 23 702 1.57

2004-2005 40 248 253 28 577 1.41

NOTE: The agricultural year in Mexico includes the period from October to September of the following year. The brute volume corresponds to that used during the vegetative cycle, thus explaining why it does not match the annual volumes used. SOURCE: CONAGUA. Planning Division. Produced based on data from the Hydro-Agricultural Infrastructure Division.

productiVity of water in the irrigation districts, series of agricultural years from 1994-1995 to 2004-2005 (kg/m3)

With the creation of the CONAGUA in 1989 and the passing of the new National Water Law in 1992, the transfer of the Irrigation Districts to the users began, supported by a program of partial rehabilitation of the infrastructure that was assigned via irrigation modules to user associations.

Up to December 2006, 99% of the total surface of the Irrigation Districts had been transferred to the users. Up to that time, only three Districts had not been totally transferred to the users.

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 81 HYDRAULIC INFRASTRUCTURE

eVolution of the transfer of irrigation districts, annual series from 1990 to 2006

SOURCE: CONAGUA. Hydro-Agricultural Infrastructure Division.

partially transferred irrigation districts, 2006 (Situation up to december 31st)

No. NAME STATE pERCENTAgE TRANSfERREd

003 Tula Hidalgo 53.87

018 Colonias yaquis Sonora 83.39

100 Alfajayucan Hidalgo 98.11

SOURCE: CONAGUA. Hydro-Agricultural Infrastructure Division.

Irrigation Units

The Irrigation Units are operated by small landholders, who in some cases are organized within the units and in others not. As a result of their complexity, variety and generally reduced extension, no up-to-date and detailed information exists on the beneficiaries, areas, growth patterns, production statistics and volumes used in the Irrigation Units.

82 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 CHAPTER FOUR

Number and surface area of the Irrigation Units, by state, 1998

Irrigation Units State Total irrigation area (number) (ha) 1 Aguascalientes 1 203 54 206

2 Baja California 1 800 62 194

3 Baja California Sur 130 24 796

4 Campeche 316 18 951

5 Coahuila de Zaragoza 532 149 313

6 Colima 2 399 64 155

7 Chiapas 1 531 56 080

8 Chihuahua 916 185 087

9 Distrito Federal 17 2 035

10 Durango 1 545 106 055

11 Guanajuato 1 308 291 606

12 Guerrero 5 160 39 286

13 Hidalgo 495 62 114

14 Jalisco 496 161 633

15 State of Mexico 1 880 160 930

16 Michoacan de Ocampo 2 360 224 819

17 Morelos 253 24 030

18 Nayarit 248 55 417

19 Nuevo Leon 1 155 143 012

20 Oaxaca 640 52 635

21 Puebla 2 020 122 290

22 Queretaro Arteaga 564 38 972

23 Quintana Roo 254 10 946

24 San Luis Potosi 1 255 101 306

25 Sinaloa 469 45 013

26 Sonora 925 128 027

27 Tabasco 186 15 127

28 Tamaulipas 1 148 174 431

29 Tlaxcala 585 29 710

30 Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave 933 96 373

31 Yucatan 1 024 35 732

32 Zacatecas 5 745 219 751

Total 39 492 2 956 032

NOTA: Includes 974 units with a surface area of 102 000 hectares, corresponding to mixed Irrigation Units. The data is from 1998, and there is no more up-to-date data. SOURCE: CONAGUA. Hydro-Agricultural Infrastructure Division.

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 83 HYDRAULIC INFRASTRUCTURE

Technified Rainfed Districts

In the tropical and subtropical plains of the country, where there exists an excess of humidity and constant floods, the federal government has created the Technified Rainfed Districts, in which hydraulic works have been built to remove the excess water. Similarly to the Irrigation Districts, the Technified Rainfed Districts have gradually been transferred to organized users.

Characteristics of the Technified Rainfed Districts, 2006 (Situation up to December 31st) Surface area Technified Rainfed Hydrological- Number of No. CODE State (thousands of District Administrative Region users hectares) 1 001 La Sierra XI Southern Border Tabasco 32.1 1 178

2 002 Zanapa Tonala XI Southern Border Tabasco 106.9 6 919

3 003 Tesechoacan X Central Gulf Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave 18.0 1 139

4 005 Pujal Coy II IX Northern Gulf San Luis Potosi y Tamaulipas 220.0 9 987

5 006 Acapetahua XI Southern Border Chiapas 103.9 5 050

6 007 Centro de Veracruz X Central Gulf Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave 75.0 6 367

7 008 Oriente de Yucatan XII Yucatan Peninsula Yucatan 667.0 25 021

8 009 El Bejuco III Northern Pacific Nayarit 25.4 2 261

9 010 San Fernando IX Northern Gulf Tamaulipas 505.0 13 975

10 011 Margaritas-Comitan XI Southern Border Chiapas 48.0 5 397

11 012 La Chontalpa XI Southern Border Tabasco 91.0 5 000

12 015 Edzna-Yohaltuna XII Yucatan Peninsula Campeche 85.1 1 120

13 016 Sanes Huastecaa XI Southern Border Tabasco 26.4 1 321

14 017 Tapachula XI Southern Border Chiapas 94.3 5 852

15 018 Huixtla XI Southern Border Chiapas 107.6 6 010

16 020 Margaritas-Pijijiapan XI Southern Border Chiapas 68.0 4 712

17 023 Isla Rodriguez-Clara X Central Gulf Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave 13.7 627

18 024 Zona Sur de Yucatan XII Yucatan Peninsula Yucatan 67.3 880

19 025 Río Verde XII Yucatan Peninsula Campeche 134.9 1 984

20 026 Valle de Ucuma XII Yucatan Peninsula Quintana Roo 104.8 1 739

21 027 Frailescaa XI Southern Border Chiapas 56.8 3 083

22 035 Los Naranjosa X Central Gulf Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave 92.6 6 045

Total 2 743.8 115 667

NOTE: a Technified Rainfed Districts that have not yet been transferred to the users. SOURCE: CONAGUA. Hydro-Agricultural Infrastructure Division.

84 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 CHAPTER FOUR

It is worth mentioning that the Technified Rainfed District 013, Balacan-Tenosique, in the Hydrological-Administrative Region XI Southern Border, with a surface area of 115.7 thousand hectares and which covers 2 625 users, is operated directly by the government of Tabasco. 4.4 Drinking water and sewerage infrastructure

Drinking water coverage

The CONAGUA considers that drinking water coverage includes people who have piped water in their household; outside of their household, but within the grounds; from a public tap or from another household.

Bearing in mind this definition and the results of the Census on Population and Housing from 2005, at the end of that year 89.2% of the population had drinking water coverage. The CONAGUA estimates that at the close of 2006, the drinking water coverage was 89.6%. The following table shows the evolution of the drinking water coverage to the population of Mexico:

Composition of the national drinking water coverage, series of Censual years from 1990 to 2005 With piped water in the Other forms of Total YEAR groundsa supplyb (%) (%) (%) 1990 75.4 3.0 78.4 1995 83.0 1.60 84.6 2000 83.3 4.5 87.8 2005 87.1 2.1 89.2 NOTA a Refers to piped water within their household, and outside of the household but within the grounds. b Refers to water obtained by transport, from a public tap or from another household.

SOURCE: CONAGUA. Planning Division. Produced based on: CONAGUA. Portable Cube of Population, Housing and Water. INEGI. General Censuses of Population and Housing.

In the following figures, the drinking water coverage in Mexico for 1990 and 2005 is presented, at the municipal level:

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 85 HYDRAULIC INFRASTRUCTURE

drinking water coVerage of the population of mexico by municipality, 1990

SOURCE: CONAGUA. Planning Division. Produced based on data from INEGI. XI General Census of Population and Housing, Mexico, 1990.

drinking water coVerage of the population of mexico by municipality, 2005

SOURCE: CONAGUA. Planning Division. Produced based on data from INEGI. Census of Population and Housing 2005.

86 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 CHAPTER FOUR

Sanitation coverage

On the other hand, the CONAGUA considers that sanitation coverage includes people connected to the sanitation network or a septic tank, overflow, ravine, crevice, lake or sea. It should be added that for the purpose of this document, sewerage, drainage and sanitation are considered as synonyms.

Bearing in mind this definition and the results of the Census on Population and Housing from 2005, at the end of that year, 85.6% of the population had sanitation coverage. The CONAGUA estimates that at the close of 2006, the sanitation coverage was 86.0%. The following table shows the evolution of the national sanitation coverage:

composition of the national sanitation coVerage, series of censual years from 1990 to 2005

CONNECTEd TO THE CONNECTEd TO A SEpTIC OTHERSa TOTAl yEAR pUBlIC NETWORk TANk (%) (%) (%) (%)

1990 50.1 8.6 2.8 61.5 1995 57.5 11.7 3.2 72.4 2000 61.5 11.4 3.3 76.2 2005 67.6 15.9 2.1 85.6

NOTE: a Refers to overflows, ravines, crevices, lakes or the sea. SOURCE: CONAGUA. Planning Division. Produced based on: CONAGUA. Portable Cube of Population, Housing and Water. INEGI. General Censuses of Population and Housing.

sanitation coVerage of the population of mexico by municipality, 1990

SOURCE: CONAGUA. Planning Division. Produced based on data from INEGI. XI General Census of Population and Housing 1990.

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 87 HYDRAULIC INFRASTRUCTURE

sanitation coVerage of the population of mexico by municipality, 2005

SOURCE: CONAGUA. Planning Division. Produced based on data from INEGI. Census of Population and Housing 2005.

In the following table, the national drinking water and sanitation coverage is shown, according to the type of population.

drinking water and sanitation coVerage of the population of mexico, urban and rural, series of censual years from 1990 to 2005

1990 CENSUS 1995 COUNT 2000 CENSUS 2005 COUNT pOpUlATION (%) (%) (%) (%)

12-Mar-90 05-Nov-95 14-feb-00 17-Oct-05 drinking water Urban 89.4 93.0 94.6 95.0 Rural 51.2 61.2 68.0 70.7 Total 78.4 84.6 87.8 89.2 Sanitation Urban 79.0 87.8 89.6 94.5 Rural 18.1 29.6 36.7 57.5 Total 61.5 72.4 76.2 85.6 SOURCE: CONAGUA. Planning Division. Produced based on: CONAGUA. Portable Cube of Population, Housing and Water INEGI. General Censuses of Population and Housing.

In the following table the drinking water and sanitation coverage by Hydrological-Administrative Region is indicated. It should be noted that the greatest backlogs under both headings belong to the regions V Southern Pacific, XI Southern Border and X Central Gulf.

88 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 CHAPTER FOUR

Coverage of the population with drinking water and sanitation services by Hydrological-Administrative Region, series of Censual years from 1990 to 2005

Drinking water Sanitation Hydrological- (%) (%) Administrative Region 12-Mar-90 05-Nov-95 14-Feb-00 17-Oct-05 12-Mar-90 05-Nov-95 14-Feb-00 17-Oct-05 I Baja California Peninsula 81.3 87.4 92.0 92.9 65.2 75.8 80.6 89.0

II Northwest 89.7 93.2 95.2 94.8 62.6 71.5 76.5 84.1

III Northern Pacific 78.7 85.6 88.8 89.0 51.7 63.9 69.9 82.6

IV Balsas 72.8 81.1 83.2 84.4 48.8 63.0 67.5 81.4

V Southern Pacific 59.2 69.0 73.2 73.5 33.3 46.5 47.4 63.3

VI Rio Bravo 91.8 94.4 96.1 96.1 73.9 84.0 88.2 93.8

VII Central Basins of the North 83.2 87.9 90.9 93.3 55.4 65.3 73.3 85.6

VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 84.2 90.3 92.2 93.4 68.0 79.8 82.5 90.1

IX Northern Gulf 57.6 67.8 75.5 80.9 33.9 42.2 50.0 65.3

X Central Gulf 58.8 64.6 71.9 77.2 45.9 55.9 60.1 74.8

XI Southern Border 56.7 65.4 73.3 74.4 45.5 62.3 67.7 80.7

XII Yucatán Peninsula 74.0 84.9 91.9 94.1 45.1 57.5 63.2 76.3 Waters of the Valley of XIII 92.5 96.3 96.9 96.5 85.9 93.1 94.4 97.2 Mexico Total 78.4 84.6 87.8 89.2 61.5 72.4 76.2 85.6

SOURCE: CONAGUA. Planning Division. Produced based on: CONAGUA. Portable Cube of Population, Housing and Water INEGI. General Censuses of Population and Housing

In the following table, the coverage by state is indicated. It may be observed that the states with the greatest backlogs in drinking water coverage are Guerrero, Oaxaca and Chiapas, whereas for sanitation, Oaxaca, Guerrero and Yucatan are the states with the greatest backlogs in coverage.

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 89 HYDRAULIC INFRASTRUCTURE

Coverage of the population with drinking water and sanitation services by state, series of Censual years from 1990 to 2005

Drinking water Sanitation STATE (%) (%) 12-Mar-90 05-Nov-95 14-Feb-00 17-Oct-05 12-Mar-90 05-Nov-95 14-Feb-00 17-Oct-05

1 Aguascalientes 95.5 98.0 97.9 97.8 85.2 93.7 94.5 96.9

2 Baja California 79.8 86.7 91.9 93.8 65.4 76.0 80.7 88.9

3 Baja California Sur 89.4 90.9 92.5 87.7 64.4 74.6 79.9 89.7

4 Campeche 69.8 78.3 84.7 88.4 44.2 58.5 60.8 78.4

5 Coahuila de Zaragoza 91.9 94.6 97.0 97.3 67.3 76.1 83.3 91.5

6 Colima 93.0 95.8 97.1 97.8 81.8 93.9 93.1 98.2

7 Chiapas 57.3 65.6 73.5 73.5 38.4 52.6 59.3 74.7

8 Chihuahua 87.6 91.8 93.1 92.9 65.8 79.0 84.3 89.8

9 Federal District 96.1 97.7 97.9 97.6 93.3 97.7 98.1 98.6

10 Durango 84.6 89.6 91.6 90.9 52.5 64.7 71.8 82.6

11 Guanajuato 82.4 88.9 92.0 93.4 58.0 70.6 75.3 85.8

12 Guerrero 55.1 64.7 69.1 68.0 34.8 46.3 49.7 64.2

13 Hidalgo 69.4 79.5 83.9 87.2 41.6 56.2 64.0 79.1

14 Jalisco 85.7 91.3 92.4 93.3 80.3 89.5 91.2 95.8

15 Sate of Mexico 84.6 91.5 92.8 93.2 72.5 83.4 84.9 91.2

16 Michoacan de Ocampo 78.2 86.4 88.2 89.4 55.5 69.3 72.9 84.2

17 Morelos 88.3 90.3 91.6 91.6 67.0 81.2 83.6 92.6

18 Nayarit 83.4 86.7 89.6 91.4 59.1 75.0 78.8 90.9

19 Nuevo Le0n 92.9 94.5 95.6 95.6 80.8 88.6 91.1 95.3

20 Oaxaca 57.2 67.0 72.0 73.3 28.5 42.0 42.9 60.0

21 Puebla 70.2 78.6 82.8 85.4 45.3 56.5 62.8 79.0

22 Queretaro Arteaga 82.8 89.2 92.3 93.7 54.0 67.2 73.7 85.6

23 Quintana Roo 88.7 89.1 93.8 94.5 54.3 76.1 81.3 89.5

24 San Luis Potosi 65.5 73.5 78.2 82.7 46.2 53.5 59.2 74.2

25 Sinaloa 79.8 88.0 91.8 93.1 53.5 67.3 73.1 86.4

26 Sonora 91.0 94.0 95.7 95.2 64.9 73.5 78.2 85.4

27 Tabasco 55.4 65.1 72.8 76.4 60.6 82.0 84.4 93.4

28 Tamaulipas 80.9 88.9 94.1 94.7 57.8 65.6 73.4 82.4

29 Tlaxcala 90.9 95.6 96.3 97.3 57.1 75.5 81.9 90.6

30 Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave 57.5 62.2 69.9 76.3 50.1 60.4 64.6 77.7

31 Yucatan 70.2 85.5 93.7 96.1 42.1 48.8 54.6 68.2

32 Zacatecas 74.8 82.7 88.0 92.8 45.0 58.0 69.3 84.2

Total 78.4 84.6 87.8 89.2 61.5 72.4 76.2 85.6

SOURCE: CONAGUA. Planning Division. Produced based on: CONAGUA. Portable Cube of Population, Housing and Water. INEGI. General Censuses of Population and Housing.

90 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 CHAPTER FOUR

Aqueducts

There are more than 3 000 km of aqueducts in Mexico that take water to various cities and rural communities in the country, with a total capacity of more than 112 cubic meters per second. As regards their length and flow, the following stand out:

Main aqueducts of Mexico, by Hydrological-Administrative Region, 2006

Flow by Hydrological- Length Year of No. Aqueduct design Supplies Operated by Administrative Region (km) completion (L/s)

Cities of Tijuana and Water Service River Colorado- Baja California Tecate and the village Commission of the 1 I 130 4 000 1982 Tijuana Peninsula of La Rumorosa in Baja State of Baja California California (COSAE)

Locality of Asuncion Vizcaino- Bay, Tortugas Bay Water utility of the Baja California 2 Northern I 206 62 1990 and fishing villages of municipality of Mulege, Peninsula Pacific Punta Abreojos in Baja Baja California California

The metropolitan area of Mexico City with Cutzamala IV, Balsas and Waters of water from the Valle de Water and Drainage 3 162 19 000 1993 System XIII the Valley of Mexico Bravo, Villa Victoria and Services of Monterrey El Bosque dams, among others

The metropolitan area of the city of Servicios de Agua y Linares 4 VI Rio Bravo 133 5 000 1984 Monterrey, Nuevo Drenaje de Monterrey, Monterrey Leon, with water from I .P. D. the Cerro Prieto dam

The metropolitan area El Cuchillo- of the city of Monterrey Water and Drainage 5 VI Rio Bravo 91 5 000 1994 Monterrey with water from the El Services of Monterrey Cuchillo dam

Mexico City with water Lerma-Santiago-Pacific VIII, from the aquifers Water System of 6 Lerma and Waters of the 60 14 000 1975 XIII located in the upper Mexico City Valley of Mexico area of Lerma River

Manzanillo Drinking Armeria- City of Manzanillo, Water, Drainage and 7 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 50 250 1987 Manzanillo Colima Sewerage Commission, Colima

The metropolitan Intermunicipal System Chapala- area of the city of for Drinking Water 8 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 42 7 500 1991 Guadalajara Guadalajara with water and Sewerage Services from Lake Chapala (SIAPA)

Victoria City, Municipal Drinking Presa Vicente Tamaulipas with water Water and Sanitation 9 Guerrero- IX Northern Gulf 54 1 000 1992 coming from the Commission Ciudad Victoria Vicente Guerrero dam (COMAPA Victoria)

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 91 HYDRAULIC INFRASTRUCTURE

Main aqueducts of Mexico, by Hydrological-Administrative Region, 2006

Flow by Hydrological- Length Year of No. Aqueduct design Supplies Operated by Administrative Region (km) completion (L/s)

22 industries located in Uspanapa-La 10 X Central Gulf 40 20 000 1985 the southern part of the Conagua Cangrejera state of Veracruz

Coatzacoalcos Cities of Coatzacoalcos Yurivia- Municipal Water and and Minatitlan, Veracruz 11 Coatzacoalcos y X Central Gulf 64 2 000 1987 Sanitation Commission, with water from Ocotal Minatitlan Veracruz (CMAPS and Tizizapa rivers Coatzacoalcos)

City of Xalapa de Xalapa Municipal Rio Huitzilapan- 12 X Central Gulf 55 1 000 2000 Enriquez, Veracruz de Water and Sanitation Xalapa Ignacio de la Llave Commission (CMAS) Campeche Municipal Localities of Sabancuy, Chicbul-Ciudad Drinking Water System 13 XII Yucatan Peninsula 122 420 1975 Isla Aguada and City of del Carmen City of El Carmen, El Carmen, Campeche Campeche SOURCE: CONAGUA. Division of Drinking Water, Sewerage and Sanitation

92 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 CHAPTER FOUR

Cutzamala System

The Cutzamala System, which supplies the Federal District and the State of Mexico, is one of the biggest drinking water supply systems in the world, not only for the quantity of water that it transports (approximately 480.7 million cubic meters every year), but also because of the difference in elevation (1 100 m) that it overcomes. The system is made up of 7 weirs and storage dams, 6 pumping stations and one water treatment plant with the characteristics that are shown in the following table:

Characteristics of the elements that make up the Cutzamala System ElevaTION Element TYpE CapaciTY (meters above Observations sea level) Surcharge pool elevation Tuxpan Weir 5 hm3 1 751 height 1 762 El Bosque Storage dam 202 hm3 1 741 Height of the spillway Surcharge pool elevation Ixtapan del Oro Weir 0.5 hm3 1 650 height 1 635 Colorines Weir 1.5 hm3 1 629 Valle de Bravo Storage dam 395 hm3 1 768 Villa Victoria Storage dam 186 hm3 2 545 Chilesdo Weir 1.5 hm3 2 396 Pumping station 1 Pumps 20 m3/s 1 600 Operates in conjunction with Pumping station 2 Pumps 24 m3/s 1 722 pumping plants 3 and 4 Operates in conjunction with Pumping station 3 Pumps 24 m3/s 1 833 pumping plants 2 and 4 Operates in conjunction with Pumping station 4 Pumps 24 m3/s 2 178 pumping plants 2 and 3 Pumping station 5 Pumps 29.1 m3/s 2 497 Pumping station 6 Pumps 5.1 m3/s 2 324 Los Berros treatment Treatment plant 20 m3/s 2 540 plant

SOURCE: CONAGUA. Waters of the Valley of Mexico River Basin Organization.

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 93 HYDRAULIC INFRASTRUCTURE

Volumes and flows supplied by the cutzamala system, annual series from 1991 to 2006

SUpplIEd TO THE fEdERAl dISTRICT SUpplIEd TO THE STATE Of MEXICO TOTAl yEAR vOlUME AvERAgE flOW vOlUME AvERAgE flOW vOlUMEN AvERAgE flOW hm3/year m3/s hm3/year m3/s hm3/year m3/s 1991 238.92 7.59 78.11 2.49 317.03 10.08

1992 224.89 7.05 89.66 2.81 314.55 9.85

1993 251.79 8.10 90.44 2.91 342.23 11.02

1994 304.34 9.67 106.31 3.38 410.65 13.05

1995 309.12 9.80 121.39 3.85 430.51 13.65

1996 305.63 9.62 145.66 4.57 451.29 14.18

1997 320.71 10.16 159.17 5.05 479.88 15.21

1998 313.07 9.93 141.64 4.49 454.72 14.42

1999 319.30 10.21 159.45 5.10 478.75 15.30

2000 306.70 9.68 176.55 5.57 483.25 15.24

2001 303.14 9.64 173.35 5.51 476.49 15.15

2002 303.66 9.65 175.99 5.60 479.65 15.26

2003 310.70 9.77 185.23 5.83 495.93 15.59

2004 310.67 9.84 177.73 5.64 488.40 15.48

2005 310.39 9.84 182.80 5.64 493.19 15.48

2006 303.53 9.61 177.26 5.61 480.79 15.21

SOURCE: CONAGUA. Waters of the Valley of Mexico River Basin Organization.

Water disinfection

In order to avoid the incidence of contagious water-borne diseases in the water that is supplied to the population, chlorination is employed for its disinfecting effect. In 2006, 96% of the water supplied to the population of the nation was disinfected.

percentage of the water supplied that is disinfected in mexico, annual series from 1990 to 2006

NOTE: The data for 1990 is estimated. SOURCE: CONAGUA. Planning Division. Produced based on data from the Drinking Water, Sewerage and Sanitation Division.

94 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 CHAPTER FOUR

Water supplied and disinfected for human consumption by state, annual series from 2004 to 2006

2004 2005 2006 Flow Flow Flow State Flow supplied (%) Flow supplied (%) Flow supplied (%) disinfected disinfected disinfected (m3/s) (m3/s) (m3/s) (m3/s) (m3/s) (m3/s) 1 Aguascalientes 3.90 3.90 100 3.90 3.90 100 3.93 3.93 100

2 Baja California 7.96 7.92 99.5 8.08 8.05 99.7 8.08 8.05 99.7 Baja California 3 2.44 2.39 97.9 2.44 2.39 97.9 2.55 2.41 94.5 Sur Campeche 4 4.25 4.25 100 4.25 4.25 100 4.25 4.25 100

Coahuila de 5 9.31 8.85 95.1 9.31 8.85 95.1 9.36 8.93 95.4 Zaragoza 6 Colima 2.80 2.77 98.9 2.80 2.77 98.9 2.80 2.77 98.9

7 Chiapas 8.72 8.11 93.0 10.14 9.53 94.0 10.14 9.53 94.0

8 Chihuahua 16.43 14.30 87.1 16.43 14.30 87.1 16.43 14.30 87.1

9 Federal District 35.73 35.73 100 35.73 35.73 100 35.73 35.73 100

10 Durango 7.63 6.37 83.5 7.63 6.37 83.5 7.39 7.10 96.1

11 Guanajuato 13.67 12.57 92.0 13.67 12.57 92.0 13.68 12.58 92.0

12 Guerrero 7.42 7.08 95.4 7.42 7.08 95.4 7.37 6.41 87.0

13 Hidalgo 4.12 3.90 94.7 4.12 3.91 95.0 4.11 3.91 95.0

14 Jalisco 20.60 20.37 98.9 20.60 20.37 98.9 20.65 20.10 97.3

15 State of Mexico 37.83 37.13 98.1 37.96 37.18 97.9 37.96 37.18 97.9 Michoacan de 16 10.59 8.60 81.2 10.59 8.62 81.4 10.59 8.62 81.4 Ocampo 17 Morelos 9.50 9.36 98.5 9.50 9.36 98.5 9.50 9.36 98.5 Nayarit 18 2.76 2.74 99.2 2.76 2.74 99.2 2.76 2.76 100

19 Nuevo Leon 12.12 11.87 97.9 12.12 11.87 97.9 12.87 12.87 100 20 Oaxaca 4.24 4.06 95.7 4.24 4.06 95.7 4.24 4.06 95.7 21 Puebla 9.52 8.72 91.7 9.60 8.81 91.7 9.60 8.81 91.7 Queretaro 22 5.05 4.88 96.6 5.05 4.88 96.6 5.05 4.88 96.6 Arteaga 23 Quintana Roo 2.03 2.03 100 2.03 2.03 100 2.03 2.03 100 24 San Luis Potosi 5.14 4.58 89.1 5.14 4.60 89.4 5.14 4.60 89.4 25 Sinaloa 10.19 9.94 97.6 10.29 10.19 99.0 10.29 10.19 99.0 26 Sonora 13.24 12.54 94.7 13.24 12.54 94.7 13.24 12.54 94.7 27 Tabasco 5.04 5.04 100 5.04 5.04 100 5.04 5.04 100 28 Tamaulipas 11.62 11.10 95.6 11.62 11.10 95.6 11.62 11.10 95.6

29 Tlaxcala 2.19 2.19 100 2.26 2.25 99.7 2.27 2.26 99 Veracruz de 30 Ignacio de la 22.77 22.77 100 22.77 22.77 100 22.77 22.77 100 Llave 31 Yucatan 7.36 6.89 93.7 7.36 6.97 94.7 7.36 6.97 94.7 32 Zacatecas 6.38 6.23 97.6 6.38 6.23 97.6 6.38 6.23 97.7 Total 322.55 309.17 95.9 324.47 311.29 95.9 325.18 312.25 96.0

NOTE: The percentages expressed are at the source, and not at the outlet, which is measured by COFEPRIS. SOURCE: CONAGUA. Drinking Water, Sewerage and Sanitation Division.

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 95 HYDRAULIC INFRASTRUCTURE

The efficiency of chlorination is related to the effective elimination of pathogenic organisms from the water, which was the subject of the disinfection process in the supply source. The bacteriological parameters of water quality must comply with Official Mexican Standard NOM- 127-SSA1-1994 (see chapter 5 for greater details).

Water treatment plants

As well as the disinfection, there exist treatment plants which condition the water quality of the country’s surface and/or groundwater sources for public urban use. In 2006, 85.4 m3/s was treated in the 491 plants in operation around the country. The reduction in the treated flow and in the plants in operation, compared to 2005, is due to the adjustment through the withdrawal of 18 installations in Yucatan, Quintana Roo and Campeche, which only work as pumping and disinfection stations.

flow of treated water, annual series from 1996 to 2006 (Cubic meters per second, m3/s)

SOURCE: CONAGUA. Planning Division. Produced based on data from the Drinking Water, Sewerage and Sanitation Division.

96 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 CHAPTER FOUR

Treatment plants in operation by state, 2006

Number of plants in Capacity installed Flow treated STATE operation (m3/s) (m3/s)

1 Aguascalientes 2 0.04 0.02

2 Baja California 23 8.60 6.04

3 Baja California Sur 13 0.01 0.01

4 Campeche 2 0.03 0.02

5 Coahuila de Zaragoza 17 2.13 1.71

6 Colima 16 0.00 0.00

7 Chiapas 3 2.50 2.01

8 Chihuahua 3 0.58 0.31

9 Distrito Federal 33 3.66 3.01

10 Durango 10 0.02 0.01

11 Guanajuato 9 0.34 0.28

12 Guerrero 11 3.28 2.97

13 Hidalgo 2 0.13 0.13

14 Jalisco 23 16.05 9.37

15 State of Mexico 10 22.14 16.72

16 Michoacán de Ocampo 6 2.95 2.50

17 Morelos 0 0.00 0.00

18 Nayarit 0 0.00 0.00

19 Nuevo Leon 7 14.35 7.11

20 Oaxaca 6 1.29 0.77

21 Puebla 4 0.72 0.55

22 Queretaro Arteaga 6 0.27 0.21

23 Quintana Roo 0 0.00 0.00

24 San Luis Potosi 14 1.13 0.82

25 Sinaloa 140 7.56 6.52

26 Sonora 19 2.90 2.86

27 Tabasco 35 6.70 5.22

28 Tamaulipas 55 14.16 11.47

29 Tlaxcala 0 0.00 0.00

30 Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave 8 6.60 4.76

31 Yucatan 0 0.00 0.00

32 Zacatecas 14 0.00 0.00

Total 491 118.14 85.40

SOURCE: CONAGUA. Drinking Water, Sewerage and Sanitation Division.

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 97 HYDRAULIC INFRASTRUCTURE

Main treatment processes applied, 2006

Plants Flow purified Central process Purpose No. % m3/s %

Adsorption Elimination of organic traces 13 2.6 1.27 1.5

Conventional treatment Elimination of suspended solids 180 36.7 59.89 70.1

Direct filtration Elimination of suspended solids 55 11.2 14.05 16.5

Treatment of patent Elimination of suspended solids 135 27.5 5.61 6.6

Removal of iron and manganese 15 3.1 2.77 3.2

Reverse osmosis Elimination of suspended solids 75 15.3 1.06 1.2

Reversible electrodialysis Elimination of dissolved solids 2 0.4 0.12 0.1

Slow filters Elimination of suspended solids 6 1.2 0.04 0.1

Softening Elimination of hardness 10 2.0 0.58 0.7

Total 491 100.0 85.40 100.0

SOURCE: CONAGUA. Drinking Water, Sewerage and Sanitation Division.

4.5 Wastewater treatment and reuse

Wastewater discharges

The location of the population and economic activities allow wastewater discharges to be classified as municipal and non-municipal. The former correspond to those which are managed in the municipal urban and rural sewerage systems, whereas the latter are those that are discharged directly to national receiving water bodies, as is the case for self-supplying industry.

Municipal and non-municipal wastewater discharges, 2006 Urban centers (municipal discharges): Wastewater 7.63 km³/year (242 m³/s)

Collected in sewerage 6.50 km³/year (206 m³/s)

Treated 2.35 km³/year (74.4 m³/s)

Generated 2.06 million tons of BOD5 per year

Collected in sewerage 1.75 million tons of BOD5 per year

Removed from treatment systems 0.52 million tons of BOD5 per year Non-municipal uses, including industry:

Wastewater 5.77 km³/year (183 m³/s)

Treated 0.87 km³/year (27.7 m³/s)

Generated 6.74 million tons of BOD5 per year

Removed from treatment systems 0.82 million tons of BOD5 per year

NOTE: BOD5 Five-day Biochemical Oxygen Demand. 1 km³ = 1 000 hm³ = 1 billion m³. SOURCE: CONAGUA. Drinking Water, Sewerage and Sanitation Division, and Technical Division.

98 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 CHAPTER FOUR

Wastewater treatment

Municipal wastewater treatment plants

In 2006, the 1 593 plants in operation in the country treated 74.4 m3/s, or 36% of the 206 m3/s collected in sewerage systems.

flow of municipal wastewater treated, annual series from 1996 to 2006 (Cubic meters per second, m3/s)

SOURCE: CONAGUA. Planning Division. Produced based on data from the Division of Drinking Water, Sewerage and SanitationUrban

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 99 HYDRAULIC INFRASTRUCTURE

Municipal wastewater treatment plants in operation, by state, 2006

Number of plants in Capacity installed Flow treated STATE operation (m3/s) (m3/s)

1 Aguascalientes 101 3.72 3.29 2 Baja California 28 6.41 4.44 3 Baja California Sur 16 1.11 0.82 4 Campeche 10 0.08 0.05 5 Coahuila de Zaragoza 13 3.46 2.75 6 Colima 47 0.69 0.38 7 Chiapas 11 1.11 0.95 8 Chihuahua 116 7.98 6.24 9 Federal District 30 6.54 3.53 10 Durango 138 3.47 2.55 11 Guanajuato 36 4.93 3.69 12 Guerrero 33 3.21 1.80 13 Hidalgo 8 0.06 0.05 14 Jalisco 95 3.42 3.28 15 State of Mexico 78 7.30 4.73 16 Michoacan de Ocampo 21 1.53 1.04 17 Morelos 22 1.25 1.01 18 Nayarit 59 1.90 1.17 19 Nuevo Leon 61 13.09 11.10 20 Oaxaca 56 0.87 0.66 21 Puebla 82 3.12 2.42 22 Queretaro Arteaga 63 1.00 0.77 23 Quintana Roo 29 2.08 1.60 24 San Luis Potosi 12 1.99 1.30 25 Sinaloa 107 4.79 3.82 26 Sonora 66 3.75 2.58 27 Tabasco 60 1.46 1.21 28 Tamaulipas 33 3.44 3.44 29 Tlaxcala 39 1.03 0.74 30 Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave 86 4.53 2.53 31 Yucatan 12 0.08 0.07 32 Zacatecas 25 0.39 0.34 Total 1 593 99.76 74.39

NOTE: Preliminary data under review. SOURCE: CONAGUA. Drinking Water, Sewerage and Sanitation Division.

100 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 CHAPTER FOUR

main municipal wastewater treatment processes, 2006

flOW TREATEd pROCESS NUMBER pERCENTAgE (m3/s)

Activated sludge 372 30.93 41.6% Advanced primary 17 9.85 13.2% Aired lagoons 19 5.07 6.8% Anaerobic Rising flow Reactor 122 1.06 1.4% Biodisks 7 0.48 0.6% Biological filters 43 3.49 4.7% dual 9 4.05 5.4% Enzymatic reactor 50 0.09 0.1% Imhoff tank 63 0.42 0.6% Oxidation ditches 23 2.17 2.9% primary 15 2.09 2.8% Septic tank 82 0.16 0.2% Stabilization lagoons 622 13.81 18.6% Wetland 110 0.42 0.6% Other 39 0.28 0.4% Total 1 593 74.39 100.0%

SOURCE: CONAGUA. Drinking Water, Sewerage and Sanitation Division.

main municipal wastewater treatment processes, 2006 (Percentages)

Biologicals filters 4.70% Dual Oxidation ditches Aired lagoons 5.40% 2.90% 6.80% Primary 2.80%

Avanced primary Activated sludge 13.20% 41.60%

Stabilization lagoons 18.60%

Activated sludge Stabilization lagoons Advanced primary Aired lagoons Dual Biological filters Oxidation ditches Primary

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 101 HYDRAULIC INFRASTRUCTURE

flow of industrial wastewater treated, annual series from 1996 to 2006 (Cubic meters per second, m3/s)

SOURCE: CONAGUA. Planning Division. Produced based on data from the Technical Division.

industrial wastewater treatment plants in operation by state, 2006

NUMBER Of plANTS IN CApACITy INSTAllEd flOW TREATEd STATE OpERATION (m3/s) (m3/s)

1 Aguascalientes 42 0.20 0.10

2 Baja California 186 0.45 0.16

3 Baja California Sur 7 0.01 0.01

4 Campeche 31 0.08 0.06

5 Coahuila de Zaragoza 64 0.86 0.59

6 Colima 8 0.47 0.31

7 Chiapas 18 0.69 0.69

8 Chihuahua 20 0.66 0.29

9 federal district 15 0.04 0.04

10 durango 37 0.76 0.45

11 guanajuato 45 0.40 0.18

12 guerrero 7 0.05 0.04

13 Hidalgo 40 1.64 0.98

14 Jalisco 27 1.45 1.45

15 State of Mexico 245 3.47 2.44

16 Michoacan de Ocampo 35 2.33 1.07

17 Morelos 68 2.26 2.16

18 Nayarit 4 0.16 0.16

19 Nuevo leon 83 4.13 3.00

20 Oaxaca 13 1.08 0.94

21 puebla 98 0.62 0.43

22 Queretaro Arteaga 110 1.08 0.51

23 Quintana Roo 2 0.01 0.01

102 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 CHAPTER FOUR

Industrial wastewater treatment plants in operation by state, 2006

Number of plants in Capacity installed Flow treated STATE operation (m3/s) (m3/s)

24 San Luis Potosi 73 1.28 0.55

25 Sinaloa 75 2.93 0.49

26 Sonora 28 0.60 0.46

27 Tabasco 108 0.61 0.15

28 Tamaulipas 46 1.60 0.83

29 Tlaxcala 104 0.39 0.35

30 Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave 160 11.63 8.63

31 Yucatan 62 0.14 0.10

32 Zacatecas 7 0.16 0.04

Total 1 868 42.23 27.66

SOURCE: CONAGUA. Drinking Water, Sewerage and Sanitation Division.

Types of industrial wastewater treatment, 2006

Type of Flow Purpose No. of plants PErcentaGe treatment (m3/s)

Adjust the pH and remove organic and/or inorganic materials Primary 725 10.05 36.3 in suspension with a size equal to or greater than 0.1 mm.

Secondary Remove organic colloidal and dissolved organic materials. 1 047 15.19 54.9

Remove dissolved materials, including gases, natural and Tertiary 71 0.82 3.0 synthetic organic substances, ions, bacteria and viruses.

Not specified 25 1.59 5.8 Total 1 868 27.66 100.0 SOURCE: CONAGUA. Technical Division.

Wastewater reuse

The reuse of wastewater is a valuable resource and its demand will increase as availability decreases and the need for water increases.

Currently in Mexico, 150 m3/s of water is reused, of which 70% corresponds to water of municipal origin and 30% to non-municipal water. The reuse of water in agriculture is a well-known practice in the country, although the reuse in industry, municipal services, secondary uses and groundwater recharge are practiced today in limited proportions.

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 103 HYDRAULIC INFRASTRUCTURE

The destination of the reused water may be classified as:

- Agricultural: Irrigation of areas of sugar cane, trees, fodder, citrus fruits, walnut trees and pasture. - Services to the public: with direct human contact (filling of recreational artificial lakes and channels, use in decorative fountains, washing vehicles and irrigation of parks and gardens) and with indirect or occasional human contact (irrigation of gardens and central reservations on motorways, central reservations in avenues, use in decorative fountains, golf courses, supply of fire hydrants, filling non-recreational artificial lakes, hydraulic security barriers and irrigation of green areas in cemeteries). - Industrial: for cooling, cleaning equipment, work areas and aquaculture ponds, irrigation of green areas and sanitation services.

reuse of municipal and non-municipal wastewater, 2006 (Cubic meters per second, m3/s)

Municipal Non municipal 105.2 44.8 70% 30%

Municipal reuse Non-municipal reuse Agricultural 43.04 Agricultural 96% Services to 87.7 the public 84% 0.52 1% Services to the public 7.6 Industrial Industrial 7% 1.26 9.9 3% 9%

SOURCE: CONAGUA. Planning Division. Produced based on data from the Technical Division.

In the following tables, the volume of reused water is presented, by its origin and final destination, for each Hydrological-Administrative Region:

104 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 CHAPTER FOUR

Reuse of municipal wastewater, 2006 (Cubic meters per second, m³/s) Services to the Hydrological-Administrative Region Agricultural Industrial Total public I Baja California Peninsula 1.57 0.18 NA 1.75

II Northwest 2.68 0.02 NA 2.70

III Northern Pacific 2.16 0.06 NA 2.22

IV Balsas 1.25 0.08 NA 1.33

V Southern Pacific 0.09 0.27 NA 0.35

VI Ro Bravo 16.82 0.50 1.45 18.76

VII Central Basins of the North 5.96 0.10 0.28 6.34

VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 11.60 0.19 6.81 18.60

IX Northern Gulf 1.20 NA 0.03 1.24

X Central Gulf NA NA NA 0.00

XI Southern Border NA NA 0.00 0.00

XII Yucatán Peninsula NA NA NA 0.00

XIII Waters of the Valley of Mexico 44.40 6.17 1.32 51.89

Total 87.73 7.56 9.89 105.18

NOTE: NA, Not Available. SOURCE: Conagua. Technical Division.

Reuse of non-municipal wastewater, 2006 (Cubic meters per second, m³/s) Services to the Hydrological-Administrative Region Agricultural Industrial Total public I Baja California Peninsula 0.35 0.08 NA 0.44

II Northwest 0.02 0.00 NA 0.03

III Northern Pacific 0.84 0.03 NA 0.87

IV Balsas 0.38 NA NA 0.38

V Southern Pacific 0.62 NA NA 0.62

VI Ro Bravo 0.01 0.25 0.69 0.95

VII Central Basins of the North 0.64 0.03 0.13 0.80

VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 28.38 0.09 0.45 28.92

IX Northern Gulf 0.70 0.03 0.00 0.74

X Central Gulf 10.64 NA NA 10.64

XI Southern Border 0.25 NA NA 0.25

XII Yucatán Peninsula 0.19 NA NA 0.19

XIII Waters of the Valley of Mexico 0.00 NA NA 0.00

Total 43.04 0.52 1.26 44.82

NOTE: NA, Not Available. SOURCE: Conagua. Technical Division.

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 105 HYDRAULIC INFRASTRUCTURE

4.6 Protection against floods and emergency attention

Protection against floods

The CONAGUA’s actions in this area are aimed at the following:

• Consolidating information and early-warning systems for meteorological and hydrometeorological phenomena. • Supporting the implementation of prevention and flood attention plans at the watershed level. • Maintaining, conserving and extending the federal hydraulic flood-control infrastructure. • Contributing with other governmental instances to the protection of the inhabitants in high-risk flood zones.

As a result of the construction of new infrastructure, a greater number of inhabitants are now protected against floods.

106 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 CHAPTER FOUR

Population protected against floods, by state, annual series from 2000 to 2006 (Accumulated number of inhabitants)

STATE 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Total

1 Aguascalientes 10 000 65 000 75 000

2 Baja California 14 000 13 000 12 635 23 395 3 290 66 320

3 Baja California Sur 1 500 41 500 43 000

4 Campeche 0

5 Coahuila de Zaragoza 8 600 6 600 19 000 4 236 14 152 52 588

6 Colima 30 000 30 000 60 000

7 Chiapas 3 800 180 000 183 800

8 Chihuahua 241 932 241 932

9 Federal District 0

10 Durango 250 000 193 000 101 000 5 000 549 000

11 Guanajuato 17 300 67 380 7 650 92 330

12 Guerrero 2 000 25 350 27 350

13 Hidalgo 8 000 50 000 45 000 77 000 180 000

14 Jalisco 0

15 State of Mexico 3 110 1 180 945 000 949 290

16 Michoacan de Ocampo 50 000 2 500 478 220 43 800 121 000 695 520

17 Morelos 0

18 Nayarit 25 000 25 000 50 000

19 Nuevo Leon 300 000 200 000 376 900 95 000 971 900

20 Oaxaca 3 100 2 600 1 900 7 600

21 Puebla 100 780 1 000 101 780

22 Queretaro Arteaga 137 695 2 066 139 761

23 Quintana Roo 34 241 66 974 101 215

24 San Luis Potosi 0

25 Sinaloa 10 000 44 770 54 770

26 Sonora 60 000 3 975 24 710 88 685

27 Tabasco 39 705 217 413 105 025 64 516 58 361 44 920 529 940

28 Tamaulipas 120 000 120 000

29 Tlaxcala 24 300 750 25 050 30 Veracruz de Ignacio de la 16 100 16 100 Llave 31 Yucatan 0

32 Zacatecas 750 750

Total 677 390 523 335 1 328 698 393 970 1 124 547 881 137 494 604 5 423 681

Accumulated 677 390 1 200 725 2 529 423 2 923 393 4 047 940 4 929 077 5 423 681

SOURCE: CONAGUA. Division of Drinking Water, Sewerage and Sanitation

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 107 HYDRAULIC INFRASTRUCTURE

Emergency attention

The CONAGUA has set up 13 Regional Emergency Attention Centers (CRAEs, their initials in Spanish) in various areas of the country, with the aim of supporting the states and municipalities in the supply of drinking water and sanitation in situations of risk.

Among the equipment at the disposal of the CRAEs are mobile water treatment plants, pumping equipment, independent electricity plants, pipe trucks and transport equipment for the machinery. This emergency attention is carried out by the CONAGUA in coordination with the states, municipalities and federal dependences.

location of the regional emergency attention centers, 2006

SOURCE: CONAGUA. Planning Division. Produced based on data from the Division of Drinking Water, Sewerage and Sanitation

108 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 Chapter 5 Water Management Tools

With the aim of fostering a responsible use of water and contributing to its preservation, various legal and normative, economic, financial and consensus-building tools are applied in Mexico, which are presented in this chapter. The investments and budgets applied by key stakeholders in water management are also indicated.

Furthermore, relevant data is provided in this chapter on the National Water Commission, the institution in charge of the management and preservation of Mexico’s water for a sustainable use. WATER MANAGEMENT TOOLS

5.1 Institutions related with water in Mexico

The National Water Commission (CONAGUA), an administrative, normative, technical, consultative and decentralized agency of the Ministry of the Environment and Natural Resources (SEMARNAT), has the mission of “managing and preserving the nation’s water and its inherent public goods to achieve a sustainable use of these resources, with the co- responsibility of the three levels of government and society-at-large”.

Up to December 2006, the CONAGUA had 15 370 members of staff, of which 4 208 occupied upper and middle management positions and 11 162 corresponded to staff of the basic and middle-level payroll. 85% of the staff was assigned to the River Basin Organizations and Local Offices and the other 15% to the central offices. It is worth adding that the institution’s staff has been reduced significantly. In 1989, the year of creation of the CONAGUA, it had 38 188 members of staff.

In order to carry out the functions assigned to it, the CONAGUA works in conjunction with various federal, state and municipal instances, as well as water user associations and companies and institutions of the private sector and civil society. In the following table the main institutions with which it coordinates are indicated:

Institutions and organizations with which the National Water Commission coordinates

Institution Example of the coordination carried out Defining the annual budget assigned to the CONAGUA and the way in which it is exercised Ministry of Public Finance and Credit throughout the year. Agreeing on the policies and budget required for water resources, coordinating water projects of Congress of the Union national interest, as well as modifying the National Water Law and its By-Laws. Programs and actions to restore the country’s watersheds, supporting the supply of drinking water States and municipalities and sanitation services to the population, stimulating the efficient use of water in productive activities, such as irrigation and industry, and actions for the attention of meteorological events. Support in coordination with the municipalities for rural communities to have access to formal water Ministry of Health and sanitation systems. Ministry of Public Education Actions aimed at school children to promote the efficient use of water and its preservation. Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Rural Actions to achieve a more efficient use of water in agriculture. Development, Fishing and Food Ministry of the Interior Actions for the attention of droughts and floods. Coordinate the operation of the dams which, as well as being used for the generation of Federal Commission for Electricity hydroelectricity, may serve for other purposes, such as supplying cities, irrigation or flood protection. Water management in the country’s borders, fulfillment of international water treaties and Ministry of Foreign Affairs cooperation actions with other countries. Ministry of Tourism Actions for the protection of water quality in recreational areas. Recording procedures and services, and development and publication of official standards for the Ministry of the Economy water sector. National Forestry Commission Care for soil and forests to preserve rivers, lakes, lagoons and aquifers. Attorney General’s Office for Environmental Actions to watch over the quality of water in the country’s rivers and lakes. Protection Mexican Institute for Water Technology Technological research and development actions.

Ministry of Civil Service Actions to promote the agenda of good governance. River Basin Councils and Technical Consulting on programs and carrying out actions to achieve the sustainable use of water. Groundwater Committees Water Advisory Council Strategies for a better use and preservation of water. Colleges of professionals, institutes, associations, Actions for the efficient use of and payment for water and for the fulfillment of the water-related chambers of industry and commerce standards. SOURCE: CONAGUA, Aqua Course, Mexico, 2007.

110 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 CHAPTER FIVE

It should be added that, according to article 115 of the Constitution, the responsibility for providing drinking water, sewerage and sanitation services corresponds to municipalities. To carry out these tasks, municipalities generally resort to drinking water, sewerage and sanitation utilities. According to the II Census of Water Capture, Treatment and Water Supply by INEGI, in 2003 there were 96 803 people working in the country’s water utilities.

5.2 Legal framework for the use of national waters

The National Water Law establishes that the use of national waters will be carried out through a concession granted by the Federal Executive Branch, through the CONAGUA, by means of the River Basin Organizations, or directly by the CONAGUA when appropriate, according to the rules and conditions disposed within the National Water Law and its By-Laws. Similarly, for wastewater discharges, it is necessary to have a discharge permit issued by the CONAGUA.

The concession and discharge permit deeds are recorded in the Public Registry of Water Rights (REPDA), which was established in 1992, with the implementation of the National Water Law.

Deeds registered in the Public Registry of Water Rights

Up to December 2006, 349 377 national water deeds and inherent public goods were registered in the REPDA, which corresponded to an assigned volume of 77 321 million cubic meters (hm³)d for offstream uses and 158 566 hm³ for instream uses (hydroelectricity). The distribution of these deeds by their use is shown in the following table:

Deeds registered in the REPDA, 2006

DEEDS REGISTERED IN THE REPDA USE NUMBER PERCENTAGE Agriculturala 204 455 58.52

Public supplyb 135 480 38.78

Self-supplying industryc 9 340 2.67

Total for offstream uses 349 275 99.97

Instream use (hydroelectricity) 102 0.03

Total 349 377 100

NOTE: One concession deed may cover one or more uses or permits. a Includes the agricultural, livestock, aquaculture, multiple and other headings of the REPDA classification. b Includes the public urban and domestic headings of the REPDA classification. c Includes the industrial, agro-industrial, services and trade headings of the REPDA classification. SOURCE: CONAGUA. Water Management Division.

d This figure does not take into account the volumes of water that are pending regularization (2.05 km3).

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 111 WATER MANAGEMENT TOOLS

Deeds registered in the REPDA, by Hydrological-Administrative Region, 2006 (Number of deeds)

Concessions Hydrological- Federal Discharge Material Administrative zone Surface permits withdrawal Region Groundwater permits water

Baja California I 2 294 9 508 587 1 393 247 Peninsula

II Northwest 4 581 18 592 651 2 942 55

Northern III 12 362 12 502 559 8 889 375 Pacific

IV Balsas 15 225 12 103 1 443 7 886 270

V Southern Pacific 8 415 15 918 322 7 950 195

VI Rio Bravo 6 449 36 026 563 6 035 77

Central Basins VII 3 552 26 429 918 3 287 41 of the North

Lerma- VIII 18 358 43 815 2 122 18 984 521 Santiago-Pacific

IX Northern Gulf 7 329 12 383 723 9 893 163

X Central Gulf 12 048 16 236 1 448 17 496 567

Southern XI 24 168 7 328 629 11 383 200 Border Yucatan XII 166 20 377 2 827 71 3 Peninsula Waters of XIII 1 088 2 125 550 1 479 0 the Valley of

Total 116 035 233 342 13 342 97 688 2 714

NOTE One concession deed may cover one or more uses or permits. SOURCE: CONAGUA. Water Management Division.

Prohibition zones

With the aim of lightening the overexploitation of the county’s aquifers and watersheds, the federal government has issued prohibitions to restrict water withdrawals in various areas.

For the case of groundwater, 145 prohibition zones are currently valid, published between 1943 and 1988. In the following figure, the areas of the country with some type of prohibition to restrict groundwater withdrawal are shown.

For the case of surface water, the existing prohibitions are from the years 1929 to 1975.

112 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 CHAPTER FIVE

ProhIbItIon zones for groundwater extractIon, by hydrologIcal-admInIstratIve regIon, 2006

SOuRCE: CONAGUA. Planning Division. Produced based on data from the Technical Division.

Publication of the mean annual water availability

The National Water Law establishes that in order to grant the concession deeds, the mean annual availability of the watershed or aquifer from which the water will be withdrawn will be taken into account. The CONAGUA is bound to publish this availability, and for this purpose the standard NOM-011-CNA-2000 has been created, “Conservation of Water Resources – which establishes the specifications and the method to determine the mean annual availability of the nation’s waters”, in which the methodology to do so is indicated.

Up to December 31st, 2006, the availability of 202 hydrogeological units or aquifers had been published in the Official Government Gazette, from which 70% of the country’s groundwater is withdrawn, as well as of 91 watersheds. It should be added that the publication of 11 of these watersheds dates from 1998, before the publication of the standard. At the close of this edition, the availability of 56 additional watersheds had been published, as a result of which the availability of 147 watersheds had at that point been published.

In annex you will find a list of the aquifers and watersheds whose availability of water has been published.

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 113 WATER MANAGEMENT TOOLS

5.3 Economy and water finances

Duties for the use of the nation’s waters

For the payment of duties for the use of water, Mexico has been divided into nine availability zones. The list of the municipalities that belong to each availability zone may be found in article 231 of the 2005 Federal Duties Law. In general the cost per cubic meter is greater in the zones of lesser availability.

avaIlabIlIty zones for the bIllIng of dutIes, by hydrologIcal-admInIstratIve regIon, 2007

SOuRCE: CONAGUA. Planning Division. Produced based on data from CONAGUA. Federal Duties Law. Mexico, 2006.

114 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 CHAPTER FIVE

Duties for the use of the nation’s waters, according to availability zones, 2007 (Cents per cubic meter) Zone de availability Use 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

General Regimea 1656.65 1325.27 1104.38 911.13 717.83 648.76 488.31 173.49 130.02 Drinking water, consumption 65.64 65.64 65.64 65.64 65.64 65.64 30.57 15.26 7.60 greater than 300 l/inhabitant/day Drinking water, consumption equal to or less than 300 l/ 32.82 32.82 32.82 32.82 32.82 32.82 15.28 7.63 3.80 inhabitant/day Agricultural, for every m3 that it 11.73 11.73 11.73 11.73 11.73 11.73 11.73 11.73 11.73 exceeds the assigned Spas and recreational facilities 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.46 0.22 0.10 Hydroelectricity 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 Aquaculture 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.13 0.06 0.03

NOTE a Refers to any use other than those mentioned. SOURCE: CONAGUA. Planning Division. Produced based on data from CONAGUA. Federal Duties Law. Mexico, 2006.

Duties for material withdrawal, 2007 (Pesos per cubic meter) Material Zone 1 Zone 2

Gravel 15.81 10.16

Sand 15.81 10.16

Clay and mud 12.42 7.91

Raw material 12.42 7.91

Stone 13.55 9.03

Others 5.65 3.39

NOTE: Zone 1 includes the states of Baja California, Guanajuato, Sinaloa, Sonora, Tabasco, Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave and Zacatecas. Zone 2 includes the states not included in zone 1 and the Federal District. SOURCE: CONAGUA. Federal Duties Law. Mexico, 2006.

For the billing of duties for wastewater discharges, the receiver bodies (rivers, lakes, lagoons, etc.) are classified into three types: A, B or C, according to the effects caused by pollution, the C-type receiver bodies being those in which the pollution has the strongest effects. The list of the receiver bodies that belong to each type are found in the Federal Duties Law for water resources.

The duties for wastewater discharges are related to the volume of the discharge and the load of the pollutants and may be consulted in article 278C of the Federal Duties Law.

Revenues of the CONAGUA

In the following figure, we may observe the CONAGUA’s revenues for the billing of duties, which includes the following concepts: use of the nation’s waters; use of receiver bodies; material withdrawal; block water supply to urban and industrial centers; irrigation services; use of federal zones; and various, such as transaction services, VAT and fines, among others.

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 115 WATER MANAGEMENT TOOLS

revenues of the conagua for the bIllIng of dutIes, annual serIes from 1989 to 2006 (Millions of pesos at constant 2006 prices)

11 463 12000 9 902 9 669 10000 9 007 8 088 8 830 8 158 7 940 8 064 8 287 8 353 8 566 8 133 7 901 8000 7 097 7 241 7 374

6000 4 483 4000

2000

0 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

SOuRCE: CONAGUA.Planning Division. Produced based on data from the Water Management Division and the Federal Duties Law. Mexico, 2006.

It should be noted that the payment for the use of receiver bodies that corresponds to wastewater discharge represents 0.6% of the total revenues, even when the level of treatment is much lower.

revenues of the conagua for the bIllIng of dutIes, by concePt, annual serIes from 1999 to 2006 (Millions of pesos at constant 2006 prices)

CONCEpT 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

use of the nation’s waters 6 084.7 6 381.2 6 188.7 6 643.6 7 152.5 6 774.5 6 790.2 6 418.5

Block water supply to urban and industrial 1 342.3 1 139.8 1 158.2 1 123.4 1 280.7 1 202.5 1 420.3 1 317.6 centers

Irrigation 147.9 146.0 167.3 167.9 153.1 156.1 160.1 153.3

Material withdrawal 39.1 40.3 43.5 33.7 30.3 38.5 35.3 52.2

Wastewater discharges 47.1 44.4 79.2 61.7 71.3 70.2 53.4 48.4

use of federal zones 20.6 25.5 24.6 24.6 26.2 33.6 28.2 26.6

various (transaction services, vAT and fines, 406.0 287.1 239.4 232.5 115.6 78.0 78.1 116.5 among others)

Total 8 087.6 8 064.2 7 901.1 8 287.4 8 829.8 8 353.4 8 565.6 8 133.2

NOTE: The conversion of pesos at current prices to constant 2006 prices was carried out based on the average National Consumer Price Index for each year. SOuRCE: CONAGUA. Water Management Division.

116 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 CHAPTER FIVE

Revenues of the CONAGUA, by Hydrological-Administrative Region, 2006 (Millions of pesos at current 2006 prices) Concept Block Various Use of water (transaction Hydrological- Use of the supply to Material Wastewater services, VAT Administrative Region Irrigation federal Total nation’s urban and withdrawal discharges and fines, zones waters industrial among centers others) Baja California I 144.6 0.0 24.8 12.3 1.1 2.4 19.9 205.1 Peninsula II Northwest 186.4 0.0 18.6 0.9 1.2 0.5 7.3 214.9

III Northern Pacific 165.6 0.0 40.0 11.7 0.8 2.1 4.0 224.1

IV Balsas 396.6 1.0 2.4 1.4 11.5 0.9 5.2 419.0

V Southern Pacific 124.6 0.0 1.3 1.5 0.3 0.5 1.3 129.5

VI Rio Bravo 944.3 0.0 18.5 0.7 3.1 3.0 5.9 975.5

Central Basins of the 479.0 0.0 11.7 3.0 0.9 1.3 1.8 497.7 VII North

VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 1 412.3 0.0 13.6 4.2 4.5 4.2 11.6 1 450.3

IX Northern Gulf 317.0 0.0 15.2 0.9 3.2 5.6 2.8 344.7

X Central Gulf 468.8 38.1 2.8 7.2 10.2 1.1 2.4 530.7

XI Southern Border 336.9 0.0 0.3 8.5 2.0 0.7 4.8 353.1

Yucatan Peninsula 123.8 0.0 0.1 0.0 8.3 0.0 3.5 135.8 XII

Waters of the Valley of XIII 1 318.7 1 278.5 4.1 0.0 1.4 4.1 45.9 2 652.7 Mexico

Total 6 418.5 1 317.6 153.3 52.2 48.4 26.6 116.5 8 133.2

SOURCE: CONAGUA. Water Management Division.

Nearly 80% of the CONAGUA’s revenues correspond to the concept of use of the nation’s waters. The following table shows the revenues corresponding to each of the uses indicated in article 223 of the Federal Duties Law for water resources.

Revenues for the use of the nation’s waters, annual series from 1999 to 2006 (Millions of pesos at constant 2006 prices) USE 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 General Regimea 5 106.1 5 352.7 5 288.0 5 061.0 5 157.9 4 763.4 4 662.5 4 433.2 Public urban 498.5 467.7 441.9 1 159.9 1 656.4 1 619.6 1 733.8 1 529.2 Hydroelectricity 456.8 537.0 433.9 399.1 336.3 371.9 373.6 436.3 Spas and recreational facilities 23.0 23.6 24.5 23.2 1.1 19.0 19.7 19.6 Aquaculture 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.4 0.9 0.6 0.5 0.3 Total 6 084.7 6 381.2 6 188.7 6 643.6 7 152.5 6 774.5 6 790.2 6 418.5

NOTE a Refers to any use other than those mentioned. SOURCE: CONAGUA. Water Management Division.

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 117 WATER MANAGEMENT TOOLS

The volumes declared, meaning the volumes that the users of the nation’s waters reported for the period 1999 – 2006, are the following:

Volumes declared for the payment of duties, annual series from 1999 to 2006 (Millions of cubic meters, hm³)

UsE 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

General Regimea 3 107.2 1 392.2 1 079.1 1 117.7 1 222.6 1 369.3 1 265.2 1 306.3

Public urban 564.8 661.5 1 682.1 4 182.5 6 549.6 6 397.5 7 082.6 8 240.1

Hydroelectricity 153 269.4 165 842.5 128 848.9 120 982.0 96 163.5 110 581.1 115 385.8 140 294.9 Spas and recreational 77.1 164.4 128.1 115.5 32.0 80.5 93.8 115.0 facilities Aquaculture 98.1 92.2 192.0 176.5 211.0 285.0 397.1 159.0

Total 157 116.6 168 152.7 131 930.3 126 574.2 104 178.5 118 713.3 124 224.6 150 115.3

NOTE aRefers to any use other than those mentioned. SOURCE: CONAGUA. Water Management Division.

Revenues for the use of the nation’s waters, by Hydrological-Administrative Region, 2006 (Millions of pesos at current 2006 prices)

Use Hydrological-Administrative Spas and General Public Region Hydroelectricity recreational Aquaculture Total Regimea urban facilities

I Baja California Peninsula 42.9 101.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 144.6

II Northwest 129.0 48.3 9.0 0.0 0.0 186.4

III Northern Pacific 73.7 58.5 33.1 0.1 0.1 165.6

IV Balsas 233.6 93.5 67.5 1.8 0.2 396.6

V Southern Pacific 97.4 21.2 6.0 0.0 0.0 124.6

VI Rio Bravo 643.5 290.4 10.0 0.3 0.0 944.3

VII Central Basins of the North 393.5 85.4 0.0 0.1 0.0 479.0

VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 1 087.8 302.6 14.3 7.6 0.0 1 412.3

IX Northern Gulf 278.6 34.9 3.5 0.1 0.0 317.0

X Central Gulf 376.6 37.5 54.7 0.0 0.0 468.8

XI Southern Border 89.0 9.7 238.2 0.0 0.0 336.9

XII Yucatan Peninsula 101.2 22.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 123.8

XIII Waters of the Valley of Mexico 886.1 423.0 0.1 9.5 0.0 1 318.7

Total 4 433.2 1 529.2 436.3 19.6 0.3 6 418.5

NOTE aRefers to any use other than those mentioned. SOURCE: CONAGUA. Water Management Division.

118 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 CHAPTER FIVE

volumes declared for the Payment of dutIes for the use of the natIon’s waters, by hydrologIcal-admInIstratIve regIon, 2006 (Millions of cubic meters, hm³) uSE hydROlOGICAl- SpAS ANd GENERAl puBlIC AdMINISTRATIvE REGION hydROElECTRICITy RECREATIONAl AquACulTuRE TOTAl REGIMEa uRBAN fACIlITIES I Baja California peninsula 10.3 434.6 0.0 1.8 0.0 446.7 II Northwest 77.8 181.7 2 928.6 0.4 0.1 3 188.6 III Northern pacific 18.5 380.2 10 747.0 5.7 101.8 11 253.3 Iv Balsas 74.6 904.7 21 820.3 24.7 52.4 22 876.7 v Southern pacific 17.5 119.2 1 949.1 0.0 0.0 2 085.9 vI Rio Bravo 104.3 951.5 2 262.7 15.6 0.3 3 334.3 vII Central Basins of the North 48.9 467.5 0.0 2.0 4.4 522.7 vIII lerma-Santiago-pacific 174.1 1 882.3 4 657.8 44.4 0.0 6 758.7 IX Northern Gulf 122.5 199.8 809.7 8.7 0.0 1 140.7 X Central Gulf 352.8 444.4 17 835.0 5.0 0.0 18 637.2 XI Southern Border 55.1 259.7 77 245.7 0.1 0.0 77 560.5 XII yucatan peninsula 114.9 267.4 0.0 0.2 0.0 382.5 XIII Waters of the valley of Mexico 134.8 1 747.1 39.1 6.4 0.0 1 927.4 Total 1 306.3 8 240.1 140 294.9 115.0 159.0 150 115.3 NOTE aRefers to any use other than those mentioned. SOuRCE: CONAGUA. Water Management Division

The CONAGUA’s budget

The budget authorized to the CONAGUA by the Chamber of Deputies for 2007 was 19 573 million pesos, of which 3 098 million pesos corresponded to staff services and 16 475 million pesos to the concepts of material and supplies, services, real estate, compensation, public works and related services. In the following figure we may observe the evolution of the budget exercised by the CONAGUA, between 1989 and 2006:

evolutIon of the conagua’s exercIsed budget, annual serIes from 1989 to 2006 (Millions of pesos)

25 000 22 945 19 575 20 000 22 945 16 275 14 731 14 968 14 486 15 216 14 594 18 889 15 000 11 430 11 968 13 487 13 543 10 000 10 375 10 994 10 147 9 676 9 226 5 000 7 555

0 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

At constant 2006 prices At current prices

NOTE: The conversion of pesos at current prices to constant 2006 prices was carried out based on the average National Consumer Price Index from January to December for each year. SOuRCE: CONAGUA. Department of Financial Resources. Administration Division.

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 119 WATER MANAGEMENT TOOLS

Investments by heading in the drinking water, sewerage and sanitation sub-sector (Millions of pesos at constant 2005 prices)

Drinking Year Sewerage Sanitation Improving efficiency Othersa Total water 2002 4 025 4 560 1 728 1 350 92 11 754

2003 5 583 5 315 1 303 1 008 189 13 399

2004 5 547 5 640 1 595 1 124 73 13 979

2005 8 392 8 238 3 267 1 593 118 21 607

NOTE aOthers: studies, projects and supervision. SOURCE: CONAGUA. Division of Drinking Water, Sewerage and Sanitation.

Investment by program and origin of the resources, 2005 (Millions of pesos at current 2005 prices)

Credit / private Concept / Source Federal statE Municipal Total initiative / Other

Conagua INVESTMENT 6 175.3 4 790.7 2 610.0 907.1 14 483.0 Drinking Water And Sanitation in Urban 3 265.6 3 424.3 1 009.7 907.1 8 606.7 Zones Valley of Mexicoa 399.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 399.0 Duty Returns 1 600.3 0.0 1 600.3 0.0 3 200.6 Clean Water 37.9 41.1 0.0 0.0 79.0 PROSSAPYSb 539.0 562.6 0.0 0.0 1 101.5 PROMAGUAb 333.5 762.8 0.0 0.0 1 096.2

Other dependencies 910.0 197.7 307.8 5 708.8 7 124.3 SEDESOL 453.7 159.2 238.4 17.6 869.0 CONAFOVI 0.0 0.0 0.0 5 690.9 5 691.0 CONADEPI 456.3 38.5 69.4 0.3 564.0 Total 7 085.3 4 988.4 2 917.8 6 615.9 21 607.3

NOTE aResources of the 1928 Fund, with contributions from the Government of the Federal District and on behalf of the state of Mexico. b The state investment includes municipal resources. SOURCE: CONAGUA. Division of Drinking Water, Sewerage and Sanitation.Contributions from other dependencies: SEDESOL, BANOBRAS, CONAFOVI, CONADEPI and service providers.

Water tariffs for domestic use

The drinking water tariffs are fixed differently for each municipality, depending on the provisions of each state’s legislation. In some states, the tariffs are approved by the local State Congress, whereas in others they are approved by the government body or Directive Congress of the municipality or locality’s drinking water utility or the State Water Commission.

In general the tariffs are different for domestic users and companies or industries and are generally progressive, meaning that for a greater water consumption the price per cubic meter is higher. The following figure shows the tariffs per cubic meter for some cities in the country that may be considered as typical, for domestic use with a consumption of 30 m³/month.

120 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 CHAPTER FIVE

domestIc water tarIffs In some cItIes (Tariff for a consumption of 30 m³/month)

Tijuana, Baja California 12.00 Leon, Guanajuato 9.43 Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes 8.84 Monterrey, Nuevo Leon 5.72 Merida, Yucatan 3.22 Distrito Federal 3.13 Mexicali, Baja California 2.65 Campeche 1.00 Oaxaca, Oaxaca 0.74 Villahermosa, Tabasco 0.55

0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00

SOuRCE: Price structures applied in cities.

Revenues of the water utilities

According to the II Census of Water Capture, Treatment and Water Supply, applied by INEGI to the country’s water utilities, in 2003, 21 219 million pesos at 2006 prices were collected nationwide (18 809 million pesos at 2003 prices) for the concept of drinking water, sewerage and sanitation service provision, these services being the responsibility of Mexico’s municipalities. 61% of these revenues corresponded to payments made by domestic users, whereas the remaining 39% corresponded to payments by industry, companies and services supplied by the water networks.

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 121 WATER MANAGEMENT TOOLS

Revenues of the drinking water, sewerage and sanitation water utilities, 2003 (Millions of pesos)

Income from domestic Income from non-domestic Total income from water STATE outlet outlets supply

Aguascalientes 283 55 338 Baja California 913 981 1 894 Baja California Sur 113 120 232 Campeche 89 22 112 Chiapas 165 45 210 Chihuahua 764 358 1 122 Coahuila 497 270 767 Colima 113 50 163 Federal District 545 1 614 2 159 Durango 134 125 259 Guanajuato 824 233 1 057 Guerrero 253 196 449 Hidalgo 166 86 253 Jalisco 763 460 1 223 State of Mexico 1 350 706 2 056 Michoacan 251 67 318 Morelos 324 218 542 Nayarit 100 22 121 Nuevo Leon 1 322 852 2 174 Oaxaca 175 43 219 Puebla 424 133 557 Queretaro Arteaga 362 153 514 Quintana Roo 188 159 347 San Luis Potosi 192 87 279 Sinaloa 445 245 690 Sonora 561 243 804 Tabasco 27 26 52 Tamaulipas 698 405 1 103 Tlaxcala 57 12 69 Veracruz 648 138 786 Yucatan 141 31 172 Zacatecas 132 48 180 Total 13 018 8 201 21 219 NOTE: The conversion of updated pesos to 2006 prices was carried out through the National Consumer Price Index. SOURCE: INEGI, II Census of Water Capture, Treatment and Water Supply, Mexico, 2004.

122 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 CHAPTER FIVE

According to the information from the aforementioned Census, only 49% of the water produced by the country’s water utilities is billed, the rest being either lost through leaks or delivered to users without being billed.

5.4 Participation mechanisms

River Basin Councils and auxiliary entities

The National Water Law establishes that the River Basin Councils are collegiate entities of mixed membership, which are coordination bodies providing support, consultation and advice, between the CONAGUA, including the corresponding River Basin Organization, and the dependencies and entities of the federal, state or municipal instances and the representatives of the waters users and of civil society organizations, from the respective watershed or hydrological region.

Up to December 31st, 2006, 25 River Basin Councils had been set up, with the Council referred to as Coasts of the Pacific Center not yet installed. The location of these River Basin Councils is shown in the following figure:

locatIon of the rIver basIn councIls, by hydrologIcal-admInIstratIve regIon, 2006 (Situation up to December 31st)

SOuRCE: CONAGUA. Planning Division. Produced based on data from the General Coordination for Emergency Attention and River Basin Councils.

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 123 WATER MANAGEMENT TOOLS

Characteristics of the River Basin Councils, 2006 (Situation up to December 31st) No. CODERiver Basin Council Date of creation Hydrological-Administrative Region 1 01 Baja California Sur 03-mar-00 I Baja California Peninsula 2 02 Baja California 07-dec-99 I Baja California Peninsula 3 03 Upper Northwest 19-mar-99 II Northwest 4 04 Yaqui and Matape Rivers 30-agu-00 II Northwest 5 05 Mayo River 30-agu-00 II Northwest 6 06 Fuerte and Sinaloa Rivers 10-dec-99 III Northern Pacific 7 07 Mocorito to Quelita Rivers 10-dec-99 III Northern Pacific 8 08 Rivers Presidio al San Pedro 15-jun-00 III Northern Pacific 9 09 Balsas River 26-mar-99 IV Balsas 10 10 Guerrero Coast 29-mar-00 V Southern Pacific 11 11 Oaxaca Coast 07-apr-99 V Southern Pacific 12 12 Rio Bravo 21-jan-99 VI Rio Bravo 13 13 Nazas-Aguanaval 01-dec-98 VII Central Basins of the North 14 14 Altiplano 23-nov-99 VII Central Basins of the North 15 15 Lerma-Chapala 28-jan-93 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 16 16 Santiago River 14-jul-99 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 17 18 San Fernando-Soto La Marina Rivers 26-agu-99 IX Northern Gulf 18 19 Panuco River 26-agu-99 IX Northern Gulf 19 20 Tuxpan to Jamapa Rivers 12-sep-00 X Central Gulf 20 21 Papaloapan River 16-jun-00 X Central Gulf 21 22 Coatzacoalcos River 16-jun-00 X Central Gulf 22 23 Chiapas Coast 26-jan-00 XI Southern Border 23 24 Grijalva and Usumacinta Rivers 11-agu-00 XI Southern Border 24 25 Yucatan Peninsula 14-dec-99 XII Yucatan Peninsula 25 26 Valley of Mexico 16-agu-95 XIII Waters of the Valley of Mexico SOURCE: CONAGUA. General Coordination of Emergency Attention and River Basin Councils.

In the process of consolidation of the River Basin Councils, it was necessary to attend very specific problems in more localized geographic zones, as a result of which River Basin Commissions were created to attend sub-basins, River Basin Committees for micro-basins, Technical Groundwater Committees for aquifers and Clean Beach Committees in the country’s coastal zones.

In the following figure, the location of the 17 River Basin Commissions set up nationally is shown:

124 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 CHAPTER FIVE

locatIon of the rIver basIn commIssIons, by hydrologIcal-admInIstratIve regIon, 2006 (Situation up to December 31st)

SOuRCE: CONAGUA. General Coordination of Emergency Attention and River Basin Councils.

characterIstIcs of the rIver basIn commIssIons, 2007

No. COdE RIvER BASIN COuNCIl dATE Of CREATION hydROlOGICAl-AdMINISTRATIvE REGION 1 02A River Colorado 07-dec-99 I Baja California peninsula 2 03A Conception River 29-Sep-04 II Northwest 3 03B Sonora River 14-dec-04 II Northwest 4 04A Matape River 17-feb-05 II Northwest 5 09A Cupatitzio River 04-Jul-04 Iv Balsas 6 12A Conchos River 21-Jan-99 vI Rio Bravo 7 15A Turbio River 09-feb-95 vIII lerma-Santiago-pacific 8 15B lake Chapala Basin 02-Sep-98 vIII lerma-Santiago-pacific 9 15C lake patzcuaro 18-May-04 vIII lerma-Santiago-pacific 10 15d lake Cuitzeo 18-Agu-06 vIII lerma-Santiago-pacific 11 16A Calderon River 28-feb-06 vIII lerma-Santiago-pacific 12 17A Ayuquila-Armeria 15-Oct-98 vIII lerma-Santiago-pacific 13 17B Ameca River 09-Agu-04 vIII lerma-Santiago-pacific 14 19A San Juan River (panuco) 01-Agu-97 IX Northern Gulf 15 26A valle de Bravo 16-Oct-03 XIII Waters of the valley of Mexico 16 26B Tecocomulco lagoon 14-Jul-05 XIII Waters of the valley of Mexico 17 26C Guadalupe dam 11-Jan-06 XIII Waters of the valley of Mexico SOuRCE: CONAGUA. General Coordination of Emergency Attention and River Basin Councils.

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 125 WATER MANAGEMENT TOOLS

In the following figure and table, the location of the 22 River Basin Committees established nationwide is shown:

locatIon of the rIver basIn commIttees, by hydrologIcal-admInIstratIve regIon, 2006 (Situation up to December 31st)

SOuRCE: CONAGUA. General Coordination of Emergency Attention and River Basin Councils.

126 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 CHAPTER FIVE

Characteristics of the River Basin Committees, 2007

Date of Hydrological- No. code River Basin Committee state creation Administrative Region 1 10a Huacapa River – Blue River 01-aug-03 Guerrero V Southern Pacific 2 10b La Sabana – Tres Palos River Lagoon 11-dec-03 Guerrero V Southern Pacific 3 11a Los Perros River 18-nov-99 Oaxaca V Southern Pacific 4 11b Salado River 18-may-01 Oaxaca V Southern Pacific 5 11c Copalita River 19-apr-02 Oaxaca V Southern Pacific 6 11d Atoyac River 07-aug-02 Oaxaca V Southern Pacific 7 11e Verde River 10-jun-04 Oaxaca V Southern Pacific 8 11f Tonameca River 20-aug-04 Oaxaca V Southern Pacific 9 11g Tehuantepec River 06-dec-05 Oaxaca V Southern Pacific 10 12a Central Region of the State of Coahuila 22-nov-05 Coahuila de Zaragoza VI Rio Bravo 11 19a Valles River 10-dec-02 San Luis Potosi IX Northern Gulf 12 21a Blanco River 16-jun-00 Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave X Central Gulf 13 23a Zanatenco River 23-aug-02 Chiapas XI Southern Border 14 23b Lagartero River 11-sep-03 Chiapas XI Southern Border 15 23c Coapa River 15-oct-03 Chiapas XI Southern Border 16 23d Coatan River 31-aug-05 Chiapas XI Southern Border 17 24a Sabinal River 22-mar-03 Chiapas XI Southern Border 18 24b Cuxtepec River 02-may-03 Chiapas XI Southern Border 19 24c Montebello Lagoons 20-apr-06 Chiapas XI Southern Border 20 24d Catazaja Lagoon 05-jun-06 Chiapas XI Southern Border 21 24e San Pedro-Missicab River 17-nov-06 Tabasco XI Southern Border 22 26a Cañada de Madero 30-jun-00 Hidalgo XIII Waters of the Valley of Mexico SOURCE: CONAGUA. General Coordination of Emergency Attention and River Basin Councils.

Technical Groundwater Committees (COTAS)

With the aim of achieving a sustainable use of water in the aquifers of the country, Technical Groundwater Committees (COTAS) have been created. On December 31st, 2006, 76 COTAS had been created. A summary of the number of COTAS in each Hydrological-Administrative Region is shown in the following table, as well as a complete list in annex.

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 127 WATER MANAGEMENT TOOLS

Technical Groundwater Committees (COTAS), by Hydrological-Administrative Region, 2006 (Situation up to December 31st) Hydrological-Administrative Region Number of COTAS

I Baja California Peninsula 19

II Northwest 4

III Northern Pacific 5

IV Balsas 3

V Southern Pacific 1

VI Rio Bravo 9

VII Central Basins of the North 9

VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 17

IX Northern Gulf 6

X Central Gulf 2

XIII Waters of the Valley of Mexico 1

Total 76

SOURCE: CONAGUA. General Coordination of Emergency Attention and River Basin Councils.

Clean Beach Committees

The Clean Beach Committees are auxiliary entities of the River Basin Councils, the objective of which is to promote the sanitation of beaches and the watersheds and aquifers associated with them, as well as to prevent and rectify pollution to protect and preserve Mexican beaches, respecting the native ecology and raising the quality and the standard of living of the local population and of the tourism and the competitivity of the beaches. On December 31st, 2006, 27 Committees had been set up, and up to the close of this edition, four additional Committees had been established, in Huatabampo Sonora, Municipal de Cardenas, the Maya Coast and the Carmen Municipality.

128 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 CHAPTER FIVE

Characteristics of the Clean Beach Committees, 2006 (Situation up to December 31st) Date of Hydrological- No. Clean Beach Committee State River Basin Council creation Administrative Region 1 Ensenada 22-jul-05 Baja California Baja California I Baja California Peninsula 2 Tijuana 27-may-04 Baja California Baja California I Baja California Peninsula 3 Rosarito 12-mar-04 Baja California Baja California I Baja California Peninsula 4 La Paz 22-jul-03 Baja California Sur Baja California Sur I Baja California Peninsula 5 Los Cabos 17-oct-03 Baja California Sur Baja California Sur I Baja California Peninsula Upper Northwest and 6 State of Sonora 18-nov-03 Sonora II Northwest Yaqui – Matape 7 Municipal Clean Beaches of Puerto 03-mar-06 Sonora Upper Northwest II Northwest Peñasco, Sonora 8 Altata Bay 27-feb-06 Sinaloa Mocorito to Quelite Rivers III Northern Pacific Presidio to San Pedro 9 City of Mazatlan 27-jun-03 Sinaloa III Northern Pacific Rivers 10 Municipality of Lazaro Cardenas Michoacán de 21-jul-05 Balsas River IV Balsas Michoacan Ocampo 11 Municipality of Santa Maria Huatulco 15-oct-03 Oaxaca Oaxaca Coast V Southerm Pacific 12 Puerto Escondido Municipality of San Pedro Mixtepec and Lagoon Complex 26-mar-04 Oaxaca Oaxaca Coast V Southerm Pacific of Manialtepec Tututepec, Juquila 13 Puerto Angel and Zipolite and 24-may-05 Oaxaca Oaxaca Coast V Southerm Pacific Municipality of San Pedro Pochutla. 14 Ixtapa – Zihuatanejo, Municipality of 14-mar-06 Guerrero Guerrero Coast V Southerm Pacific Jose Azueta, Guerrero 15 Acapulco 07-apr-06 Guerrero Guerrero Coast V Southerm Pacific 16 Technical Clean Beach Committee 04-agu-03 Jalisco y Nayarit Pacific Center Coast VIII Lerma Santiago Pacific of the States of Jalisco and Nayarit 17 Manzanillo, Colima 11-jul-03 Colima Pacific Center Coast VIII Lerma Santiago Pacific 18 Panuco in the State of Tamaulipas 11-sep-03 Tamaulipas Panuco River IX Northern Gulf Veracruz de Ignacion 19 Veracruz – Mouth of the River 13-may-04 Tuxpan to Jamapa Rivers X Central Gulf de la Llave 20 Tapachula 31-mar-05 Chiapas Chiapas Coast XI Southern Border 21 Tonala 20-jul-05 Chiapas Chiapas Coast XI Southern Border Grijalva and Usumacinta 22 Municipal of Centla, Tabasco 16-mar-06 Tabasco XI Southern Border Rivers Grijalva and Usumacinta 23 Municipal of Paraiso, Tabasco 20-mar-06 Tabasco XI Southern Border Rivers 24 North Coast of the State of Yucatan 08-mar-05 Yucatán Yucatan Peninsula XII Yucatan Peninsula 25 Cancun – Riviera Maya 28-agu-03 Quintana Roo Yucatan Peninsula XII Yucatan Peninsula 26 Campeche 23-sep-04 Campeche Península de Yucatán XII Yucatan Peninsula 27 Champoton 09-nov-04 Campeche Península de Yucatán XII Yucatan Peninsula SOURCE: CONAGUA. General Coordination of Emergency Attention and River Basin Councils.

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 129 WATER MANAGEMENT TOOLS

Water Advisory Council

The Water Advisory Council is a civil-society, multi-stakeholder, independent, non-profit organization, created as an association under Mexican law in March 2000. The Council is integrated by individuals or institutions of an altruistic vocation, recognized for their activities in the academic, civil society and economic sectors, and sensitive to water-related problems and the need to solve them.

The Council’s main objective is to promote and support the necessary strategic change for the rational use and sustainable management of water in Mexico, providing support with this aim to public and private sectors and civil society.

The Council has two types of advisors, personal and institutional, according to whether they are individuals or organizations. It currently has 22 advisors, of which 14 are personal and 8 are institutional.

The institutional advisors are: • National Association of Water and Sanitation Utilities of Mexico; • National Association of Irrigation Users; • Business Coordination Council; • Communication Council; • National Chamber of the Radio and Television Industry; • National Polytechnic Institute; • Monterrey Technological Institute, and • National Autonomous University of Mexico.

It should be mentioned that the National Water Commission is not a member of the Council, but is invited as a permanent guest.

State Citizen’s Water Councils

Additionally, the State Citizen’s Water Councils are autonomous organizations which work as channels of participation at the local level, in favor of the dissemination of water information, tending to promote its care and sustainable use. Up to the close of this edition, 29 Councils had been set up, which are listed in the following table:

130 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 CHAPTER FIVE

Characteristics of the State Citizen’s Water Councils, 2007 Date of Legal incorporation No. State Citizen’s Water Council State creation Association Other 1 Coalition for Water Conservation of Aguascalientes Aguascalientes 24-Agu-00 X

2 Water for All of Life Baja California 22-Mar-00 X

3 Citizen’s Association United for Water (ACUA) Baja California Sur 21-Nov-00 X

4 Citizen’s Water Council in the State of Campeche Campeche 18-Jan-01 X

5 Coalition for Water Conservation Coahuila de Zaragoza 24-Nov-00 X

6 Citizen’s Water Council in the Comarca Lagunera Coahuila de Zaragoza 15-May-01 X

7 State Advisory Council of the Coalition for Water Conservation Colima 11-Oct-00 X

8 Citizen’s Water Council in Chiapas Chiapas 04-Dec-00 X

Coalition for Water Conservation of the State of Durango 9 Durango 24-Oct-00 X “Friends of Water”

10 Citizen’s Water Council in Guanajuato Guanajuato 14-Nov-00 X

11 Water Advisory Council of the State of Guerrero Guerrero 05-Dec-00 X

12 Association Pro Defense of Water Hidalgo 26-Sep-00 X

13 Water Advisory Council of Jalisco Jalisco 19-May-95 X Advisory Council for the Protection of Water of the State of 14 State of Mexico 29-Sep-00 X Mexico 15 Water Advisory Council of the State of Michoacan Michoacan de Ocampo 11-Oct-02 X

16 Citizen’s Water Council of the State of Morelos Morelos 18-Jul-03 X

State Council of the Coalition for Water Conservation of the 17 Nayarit 18-Oct-00 X State of Nayarit

18 Water Group Oaxaca 02-Nov-00 X

19 Citizen’s Water Council of the State of Puebla Puebla 22-Mar-01 X

20 Council of Citizen’s Consultation for a Better Use of Water Queretaro Arteaga 01-Mar-02 X

21 Citizen’s Water Council of the State of Quintana Roo Quintana Roo 13-Dec-00 X

22 State Water Advisory Council San Luis Potosi 18-Jan-01 X

23 Citizen’s Water Council of the State of Sinaloa Sinaloa 20-Oct-00 X

24 Sonora Water Alliance Sonora 30-Oct-00 X

25 Citizen’s Water Council of the State of Tabasco Tabasco 22-Feb-01 X

26 Citizen’s Water Council of the State of Tlaxcala Tlaxcala 12-Jul-01 X Veracruz de Ignacio de la 27 Association of Citizens for Water of the State of Veracruz 17-May-01 X Llave 28 Citizen’s Water Council in Yucatan Yucatan 15-Nov-00 X

29 State Council of the Coalition for Water Conservation Zacatecas 24-Nov-00 X

SOURCE: CONAGUA. Planning Division.

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 131 WATER MANAGEMENT TOOLS

5.5 Water-related standards

Official Mexican Ecological Standards and of the water sector

In the following, the Mexican environmental standards related to the theme of water are presented. The name of the standards changed from ECOL to SEMARNAT according to the modifications of names specified in the Official Government Gazette on April 23rd, 2003.

Establishes the maximum permissible limits of pollutants in wastewater discharges in national waters and goods. It was published in the Official NOM-001-Semarnat-1996 Government Gazette on January 6th, 1997 and came into effect the following day. This standard was complemented by the clarification published in the same means of communication on April 30th, 1997.

Dates of completion of the NOM-001-SEMARNAT-1996:

Municipal discharges

Modified dates of Population range Number of localities completion from: (according to the 1990 Census) (according to the 1990)

January 1st, 2000 Greater than 50 000 inhabitants 139

January 1st, 2005 From 20 001 to 50 000 inhabitants 181

January 1st, 2010 From 2 501 to 20 000 inhabitants 2 266

Non-municipal discharges

Modified dates of Biochemical Oxygen Demand Total Suspended Solids completion from: (tons/day) (tons/day)

January 1st, 2000 Greater than 3.0 More than 3.0

January 1st, 2005 From 1.2 to 3.0 From 1.2 to 3.0

January 1st, 2010 Less than 1.2 Less than 1.2

Establishes the maximum permissible limits of pollutants in wastewater discharges to urban and municipal sewerage systems. It NOM-002-Semarnat-1996 was published in the Official Government Gazette on June rd3 , 1998 and came into effect the following day.

Establishes the maximum permissible limits of pollutants for treated wastewater that is reused in services to the public. It was published NOM-003-Semarnat-1997 in the Official Government Gazette on September 21st, 1998 and came into effect the following day.

Environmental protection.- Sludge and biosolids.- Specifications and maximum permissible limits of pollutants for their use and final NOM-004-Semarnat-2002 disposal. It was published in the Official Government Gazette on August 15th, 2003 and came into effect the following day.

132 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 CHAPTER FIVE

Specifications of environmental protection for the selection of the site, design, construction, operation, monitoring, closing and complementary NOM-083-Semarnat-2003 works of final disposal sites for solid urban waste and special management. It was published in the Official Government Gazette on October 20th, 2004 and came into effect sixty calendar days following its publication.

Establishes the specifications for the preservation, conservation, sustainable use and restoration of coastal wetlands in areas of mangrove swamps. It was published in the Official Government Gazette on April 10th, 2003, and came into effect sixty calendar days NOM-022-Semarnat-2003 following its publication. There exists an agreement that adds the specification 4.43 to the Official Mexican Standard NOM-022-SEMARNAT-2003, which establishes the specifications for the preservation, conservation, sustainable use and restoration of the coastal wetlands in areas of mangrove swamps. It was published in the Official Government Gazette on May 7th, 2004 and came into effect the following day.

Establishes the procedure to characterize mine tailings, as well as the specifications and criteria for the characterization and preparation of the site, project, construction, operation and post-operation of main NOM-141-Semarnat-2003 tailing dams. It was published in the Official Government Gazette on September 13th, 2004 and came into effect sixty calendar days following its publication.

With the aim of complying with its obligation to publish the availability of water in the watersheds and aquifers of the country, the CONAGUA issued the standard NOM-011-CNA-2000.

Conservation of water resources. Establishes the specifications and the method to determine the mean annual availability of the nation’s NOM-011-CNA -2000 waters. It was published in the Official Government Gazette on April 17th, 2002, and came into effect on June 17th, 2002.

Additionally, the CONAGUA has issued standards that establish the dispositions, specifications and test methods that guarantee that the products and services tendered to drinking water, sewerage and sanitation system water utilities comply with the objective of using and preserving water in quantity and quality. The Official Mexican Standards in effect are the following:

Sanitary sewerage systems – Hermiticism specifications. It was NOM-001-CNA-1995 published in the Official Government Gazette on October 11th, 1996. Came into effect on February 8th, 1997.

Home outlet for drinking water supply - Specifications and testing NOM-002-CNA-1995 methods. It was published in the Official Government Gazette on October 14th, 1996. It came into effect on April 12, 1997.

Requirements during the construction of water-withdrawal wells NOM-003-CNA-1996 to prevent the pollution of aquifers. It was published in the Official Government Gazette on February 3rd, 1997. It came into effect on May 4th, 1997.

Requirements for the protection of aquifers during the maintenance and rehabilitation of water-withdrawal wells and for the closing of NOM-004-CNA-1996 wells in general. It was published in the Official Government Gazette on August 8th, 1997. It came into effect on February 3rd, 1998.

Flux meter - Specifications and testing methods. It was published NOM-005-CNA-1996 in the Official Government Gazette on July 25th,1997. It came into effect on January 21st, 1998.

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 133 WATER MANAGEMENT TOOLS

Pre-manufactured septic tanks - Specifications and testing NOM-006-CNA-1997 methods. It was published in the Official Government Gazette on January 29th, 1999. It came into effect on January 30th, 1999.

Security requirements for the construction and operation of NOM-007-CNA-1997 water tanks. It was published in the Official Government Gazette on February 1st, 1999. It came into effect on June 1st, 1999.

Showers used for corporate hygiene - Specifications and testing NOM-008-CNA-1998 methods. It was published in the Official Government Gazette on June 25th, 2001, and came into effect on December 22nd, 2001.

Lavatories for sanitary use. Specifications and testing methods. It NOM-009-CNA-1998 was published in the Official Government Gazette on August nd2 , 2001, and came into effect on November 30th, 2001.

Inlet and discharge valves for lavatory tanks. Specifications and testing NOM-010-CNA-1999 methods. It was published in the Official Government Gazette on September 2nd, 2003, and came into effect on February 29th, 2004.

Drinking water distribution networks. Hermiticism specifications NOM-013-CNA-2000 and testing methods. It was published in the Official Government Gazette on February 4th, 2004. Came into effect on June 3rd, 2004.

NOTE: All the aforementioned standards, at the close of this edition, were in effect and their publication was underway.

Official Mexican Standards of the Ministry of Health

Water supply for human use and consumption with appropriate quality is fundamental, among other aspects, to prevent and avoid the transmission of gastrointestinal and other diseases, for which it was necessary to establish permissible limits as regards their microbiological, physical, sensory, chemical and radioactive characteristics.

The standard that establishes the permissible limits of water quality is the following:

Environmental health. Water for human use and consumption. Permissible limits of quality and treatment to which water should be submitted for its treatment. It was published in the Official NOM-127-SSA1-1994 Government Gazette on January 18th, 1996, and came into effect the following day. On November 22nd, 2000, a modification was published in the Official Government Gazette that came into effect ninety calendar days following its publication.

This standard establishes:

• Permissible limits of bacteriological characteristics (fecal coliforms and total coliforms); • Permissible limits of physical and sensory characteristics (color, smell and taste, and cloudiness); • Permissible limits of chemical characteristics (which include 34 parameters, such as aluminum, arsenic, barium, etc); • Treatment methods which should be applied according to the pollutants encountered.

In the following, some other standards of importance for the health sector are indicated:

134 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 CHAPTER FIVE

Health requirements that the tanks of vehicles must comply with for the transport and distribution of water for human use and NOM-013-SSA1-1993 consumption. It was published in the Official Government Gazette on August 12th, 1994, and came into effect the following day.

Health procedures for water samples for human use and consumption in public and private supply systems. It was NOM-014-SSA1-1993 published in the Official Government Gazette on August 12th, 1994, and came into effect the following day.

Vigilance and evaluation of the control of water quality for human use and consumption, distributed by public supply systems. It NOM-179-SSA1-1998 was published in the Official Government Gazette on September 24th, 2001, and came into effect the following day.

Environmental health. Water for human use and consumption, health requirements that should be complied with in public NOM-230-SSA1-2002 and private supply systems during water management. Health procedures for sampling. It was published in the Official Government Gazette on July 12th, 2005, and came into effect sixty calendar days following its publication.

Other standards

With the aim of monitoring water quality on the country’s beaches, the following standard on beach quality was issued:

Establishes the requirements and specifications of sustainability of NMX-AA-120-SCFI-2006 beach quality. It was published in the Official Government Gazette on July 6th, 2006 and came into effect on the date of its publication.

Approval of third party organizations

In conformity with the dispositions of the Federal Law on Metrology and Standardization (LFMN), the CONAGUA approves third party organizations (certification organizations, verification units and testing laboratories) accredited by the Mexican Accreditation Entity, to carry out the evaluation of the conformity as regards the Official Mexican Standards of the water sector.

Verification units for on-site tests, according to the Official Mexican Standards of the water sector

NAME Official Mexican Standards

NOM-001-CNA-1995 NOM-002-CNA-1995 Mexican Inspection Company (CIMEX) NOM-003-CNA-1996 NOM-004-CNA-1996 NOM-007-CNA-1997

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 135 WATER MANAGEMENT TOOLS

NAME Official Mexican Standards

NOM-001-CNA-1995

NOM-002-CNA-1995 Center for Standardization and Product Certification (CNCP) NOM-003-CNA-1996

NOM-004-CNA-1996

NOM-001-CNA-1995

NOM-002-CNA-1995

Mexican Projects and Evaluations (PEMSA) NOM-003-CNA-1996

NOM-004-CNA-1996

NOM-007-CNA-1997

SOURCE: CONAGUA. Technical Division.

Verification units for products, according to the Official Mexican Standards of the water sector

NAME Official Mexican Standards

NOM-005-CNA-1995

NOM-006-CNA-1995

Center for Product Standardization and Certification (CNCP) NOM-008-CNA-1995

NOM-009-CNA-1995

NOM-010-CNA-1995

NOM-005-CNA-1995

NOM-006-CNA-1995

Mexican Certification (CERTIMEX) NOM-008-CNA-1995

NOM-009-CNA-1995

NOM-010-CNA-1995

NOM-005-CNA-1995

NOM-008-CNA-1995 Mexican Certification Council (COMECER) NOM-009-CNA-1995

NOM-010-CNA-1995

NOM-005-CNA-1995

National Standardization and Certification Organization of Construction NOM-008-CNA-1995 and Building (ONNCCE) NOM-009-CNA-1995

NOM-010-CNA-1995

SOURCE: CONAGUA. Technical Division.

136 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 CHAPTER FIVE

Testing laboratories according to the Official Mexican Standards of the water sector

Testing laboratories Official Mexican Standards

NOM-001-CNA-1995 Amanco de Mexico, Leon Plant NOM-002-CNA-1995 NOM-013-CNA-2000

NOM-001-CNA-1995 NOM-002-CNA-1995 NOM-008-CNA-1998 Center for Product Standardization and Certification (CNCP) NOM-009-CNA-2001 NOM-010-CNA-2000 NOM-013-CNA-2000

Technological Concrete Center – Apasco Cement NOM-001-CNA-1995

Mexican Pre-stressed Concrete Company. COMECOP NOM-001-CNA-1995

Extrumex, Monterrey Plant NOM-002-CNA-1995

NOM-005-CNA-1996 Experimental Engineering Laboratory of the Mexico City Water NOM-008-CNA-1998 System NOM-009-CNA-2001 NOM-010-CNA-2000

NOM-001-CNA-1995 EPS Technical Laboratory NOM-013-CNA-2000

NOM-001-CNA-1995 Rex Plastics, Mexico City Plant NOM-002-CNA-1995 NOM-013-CNA-2000

NOM-001-CNA-1995 Polyducto, Queretaro Plant NOM-002-CNA-1995 NOM-013-CNA-2000

Precision, Pasteje Jocotitlan Plant, State of Mexico NOM-002-CNA-1995

NOM-001-CNA-1995 Flexible Tubes NOM-002-CNA-1995 NOM-013-CNA-2000

SOURCE: CONAGUA. Technical Division.

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 137 WATER MANAGEMENT TOOLS

Certification of products subject to the NOM-CNA

In order to comply with article 38, fraction V of the Federal Law on Metrology and Standardization, which indicates that it is the responsibility of the dependencies to certify, verify and inspect that the products, processes, methods, installations, services or activities comply with the Official Mexican Standards, the CONAGUA has certified 2 099 products. In the following, a summary of this information is presented:

Official Mexican Standards Certified products

NOM-001-CNA-1995 562

NOM-002-CNA-1995 98

NOM-005-CNA-1996 57

NOM-006-CNA-1997 6

NOM-008-CNA-1998 527

NOM-009-CNA-1998 183

NOM-010-CNA-1999 103

NOM-013-CNA-2000 563

Total 2 099

SOURCE: CONAGUA. Technical Division.

138 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 Chapter 6 Water, Health and the Environment

In water management, ther are a great number of complex interactions with ecosystems, which demand an inter- disciplinary knowledge of several themes

The appropriate supply of drinking water and sanitation services has a significant impact on health. There is a major correlation between the coverage of these services and the indexes of mortality, especially among children.

In this chapter, the link between water and healt aspects is presented, as well as its relationship with the environment and natural resources. WATER, HEALTH AND THE ENVIRONMENT

6.1 Water and health

The child population is the most susceptible to ailments related to the poor quality of water. The following table shows the mortality rate through diarrheal diseases, observed for 100 000 children under five years old, for 2003 and 2004, from which it becomes apparent that in all of the states of Mexico apart from Zacatecas, reductions in this rate were recorded during this period.

Mortality through diarrheal diseases in children under five years old, by state, 2003 and 2004

44.7 Chiapas 69.4 33.2 Oaxaca 50.1 31.2 Puebla 43.0 28.7 State of Mexico 40.1 24.5 Tlaxcala 41.7 21.2 Tabasco 33.7 18.5 Guerrero 21.9 17.2 Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave 30.2 16.3 Guanajuato 26.2 15.9 San Luis Potosi 23.0 15.5 Querétaro de Artega 23.5 14.8 Zacatecas 13.6 2004 14.6 Michoacan de Ocampo 21.2 2003 14.0 Morelos 22.6 12.9 Nayarit 20.1 12.1 Quintana Roo 26.2 11.8 Chihuahua 19.9 11.7 Campeche 15.4 11.5 Baja California 19.5 11.1 Distrito Federal 19.4 11.0 Yucatan 33.3 10.5 Jalisco 20.0 9.7 Colima 11.5 9.4 Sonora 22.8 8.4 Aguascalientes 19.1 7.9 Hidalgo 11.6 7.2 Durango 8.2 7.1 Coahuila de Zaragoza 10.3 6.6 Tamaulipas 7.2 6.5 Baja California Sur 23.8 5.1 Sinaloa 11.1 4.2 Nuevo Leon 15.7

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Mortality rate for 100 000 inhabitants

NOTE: The rate observed corresponds to the mortality for every 100 000 children under five years old. SOURCE: Ministry of Health. General Office for Performance Evaluation. http://evaluacion.salud.gob.mx/indicators/indicators2.html, Mexico, 2007.

140 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 CHAPTER SIX

Additionally, it has been shown that as drinking water coverage increases, the rate of mortality decreases in children under five years old, as is demonstrated by the following figure:

Percentage of drinking water coverage and Mortality rate through diarrheal diseases in children of under 5 years old, annual series froM 1990 to 2005

140.0

92 122.7 89.4 120.0 88.5 89 89.2 89.3 89.2 87.4 95.1 86.4 100.0 87 85.7 84.1 85 63.3 82.2 80.0 59.3 82 60.0

Percentages 81.3 42.9 37.8 80.4 33.0 29.0 40.0 47.7 27.9 Mortality rate for 77 79 25.3 23.2 20.7 20.7 77.7 17.8 17.4 20.0 every 100 000 inhabitants

72 0.0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Year Drinking water coverage Mortality rate

SOURCE: Conagua. Planning Division. Produced based on data from the Ministry of Health. General Office for Performance Evaluation. http://evaluacion.salud.gob.mx/indicators/indicators2.html. Mexico, 2007.

The purpose of disinfecting water is to destroy or inactivate pathogenic agents and other micro-organisms, with the aim of ensuring that the consumer receives water that is apt for human consumption.

The effectiveness of the disinfection procedure of the water that is supplied to the population is evaluated through the determination of residual free chlorine, which is a fundamental indicator, and the presence of which in the domestic outlet signals the efficiency of the disinfection. It should be noted that, according to data from COFEPRIS, the national average in terms of chlorination efficiency is 90.1%.

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 141 WATER, HEALTH AND THE ENVIRONMENT

chlorination efficiency, 2005

Quintana Roo 99.1 Coahuila 98.6 Puebla 98.5 Nuevo Leon 98.3 Tlaxcala 98.0 San Luis Potosi 98.0 Queretaro Arteaga 97.7 Tamaulipas 97.1 Morelos 96.7 Campeche 95.5 Federal District 95.4 Aguascalientes 95.2 Chihuahua 94.0 Tabasco 93.7 Guanajuato 93.2 Hidalgo 92.6 Colima 92.1 Sonora 91.7 Baja California 91.0 State of Mexico 90.6 Yucatan 90.3 Zacatecas 90.0 Veracruz 88.9 Jalisco 88.3 Sinaloa 88.2 Michoacan de Ocampo 82.4 Oaxaca 81.4 Guerrero 75.8 Baja California Sur 74.7 Chiapas 74.4

Nayarit 72.2 National average 90.1% Durango 71.1

70 80 90 100 Percentage of efficiency

Above the national average Below the national average

SOURCE: Cofepris. Bacteriological Quality www.COFEPRIS.gob.mx/pyp/agua/agua%20_p_1.htm. June 2007.

142 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 CHAPTER SIX

6.2 Soils, vegetation and forests

As a part of the National Inventory of Forests and Soils (2001-2002), the SEMARNAT estimated that around 45% of the surface of Mexico is affected by various processes and intensities of soil degradation. The main processes which cause this are chemical degradation, water and wind erosion, responsible between them for 87% of the degradation of the area affected, as shown in the following figure:

Main soil degradation Processes in Mexico, 2002

Phyical degradation Water 13% erosion 26% Chemical degradation Wind 40% erosion 21%

SOURCE: Semarnat. National Environmental and Natural Resources Information System. Compendium of Environmental Statistics 2006, Mexico, 2007.

surface affected by soil degradation, 2002

PERCENTAGE AS SURFACE PERCENTAGE AS REGARDS REGARDS THE TYPE OF DEGRADATION AFFECTED THE SURFACE OF THE TOTAL WITH (thousands of Km2) NATIONAL TERRITORY DEGRADATION

Water erosion 230 26.1 11.8

Wind erosion 185 21.0 9.5

Chemical degradation 350 39.7 17.9

Physical degradation 116 13.2 5.9

Total with degradation 881 100.0 45.2

Without apparent degradation 1 069 54.8

National total 1 950 100.0

SOURCE: Semarnat. National Environmental and Natural Resources Information System. Compendium of Environmental Statistics 2006, Mexico, 2007.

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 143 WATER, HEALTH AND THE ENVIRONMENT

Vegetation

According to data from series III of INEGI’s Charter for Use of Soil and Vegetation, the more than 140 million hectares of natural vegetation that exist in Mexico are the equivalent of 73 percent of the country’s total surface, which is covered by four main vegetable formations: forest, rainforest, brushwood, and pasture. The incidence of these types of vegetation on the national territory is shown in the following table:

surface covered by tyPe of natural vegetation in Mexico, 2002

AREA CONCEPT PERCENTAGE (thousands of hectares)

Brushwood 52 880 37.3

Forest 34 156 24.1

Rainforest 32 936 23.2

Pasture 10 316 7.3

Other types of vegetation 11 525 8.1

Total 141 813 100.0

SOURCE: Conagua. Planning Division. Produced based on data from: Semarnat. National Environmental and Natural Resources Information System. Compendium of Environmental Statistics 2006. Mexico, 2007. UNAM. Geography Institute. Geographic Research. The current state of forest resources in Mexico: Results of the National Forest Inventory, 2000. Newsletter of the Geography Institute. Number 43. Mexico, 2000.

vegetation in Mexico

SOURCE: Conagua. Planning Division. Produced based on data from INEGI. Charter for Use of Soil and Vegetation. Series III. Mexico, 2003.

144 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 CHAPTER SIX

Conservation of forests

In 2000, the SEMARNAT estimated that the deforested surface area in Mexico was 10.8 thousand km2 per year, distributed as follows: 2.6 forests, 5.1 rainforests and 3.1 arid zones. The main causes of this deforestation are the change in use of the soil (mainly for urban and agricultural uses), illegal tree felling and forest fires. As regards the latter, the great majority of them have purely anthropogenic causes, and are thus avoidable.

surface affected by forest fires and nuMber of fires, annual series froM 1991 to 2006

16.0 10.0 14.4 14.0 9.0 8.5 8.0 12.0

10.3 7.0 ) 9.7 2 10.0 9.3 8.6 8.6 6.0 7.9 8.0 8.3 8.2 8.2 8.0 5.0 6.3 7.8 5.2 6.3 6.0 4.0 3.2 affected Surface

3.1 km of (thousands 2.7 2.8 2.8 3.0 2.4 2.5 2.3 2.4 Number of fires (thousands) 4.0 2.1 2.3 1.4 2.0 1.1 1.4 2.0 0.8 0.4 1.0 0.0 0.0 1991 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Year

Surface affected (thousands of km2) Number of fires (thousands)

FUENTE: Conagua. Planning Division. Produced based on data from the SEMARNAT. National Environmental and Natural Resources Information System. Compendium of Environmental Statistics 2006. Mexico, 2007.

The greatest impact of deforestation is the loss of soil. From this derives the importance of reforesting in places with pronounced backlogs. The following figure shows the new surface reforested in Mexico between 1993 and 2005.

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 145 WATER, HEALTH AND THE ENVIRONMENT

surface reforested in Mexico, annual series froM 1993 to 2005 (Thousands of km2)

300

250 240 225 225 201 196 200 187 183 165 150 140 110

100 Surface Reforested 64 42 50 15 0 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

FUENTE: Conagua. Planning Division. Produced based on data from the SEMARNAT. National Environmental and Natural Resources Information System. Compendium of Environmental Statistics 2006. Mexico, 2007.

6.3 Biodiversity With the aim of conserving the status of protected areas, as well as ensuring that they retain their function as areas of groundwater recharge, the necessary decrees are established for the protection of ground-based ecosystems and wetlands in particular, both nationally and worldwide.

In Mexico, the number of protected areas for flora and fauna increased to 158 in 2006, covering a total surface area of 220 000 km2. The following figure shows the land and coast areas covered by the protected areas.

146 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 CHAPTER SIX

Protected areas in Mexico, by hydrological-adMinistrative region, 2006

SOURCE: Semarnat.National Environmental and Natural Resources Information System. Compendium of Environmental Statistics 2006. Mexico, 2007.

evolution in the nuMber of Protected areas in Mexico, annual series froM 1997 to 2006

MANAGEMENT CATEGORY 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Biosphere reserves 20 23 26 31 31 33 34 34 35 35

National Parks 61 64 64 66 66 65 65 65 67 67

Natural monuments 3344444444

Natural resources protection areas 7 5 5 1 1 2 2 2 2 6

Flora and fauna protection areas 9 11 11 21 22 26 27 26 28 29

Sanctuaries 0 0 0 0 0 17 17 17 17 17

Other categories 8 8 7 4 4 1 1 2 1 NA

Total 108 114 117 127 128 148 150 150 154 158

NOTE: From 2006 onwards, the series ‘other categories’ was included in the series of ‘flora and fauna protection areas’. NA = Not applicable SOURCE: SEMARNAT. Compendium of Environmental Statistics 2006. Mexico, 2007.

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 147 WATER, HEALTH AND THE ENVIRONMENT

total accuMulated nuMber of Protected areas in Mexico, annual series froM 1997 to 2006

70 66 66 67 67 64 64 6565 65 61 60

50

40 35 33 34 34 35 31 31 28 29 30 26 26 27 26 23 22 20 21 20 1717 17 17 17 11 11 9 10 6 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 7 5 4 334 1 2222 0 1 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Natural monuments Natural resources protection areas Sanctuaries Flora and fauna protection areas Biosphere reserves National Parks

SOURCE: Conagua. Planning Division. Produced based on data from CONANP. Geographical Information System. www.conanp.gob.mx/sig. June 2007.

total accuMulated surface of the Protected areas in Mexico, annual series froM 1997 to 2006

109 565 109,565 110 000 104 363 104 363 104 732 104 795 104 795 100 000 91 633 90 000 87 610

80 000 80 808

70 000 62,599 60 731 km 2 60 000 53 719 55 587 53 719 48 390 50 000 44 740 40 000

30 000

20 000 16 605 16 677 16 677 13 970 13 464 13 464 13 972 13 972 13 972 14 570 14,570 13 711 13 965 10 000 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Flora and fauna protection areas Biosphere Reserves National Parks

NOTE: The series ‘natural monuments’, ‘natural resources protection areas’, ‘sanctuaries’ and ‘other categories’ were not considered for the purpose of this graphic. SOURCE: Conagua. Planning Division. Produced based on data from the SEMARNAT. National Environmental and Natural Resources Information System. Compendium of Environmental Statistics 2006. Mexico, 2007.

148 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 CHAPTER SIX

Evolution of the surface of protected areas in Mexico, annual series from 1997 to 2000 (km2)

Management 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 category

Biosphere reserves 80 808 87 610 91 633 104 363 104 363 104 732 104 795 104 795 109 565 109 565

National Parks 13 711 13 965 13 970 13 464 13 464 13 972 13 972 13 972 14 570 14 570

Natural monuments 130.23 130.23 140.93 140.93 140.93 140.93 140.93 140.93 140.93 140.93

Natural resources 2 034 1 179 1 179 1 836 1 836 397 397 397 397 33 507 protection areas

Flora and fauna 16 605 16 677 16 677 44 740 48 390 53 719 55 587 53 719 60 731 62 599 protection areas

Sanctuaries 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.89 6.89 6.89 6.89 6.89

Other categories 4 189 4 189 3 711 6 022 6 022 1 867 3 664 5 531 1 867 NA

Total 117 478 123 752 127 311 170 566 174 216 174 835 178 562 178 562 187 279 220 388

NOTE: From 2006 onwards, the sites and surface area of the series ‘other categories’ were included in the series ‘flora and fauna protection areas’. NA = Not applicable. SOURCE: Conagua. Planning Division. Produced based on data from the SEMARNAT. National Environmental and Natural Resources Information System. Compendium of Environmental Statistics 2006. Mexico, 2007. According to data from the SEMARNAT, it is calculated that around 10% of the global diversity of species is concentrated in Mexico, which makes it one of the so-called “mega-diverse” countries. As regards the number of species, Mexico is in first place worldwide in terms of reptiles, second for mammals, fourth for amphibians and fifth for plants.

It is estimated that in Mexico there exist approximately 212 932 species, of which 64 878 have a scientific name. Nevertheless, the country is threatened by the loss of the natural habitat in which these species are established, and these species are thus in danger of extinction. In the following, some groups at risk are shown:

Species at risk Rare species / species Taxonomic Species in Species at Percentage of probably extinct in group Mexico riskaa the group at risk forests Invertebrates At least 171 480 44 At least 0.03 NA Amphibians 361 197 54.6 0 Fish 2 122 174 8.2 11 Reptiles 803 466 58.0 0 Birds 1 282 352 27.5 16 Mammals 478 288 60.3 7

Gymnosperms 25 830 1084 4.2 4 and fanerogams

Cactuses 913 285 31.2 0 Mushrooms 6 000 a 120 000 47 0.04 a 0.78b 0

NOTE: NA Not available a The categories at risk considered within the Mexican standard are: in danger of extinction, under threat and subject to special protection. b In the case of mushrooms, the percentage of the species at risk as a percentage of all known species was calculated taking into account the highest and lowest values of reported species. SOURCE: Semarnat. National Environmental and Natural Resources Information System. Compendium of Environmental S tatistics 2005. Mexico, 2007.

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 149 WATER, HEALTH AND THE ENVIRONMENT

6.4 Wetlands

Wetlands constitute a basic and irreplaceable link of the water cycle. Their conservation and sustainable management may ensure the biological richness and environmental services that they perform, such as water storage, the conservation of aquifers, water purification through nutrient, sediment and pollutant retention, protection against storms and flood mitigation, the stabilization of coasts and erosion control.

These ecosystems have gone through transformation processes with various purposes, and the lack of knowledge on them and their inappropriate management constitute some of the main problems that adversely affect their conservation in Mexico. For all of the above, they have recently been the subject of standardization and protection efforts, so to conserve them.

Nationally, as stipulated in the 1992 National Water Law, it is the CONAGUA’s responsibility to carry out and update the National Inventory of Wetlands, as well as to mark their limits, classify them and propose standards for their protection, restoration and use.

wetlands with More than 100 000 hectares in Mexico, registered in the raMsar convention

SOURCE: CONANP’s Geographical Information System. Mexico, June 2007.

150 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 CHAPTER SIX

For this purpose an inter-institutional group has been created that brings together interests on wetlands, from various instances of the federal government. Among other institutions, the members of this group include the CONAGUA, the National Commission for the Knowledge and Use of Biodiversity, the National Population Council, the National Ecological Institute, the National Statistics, Geography and Informatics Institute, and, on behalf of the Ministry of the Environment and Natural Resources, the General Office of Federal Maritime Ground and Environmental Coastal Zones.

Internationally, an intergovernmental Convention was signed in the city of Ramsar (Iran, 1971), known as the Ramsar Convention. This Convention “provides the framework for national action and international cooperation for the conservation and wise use of wetlands and their resources”4.

Up to December 2006, 65 Mexican wetlands had been registered in the Ramsar Convention, and at the close of this edition, two further wetlands in Mexico had been added, bringing the total surface area of the country registered to 5.3 million hectares. In annex, you will find a complete list of the Mexican wetlands registered in the Ramsar Convention. Among the 67 Mexican wetlands now registered in this Convention, the most important in terms of size are shown in the preceding figure.

4 Página web de la Convensión Ramsar. www.ramsar.org/index.htm. Junio 2007.

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 151

Chapter 7 CHAPTER SEVEN Future Scenarios

Due to the growth in the country’s population and economic activity, in the year 2030 the situation as regards water resources in Mexico will be even more critical, especially if the current trends in the use of water are maintained. In some regions of the country, the availability of water could even reach serious levels of scarcity.

In order to face up to this situation, in the National Water Program 2007-2012, goals, strategies and corresponding targets have been established, which require the common participation of all stakeholders involved in the management and preservation of water.

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 153 FUTURE SCENARIOS

7.1 Growth trends

One of the most important aspects that will define Mexico’s future is the population growth. According to estimations by the CONAPO, between 2006 and 2030, the population of Mexico will increase by almost 15.8 million people. Furthermore, approximately 81% of the total population will be based in urban localities.

Projected urban and rural PoPulation growth in Mexico, 2005 to 2030

120 Rural 100

80 U rban 60

40

Millions of inhabitants 20

0 2006 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

Year

TYPE OF POPULATION 2006 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

Rural 24.50 24.42 24.28 24.10 23.86 23.50 Urban 80.83 84.38 88.40 91.98 95.09 97.61 Total 105.33 108.80 112.68 116.08 118.95 121.11 NOTE: Data interpolated on December 31st, every year. The rural population is considered as that which lives in localities of less than 2 500 inhabitants, whereas the urban population refers to that of 2 500 inhabitants or more. SOURCE: CONAGUA. Planning Division. Produced based on data from CONAPO. Population Predictions in Mexico 2005-2050. Mexico, 2006.

It is estimated that 69% of the population growth for 2030 will occur in the Hydrological- Administrative Regions VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific, XIII Waters of the Valley of Mexico, VI Rio Bravo and I Baja California Peninsula. On the other hand, the regions III Northern Pacific and V Southern Pacific will experience a decrease in their population.

154 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 CHAPTER SEVEN

PoPulation in 2006 and 2030, by hydrological-adMinistrative region (Thousands of inhabitants)

POPUlATION EXPECTEd INCREASE HydROlOgICAl-AdMINISTRATIvE REgION 2006 2030 IN POPUlATION I Baja California Peninsula 3 481 5 915 2 434 II Northwest 2 549 2 910 361 III Northern Pacific 3 958 3 795 - 163 Iv Balsas 10 488 11 127 639 v Southern Pacific 4 099 4 015 - 84 vI Rio Bravo 10 560 13 252 2 692 vII Central Basins of the North 4 086 4 568 482 vIII lerma-Santiago-Pacific 20 443 23 512 3 069 IX Northern gulf 4 926 5 099 173 X Central gulf 9 549 9 925 376 XI Southern Border 6 452 7 504 1 052 XII yucatan Peninsula 3 825 5 807 1 982 XIII Waters of the valley of Mexico 20 917 23 673 2 756 Total 105 333 121 104 15 771

NOTE: The prediction considers the population interpolated on December 31st, every year. SOURCE: CONAPO. Population Predictions in Mexico 2005-2050. Mexico, 2006.

By the year 2030, it is expected that 53% of all Mexicans will be based in 35 population centers of more than 500 000 inhabitants, which are shown in the following figure:

PoPulation centers of More than 500 000 inhabitants, Prediction for 2030

Tijuana MZ Mexicali Ensenada Juarez MZ

Hermosillo Chihuahua MZ

Nuevo Laredo MZ La Laguna MZ Reynosa MZ Matamoros MZ San Luis Potosi MZ Durango Monterrey MZ Aguascalientes MZ Saltillo MZ Leon MZ Tampico MZ Cancun MZ Irapuato Pachuca MZ Merida MZ Guadalajara MZ Queretaro MZ Valle de Mexico MZ Puerti Vallarta MZ Puebla-Tlaxcala MZ Solidaridad Population Morelia MZ Xalapa MZ Toluca MZ Veracruz MZ 500 000 - 1 000 000 Cuernavaca MZ Villahermosa MZ 1 000 000 - 1 500 000 Acapulco MZ Tuxtla Gutierrez MZ 1 500 000 - 3 000 000 3 000 000 - 5 000 000 More than 5 000 000 Hydrological-Administrative Regions MZ Metropolitan Zones

NOTE: Includes metropolitan zones and isolated municipalities. SOURCE: CONAGUA. Planning Division. Produced based on data from: SEDESOL, INEGI and CONAPO. Limits of the metropolitan zones in Mexico. Mexico, 2004. INEGI. II Census on Population and Housing 2005. Mexico, 2006. CONAPO. Population Predictions in Mexico 2005-2050. Mexico, 2006. STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 155 FUTURE SCENARIOS

The following figure shows how the increase in the population will mean the mean natural per capita water availability nationwide decreasing from 4 416 m3/inhabitant/year to 3 841 in 2030.

Predictions of the Mean natural Per caPita water availability in Mexico, selected years froM 2006 to 2030 (m3/inhabitant/year)

NOTE: The following data was considered: For the total mean natural availability, 465 137 million cubic meters per year (data from 2006). For the population, the data is estimated up to December, based on CONAPO’s 2005-2050 population predictions. SOURCE: CONAGUA. Planning Division. Produced based on data from: CONAPO. Population Predictions in Mexico 2005-2050. Mexico, 2006. CONAGUA. Technical Division.

Up to 2030, in some of the country’s Hydrological-Administrative Regions, the mean natural water availability will reach levels close to or even less than 1 000 m3/inhabitant/year, a condition classified as serious scarcity. As indicated in the following table, the Hydrological- Administrative Regions I Baja California Peninsula, VI Rio Bravo and XIII Waters of the Valley of Mexico in particular run the risk of finding themselves in a situation of scarcity.

156 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 CHAPTER SEVEN

Mean natural per capita water availability by Hydrological-Administrative Region, 2006 and 2030

Mean natural Mean natural per Mean natural per Hydrological- availability capita availability capita availability Administrative Region in 2006 in 2030 (hm3/year) (m3/inhabitant/year) (m3/inhabitant/year)

I Baja California Peninsula 4 600 1 321 778

II Northwest 7 944 3 116 2 729

III Northern Pacific 25 681 6 489 6 767

IV Balsas 21 277 2 029 1 912

V Southern Pacific 32 496 7 928 8 094

VI Rio Bravo 11 938 1 131 901

VII Central Basins of the North 8 394 2 055 1 838

VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 34 003 1 663 1 446

IX Northern Gulf 25 619 5 201 5 024

X Central Gulf 102 779 10 764 10 356

XI Southern Border 157 754 24 450 21 022

XII Yucatan Peninsula 29 645 7 750 5 105

XIII Waters of the Valley of Mexico 3 009 144 127

Total 465 137 4 416 3 841

Special attention will have to be paid to groundwater, since its overexploitation brings about the subsidence of the phreatic levels, the sinking of ground levels and causes wells to have to be dug deeper and deeper to withdraw water. It is worth mentioning that the majority of the rural population, especially in arid areas, depends almost exclusively on groundwater.

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 157 FUTURE SCENARIOS

Mean natural Per caPita water availability, by hydrological-adMinistrative region, 2006

SOURCE: CONAGUA. Planning Division. Produced based on data from: CONAPO. Population Predictions in Mexico 2005-2050. Mexico, 2006. CONAGUA. Technical Division.

158 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 CHAPTER SEVEN

Predicted Mean natural Per caPita availability, by hydrological-adMinistrative region, 2030

NOTE: Considers the population interpolated on December 31st, every year. SOURCE: CONAGUA. Planning Division. Produced based on data from: CONAPO. Population Predictions in Mexico 2005-2050. Mexico, 2006. CONAGUA. Technical Division.

With the aim of facing up to the decrease in the availability of water over the coming years, it will be necessary to carry out actions to reduce its demand, through the increase in efficiency of the use of water for crop irrigation and in water distribution systems in cities. Furthermore, the volume of wastewater that is treated and reused must increase significantly, with the objective of enhancing the availability of water of appropriate quality for the uses for which it is destined.

Additionally, in order to carry on guaranteeing social development, it will be necessary to significantly increase the coverage of drinking water and sanitation.

In the following table, the values of the main indicators are shown for a desirable future, which shows the path to the objective of Sustainable Human Development.

situation in 2005 and desirable scenario in 2030 of the Main indicators CURRENT INdICATOR dESIRABlE SCENARIO SITUATION Efficiency of the use of water in irrigation 47% 64% Efficiency in the distribution of water in cities 58% 76% drinking water coverage 89% 98% Sanitation coverage 86% 94% Percentage of wastewater treated 35% 90%

SOURCE: CONAGUA. Planning Division. STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 159 FUTURE SCENARIOS

7.2 National Development Plan 2007-2012

The National Development Plan 2007-2012 (NDP) has the objective of establishing the national goals, strategies and priorities so that, in the current administration, progress may be made towards the achievement of the vision that we have presented for our nation over the coming years.

The objectives of the NDP are aligned with those of the Vision Mexico 2030, which aims to allow “…all Mexicans to have a dignified existence without compromising the inheritance of the future generations”. The Vision has been formulated as follows:

“Towards 2030, we Mexicans see Mexico as a country of laws, where our families and our inheritance are assured, and we can exercise our freedoms and rights without any restrictions; a country with a highly competitive economy with a dynamic and sustainable growth, generating sufficient well-paid employment; a country with equal opportunities for all, where Mexicans fully exercise their social rights and where poverty has been eradicated; a country with a sustainable development in which there exists a culture of respect and of conservation of the environment; a fully democratic nation whose leaders offer clear accounts to the citizens, in which the political actors work together in a responsible manner and build agreements to promote the permanent development of the country; a nation that has consolidated a mature and equitable relationship with North America, and shows leadership in Latin America

In the NDP, national goals and strategies are established for each of the five areas of public policy that compose it, as well as a series of targets associated with them. These areas are:

1. State of law and security. 2. Competitive economy that generates employment. 3. Equal opportunities. 4. Environmental sustainability. 5. Effective democracy and responsible foreign policy.

From the NDP, sector-wide, special, institutional and regional programs have been derived, among which figures the National Water Program 2007-2012.

160 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 CHAPTER SEVEN

7.3 National Water Program 2007-2012

In the framework of the NDP, the appropriate management and preservation of water plays a fundamental role, given its importance to social wellbeing, economic development and the preservation of our nation’s ecological richness. It is important to underline that we aspire to be a nation with water in sufficient quantity and quality, that recognizes its strategic value, uses it efficiently and protects its water bodies, in order to guarantee sustainable development and the preservation of the environment.

The National Water Program 2007-2012 (NWP) incorporates the goals and strategies associated with the management and preservation of water, and is formulated in a participative manner based on the following elements:

• National Development Plan 2007-2012. • National Environment and Natural Resources Program 2007-2012. • National Water Programs from previous administrations. • Regional water programs. • Specially organized workshops on themes of particular relevance. • Public consultation carried out through the CONAGUA’s web page in order to gather the proposals from the citizens.

The goals that are established in the NWP are the following:

1. To improve the productivity of water in the agricultural sector. 2. To increase the access and quality of drinking water, sewerage and sanitation services. 3. To promote the integrated and sustainable management of water in watersheds and aquifers. 4. To improve the technical, administrative and financial development of the water sector. 5. To consolidate the participation of users and organized society in the management of water and promote the culture of its correct use. 6. To prevent the risks from meteorological and hydrometeorological phenomena and attend their consequences. 7. To evaluate the effects of climate change on the hydrological cycle. 8. To create a culture of contribution and accomplishment of the National Water Law at an administrative level.

For each of these goals, the corresponding strategies and the targets associated to them have been established. Additionally, the organizations and institutions most closely related to each goal have been included, as well as the challenges to be overcome in order to reach the planned targets.

In coordination with the NWP, the water programs for each Hydrological-Administrative Region and the specific programs for each of the country’s aquifers and watersheds have been drawn up.

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 161

Chapter 8 Water in the World

In this chapter, a series of indicators associated with water are presented for various countries of the world, thus allowing Mexico’s position to be analyzed in the international context.

The chapter ends with a review of the main international events that have allowed for progress in the designing of public policies that foster a better management of water resources, from the Mar del Plata Conference in 1977 to the 4th World Water Forum in Mexico City in March 2006. WATER IN THE WORLD

8.1 Socio-economic and demographic aspects

In 1950, the world population was 2 520 million people, whereas for 2005, it had risen to 6 464 million. It is estimated that for 2010, this population will be 6 843 million, and that this future growth will be concentrated mainly in the least developed countries, where the population is growing at a rate five times faster than that of developed countries.

A further characteristic of the world demography is the trend towards a concentration of the population in urban centers. This trend is even more pronounced in the least developed countries of the world.

Growth of the world population by urban and rural sectors, from 1950 to 2010

7000

6000

5000

4000 Urban 3000

2000 Rural 1000

0 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Year 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Rural 1788 2078 2368 2688 3008 3241 3368 Urban 732 1031 1329 1800 2271 2845 3475 Total 2520 3109 3697 4488 5279 6086 6843

SOURCE: CONAGUA. Planning Division. Produced based on data from UNDESA. World Urbanization Prospects: The 2005 Revision. www.un.org/esa/population/publications/WUP2005/2005wup.htm. June 2007.

164 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 CHAPTER EIGHT

As a consequence of this trend towards a concentration in urban centers, it may be observed that the majority of the world population lives in mega-cities.

Largest population centers of the world, according to total population, 2005 Population No. Urban center (millions of inhabitants) 1 Tokyo, Japan 35.20 2 Mexico City, Mexico 19.24a 3 New York, USA 18.72 4 Sao Paulo, Brazil 18.33 5 Bombay, India 18.20 6 Delhi, India 15.05 7 Shanghai, China 14.50 8 Calcutta, India 14.28 9 Jakarta, Indonesia 13.22 10 Buenos Aires, Argentina 12.55 11 Dhaka, Bangladesh 12.43 12 Los Angeles, USA 12.30 13 Karachi, Pakistan 11.61 14 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 11.47 15 Osaka, Japan 11.27 16 Cairo, Egypt 11.13 17 Beijing, China 10.72 18 Manila, Filipinas 10.69 19 Paris, France 9.82 20 Seoul, Republic of Korea 9.59 NOTE: a Population of the Metropolitan Zone of the Valley of Mexico SOURCE: CONAGUA. Planning Division. Produced based on data from: UNDESA. World Urbanization Prospects: The 2005 Revision. www.un.org/esa/population/publications/WUP2005/2005wup.htm. June 2007. SEDESOL, INEGI and CONAPO. Limits of the metropolitan zones in Mexico. Mexico, 2004.

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 165 WATER IN THE WORLD

In the following table, the countries of the world with the largest population are presented, among which Mexico is ranked 11th out of a total of 222. It is worth mentioning that there are five countries, in addition to Mexico, that appear in every table of this chapter as references, namely Brazil, the United States of America, France, South Africa and Turkey, so as to be able to illustrate the situation of these countries in the international context.

Countries of the world with the largest population, 2005 Population POPULATION LAND EXTENSION No. Country (millions of DENSITY (km²) inhabitants) (hab/km²) 1 China 1 329.93 9 598 138.56 2 India 1 096.92 3 287 333.69 3 United States of America 300.04 9 629 31.16 4 Indonesia 225.31 1 905 118.30 5 Brazil 182.80 8 515 21.47 6 Pakistan 161.15 796 202.43 7 Bangladesh 152.59 144 1059.67 8 Russia 141.55 17 098 8.28 9 Nigeria 130.24 924 140.98 10 Japan 127.91 378 338.49 11 Mexico 103.26 1 964 52.75 12 Vietnam 83.59 332 252.00 13 Philippines 82.81 300 276.03 14 Germany 82.56 357 231.24 15 Egypt 74.88 1 001 74.77 16 Ethiopia 74.19 1 104 67.18 17 Turkey 73.30 784 93.55 18 Iran 70.68 1 648 42.88 19 Thailand 64.08 513 124.89 20 France 60.71 552 110.08

28 South Africa 45.32 1 219 37.18 SOURCE: FAO. Information System on Water and Agriculture, Aquastat. www.fao.org/AG/AGL/aglw/aquastat/main/index.stml. June 2007. INEGI. Yearbook of Statistics by State, 2007 Edition. Mexico, 2007. INEGI. General Censuses.

166 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 CHAPTER EIGHT

In the following table, the countries with the highest Gross Domestic Product per capita are presented. In this category, Mexico is ranked 51st out of 178 countries evaluated.

Countries with the highest Gross Domestic Product per capita, 2005 POPULATION total DOMESTIC GROSS DOMESTIC No. COUNTRY (millions of PRODUCT PRODUCT inhabitants) (billions of USD) (per capita-USD) 1 Luxembourg 0.47 37 80 080 2 Norway 4.57 302 65 509 3 Iceland 0.29 16 53 623 4 Qatar 0.63 42 53 333 5 Switzerland 7.16 367 50 387 6 Ireland 4.04 201 48 604 7 Denmark 5.39 259 47 906 8 United States of America 300.04 12 456 41 960 9 Sweden 8.90 358 39 658 10 Netherlands 16.30 630 38 618 11 Finland 5.22 196 37 320 12 Austria 8.12 305 37 086 13 United Kingdom 59.82 2 231 37 042 14 Japan 127.91 4 557 35 672 15 Belgium 10.36 373 35 461 16 Canada 31.97 1132 35 105 17 Australia 20.09 712 34 932 18 France 60.71 2 127 33 925 19 Germany 82.56 2 792 33 865 20 Italy 57.25 1 773 30 525

51 Mexico 103.26 768 7 447

62 South Africa 45.32 242 5 160 63 Turkey 73.30 362 5 062

68 Brazil 182 798 882 4 789 SOURCE: CONAGUA. Planning Division. Produced based on: FAO. Information System on Water and Agriculture, Aquastat. www.fao.org/AG/AGL/aglw/aquastat/main/index.stml. June 2007. International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook. United States of America, 2007. Bank of Mexico, www.banxico.org.mx. June 2007. INEGI. II Census on Population and Housing 2005. Mexico, 2006.

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 167 WATER IN THE WORLD

8.2 Components of the hydrological cycle in the world

70% of the surface of the earth is covered by water. Whereas 97.5% of this total is saltwater, only 2.5% is freshwater, and of this only 0.76% is available to be used. Furthermore, this low percentage is not uniform, since there are great differences regarding the availability in the various regions of the world.

Global distribution of the world’s water

Grand Total 1 386 million km3

Freshwater 35 million km3 2.5% Groundwater 30.1% Unavailable 10.5 million km3 Saltwater 97.5% 1351 million km3 Lakes, rivers, humidity in the soil and air, 0.4% 69.5% wetlands, plants and animals. Unavailable 135 000 km3 Glaciers, snow, ice and "permafrost" 24.4 million de km3

SOURCE: CONAGUA. Planning Division. Produced based on data from Clarke, Robin and King, Jannet, The Water Atlas, United States of America, 2004.

Precipitation

Precipitation constitutes an important part of the hydrological cycle, since it produces the planet’s renewable water. However, precipitation varies from country to country and from region to region, depending on the climate and the geographical situation. In the majority of Mexico, the precipitation is torrential and occurs mainly in the summer.

The following figure shows the differences that exist between Mexico City and other cities of the world, which are characterized by either having a uniform precipitation throughout the year – cities closer to the equator, or by a variable precipitation according to the seasons – cities found to the north of the equator.

168 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 CHAPTER EIGHT

comparison of the mean monthly precipitation in various cities of the world (Millimeters)

Mexico City New York

250 250

200 200

150 138 137 141 150 104 91 99 97 93 97 87 93 87 100 74 100 81 77 84 73 50 40 32 29 50 26 18 15 19 0 0 July May May July June April June April March March August August January October October January February February December December November November September September

Beijing Paris

250 224 250 200 170 200 150 150 100 78 100 58 56 57 57 55 57 46 39 41 44 53 54 49 50 18 33 18 50 458 9 3 0 0 May July July May June June April April March March August August October January January October February February December December November November September September

New Delhi Toronto

250 250 200 200 200 200 150 123 150 100 100 77 68 68 60 66 65 71 68 70 73 62 70 67 50 23 20 19 50 15 10 15 3 10 0 0 July May July May June April June April March March August August October January January October February February December December November November September September

NOTE: The normal periods considered are variable for each city, so the years are not specified. SOURCE: CONAGUA. Planning Division. Produced based on: World Climate (www.worldclimate.com). June 2007. CONAGUA. Technical Division.

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 169 WATER IN THE WORLD

Availability of water

The mean natural per capita availability of a country may be calculated by dividing its renewable resources by the number of inhabitants. According to this criterion, Mexico is in 90th place worldwide out of 177 countries on which data exists, in terms of the mean per capita availability. It should be mentioned that in the case of Mexico, the national availability hides a strong regional variation. If Mexico were to be divided into two zones, the center and northwest would be in 131st place worldwide, whereas the south and southeast would be in 51st place.

Countries with the highest per capita mean availability, 2007 Mean natural per capita Mean precipitation AvailabilitY No. Country availability (mm) (km³) (m3/inhabitant/year) 1 Greenland 350 603 10 578 947 2 French Guiana 2 895 134 716 578 3 Iceland 1 940 170 578 231 4 Guyana 2 387 241 313 802 5 Suriname 2 331 122 276 018 6 Congo 1 646 832 212 191 7 Papua New Guinea 3 142 801 134 419 8 Gabon 1 831 164 119 273 9 Canada 537 2 902 90 767 10 Salomon Islas 3 028 45 88 690 11 Norway 1 414 382 83 589 12 New Zealand 1 732 327 83 164 13 Belize 1 705 19 69 756 14 Peru 1 738 1 913 68 400 15 Bolivia 1 146 623 68 126 16 Liberia 2 391 232 64 391 17 Chile 1 522 922 56 966 18 Laos 1 834 334 56 362 19 Paraguay 1 130 336 54 545 20 Equatorial Guinea 2 156 26 49 904

24 Brazil 1 782 8 233 45 039

77 United States of America 715 2 071 6 902

90 Mexico 772 465 4 416

103 France 867 204 3 355

105 Turkey 593 229 3 128 NOTE: 1 km3 = 1 000 hm3 = 1 billion m3. SOURCE: FAO. Information System on Water and Agriculture, Aquastat. www.fao.org/AG/AGL/aglw/aquastat/main/index.stml. June 2007. CONAGUA. Technical Division.

170 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 CHAPTER EIGHT

Water quality

The deterioration in water quality constitutes a serious environmental, economic and social problem. It is particularly important in developing countries, where the treatment of wastewater is severely limited. Poor water quality increases the pressure on water resources and limits the development possibilities of the countries of the world.

According to the United National Environment Programme (UNEP), the first place in terms of water quality in the world is Finland, with an indicator of 1.85, whereas Mexico is in 106th place out of a total of 122, with an indicator of -0.69. These figures are based on several factors, such as the quantity and quality of freshwater, in particular surface water, wastewater treatment installations, as well as legal aspects such as the existence of anti-pollution regulations.

Countries with the greatest water quality, 2002 No. COUNTRY WATER QUALITY INDICATOR 1 Finland 1.85 2 New Zealand 1.53 3 Canada 1.45 4 United Kingdom 1.42 5 Japan 1.32 6 Norway 1.31 7 Russia 1.30 8 Republic of Korea 1.27 9 Sweden 1.19 10 France 1.13 11 Portugal 1.09 12 United States of America 1.04 13 Argentina 1.03 14 Hungary 0.93 15 Philippines 0.91 16 Switzerland 0.87 17 Ireland 0.86 18 Austria 0.85 19 Iceland 0.74 20 Australia 0.73

23 Brazil 0.64

45 Turkey 0.10

48 South Africa 0.09

106 Mexico -0.69 NOTE: a The higher the indicator, the greater the water quality. SOURCE: UNESCO-WWAP. Water for People, Water for Life. 1st World Water Development Report, France, 2003.

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 171 WATER IN THE WORLD

Climate change

Climate change has affected natural and human systems all around the world, through the increase in concentrations of greenhouse gases caused by human actions, which has caused an increase in the temperature of all continents and in the majority of oceans. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) estimates that over the last 100 years, the earth has registered an increase of between 0.4º C and 0.8º C in its average temperature, and that this increase will continue in the coming years.

variation in the Global temperature, from 1880 to 2006

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

-0.2

-0.4

-0.6

-0.8 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Mean annual value 5-year average

SOURCE: NASA. Goddard Institute for Space Studies. Surface Temperature Analysis. www.giss.nasa.gov/data/update/gistemp/. June 2007.

One of the direct consequences of climate change is that the mean global temperature will increase even further, which, among other effects, may cause rains to decrease and as a result the runoff of the channels and storage that feed the dams, thus affecting the availability of water for cities, industry, irrigation and the generation of electricity.

As regards water quality, it has been estimated that it will get worse as a consequence of the rise in temperature, which will favor the proliferation of various viruses and bacteria, rendering it necessary to intensify water disinfection and treatment actions to maintain the population’s health.

Furthermore, climate change will bring about an increase in the sea level, both through thermal expansion of the oceans and the melting of the great icecaps, which will mainly affect people, ecosystems and productive zones located close to coasts.

172 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 CHAPTER EIGHT

Extreme meteorological phenomena

According to the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), the number of victims in the world from various natural disasters increased from 147 million in 1991 to 211 million in 2000. 90% of these disasters were water-related, and the majority of their victims occurred in low-income countries, which are more vulnerable to the effects of these disasters.

According to the United Nations’ International Strategy on Disaster Reduction (UNISDR), the extent of the damage caused by water-related disasters represented approximately 200 billion dollars in 2005. Between 1985 and 1999, it is calculated that developing countries lost 13.4% of their GDP through these hydrometeorological phenomena, whereas developed countries only lost 4%. In the following figure, the various types of natural water-related disasters are shown, as well as their geographical distribution.

Types of natural Geographical distribution of natural water-related disasters water-related disasters

Landslides and avalanches 11% Oceania 3% Water-related epidemics 28% Americas 20% Africa 29%

Famine 2% Asia 35% Europe 13% Droughts 9%

Floods 50%

SOURCE: UNESCO-WWAP. Water for People, Water for Life. 1st World Water Development Report, France, 2003.

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 173 WATER IN THE WORLD

8.3 Uses of water and infrastructure

In the 20th century, the world population tripled, whereas water withdrawals were multiplied six-fold. This situation has contributed to the increase in water stress around the world. In the following table, the countries of the world with the highest per capita water withdrawal are shown:

Countries with the greatest per capita water withdrawal, 2000 Total Per capita Agricultural Public supply Industrial No. Country withdrawal withdrawal (%) (%) (%) (km3/year) (m3/inhabitant/year) 1 Turkmenistan 24.6 5 140 97.6 1.7 0.8 2 Uzbekistan 58.3 2 269 93.2 4.7 2.1 3 Kazakhstan 35.0 2 263 81.8 1.7 16.5 4 Guyana 1.6 2 147 97.6 1.8 0.6 5 Azerbaijan 17.3 2 079 67.5 4.8 27.7 6 Kirgiztan 10.1 1 989 93.7 3.2 3.1 7 Tajikistan 12.0 1 931 91.6 3.7 4.7 8 Iraq 42.7 1 742 92.2 3.2 4.6 9 United States of America 479.3 1 647 41.3 12.7 46.0 10 Suriname 0.7 1 551 92.5 4.5 3.0 11 Canada 46.0 1 470 11.8 19.6 68.7 12 Thailand 87.1 1 400 95.0 2.5 2.5 13 Ecuador 17.0 1 326 82.2 12.5 5.3 14 Bulgaria 10.5 1 318 18.8 3.0 78.2 15 Australia 23.9 1 224 75.3 14.7 10.0 16 Syria 20.0 1 148 94.9 3.3 1.8 17 Sudan 37.3 1 135 96.7 2.7 0.7 18 Pakistan 169.4 1 130 96.0 1.9 2.0 19 Portugal 11.3 1 121 78.2 9.6 12.2 20 Iran 72.9 1 071 90.9 6.8 2.3

36 Mexico 77.3 767 76.8 13.9 9.2

45 France 40.0 668 9.8 15.7 74.5

56 Turkey 37.5 534 74.3 14.8 11.0

82 Brazil 59.3 336 61.8 20.3 18.0

92 South Africa 12.5 279 62.7 31.2 6.0 NOTE: The data is from the latest year available in the period from 2000 to 2007. 1 km3 = 1 000 hm3 = 1 billion m3. SOURCE: FAO. Information System on Water and Agriculture, Aquastat. www.fao.org/AG/AGL/aglw/aquastat/main/index.stml. June 2007. CONAGUA. Water Management Division.

174 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 CHAPTER EIGHT

Industrial use

Industry is an important user of water resources and the one that pays the highest duties for its use. However, it is also the use that most pollutes water, and should therefore use it in a more efficient way and treat the wastewater that it generates, and thus ensure that it returns to nature without polluting the environment.

Developed countries dedicate a high percentage of their water withdrawals to industry, including under this heading the use of water for thermoelectric plants, a value that represents a significant proportion of the withdrawals for industrial use. Thus, for example, France employs 74.5% of its water for industrial use in thermoelectric plants, and Canada 68.7%. In general, developing countries use a relatively lesser volume under this heading.

Agricultural use

According to the United Nations’ Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), agriculture is the greatest user of water, with a worldwide average of 69% of the total of all water withdrawals. For this reason it is fundamental to make irrigation more efficient and to enhance the use of technology in order to decrease the consumption of water under this heading.

Additionally, as regards irrigation infrastructure, Mexico occupies sixth place worldwide, whereas the first places are occupied by China, India and the United States of America, as shown in the following figure:

ten countries with the larGest surface with irriGation infrastructure (Millions of hectares)

52 943 50 101

21 400 15 729 7 264 6 457 6 124 5 004 4 428 4 281 EUA Iran India Rusia China Mexico Pakistan Tailandia Indonesia Uzbekistan

NOTE: The data is from 2004 or the latest year available in cases in which the data from 2004 is not available. SOURCE: FAO. Information System on Water and Agriculture, Aquastat. www.fao.org/AG/AGL/aglw/aquastat/main/index.stml. June 2007.

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 175 WATER IN THE WORLD

Countries with the largest surface with irrigation infrastructure, 2003 Irrigation Surface with Cultivatable infrastructure Total surface irrigation No. Country surface as regards the (thousands of hectares) infrastructurea (thousands of hectares) cultivatable surface (thousands of hectares) (%) 1 China 959 806 154 850 52 943 34 2 India 328 726 169 739 50 101 30 3 United States of America 962 909 175 500 21 400 12 4 Pakistan 79 610 20 130 15 729 78 5 Iran 164 820 18 248 7 264 40 6 Mexico 196 438 27 300 6 457 23 7 Russia 1 709 824 124 373 6 124 5 8 Thailand 51 312 17 687 5 004 28 9 Indonesia 190 457 34 400 4 428 13 10 Uzbekistan 44 740 5 040 4 281 85 11 Turkey 78 356 26 013 4 186 16 12 Bangladesh 14 400 8 419 3 751 45 13 Spain 50 537 18 715 3 640 19 14 Kazakhstan 272 490 22 686 3 556 16 15 Iraq 43 832 6 019 3 525 59 16 Egypt 100 145 3 424 3 246 95 17 Japan 37 790 4 736 3 128 66 18 Vietnam 33 169 8 980 3 000 33 19 Romania 23 839 9 872 2 880 29 20 Brazil 851 488 66 600 2 870 4

25 France 55 150 19 573 2 000 10

36 South Africa 121 909 15 712 1 270 8 NOTE: a The data is from 2004 or the latest year available in cases in which the data from 2004 is not available. SOURCE: FAO. Information System on Water and Agriculture, Aquastat. www.fao.org/AG/AGL/aglw/aquastat/main/index.stml. June 2007. CONAGUA. Hydro-Agricultural Infrastructure Division.

Hydroelectricity generation

Water constitutes an important resource for the generation of energy in the world. Its two main applications in this sense are the production of electricity of hydraulic origin and its use for the purpose of cooling in thermal electricity plants.

According to the first United Nations’ World Water Development Report, of the total world production of electricity in 2001, hydroelectricity constituted 19%. It is estimated that this type of energy will increase to almost 30% around the world in 2010.

176 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 CHAPTER EIGHT

Similarly, the same report estimates that developed countries today make use of around 70% of their hydropower potential, whereas in developing countries, this figure is less than 15%. As regards its generation of hydroelectricity, Mexico is ranked 62nd out of 114 countries, with 16%, as a percentage of the total national generation of energy.

Generation of hydroelectricity by selected countries, 2003

Generation of hydroelectricity as a No. Country percentage of the total national generation (%)

1 Paraguay 100 2 Mozambique 100 3 Democratic Republic of Congo 100 4 Congo 100 5 Albania 99 6 Zambia 99 7 Cameroon 99 8 Norway 99 9 Tajikistan 98 10 Nepal 98 11 Namibia 98 12 Ethiopia 97 13 Tanzania 96 14 Uruguay 93 15 Kirgizstan 92 16 Ghana 92 17 Brazil 87 18 Coast Rica 82 19 Peru 81 20 Georgia 79

54 Turkey 25

66 Mexico 13

69 France 12

80 United States of America 6

97 South Africa 1 SOURCE: Clarke, Robin and King, Jannet, The Water Atlas, United States of America, 2004. Federal Commission for Electricity. 2005 Annual Report. Mexico, 2006.

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 177 WATER IN THE WORLD

Drinking water and sanitation

For 2004, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), 1 100 million people in the world, or 17% of the population of the planet, were lacking access to drinking water services, the most affected being the inhabitants of the Asian and African continents.

Likewise, as regards sanitation, in 2004 it was calculated that 2 400 million inhabitants did not have access to this service, or 42% of the world population, Asia and Africa again being the most disadvantaged regions of the world.

The WHO also estimates that the propagation of diarrheal diseases, malaria, hepatitis and trachoma is closely linked to the provision of drinking water and sanitation services, young children being the most at threat. Extending the coverage of the service would therefore contribute to reducing mortality through these diseases. In the following table, the countries with the highest coverage rates of drinking water and sanitation are shown. It should be mentioned that Mexico is in 90th position out of 184 countries in terms of drinking water and 67th out of 172 for sanitation.

Countries with the greatest drinking water coverage, 2004 (Percentages) Drinking water coverage No. Country (%)

1 Germany 100

2 Andorra 100

3 Aruba 100

4 Australia 100

5 Austria 100

6 Barbados 100

7 Belarus 100

8 Canada 100

9 Cyprus 100

10 Croatia 100

11 Denmark 100

12 United Arab Emirates 100

13 Slovakia 100

14 Spain 100

15 United States of America 100

16 Estonia 100

17 Finland 100

18 France 100

19 Guam 100

178 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 CHAPTER EIGHT

countries with the Greatest drinkinG water coveraGe, 2004 (Percentages) DRINKING WATER COVERAGE No. COUNTRY (%) 20 Iceland 100

62 Turkey 96

88 brazil 90

90 Mexico 89

91 South Africa 89

NOTE: The data is from 2004 or the latest year available in cases in which the data from 2004 is not available. There are 45 countries with 100% coverage of drinking water. Here we present the first 20 in alphabetic order in Spanish. SOURCE: WHO, UNICEF, Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation, Switzerland, 2006. INEGI, II Census of Water Capture, Treatment and Water Supply. Mexico, 2004.

drinkinG water coveraGe in the world, 2004

SOURCE: CONAGUA. Planning Division. Produced based on data from WHO, UNICEF, Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation, Switzerland, 2006.

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 179 WATER IN THE WORLD

Countries with the highest sanitation coverage

Sanitation coverage No. Country (%)

1 Germany 100

2 Andorra 100

3 Australia 100

4 Austria 100

5 Barbados 100

6 Canada 100

7 Cyprus 100

8 Croatia 100

9 Spain 100

10 United States of America 100

11 Finland 100

12 Iceland 100

13 Cook Islands 100

14 Japan 100

15 Monaco 100

16 Montserrat 100

17 Netherlands 100

18 Qatar 100

19 Samoa 100

20 Singapore 100

62 Turkey 88

67 Mexico 86

68 South Africa 86

85 Brazil 75

NOTE: There are 26 countries with 100% coverage. Here we present the first 20 in alphabetic order in Spanish. There is no existing data for France, among other countries. SOURCE: WHO, UNICEF, Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation, Switzerland, 2006. INEGI, II Census of Water Capture, Treatment and Water Supply. Mexico, 2004.

180 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 CHAPTER EIGHT

sanitation coveraGe in the world, 2004

SOURCE: CONAGUA. Planning Division. Produced based on data from WHO, UNICEF, Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation, Switzerland, 2006.

Virtual water and water footprint One way of measuring the impact of human activities on water resources is the so-called water footprint, which can be calculated by adding up the water used by each person for his or her activities and which is necessary to produce the goods and services that they consume.

The four main factors that determine the water footprint of a country are: the level of consumption, the type of consumption (for example the quantity of meat that each person consumes), the climate and the efficiency with which water is used. According to this concept, each human being on average uses 1 240 cubic meters of water per year; however the differences between countries are significant. For example, in Mexico an average of 1 441 cubic meters of water is required per person per year, whereas in the United States of America (the country with the biggest water footprint), 2 483 are required, and in China (one of the countries with the smallest water footprints), the figure is 702.

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 181 WATER IN THE WORLD

water footprint of selected countries, 2001 (m3/inhabitant/year)

3 000 2 483 2 500 2 325 2 049 2 000 1 875 1 615 1 441 1 393 1 381 1 500 980 931 1 000 702

500

0 USA India Spain Frane China Brazil Mexico Turkey Canada Australia South Africa

SOURCE: UNESCO-IHE, Water Footprints of Nations, Volumes 1 and 2, Netherlands, 2004.

In these calculations both the water withdrawn from aquifers, lakes, rivers and streams (known as blue water), and the rainwater that feeds rainfed crops (known as green water) are included.

A concept that is closely linked to the water footprint is that of virtual water. The virtual water content of a product is the quantity of water that was employed in its productive process. Trade between countries implies a flow of virtual water between them, which corresponds to the water that was used for the generation of the products or services imported or exported. The total volume of virtual water exchanged between the countries of the world is 1 625 billion cubic meters (km3) per year, of which approximately 80% corresponds to agricultural products, the remainder corresponding to industrial products.

Growing one kilogram of corn requires on average in the world 909 liters of water, whereas growing one kilogram of rice requires 2 291 liters. However, the production of one kilogram of beef requires on average 15 497 liters, which includes the water drunk by the cow throughout its lifetime and the water required to grow the grains that serve as its food. The following figure shows the average virtual water content of various products. The values are different in every country, depending on the climatic conditions and the efficiency in the use of water.

182 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 CHAPTER EIGHT

mean volume of water used to produce selected foodstuffs (Liters/Kg)

18 000 15 497 16 000

14 000

12 000

10 000

8 000

6 000 4 914 3 918 3 340 2 853 4 000 2 291 1 334 2 000 909 0 Egg Rice Beef Corn Wheat Cheese Chicken Sorghum

SOURCE: UNESCO-IHE, Water Footprints of Nations, Volumes 1 and 2, Netherlands, 2004.

Importing virtual water may be an option to reduce the problems of water scarcity in some countries. The countries that export virtual water should evaluate the impact of this activity on their availability of water resources and the possible distortions derived from subsidies applied to agricultural production. Water stress

As mentioned in chapter 3, the percentage represented by the water used for offstream uses compared to the total availability is an indicator of the water stress in any given country, watershed or region. It is considered that if the percentage is higher than 40%, a strong pressure is being exerted on the water resources.

In the following table, the countries with the strongest water stress are shown, this calculation being made by dividing their withdrawal by their availability. It should be noted that, as a result of their low availability, the Middle East countries figure among those that suffer from the strongest water stress, whereas Mexico is in 55th place out of 155 evaluated according to this indicator.

Additionally, the north, center and northwest area of Mexico is experiencing 47% water stress, which would place it in 26th position worldwide, with a water stress considered as strong. On the other hand, the south and southeast area has only 3% water stress, a relatively low degree, which would place it in 94th place worldwide.

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 183 WATER IN THE WORLD

water stress

SOURCE: CONAGUA. Planning Division. Produced based on data from: FAO. Information System on Water and Agriculture, Aquastat. www.fao.org/AG/AGL/aglw/aquastat/main/index.stml. June 2007. CONAGUA. Technical Division.

countries with the stronGest water stress, 2007

AVAIlAbIlITY TOTAl WITHDRAWAl WATER STRESS No. COUNTRY (km³) (km³) (%)

1 Kuwait 0.02 0.45 2 250 2 United Arab Emirates 0.15 2.31 1 540 3 libya 0.60 4.81 802 4 Saudi Arabia 2.40 17.32 722 5 Qatar 0.05 0.29 547 6 bahrain 0.12 0.30 259 7 Yemen 4.10 6.63 162 8 Oman 0.99 1.35 137 9 Israel 1.67 2.04 122 10 Malta 0.05 0.06 120 11 Egypt 58.30 68.30 117 12 Jordan 0.88 1.02 116 13 Uzbekistan 50.41 58.33 116 14 barbados 0.08 0.08 100 15 Turkmenistan 24.72 24.64 100 16 Pakistan 222.67 169.38 76 17 Syria 26.26 19.95 76 18 Tajikistan 15.98 11.96 75 19 Tunisia 4.56 2.64 58

41 South Africa 50.00 12.50 25

44 United States of America 2071.00 479.29 23

184 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 CHAPTER EIGHT

53 France 203.70 39.96 20

55 Mexico 465.14 77.30 17

57 Turkey 229.30 37.52 16

NOTE: 1 km3 = 1 000 hm3 = 1 billion m3. SOURCE: CONAGUA. Planning Division. Produced based on data from: FAO. Information System on Water and Agriculture, Aquastat. www.fao.org/AG/AGL/aglw/aquastat/main/index.stml. June 2007. CONAGUA. Technical Division. CONAGUA. Water Management Division.

Storage dams in the world

The storage capacity of water for various uses and for flood control are directly proportional to the degree of hydraulic development of countries. An indicator that allows this degree to be evaluated is the per capita storage capacity. Mexico is in 19th place out of 66 countries as regards its per capita storage capacity.

Dams for selected countries, according to their per capita storage capacity

per capita satorage Storage capacity No. Country capacity number of large dams (km³) (m³/inhabitant)

1 Canada 857 26 778 793 2 Norway 49 9 889 335 3 Ghana 150 7 152 5 4 Venezuela 155 5 975 74 5 Uruguay 18 5 948 6 6 Australia 93 4 663 486 7 Sweden 38 4 243 190 8 New Zealand 17 4 131 86 9 Finland 19 3 806 55 10 Argentina 130 3 515 101 11 Brazil 550 3 110 594 12 Egypt 167 2 456 6 13 United States of America 553 1 899 6 575 14 Honduras 13 1 841 9 15 Turkey 109 1 538 625 16 Spain 56 1 377 1 196 17 Democratic Republic of Congo 5 1 319 14 18 Thailand 79 1 267 204 19 Mexico 150 1 189 667 20 Greece 13 1 164 46

27 South Africa 31 665 539

42 France 15.97 266 569

NOTE: 1 km3= 1 000 hm3 = 1 billion m3. SOURCE: CONAGUA. Planning Division. Produced based on data from: ICOLD. World Register of Dams. France, 2003. World Commission of Dams. Dams and Development: A New Framework for Decision-making, Annex V, South Africa, 2000.

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 185 WATER IN THE WORLD

8.4 Water in the international agenda

The 1970s marked an important step internationally in the issue of water, since for the first time it was placed as a priority question in the national agendas of the countries of the world, with the intention of uniting efforts to fight against the growing problem of water scarcity, its decreasing quality, and the associated risks. The following table shows the most relevant information on the international water-related events and summits, through which it is possible to measure the progress made in the sector in recent years.

Year Event Main quotes UN Conference on Water, Mar del Plata, Argentina ... Relatively little importance has been attached to water resources’ systematic 1977 Assessment of water resources. Water use measurement. The processing and compilation of data have also been seriously neglected. and efficiency

“Despite the failure to meet the quantitative goals, much was learnt from the experience of the water and sanitation decade... There was further realisation of the importance of International Drinking Water and Sanitation comprehensive and balanced country-specific approaches to the water and sanitation 1981– Decade problem. Most importantly, perhaps, was the realisation that the achievement of this goal 1990 ‘Water and Sanitation for All that was set at the beginning of the decade would take far more time and cost far more money than was originally thought.” (Choguill C., Franceys R., Cotton A., Planning for water and sanitation, 1993)

Global Consultation on Safe Water and ‘Safe water and proper means of waste disposal ... must be at the center of integrated Sanitation for the 1990’s, New Delhi, India water resources management’ Safe drinking water, environmental sanitation 1990 World Summit for Children, New York, ‘We will promote the provision of clean water in all communities for all their children, as United States of America well as universal access to sanitation.’ Health, food supply

Principle 1 : ‘Fresh water is a finite and vulnerable resource, essential to sustain life, International Conference on Water and the development and the environment’ Environment, Dublin, Ireland Principle 2 : ‘Water development and management should be based on a participatory Economic value of water, women, poverty, approach, involving users, planners and policy-makers at all levels’ resolving conflicts, natural disasters, Principle 3 : ‘Women play a central part in the provision, management and safeguarding of awareness water’ Principle 4 : ‘Water has an economic value in all its competing uses and should be recognized as an economic good’ 1992 ‘Establishing a new and equitable global partnership through the creation of new levels of cooperation among States, key sector societies and people.’ UN Conference on Environment and (Rio Declaration) Development (UNCED Earth Summit), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ‘The holistic management of freshwater ... and the integration of sectoral water plans Cooperation issues, water economics, and programmes within the framework of national economic and social policy, are of participation, drinking water and sanitation, paramount importance for action in the 1990s and beyond.’ human settlements, sustainable development, food production, climate change Agenda 21 was also adopted, a worldwide, national and local action plan to promote sustainable development. World Summit for Social Development, ‘To focus our efforts and policies to address the root causes of poverty and to provide for Copenhagen, Denmark 1995 the basic needs of all. These efforts should include the provision of ... safe drinking water Poverty, water supply and sanitation and sanitation.’

186 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 CHAPTER EIGHT

Year Event Main quotes

Second UN Conference on Human Settlements (Habitat II), Istanbul, Turkey ‘We shall also promote healthy living environments, especially through the provision of Sustainable human settlements development adequate quantities of safe water and effective management of waste.’ in an urbanizing world 1996

World Food Summit, Rome, Italy ‘To combat environmental threats to food security, in particular, drought and desertification Food, health, water and sanitation ... restore and rehabilitate the natural resource base, including water and watersheds, in depleted and overexploited areas to achieve greater production.’

1st World Water Forum, Marrakech, Morocco ‘…Recognize the basic human needs to have access to clean water and sanitation, to Water and sanitation, management of shared 1997 establish an effective mechanism for management of shared waters, to support and waters, preserving ecosystems, gender equity, preserve ecosystems, to encourage the efficient use of water...’ efficient use of water

2nd World Water Forum, the Hague, Presentation of the World Water Vision, which presents future scenarios for the year 2025 Netherlands as regards water resources. ‘Making Water Everybody’s Business’

2000 Gave rise to the Millennium Development Goals, which will allow humanity to measure and follow up on the progress in the fight against poverty, illiteracy, hunger, the lack of UN Millennium Declaration, New York, education, diseases, inequality between men and women, child and maternal mortality, United States of America and environmental degradation. As regards drinking water, the Target was established to reduce by half the proportion of people without sustainable access to drinking water, by 2015.

‘Combating poverty is the main challenge for achieving equitable and sustainable International Conference on Freshwater, development, and water plays a vital role in relation to human health, livelihood, economic Bonn, Germany growth as well as sustaining ecosystems.’ 2001 Water - key to sustainable development, ‘The conference recommends priority actions under the following three headings: governance, mobilising financial resources, - Governance capacity building, sharing knowledge - Mobilising financial resources - Capacity building and sharing knowledge’

‘We agree to halve, by the year 2015 (...) the proportion of people who do not have access World Summit on Sustainable Development, to basic sanitation, which would include actions at all levels.’ Rio+10, Johannesburg, South Africa The drinking water target was extended to “reduce by half the proportion of people 2002 Poverty eradication, sanitation, energy, without sustainable access to drinking water and basic sanitation services.” financing, integrated water resources The goal was established for countries to adopt Integrated Water Resources Management management, focus on Africa Plans by 2015.

3rd World Water Forum, Kyoto, Shiga and Osaka, Japan Governance, integrated water resources ‘We recognize that good governance, capacity building and financing are of the utmost 2003 management, gender, pro-poor policies, importance to succeed in our efforts.’ financing, cooperation, capacity-building, water use efficiency, water pollution prevention, disaster mitigation

Go into greater detail in water-related issues and the implementation of water programs 2005– International Decade for Action and projects, with the aim of contributing to the achievement of the international water- 2015 ‘Water for Life’ related goals, in Program 21, the Millennium Development Goals and the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation.

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 187 WATER IN THE WORLD

Year Event Main quotes

The regional process formalized the cooperation between the countries of the world, and 4th World Water Forum, Mexico City, Mexico gave them the platform to share their solutions to local water problems. The exchange of “Local Actions for a Global Challenge”. local actions focused the attention of decision-makers at the three levels of government • Water for Growth and Development; on the importance of empowering local actors for the successful implementation of their • Implementing Integrated Water Resources tasks. 2006 Management (IWRM); • Water and Sanitation for All; It underlined the importance of the participation of civil society in decision-making and the • Water for Food and the Environment; implementation of water actions on the ground. • Risk Management. It achieved dialogue between all stakeholders: Ministers, legislators, local authorities, experts, civil servants, young people, civil society, etc.

SOURCE: CONAGUA. Planning Division. Produced based on: UNESCO (www.unesco.org/water/wwap/milestones/index.shtml) World Water Council (www.worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=708).

8.5 4th World Water Forum

As part of this chapter, it is important to mention that Mexico was the organizer of the most relevant event worldwide in the sector, the 4th World Water Forum, which took place in Mexico City from March 16th - 22nd, 2006. The overarching theme was “Local Actions for a Global Challenge”.

The Forum’s preparatory process, which was organized via two parallel processes, regional and thematic, was carried out during the two years prior to the event and it was from these processes that the main contributions to the Forum were derived.

For the regional process, the world was divided into five regions: Africa, the Americas, Asia-Pacific, Europe, and the Middle East and North Africa, and in each of these regions a Regional Committee was created and a document was produced to present the priorities and solutions for the region.

As a result of the thematic process, 323 organizations convened 206 topic-sessions, organized within a thematic matrix containing 5 framework themes and 5 crosscutting perspectives. In this process, a thematic document was also produced containing the position of the “beacons” of the themes and perspectives around which the Forum was developed.

188 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 CHAPTER EIGHT

Thematic Matrix of the 4th World Water Forum

Framework Themes Framework Themes 1. Water for Growth and Development 1 2 3 4 5 2. Implementing Integrated Water Resources Management 3. Water Supply and Sanitation for All A 4. Water Management for Food and the Enviroment 5. Risk Management B

C

Topic Sessions Topic Crosscutting Perspectives A. New Models for Financing Local Water Initiatives D B. Institutional Development and Political Processes E C. Capacity Development and Social Learning

Crosscutting Perspectives D. Application of Science, Technology and Knowledge E. Targeting, Monitoring and Implementation Assessment

Additionally, 1 477 local actions were registered through the Forum’s website in a totally open process and in an attempt to reach tangible solutions to water-related problems at the local level. 480 were presented during the Forum in topic-sessions and 60 more in posters.

local actions by framework theme

Water for Growth and Development 266

Implementing Integrated Water Resources Management 458

Water and Sanitation for All 399

Water for Food and the Environment 251

Risk Management 103

Total 1 477

The following figure shows the distribution of the 323 conveners of the 206 topic-sessions in the Forum, by interest group.

distribution of the topic-session conveners, by interest Group

Companies Intergovernmental organizations Civil Society Organizations Governments Academia and professional organizations 0 20 40 60 80 100 120

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 189 WATER IN THE WORLD

As one of Mexico’s contributions to the world and as a result of the 4th World Water Forum’s regional process, the production of the “Water Decalogue” should be mentioned, as a series of principles that will contribute to managing and preserving the water resources of the planet’s watersheds, thus allowing its inhabitants access to drinking water and sanitation services. At the same time, these principles will help water to be recognized as an essential force for economic development and the preservation of the environment for the current and future generations.

The Water Decalogue is described below:

1) Water legislation and single institutions in charge of its management 2) Integrated basin management 3) Consensual plans to be followed by all 4) Water as a strategic resource of national security 5) Hydrosolidarity 6) Social participation and communication 7) Institutionalization of capacity-building programs 8) Efficient use and appropriate pricing for water 9) Technification of irrigation and selection of crops based on availability 10) Climate change and its effects on the hydrological cycle

8.6 The Millennium Development Goals

The United Nations’ Millennium Declaration of September 8th, 2000 in New York, gave rise to the establishment of the Millennium Development Goals and was adopted by the 189 member states of the United Nations (147 of them represented by their heads of state).

8 Goals were defined, with 18 Targets, and 48 indicators. The Goals were set for the year 2015, in the majority of cases, based on the situation in the world in 1990, and allow the progress to be measured and follow-up to be made in the fight against poverty, illiteracy, hunger, the lack of education, disease, inequalities between men and women, child and maternal mortality, and environmental degradation. In the following table a summary of the aforementioned Goals and their corresponding Targets is presented.

190 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 CHAPTER EIGHT

Millennium Development Goals and Targets

Goals Targets

1.- Reduce by half the proportion of people living on less than a dollar a day between 1990 and 2015. 1.- Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger 2.- Reduce by half the proportion of people who suffer from hunger between 1990 and 2015.

2.- Achieve universal primary education 3.- Ensure that all boys and girls complete a full course of primary education.

4.- Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education preferably by 2005, and at 3.- Promote gender equality and empower women all levels by 2015.

5.- Reduce by two thirds the mortality rate among children under five between 1990 and 4.- Reduce child mortality 2015.

5.- Improve maternal health 6.- Reduce by three quarters the maternal mortality ratio between 1990 and 2015.

7.- Halt and begin to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS by 2015. 6.- Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases 8.- Halt and begin to reverse the incidence of malaria and other major diseases by 2015.

9.- Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programmes; reverse loss of environmental resources.

7.- Ensure environmental sustainability 10.- Reduce by half the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water.

11.- Achieve significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers, by 2020. 12.- Develop further an open trading and financial system that is rule-based, predictable and non-discriminatory, includes a commitment to good governance, development and poverty reduction – nationally and internationally. 13.- Address the least developed countries’ special needs.

14.- Address the special needs of landlocked and small island developing States.

15.- Deal comprehensively with developing countries’ debt problems through national and international measures to make debt sustainable in the long term. 8.- Develop a global partnership for development 16.- In cooperation with the developing countries, develop decent and productive work for youth. 17.- In cooperation with pharmaceutical companies, provide access to affordable essential drugs in developing countries.

18.- In cooperation with the private sector, make available the benefits of new technologies – especially information and communications technologies.

SOURCE: United Nations, www.un.org/millenniumgoals. June 2007.

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 191 WATER IN THE WORLD

As regards the Target related to the reduction of the population without access to drinking water and sanitation, the report of UNICEF and WHO’s Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation states that the worldwide drinking water coverage went from 78% in 1990 to 83% in 2004, whereas the sanitation coverage went from 49% to 59% in the same period.

Drinking water

Population with drinking water Population without drinking Year coverage water coverage (millions of inhabitants) (millions of inhabitants)

1990 4092 1187

2004 5320 1069

2015 63001 9191

2015 64252 7942 1 Prediction for 2015 under the business as usual scenario 2 If the MDGs are to be achieved

SEWERAGE

Population without Population with sanitation coverage Year sanitation coverage (millions of inhabitants) (millions of inhabitants)

1990 2569 2710

2004 3777 2612

2015 48291 23901

2015 54152 18052 1 Prediction for 2015 under the business as usual scenario 2 If the MDGs are to be achieved

SOURCE: WHO, UNICEF, Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation, Switzerland, 2006.

192 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 ANNEX

Annex A. Information by hydrological-administrative regions Below you will find information sheets with the most relevant data on each of the 13 Hydrological-Administrative Regions into which the country has been divided for the purpose of water management.

Hydrological-administrative Region: I. BAJA CALIFORNIA PENINSULA Basin Organization With Its Headquarters In: MEXICALI, BAJA CLIFORNIA

POSITION IN MEXICO

CONTEXT WATER AVAILABILITY

Population 2005 (inhabitants) Normal annual precipitation 1941-2000 mm Total Per capita availability: m3/inhabitant/year Urban Surface runoff: hm3/year Rural Aquifer recharge: hm3/year Number of municipalities

USES OF WATER ORIGIN OF THE WATER USED

Surface water Agriculture Groundwater

Public 0 400 800 1200 1600 supply Self-supplying Agriculture industry Public supply Thermoelectric

Self-supplying industry Agriculture Public supply Thermoelectric Self-supplying industry Thermoelectric Total Surface water Groundwater

DRINKING WATER AND SANITATION IRRIGATION DISTRICTS

Drinking water coverage, 2005 Number of Irrigation Districts Regional Surface area of the Districts hectares Urban Rural PREDICTIONS FOR 2030 Drinking water coverage, 2005 Regional Total population: inhabitants Urban Rural Availability of water: m3/inhabitant/year

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 193 ANNEX

Hydrological-administrative Region: II. NORTHWEST Basin Organization With Its Headquarters In: HERMOSILLO, SONORA

POSITION IN MEXICO

CONTEXT WATER AVAILABILITY

Population 2005 (inhabitants) Normal annual precipitation 1941-2000 mm Total Per capita availability: m3/inhabitant/year Urban Surface runoff: hm3/year Rural Aquifer recharge: hm3/year Number of municipalities

USES OF WATER ORIGIN OF THE WATER USED

Surface water Agriculture Groundwater Public supply 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 Self-supplying Agriculture industry Public supply

Self-supplying industry Agriculture Public supply Thermoelectric Self-supplying industry Thermoelectric Total Surface water Groundwater

DRINKING WATER AND SANITATION IRRIGATION DISTRICTS

Drinking water coverage, 2005 Regional Number of Irrigation Districts Urban Surface area of the Districts hectares Rural

Drinking water coverage, 2005 Regional Urban Rural

PREDICTIONS FOR 2030

Total population: inhabitants

Availability of water: m3/inhabitant/year

194 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 ANNEX

Hydrological-administrative Region: III. NORTHERN PACIFIC Basin Organization With Its Headquarters In: CULIACAN, SINALOA

POSITION IN MEXICO

CONTEXT WATER AVAILABILITY

Population 2005 (inhabitants) Normal annual precipitation 1941-2000 mm Total Per capita availability: m3/inhabitant/year Urban Surface runoff: hm3/year Rural Aquifer recharge: hm3/year Number of municipalities

USES OF WATER ORIGIN OF THE WATER USED

Surface water Agriculture Groundwater Public supply 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 Self-supplying Agriculture industry Public supply

Self-supplying industry Agriculture Public supply Thermoelectric Self-supplying industry Thermoelectric Total Surface water Groundwater

DRINKING WATER AND SANITATION IRRIGATION DISTRICTS

Drinking water coverage, 2005 Regional Number of Irrigation Districts Urban Surface area of the Districts hectares Rural

Drinking water coverage, 2005 Regional Urban Rural

PREDICTIONS FOR 2030

Total population: inhabitants

Availability of water: m3/inhabitant/year

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 195 ANNEX

Hydrological-administrative Region: IV. BALSAS Basin Organization With Its Headquarters In: CUERNAVACA, MORELOS

POSITION IN MEXICO

CONTEXT WATER AVAILABILITY

Population 2005 (inhabitants) Normal annual precipitation 1941-2000 mm Total Per capita availability: m3/inhabitant/year Urban Surface runoff: hm3/year Rural Aquifer recharge: hm3/year Number of municipalities

USES OF WATER ORIGIN OF THE WATER USED

Surface water Agriculture Groundwater Public supply 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 Self-supplying industry Agriculture

Public supply

Self-supplying industry Agriculture Public supply Thermoelectric Self-supplying industry Thermoelectric Total Surface water Groundwater

DRINKING WATER AND SANITATION IRRIGATION DISTRICTS

Drinking water coverage, 2005 Regional Number of Irrigation Districts Urban Surface area of the Districts hectares Rural

Drinking water coverage, 2005 Regional Urban Rural

PREDICTIONS FOR 2030

Total population: inhabitants

Availability of water: m3/inhabitant/year

196 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 ANNEX

Hydrological-administrative Region: V. SOUTHERN PACIFIC Basin Organization With Its Headquarters In: OAXACA, OAXACA

POSITION IN MEXICO

CONTEXT WATER AVAILABILITY

Population 2005 (inhabitants) Normal annual precipitation 1941-2000 mm Total Per capita availability: m3/inhabitant/year Urban Surface runoff: hm3/year Rural Aquifer recharge: hm3/year Number of municipalities

USES OF WATER ORIGIN OF THE WATER USED

Surface water Agriculture Groundwater Public supply 0 100 200 300 400 Self-supplying Agriculture industry Public supply

Self-supplying industry Agriculture Public supply Thermoelectric Self-supplying industry Thermoelectric Total Surface water Groundwater

DRINKING WATER AND SANITATION IRRIGATION DISTRICTS

Drinking water coverage, 2005 Regional Number of Irrigation Districts Urban Surface area of the Districts hectares Rural

Drinking water coverage, 2005 Regional Urban Rural

PREDICTIONS FOR 2030

Total population: inhabitants

Availability of water: m3/inhabitant/year

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 197 ANNEX

Hydrological-administrative Region: VI. RIO BRAVO Basin Organization With Its Headquarters In: MONTERREY, NUEVO LEON

POSITION IN MEXICO

CONTEXT WATER AVAILABILITY

Population 2005 (inhabitants) Normal annual precipitation 1941-2000 mm Total Per capita availability: m3/inhabitant/year Urban Surface runoff: hm3/year Rural Aquifer recharge: hm3/year Number of municipalities

USES OF WATER ORIGIN OF THE WATER USED

Surface water Agriculture Groundwater

Public supply 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 Self-supplying Agriculture industry

Thermoelectric Public supply

Self-supplying industry Agriculture Public supply Thermoelectric Self-supplying industry Thermoelectric Total Surface water Groundwater

DRINKING WATER AND SANITATION IRRIGATION DISTRICTS Drinking water coverage, 2005 Regional Number of Irrigation Districts 12 Urban Surface area of the Districts hectares Rural

Drinking water coverage, 2005 Regional Urban Rural

PREDICTIONS FOR 2030

Total population: inhabitants

Availability of water: m3/inhabitant/year

198 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 ANNEX

Hydrological-administrative Region: VII. CENTRAL BASINS OF THE NORTH Basin Organization With Its Headquarters In: TORREON, COAHUILA DE ZARAGOZA

POSITION IN MEXICO

CONTEXT WATER AVAILABILITY

Population 2005 (inhabitants) Normal annual precipitation 1941-2000 mm Total Per capita availability: m3/inhabitant/year Urban Surface runoff: hm3/year Rural Aquifer recharge: hm3/year Number of municipalities

USES OF WATER ORIGIN OF THE WATER USED

Surface water Agriculture Groundwater

Public supply 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 Self-supplying Agriculture industry

Thermoelectric Public supply

Self-supplying industry Agriculture Public supply Thermoelectric Self-supplying industry Thermoelectric Total Surface water Groundwater

DRINKING WATER AND SANITATION IRRIGATION DISTRICTS

Drinking water coverage, 2005 Regional Number of Irrigation Districts Urban Surface area of the Districts hectares Rural

Drinking water coverage, 2005 Regional Urban Rural

PREDICTIONS FOR 2030

Total population: inhabitants

Availability of water: m3/inhabitant/year

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 199 ANNEX

Hydrological-administrative Region: VIII. LERMA-SANTIAGO-PACIFIC Basin Organization With Its Headquarters In: GUADALAJARA, JALISCO

POSITION IN MEXICO

CONTEXT WATER AVAILABILITY

Population 2005 (inhabitants) Normal annual precipitation 1941-2000 mm Total Per capita availability: m3/inhabitant/year Urban Surface runoff: hm3/year Rural Aquifer recharge: hm3/year Number of municipalities

USES OF WATER ORIGIN OF THE WATER USED

Surface water Agriculture Groundwater Public supply 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 Self-supplying industry Agriculture

Thermoelectric Public supply

Self-supplying industry Agriculture Public supply Thermoelectric Self-supplying industry Thermoelectric Total Surface water Groundwater

DRINKING WATER AND SANITATION IRRIGATION DISTRICTS

Drinking water coverage, 2005 Regional Number of Irrigation Districts Urban Surface area of the Districts hectares Rural

Drinking water coverage, 2005 Regional Urban Rural

PREDICTIONS FOR 2030

Total population: inhabitants

Availability of water: m3/inhabitant/year

200 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 ANNEX

Hydrological-administrative Region: IX. NORTHERN GULF Basin Organization With Its Headquarters In: CIUDAD VICTORIA, TAMAULIPAS

POSITION IN MEXICO

CONTEXT WATER AVAILABILITY

Population 2005 (inhabitants) Normal annual precipitation 1941-2000 mm Total Per capita availability: m3/inhabitant/year Urban Surface runoff: hm3/year Rural Aquifer recharge: hm3/year Number of municipalities

USES OF WATER ORIGIN OF THE WATER USED

Surface water Agriculture Groundwater Public supply 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 Self-supplying Agriculture industry

Thermoelectric Public supply

Self-supplying industry Agriculture Public supply Thermoelectric Self-supplying industry Thermoelectric Total Surface water Groundwater

DRINKING WATER AND SANITATION IRRIGATION DISTRICTS

Drinking water coverage, 2005 Number of Irrigation Districts Regional Surface area of the Districts hectares Urban Rural

Drinking water coverage, 2005 Regional Urban Rural

PREDICTIONS FOR 2030

Total population: inhabitants

Availability of water: m3/inhabitant/year

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 201 ANNEX

Hydrological-administrative Region: X. CENTRAL GULF Basin Organization With Its Headquarters In: XALAPA, VERACRUZ

POSITION IN MEXICO

CONTEXT WATER AVAILABILITY

Population 2005 (inhabitants) Normal annual precipitation 1941-2000 mm Total Per capita availability: m3/inhabitant/year Urban Surface runoff: hm3/year Rural Aquifer recharge: hm3/year Number of municipalities

USES OF WATER ORIGIN OF THE WATER USED

Surface water Agriculture Groundwater

Public 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 supply Self-supplying Agriculture industry Public supply Thermoelectric Self-supplying industry Agriculture Public supply Thermoelectric Self-supplying industry Thermoelectric Total Surface water Groundwater

DRINKING WATER AND SANITATION IRRIGATION DISTRICTS

Drinking water coverage, 2005 Number of Irrigation Districts Regional Surface area of the Districts hectares Urban Rural

Drinking water coverage, 2005 Regional Urban Rural

PREDICTIONS FOR 2030

Total population: inhabitants

Availability of water: m3/inhabitant/year

202 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 ANNEX

Hydrological-administrative Region: XI. SOUTHERN BORDER Basin Organization With Its Headquarters In: TUXTLA GUTIERREZ, CHIAPAS

POSITION IN MEXICO

CONTEXT WATER AVAILABILITY

Population 2005 (inhabitants) Normal annual precipitation 1941-2000 mm Total Per capita availability: m3/inhabitant/year Urban Surface runoff: hm3/year Rural Aquifer recharge: hm3/year Number of municipalities

USES OF WATER ORIGIN OF THE WATER USED

Surface water Agriculture Groundwater

Public 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 supply Self-supplying Agriculture industry Public supply

Self-supplying industry Agriculture Public supply Thermoelectric Self-supplying industry Thermoelectric Total Surface water Groundwater

DRINKING WATER AND SANITATION IRRIGATION DISTRICTS

Drinking water coverage, 2005 Number of Irrigation Districts Regional Surface area of the Districts hectares Urban Rural

Drinking water coverage, 2005 Regional Urban Rural

PREDICTIONS FOR 2030 Total population: inhabitants

Availability of water: m3/inhabitant/year

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 203 ANNEX

Hydrological-administrative Region: XII. YUCATAN PENINSULA Basin Organization With Its Headquarters In: MERIDA, YUCATAN

POSITION IN MEXICO

CONTEXT WATER AVAILABILITY

Population 2005 (inhabitants) Normal annual precipitation 1941-2000 mm Total Per capita availability: m3/inhabitant/year Urban Surface runoff: hm3/year Rural Aquifer recharge: hm3/year Number of municipalities

USES OF WATER ORIGIN OF THE WATER USED

Surface water Agriculture Groundwater Public supply 0 400 800 1200 1600 Self-supplying Agriculture industry

Thermoelectric Public supply

Self-supplying industry Agriculture Public supply Thermoelectric Self-supplying industry Thermoelectric Total Surface water Groundwater

DRINKING WATER AND SANITATION IRRIGATION DISTRICTS

Drinking water coverage, 2005 Number of Irrigation Districts Regional Surface area of the Districts hectares Urban Rural

Drinking water coverage, 2005 Regional Urban Rural

PREDICTIONS FOR 2030

Total population: inhabitants

Availability of water: m3/inhabitant/year

204 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 ANNEX

Hydrological-administrative Region: XIII. WATERS OF THE VALLEY OF MEXICO Basin Organization With Its Headquarters In: MEXICO, DISTRITO FEDERAL

POSITION IN MEXICO

CONTEXT WATER AVAILABILITY

Population 2005 (inhabitants) Normal annual precipitation 1941-2000 mm Total Per capita availability: m3/inhabitant/year Urban Surface runoff: hm3/year Rural Aquifer recharge: hm3/year Number of municipalities

USES OF WATER ORIGIN OF THE WATER USED

Surface water Agriculture Groundwater

Public 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 supply Self-supplying Agriculture industry Public supply Thermoelectric

Self-supplying industry Agriculture Public supply Thermoelectric Self-supplying industry Thermoelectric Total Surface water Groundwater

DRINKING WATER AND SANITATION IRRIGATION DISTRICTS

Drinking water coverage, 2005 Number of Irrigation Districts Regional Surface area of the Districts hectares Urban Rural

Drinking water coverage, 2005 Regional Urban Rural

PREDICTIONS FOR 2030

Total population: inhabitants

Availability of water: m3/inhabitant/year

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 205 ANNEX

Annex B. Information by the states Below you will find information sheets containing the most relevant data on each of the country’s 32 states.

State: I. AGUASCALIENTES

GENERAL DATA POSITION IN MEXICO

Population 2005 (inhabitants) Total Urban Rural Number of municipalities

PRECIPITATION

Normal annual precipitation 1941-2000

USES OF WATER ORIGIN OF THE WATER USED

Agriculture Surface water Groundwater Public supply 0 100 200 300 400 Self-supplying Agriculture industry Public supply

Self-supplying Agriculture industry Public supply Self-supplying industry Thermoelectric Thermoelectric Total Surface water Groundwater

DRINKING WATER AND SANITATION

Drinking water coverage, 2005 Sanitation Coverage, 2005 By State By State Urban Urban Rural Rural

PREDICTION FOR 2030 Total population inhabitants

206 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 ANNEX

State: 2. BAJA CALIFORNIA

GENERAL DATA POSITION IN MEXICO

Population 2005 (inhabitants) Total Urban Rural Number of municipalities

PRECIPITATION

Normal annual precipitation 1941-2000

USES OF WATER ORIGIN OF THE WATER USED

Agriculture Surface water Groundwater Public supply 0 500 1000 1500 2000 Self-supplying Agriculture industry Public Thermoelectric supply

Self-supplying Agriculture industry Public supply Self-supplying industry Thermoelectric Thermoelectric Total Surface water Groundwater

DRINKING WATER AND SANITATION

Drinking water coverage, 2005 Sanitation Coverage, 2005 By State By State Urban Urban Rural Rural

PREDICTION FOR 2030 Total population inhabitants

State: 3. BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR

GENERAL DATA POSITION IN MEXICO

Population 2005 (inhabitants) Total Urban Rural Number of municipalities

PRECIPITATION

Normal annual precipitation 1941-2000

USES OF WATER ORIGIN OF THE WATER USED

Agriculture Surface water Groundwater Public supply 0 100 200 300 400 Self-supplying Agriculture industry Public Thermoelectric supply Self-supplying industry Agriculture Public supply Thermoelectric Self-supplying industry Thermoelectric Total Surface water Groundwater

DRINKING WATER AND SANITATION

Drinking water coverage, 2005 Sanitation Coverage, 2005 By State By State Urban Urban Rural Rural

PREDICTION FOR 2030 Total population inhabitants

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 207 ANNEX

State: 4. CAMPECHE

GENERAL DATA POSITION IN MEXICO

Population 2005 (inhabitants) Total Urban Rural Number of municipalities

PRECIPITATION

Normal annual precipitation 1941-2000

USES OF WATER ORIGIN OF THE WATER USED

Agriculture Surface water Groundwater Public supply 0 100 200 300 400 500 Self-supplying Agriculture industry Public supply Self-supplying industry Agriculture Public supply Thermoelectric Self-supplying industry Thermoelectric Total Surface water Groundwater

DRINKING WATER AND SANITATION

Drinking water coverage, 2005 Sanitation Coverage, 2005 By State By State Urban Urban Rural Rural

PREDICTION FOR 2030 Total population inhabitants

State: 5. COAHUILA DE ZARAGOZA

GENERAL DATA POSITION IN MEXICO

Population 2005 (inhabitants) Total Urban Rural Number of municipalities

PRECIPITATION

Normal annual precipitation 1941-2000

USES OF WATER ORIGIN OF THE WATER USED

Agriculture Surface water Groundwater Public supply 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 Self-supplying Agriculture industry Public Thermoelectric supply Self-supplying industry Agriculture Public supply Thermoelectric Self-supplying industry Thermoelectric Total Surface water Groundwater

DRINKING WATER AND SANITATION

Drinking water coverage, 2005 Sanitation Coverage, 2005 By State By State Urban Urban Rural Rural

PREDICTION FOR 2030 Total population inhabitants

208 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 ANNEX

State: 6. COLIMA

GENERAL DATA POSITION IN MEXICO

Population 2005 (inhabitants) Total Urban Rural Number of municipalities

PRECIPITATION

Normal annual precipitation 1941-2000

USES OF WATER ORIGIN OF THE WATER USED

Agriculture Surface water Groundwater Public supply 0 400 800 1200 1600 Self-supplying Agriculture industry Public Thermoelectric supply Self-supplying industry Agriculture Public supply Thermoelectric Self-supplying industry Thermoelectric Total Surface water Groundwater

DRINKING WATER AND SANITATION

Drinking water coverage, 2005 Sanitation Coverage, 2005 By State By State Urban Urban Rural Rural

PREDICTION FOR 2030 Total population inhabitants

State: 7. CHIAPAS

GENERAL DATA POSITION IN MEXICO

Population 2005 (inhabitants) Total Urban Rural Number of municipalities

PRECIPITATION

Normal annual precipitation 1941-2000

USES OF WATER ORIGIN OF THE WATER USED

Agriculture Surface water Groundwater Public supply 0 400 800 1200 Self-supplying Agriculture industry Public supply Self-supplying industry Agriculture Public supply Thermoelectric Self-supplying industry Thermoelectric Total Surface water Groundwater

DRINKING WATER AND SANITATION

Drinking water coverage, 2005 Sanitation Coverage, 2005 By State By State Urban Urban Rural Rural

PREDICTION FOR 2030 Total population inhabitants

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 209 ANNEX

State: 8. CHIHUAHUA

GENERAL DATA POSITION IN MEXICO

Population 2005 (inhabitants) Total Urban Rural Number of municipalities

PRECIPITATION

Normal annual precipitation 1941-2000

USES OF WATER ORIGIN OF THE WATER USED

Agriculture Surface water Groundwater Public supply 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 Self-supplying Agriculture industry Public Thermoelectric supply Self-supplying industry Agriculture Public supply Thermoelectric Self-supplying industry Thermoelectric Total Surface water Groundwater

DRINKING WATER AND SANITATION

Drinking water coverage, 2005 Sanitation Coverage, 2005 By State By State Urban Urban Rural Rural

PREDICTION FOR 2030 Total population inhabitants

State: 9. FEDERAL DISTRICT

GENERAL DATA POSITION IN MEXICO

Population 2005 (inhabitants) Total Urban Rural Number of municipalities

PRECIPITATION

Normal annual precipitation 1941-2000

USES OF WATER ORIGIN OF THE WATER USED

Agriculture Surface water Groundwater Public supply 0 200 400 600 800 1000 Self-supplying Agriculture industry Public supply Self-supplying industry Agriculture Public supply Thermoelectric Self-supplying industry Thermoelectric Total Surface water Groundwater

DRINKING WATER AND SANITATION

Drinking water coverage, 2005 Sanitation Coverage, 2005 By State By State Urban Urban Rural Rural

PREDICTION FOR 2030 Total population inhabitants

210 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 ANNEX

State: 10. DURANGO

GENERAL DATA POSITION IN MEXICO

Population 2005 (inhabitants) Total Urban Rural Number of municipalities

PRECIPITATION

Normal annual precipitation 1941-2000

USES OF WATER ORIGIN OF THE WATER USED

Agriculture Surface water Groundwater Public supply 0 200 400 600 800 Self-supplying Agriculture industry Public Thermoelectric supply Self-supplying industry Agriculture Public supply Thermoelectric Self-supplying industry Thermoelectric Total Surface water Groundwater

DRINKING WATER AND SANITATION

Drinking water coverage, 2005 Sanitation Coverage, 2005 By State By State Urban Urban Rural Rural

PREDICTION FOR 2030 Total population inhabitants

State: 11. GUANAJUATO

GENERAL DATA POSITION IN MEXICO

Population 2005 (inhabitants) Total Urban Rural Number of municipalities

PRECIPITATION

Normal annual precipitation 1941-2000

USES OF WATER ORIGIN OF THE WATER USED

Agriculture Surface water Groundwater Public supply 0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 Self-supplying Agriculture industry Public Thermoelectric supply Self-supplying industry Agriculture Public supply Thermoelectric Self-supplying industry Thermoelectric Total Surface water Groundwater

DRINKING WATER AND SANITATION

Drinking water coverage, 2005 Sanitation Coverage, 2005 By State By State Urban Urban Rural Rural

PREDICTION FOR 2030 Total population inhabitants

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 211 ANNEX

State: 12. GUERRERO

GENERAL DATA POSITION IN MEXICO

Population 2005 (inhabitants) Total Urban Rural Number of municipalities

PRECIPITATION

Normal annual precipitation 1941-2000

USES OF WATER ORIGIN OF THE WATER USED

Agriculture Surface water Groundwater Public supply 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 Self-supplying Agriculture industry Public Thermoelectric supply Self-supplying industry Agriculture Public supply Thermoelectric Self-supplying industry Thermoelectric Total Surface water Groundwater

DRINKING WATER AND SANITATION

Drinking water coverage, 2005 Sanitation Coverage, 2005 By State By State Urban Urban Rural Rural

PREDICTION FOR 2030 Total population inhabitants

State: 13. HIDALGO

GENERAL DATA POSITION IN MEXICO

Population 2005 (inhabitants) Total Urban Rural Number of municipalities

PRECIPITATION

Normal annual precipitation 1941-2000

USES OF WATER ORIGIN OF THE WATER USED

Agriculture Surface water Groundwater Public supply 0 1000 2000 Self-supplying Agriculture industry Public Thermoelectric supply Self-supplying industry Agriculture Public supply Thermoelectric Self-supplying industry Thermoelectric Total Surface water Groundwater

DRINKING WATER AND SANITATION

Drinking water coverage, 2005 Sanitation Coverage, 2005 By State By State Urban Urban Rural Rural

PREDICTION FOR 2030 Total population inhabitants

212 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 ANNEX

State: 14. JALISCO

GENERAL DATA POSITION IN MEXICO

Population 2005 (inhabitants) Total Urban Rural Number of municipalities

PRECIPITATION

Normal annual precipitation 1941-2000

USES OF WATER ORIGIN OF THE WATER USED

Agriculture Surface water Groundwater Public supply 0 1000 2000 Self-supplying Agriculture industry Public supply Self-supplying industry Agriculture Public supply Thermoelectric Self-supplying industry Thermoelectric Total Surface water Groundwater

DRINKING WATER AND SANITATION

Drinking water coverage, 2005 Sanitation Coverage, 2005 By State By State Urban Urban Rural Rural

PREDICTION FOR 2030 Total population inhabitants

State: 15. STATE OF MEXICO

GENERAL DATA POSITION IN MEXICO

Population 2005 (inhabitants) Total Urban Rural Number of municipalities

PRECIPITATION

Normal annual precipitation 1941-2000

USES OF WATER ORIGIN OF THE WATER USED

Agriculture Surface water Groundwater Public supply 0 1000 2000 Self-supplying Agriculture industry Public Thermoelectric supply Self-supplying industry Agriculture Public supply Thermoelectric Self-supplying industry Thermoelectric Total Surface water Groundwater

DRINKING WATER AND SANITATION

Drinking water coverage, 2005 Sanitation Coverage, 2005 By State By State Urban Urban Rural Rural

PREDICTION FOR 2030 Total population inhabitants

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 213 ANNEX

State: 16. MICHOACAN DE OCAMPO

GENERAL DATA POSITION IN MEXICO

Population 2005 (inhabitants) Total Urban Rural Number of municipalities

PRECIPITATION

Normal annual precipitation 1941-2000

USES OF WATER ORIGIN OF THE WATER USED

Agriculture Surface water Groundwater Public supply 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 Self-supplying Agriculture industry Public Thermoelectric supply Self-supplying industry Agriculture Public supply Thermoelectric Self-supplying industry Thermoelectric Total Surface water Groundwater

DRINKING WATER AND SANITATION

Drinking water coverage, 2005 Sanitation Coverage, 2005 By State By State Urban Urban Rural Rural

PREDICTION FOR 2030 Total population inhabitants

State: 17. MORELOS

GENERAL DATA POSITION IN MEXICO

Population 2005 (inhabitants) Total Urban Rural Number of municipalities

PRECIPITATION

Normal annual precipitation 1941-2000

USES OF WATER ORIGIN OF THE WATER USED

Agriculture Surface water Groundwater Public supply 0 200 400 600 800 1000 Self-supplying Agriculture industry Public supply Self-supplying industry Agriculture Public supply Thermoelectric Self-supplying industry Thermoelectric Total Surface water Groundwater

DRINKING WATER AND SANITATION

Drinking water coverage, 2005 Sanitation Coverage, 2005 By State By State Urban Urban Rural Rural

PREDICTION FOR 2030 Total population inhabitants

214 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 ANNEX

State: 18. NAYARIT

GENERAL DATA POSITION IN MEXICO

Population 2005 (inhabitants) Total Urban Rural Number of municipalities

PRECIPITATION

Normal annual precipitation 1941-2000

USES OF WATER ORIGIN OF THE WATER USED

Agriculture Surface water Groundwater Public supply 0 200 400 600 800 1000 Self-supplying Agriculture industry Public supply Self-supplying industry Agriculture Public supply Thermoelectric Self-supplying industry Thermoelectric Total Surface water Groundwater

DRINKING WATER AND SANITATION

Drinking water coverage, 2005 Sanitation Coverage, 2005 By State By State Urban Urban Rural Rural

PREDICTION FOR 2030 Total population inhabitants

State: 19. NUEVO LEON

GENERAL DATA POSITION IN MEXICO

Population 2005 (inhabitants) Total Urban Rural Number of municipalities

PRECIPITATION

Normal annual precipitation 1941-2000

USES OF WATER ORIGIN OF THE WATER USED

Agriculture Surface water Groundwater Public supply 0 200 400 600 800 Self-supplying Agriculture industry Public Thermoelectric supply Self-supplying industry Agriculture Public supply Thermoelectric Self-supplying industry Thermoelectric Total Surface water Groundwater

DRINKING WATER AND SANITATION

Drinking water coverage, 2005 Sanitation Coverage, 2005 By State By State Urban Urban Rural Rural

PREDICTION FOR 2030 Total population inhabitants

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 215 ANNEX

State: 20. OAXACA

GENERAL DATA POSITION IN MEXICO

Population 2005 (inhabitants) Total Urban Rural Number of municipalities

PRECIPITATION

Normal annual precipitation 1941-2000

USES OF WATER ORIGIN OF THE WATER USED

Agriculture Surface water Groundwater Public supply 0 200 400 600 800 Self-supplying Agriculture industry Public supply Self-supplying industry Agriculture Public supply Thermoelectric Self-supplying industry Thermoelectric Total Surface water Groundwater

DRINKING WATER AND SANITATION

Drinking water coverage, 2005 Sanitation Coverage, 2005 By State By State Urban Urban Rural Rural

PREDICTION FOR 2030 Total population inhabitants

State: 21. PUEBLA

GENERAL DATA POSITION IN MEXICO

Population 2005 (inhabitants) Total Urban Rural Number of municipalities

PRECIPITATION

Normal annual precipitation 1941-2000

USES OF WATER ORIGIN OF THE WATER USED

Agriculture Surface water Groundwater Public supply 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 Self-supplying Agriculture industry Public Thermoelectric supply Self-supplying industry Agriculture Public supply Thermoelectric Self-supplying industry Thermoelectric Total Surface water Groundwater

DRINKING WATER AND SANITATION

Drinking water coverage, 2005 Sanitation Coverage, 2005 By State By State Urban Urban Rural Rural

PREDICTION FOR 2030 Total population inhabitants

216 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 ANNEX

State: 22. QUERETARO ARTEAGA

GENERAL DATA POSITION IN MEXICO

Population 2005 (inhabitants) Total Urban Rural Number of municipalities

PRECIPITATION

Normal annual precipitation 1941-2000

USES OF WATER ORIGIN OF THE WATER USED

Agriculture Surface water Groundwater Public supply 0 200 400 600 Self-supplying Agriculture industry Public Thermoelectric supply Self-supplying industry Agriculture Public supply Thermoelectric Self-supplying industry Thermoelectric Total Surface water Groundwater

DRINKING WATER AND SANITATION

Drinking water coverage, 2005 Sanitation Coverage, 2005 By State By State Urban Urban Rural Rural

PREDICTION FOR 2030 Total population inhabitants

State: 23. QUINTANA ROO

GENERAL DATA POSITION IN MEXICO

Population 2005 (inhabitants) Total Urban Rural Number of municipalities

PRECIPITATION

Normal annual precipitation 1941-2000

USES OF WATER ORIGIN OF THE WATER USED

Agriculture Surface water Groundwater Public supply 0 200 400 Self-supplying Agriculture industry Public supply Self-supplying industry Agriculture Public supply Thermoelectric Self-supplying industry Thermoelectric Total Surface water Groundwater

DRINKING WATER AND SANITATION

Drinking water coverage, 2005 Sanitation Coverage, 2005 By State By State Urban Urban Rural Rural

PREDICTION FOR 2030 Total population inhabitants

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 217 ANNEX

State: 24. SAN LUIS POTOSI

GENERAL DATA POSITION IN MEXICO

Population 2005 (inhabitants) Total Urban Rural Number of municipalities

PRECIPITATION

Normal annual precipitation 1941-2000

USES OF WATER ORIGIN OF THE WATER USED

Agriculture Surface water Groundwater Public supply 0 200 400 600 Self-supplying Agriculture industry Public Thermoelectric supply Self-supplying industry Agriculture Public supply Thermoelectric Self-supplying industry Thermoelectric Total Surface water Groundwater

DRINKING WATER AND SANITATION

Drinking water coverage, 2005 Sanitation Coverage, 2005 By State By State Urban Urban Rural Rural

PREDICTION FOR 2030 Total population inhabitants

State: 25. SINALOA

GENERAL DATA POSITION IN MEXICO

Population 2005 (inhabitants) Total Urban Rural Number of municipalities

PRECIPITATION

Normal annual precipitation 1941-2000

USES OF WATER ORIGIN OF THE WATER USED

Agriculture Surface water Groundwater Public supply 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 Self-supplying Agriculture industry Public supply Self-supplying industry Agriculture Public supply Thermoelectric Self-supplying industry Thermoelectric Total Surface water Groundwater

DRINKING WATER AND SANITATION

Drinking water coverage, 2005 Sanitation Coverage, 2005 By State By State Urban Urban Rural Rural

PREDICTION FOR 2030 Total population inhabitants

218 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 ANNEX

State: 26. SONORA

GENERAL DATA POSITION IN MEXICO

Population 2005 (inhabitants) Total Urban Rural Number of municipalities

PRECIPITATION

Normal annual precipitation 1941-2000

USES OF WATER ORIGIN OF THE WATER USED

Agriculture Surface water Groundwater Public supply 0 2000 4000 Self-supplying Agriculture industry Public Thermoelectric supply Self-supplying industry Agriculture Public supply Thermoelectric Self-supplying industry Thermoelectric Total Surface water Groundwater

DRINKING WATER AND SANITATION

Drinking water coverage, 2005 Sanitation Coverage, 2005 By State By State Urban Urban Rural Rural

PREDICTION FOR 2030 Total population inhabitants

State: 27. TABASCO

GENERAL DATA POSITION IN MEXICO

Population 2005 (inhabitants) Total Urban Rural Number of municipalities

PRECIPITATION

Normal annual precipitation 1941-2000

USES OF WATER ORIGIN OF THE WATER USED

Agriculture Surface water Groundwater Public supply 0 50 100 150 Self-supplying Agriculture industry Public Thermoelectric supply Self-supplying industry Agriculture Public supply Thermoelectric Self-supplying industry Thermoelectric Total Surface water Groundwater

DRINKING WATER AND SANITATION

Drinking water coverage, 2005 Sanitation Coverage, 2005 By State By State Urban Urban Rural Rural

PREDICTION FOR 2030 Total population inhabitants

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 219 ANNEX

State: 28. TAMAULIPAS

GENERAL DATA POSITION IN MEXICO

Population 2005 (inhabitants) Total Urban Rural Number of municipalities

PRECIPITATION

Normal annual precipitation 1941-2000

USES OF WATER ORIGIN OF THE WATER USED

Agriculture Surface water Groundwater Public supply 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 Self-supplying Agriculture industry Public Thermoelectric supply Self-supplying industry Agriculture Public supply Thermoelectric Self-supplying industry Thermoelectric Total Surface water Groundwater

DRINKING WATER AND SANITATION

Drinking water coverage, 2005 Sanitation Coverage, 2005 By State By State Urban Urban Rural Rural

PREDICTION FOR 2030 Total population inhabitants

State: 29. TLAXCALA

GENERAL DATA POSITION IN MEXICO

Population 2005 (inhabitants) Total Urban Rural Number of municipalities

PRECIPITATION

Normal annual precipitation 1941-2000

USES OF WATER ORIGIN OF THE WATER USED

Agriculture Surface water Groundwater Public supply 0 200 Self-supplying Agriculture industry Public supply Self-supplying industry Agriculture Public supply Thermoelectric Self-supplying industry Thermoelectric Total Surface water Groundwater

DRINKING WATER AND SANITATION

Drinking water coverage, 2005 Sanitation Coverage, 2005 By State By State Urban Urban Rural Rural

PREDICTION FOR 2030 Total population inhabitants

220 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 ANNEX

State: 30. VERACRUZ DE IGNACIO DE LA LLAVE

GENERAL DATA POSITION IN MEXICO

Population 2005 (inhabitants) Total Urban Rural Number of municipalities

PRECIPITATION

Normal annual precipitation 1941-2000

USES OF WATER ORIGIN OF THE WATER USED

Agriculture Surface water Groundwater Public supply 0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 Self-supplying Agriculture industry Public Thermoelectric supply Self-supplying industry Agriculture Public supply Thermoelectric Self-supplying industry Thermoelectric Total Surface water Groundwater

DRINKING WATER AND SANITATION

Drinking water coverage, 2005 Sanitation Coverage, 2005 By State By State Urban Urban Rural Rural

PREDICTION FOR 2030 Total population inhabitants

State: 30. YUCATAN

GENERAL DATA POSITION IN MEXICO

Population 2005 (inhabitants) Total Urban Rural Number of municipalities

PRECIPITATION

Normal annual precipitation 1941-2000

USES OF WATER ORIGIN OF THE WATER USED

Agriculture Surface water Groundwater Public supply 0 200 400 600 800 1000 Self-supplying Agriculture industry Public Thermoelectric supply Self-supplying industry Agriculture Public supply Thermoelectric Self-supplying industry Thermoelectric Total Surface water Groundwater

DRINKING WATER AND SANITATION

Drinking water coverage, 2005 Sanitation Coverage, 2005 By State By State Urban Urban Rural Rural

PREDICTION FOR 2030 Total population inhabitants

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 221 ANNEX

State: 32. ZACATECAS

GENERAL DATA POSITION IN MEXICO

Population 2005 (inhabitants) Total Urban Rural Number of municipalities

PRECIPITATION

Normal annual precipitation 1941-2000

USES OF WATER ORIGIN OF THE WATER USED

Agriculture Surface water Groundwater Public supply 0 200 400 600 800 1000 Self-supplying Agriculture industry Public supply Self-supplying industry Agriculture Public supply Thermoelectric Self-supplying industry Thermoelectric Total Surface water Groundwater

DRINKING WATER AND SANITATION

Drinking water coverage, 2005 Sanitation Coverage, 2005 By State By State Urban Urban Rural Rural

PREDICTION FOR 2030 Total population inhabitants

222 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 ANNEX

ANNEX C. Characteristics of the hydrological regions

In the following table, a series of characteristics referring to the country’s 37 hydrological regions are presented.

Normal Imports (+) Total mean Continental Mean natural Number of annual or exports natural land internal watersheds Hydrological region precipitationa (-) from other surface extension surface runoff OR 1941-2000 countries runoff (km2) (hm3/year) CATHMENTS (mm) (hm3/year) (hm3/year)

1. Baja California Northwest 28 492 203.6 359 359 16 2. Baja California Central- 44 314 186.1 449 449 16 West 3. Baja California Southwest 29 722 176.0 318 318 15

4. Baja California Northeast 14 418 203.6 105 105 8

5. Baja California Central-East 13 626 192.5 54 54 15

6. Baja California Southeast 11 558 176.0 219 219 14

7. River Colorado 6 911 250.8 13 1 850 1 863 1

8. Sonora North 61 429 428.8 139 139 5

9. Sonora South 139 370 427.7 4 935 4 935 16

10. Sinaloa 103 483 617.4 14 408 14 408 21

11. Presidio-San Pedroa 51 717 653.9 8 079 8 079 23

12. Lerma-Santiago 132 916 717.7 13 842 13 842 58

13. Huicicila Rivera 5 225 994.1 1 228 1 228 6

14. Ameca Rivera 12 255 884.6 2 165 2 165 9

15. Jalisco Coast 12 967 835.0 3 684 3 684 11

16. Armeria-Coahuayanaa 17 628 838.4 3 882 3 882 10

17. Michoacan Coasta 9 205 804.8 1 635 1 635 6

18. Balsas 118 268 1 039.4 17 057 17 057 15

19. Greater Guerrero Coast 12 132 1 112.4 6 091 6 091 28

20. Lower Guerrero Coast 39 936 1 350.3 18 714 18 714 32

21. Oaxaca Coast 10 514 1 522.7 3 389 3 389 19

22. Tehuantepec 16 363 1 522.7 2 606 2 606 15

23. Chiapas Coast 12 293 1 968.9 9 604 2 950 12 554 25

24. Bravo-Conchos 229 740 431.7 5 588 - 432 5 156 37

25. San Fernando-Soto 54 961 731.3 4 328 4 328 39 La Marina

26. Panuco 96 989 886.4 20 330 20 330 77

27. North of Veracruz 26 592 1 379.5 16 034 16 034 12 (Tuxpan-Nautla Rivers)

28. Papaloapan 57 355 1 475.3 50 887 50 887 16

29. Coatzacoalcos 30 217 1 680.9 44 141 44 141 15

30. Grijalva-Usumacinta 102 465 1 872.2 73 466 44 080 117 546 83

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 223 ANNEX

Normal Imports (+) Total mean Continental Mean natural Number of annual or exports natural land internal watersheds Hydrological region precipitationa (-) from other surface extension surface runoff OR 1941-2000 countries runoff (km2) (hm3/year) CATHMENTS (mm) (hm3/year) (hm3/year)

31. Yucatan West 25 443 1 140.6 591 591 2

32. Yucatan North 58 135 1 141.6 0 0 0

33. Yucatan East 38 308 1 224.2 1 125 864 1 989 1

34. Closed Catchments of the 90 829 422.5 1 701 1 701 22 North

35. Mapimia 62 639 383.7 952 952 6

36. Nazas-Aguanavala 93 032 464.6 2 508 2 508 16

37. El Saladoa 87 801 703.4 2 637 2 637 8

Total 1 959 248 771.8 337 261 49 312 386 573 718

NOTE: This information refers to the mean data determined based on the latest studies carried out. aIn these regions, the availability studies have not yet been concluded. SOURCE: CONAGUA. Technical Division.

224 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 ANNEX

ANNEX D. List of aquifers with published availability

The hydrogeological units (or aquifers) whose availability had been published up to December 2006 are listed below. Up to June 30th, 2007, the availability of no additional aquifers had been published.

Volume of Date of Mean withdrawal Mean annual publication Hydrological- Hydrogeological unit annual consigned groundwater N°. CODE in the Official Administrative Region (aquifer) recharge to technical availability Government (hm³) studies (hm³) Gazette (hm3) 1 I Baja California Peninsula 205 Las Palmas 10.5 7.9 -1.8 31-Jan-03 2 I Baja California Peninsula 206 La Mision 6.2 6.1 -1.9 31-Jan-03 3 I Baja California Peninsula 207 Guadalupe 23.9 33.5 -19.5 31-Jan-03 4 I Baja California Peninsula 208 Ojos Negros 19.0 25.5 -6.0 31-Jan-03 5 I Baja California Peninsula 211 Ensenada 3.7 3.6 -5.6 31-Jan-03 6 I Baja California Peninsula 212 Maneadero 20.8 30.6 -16.9 31-Jan-03 7 I Baja California Peninsula 216 La Trinidad 24.4 25.2 -3.2 31-Jan-03 8 I Baja California Peninsula 219 Camalu 3.9 2.7 -7.3 31-Jan-03 9 I Baja California Peninsula 220 Colonia Vicente Guerrero 19.5 15.2 -16.0 31-Jan-03 10 I Baja California Peninsula 221 San Quintin 19.0 24.4 -8.6 31-Jan-03 11 I Baja California Peninsula 223 Valle Chico-San Pedro Martir 13.8 12.0 3.3 31-Jan-03 12 I Baja California Peninsula 248 Real del Castillo 11.7 8.5 2.1 31-Jan-03 13 I Baja California Peninsula 302 Vizcaino 40.7 42.0 -1.7 31-Jan-03 14 I Baja California Peninsula 306 Santo Domingo 188.0 314.0 -1.1 31-Jan-03 15 I Baja California Peninsula 319 San Jose del Cabo 24.0 26.2 -5.2 31-Jan-03 16 I Baja California Peninsula 320 Santiago 24.5 13.2 4.8 31-Jan-03 17 I Baja California Peninsula 324 La Paz 27.8 30.5 -3.0 31-Jan-03 18 II Northwest 860 Guerrero-Yepomera 146.0 53.1 64.5 31-Jan-03 19 II Northwest 2606 Los Chirriones 30.0 54.2 -1.8 31-Jan-03 20 II Northwest 2609 Busani 15.5 20.0 -1.3 31-Jan-03 21 II Northwest 2610 Coyotillo 4.0 10.8 -8.3 31-Jan-03 22 II Northwest 2612 Magdalena 41.3 41.6 -2.1 31-Jan-03 23 II Northwest 2619 Costa de Hermosillo 250.0 430.4 -181.0 31-Jan-03 24 II Northwest 2624 Sonora River 66.7 74.6 -48.8 31-Jan-03 25 II Northwest 2625 San Miguel River 52.5 57.0 -1.6 31-Jan-03 26 II Northwest 2626 Zanjon River 76.8 109.1 -13.2 31-Jan-03 27 II Northwest 2632 Frontera River 23.8 25.9 1.1 31-Jan-03 28 II Northwest 2633 Moctezuma River 31.0 28.0 5.0 31-Jan-03 29 II Northwest 2635 Guaymas Valley 100.0 117.4 -12.6 31-Jan-03 30 II Northwest 2636 San Jose de Guaymas 4.5 8.1 -14.7 31-Jan-03 31 II Northwest 2640 Yaqui Valley 564.1 363.9 85.6 29-Dec-03 32 II Northwest 2641 Cocoraque 198.2 70.0 75.0 29-Dec-03 33 II Northwest 2642 Mayo Valley 155.0 202.5 -58.2 31-Jan-03 34 III Northern Pacific 1001 Santiaguillo Valley 25.9 26.8 -39.4 31-Jan-03 35 III Northern Pacific 1002 Canatlan Valley 23.5 30.7 -31.4 31-Jan-03 36 III Northern Pacific 1003 Valle del Guadiana 117.0 113.2 -34.9 31-Jan-03 37 III Northern Pacific 1004 Vicente Guerrero-Poanas 71.0 77.5 -39.9 31-Jan-03

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 225 ANNEX

Volume of Date of Mean withdrawal Mean annual publication Hydrological- Hydrogeological unit annual consigned groundwater in the N°. CODE Administrative Region (aquifer) recharge to technical availability Official (hm³) studies (hm³) Government (hm3) Gazette

38 III Northern Pacific 1005 Madero-Victoria 19.3 18.5 -25.6 31-Jan-03 39 III Northern Pacific 1017 Mezquital Valley 1.1 1.1 0.9 31-Jan-03 40 III Northern Pacific 1801 Acaponeta-Cañas Valley 30.0 10.6 9.3 31-Jan-03 41 III Northern Pacific 2501 Fuerte River 416.0 124.0 170.3 31-Jan-03 42 III Northern Pacific 2502 Sinaloa 643.1 187.2 172.4 31-Jan-03 43 III Northern Pacific 2503 Mocorito River 208.0 68.3 -0.4 31-Jan-03 44 III Northern Pacific 2504 Culiacan River 323.9 115.0 -16.7 31-Jan-03 45 III Northern Pacific 2505 San Lorenzo River 335.0 34.1 54.4 31-Jan-03 46 III Northern Pacific 2509 Presidio River 163.3 76.6 19.3 31-Jan-03 47 IV Balsas 1610 Ciudad Hidalgo-Tuxpan 38.0 24.4 -41.8 31-Jan-03 48 IV Balsas 1614 Uruapan 97.3 12.8 50.4 31-Jan-03 49 IV Balsas 1616 Nueva Italia 99.2 44.2 93.9 31-Jan-03 50 IV Balsas 1620 Apatzingan 494.4 229.8 178.0 31-Jan-03 51 IV Balsas 1622 Cotija 134.8 27.0 14.0 31-Jan-03 52 IV Balsas 1701 Cuernavaca 395.0 120.8 32.7 31-Jan-03 53 IV Balsas 1702 Cuautla-Yautepec 319.2 279.9 14.8 31-Jan-03 54 IV Balsas 1703 Zacatepec 378.0 359.2 27.0 31-Jan-03 55 IV Balsas 1704 Tepalcingo-Axochiapan 43.8 66.6 -2.2 31-Jan-03 56 IV Balsas 2101 Tecamachalco Valley 157.1 279.0 -32.1 31-Jan-03 57 IV Balsas 2102 Libres-Oriental 179.3 103.0 17.3 31-Jan-03 58 IV Balsas 2103 Atlixco-Izucar de Matamoros 244.3 129.1 8.4 31-Jan-03 59 IV Balsas 2104 Puebla Valley 339.6 307.0 38.6 29-Dec-03 60 IV Balsas 2901 Alto Atoyac 199.9 100.5 38.6 31-Jan-03 61 IV Balsas 2903 Huamantla 98.3 58.5 13.9 31-Jan-03 62 V Southern Pacific 1235 Cuajinicuilapa 180.0 5.5 140.2 31-Jan-03 63 V Southern Pacific 2009 Verde River-Ejutla 12.0 6.0 8.8 31-Jan-03 64 V Southern Pacific 2025 Centrales Valleys 153.6 88.2 13.3 29-Dec-03 65 VI Rio Bravo 504 Cuatrocienagas-Ocampo 57.9 55.4 18.0 31-Jan-03 66 VI Rio Bravo 506 El Hundido 20.2 21.8 -1.7 31-Jan-03 67 VI Rio Bravo 507 Monclova 30.0 108.0 -90.7 31-Jan-03 68 VI Rio Bravo 510 Saltillo-Ramos Arizpe 29.5 37.3 -21.2 31-Jan-03 69 VI Rio Bravo 511 Manzanera Region-Zapaliname 55.5 69.9 7.2 31-Jan-03 70 VI Rio Bravo 512 Región Carbonifera 161.2 10.7 -16.0 31-Jan-03 71 VI Rio Bravo 528 Cuatrocienagas 143.0 7.1 10.9 31-Jan-03 72 VI Rio Bravo 801 Ascension 132.2 191.5 -260.4 31-Jan-03 73 VI Rio Bravo 802 Alta Babicora 46.2 34.8 24.1 31-Jan-03 74 VI Rio Bravo 803 Baja Babicora 90.6 134.1 -18.6 31-Jan-03 75 VI Rio Bravo 804 Buenaventura 66.5 103.5 -63.5 31-Jan-03 76 VI Rio Bravo 805 Cuauhtemoc 115.2 190.9 -178.0 31-Jan-03 77 VI Rio Bravo 806 Casas Grandes 180.0 200.5 -26.0 31-Jan-03 78 VI Rio Bravo 808 Janos 141.9 115.6 -34.7 31-Jan-03 79 VI Rio Bravo 809 Laguna de Mexicanos 35.1 24.5 20.7 31-Jan-03 80 VI Rio Bravo 810 Samalayuca 16.0 8.5 -0.4 31-Jan-03

226 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 ANNEX

Volume of Date of Mean withdrawal Mean annual publication Hydrological- Hydrogeological unit annual consigned groundwater in the N°. CODE Administrative Region (aquifer) recharge to technical availability Official (hm³) studies (hm³) Government (hm3) Gazette

81 VI Rio Bravo 822 Santa Clara 59.4 26.4 -2.0 31-Jan-03 82 VI Rio Bravo 834 Parral-Verano Valley 26.7 29.1 3.8 31-Jan-03 83 VI Rio Bravo 836 Aldama-San Diego 35.2 20.9 -7.5 31-Jan-03 84 VI Rio Bravo 838 Upper San Pedro River 56.3 19.3 17.3 31-Jan-03 85 VI Rio Bravo 857 Escalon 15.7 7.7 2.3 31-Jan-03 86 VI Rio Bravo 1902 Sabinas-Paras 46.0 38.0 -23.1 31-Jan-03 87 VI Rio Bravo 1906 Metropolitan Area of Monterrey 68.2 37.7 -31.6 31-Jan-03 88 VI Rio Bravo 1909 Campo Durazno 4.8 4.0 -2.9 31-Jan-03 89 VI Rio Bravo 1912 North Citrolica 191.9 120.0 -90.0 31-Jan-03 90 VI Rio Bravo 1914 South Citrolica 75.1 28.0 -29.1 31-Jan-03 91 VII Central Basins of the North 505 General Cepeda-Sauceda 57.4 26.4 8.8 31-Jan-03 92 VII Central Basins of the North 523 Principal-Lagunera Region 518.9 930.9 -182.9 31-Jan-03 93 VII Central Basins of the North 2402 El Barril 31.6 62.0 -58.0 31-Jan-03 94 VII Central Basins of the North 2405 Ahualulco 10.9 10.9 -6.8 31-Jan-03 95 VII Central Basins of the North 2408 Villa de Arista 48.2 74.8 -48.5 31-Jan-03 96 VII Central Basins of the North 2411 San Luis Potosi 78.1 113.5 -71.2 31-Jan-03 97 VII Central Basins of the North 2814 Tula-Bustamante 54.0 21.8 38.2 31-Jan-03 98 VII Central Basins of the North 3210 Benito Juarez 20.1 23.0 -1.0 31-Jan-03 99 VII Central Basins of the North 3214 Aguanaval 85.7 102.0 -93.7 31-Jan-03 100 VII Central Basins of the North 3216 Sain Alto 17.2 10.8 3.4 29-Dec-03 101 VII Central Basins of the North 3217 El Palmar 69.1 47.9 15.9 29-Dec-03 102 VII Central Basins of the North 3223 Guadalupe de las Corrientes 13.0 35.3 -28.2 29-Dec-03 103 VII Central Basins of the North 3224 Puerto Madero 8.9 18.5 -10.8 29-Dec-03 104 VII Central Basins of the North 3225 Calera 83.9 125.0 -60.7 31-Jan-03 105 VII Central Basins of the North 3226 Chupaderos 72.8 138.0 -103.9 31-Jan-03 106 VII Central Basins of the North 3227 Guadalupe Bañuelos 10.7 8.7 -2.0 31-Jan-03 107 VII Central Basins of the North 3228 La Blanca 20.5 29.5 -5.1 31-Jan-03 108 VII Central Basins of the North 3229 Loreto 52.5 81.4 -19.4 31-Jan-03 109 VII Central Basins of the North 3230 Villa Hidalgo 31.9 33.0 -19.4 31-Jan-03 110 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 101 Aguascalientes Valley 235.0 430.0 -123.7 31-Jan-03 111 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 102 Chicalote Valley 35.0 48.0 -5.9 31-Jan-03 112 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 103 El Llano 15.0 24.0 -5.0 31-Jan-03 113 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 105 Calvillo Valley 25.0 40.0 -14.7 31-Jan-03 114 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 601 Colima 80.0 42.0 4.8 31-Jan-03 115 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 603 Armeria-Tecoman-Periquillos 230.0 152.0 54.4 31-Jan-03 116 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 605 Venustiano Carranza 37.0 13.0 7.7 31-Jan-03 117 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 607 El Colomo 43.0 17.0 10.6 31-Jan-03 118 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 609 Santiago-Salagua 25.0 17.0 5.5 31-Jan-03 119 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 610 La Central-Peña Blanca 9.5 4.0 4.9 31-Jan-03 120 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 613 Minatitlán 10.1 5.6 6.4 31-Jan-03 121 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 1103 Ocampo 52.0 3.2 50.7 31-Jan-03 122 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 1104 Laguna Seca 128.5 398.0 -11.0 31-Jan-03 123 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 1108 Upper River Laja Basin 139.7 412.0 -45.2 31-Jan-03

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 227 ANNEX

Volume of Date of Mean withdrawal Mean annual publication Hydrological- Hydrogeological unit annual consigned groundwater in the N°. CODE Administrative Region (aquifer) recharge to technical availability Official (hm³) studies (hm³) Government (hm3) Gazette

124 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 1113 Leon Valley 156.3 204.0 -129.0 31-Jan-03 125 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 1114 Turbio River 110.0 148.0 -52.9 31-Jan-03 126 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 1115 Celaya Valley 286.6 593.0 -74.6 31-Jan-03 127 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 1116 Cuevita Valley 5.9 8.5 -4.3 31-Jan-03 128 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 1119 Irapuato-Valle 522.2 583.2 -229.4 31-Jan-03 129 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 1120 Penjamo-Abasolo 225.0 440.2 -92.4 31-Jan-03 130 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 1122 Cienaga Prieta-Moroleon 85.0 142.9 -53.8 31-Jan-03 131 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 1408 La Barca 67.0 84.2 -24.9 31-Jan-03 132 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 1409 Ameca 277.3 110.6 159.4 31-Jan-03 133 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 1410 Moreno Valleys 196.0 85.0 116.1 31-Jan-03 134 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 1414 Tepatitlan 41.1 8.8 30.1 31-Jan-03 135 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 1417 Autlan 76.0 19.0 54.8 31-Jan-03 136 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 1422 Encarnacion 63.0 72.6 -34.6 31-Jan-03 137 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 1427 Puerto Vallarta 86.5 37.2 38.6 31-Jan-03 138 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 1501 Toluca Valley 336.8 422.4 -46.4 31-Jan-03 139 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 1502 Ixtlahuaca-Atlacomulco 119.0 208.0 -14.3 31-Jan-03 140 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 1605 Pastor Ortiz-La Piedad 28.7 34.3 -98.8 31-Jan-03 141 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 1607 Cienaga de Chapala 14.4 19.6 -57.6 31-Jan-03 142 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 1608 Zamora 308.5 61.4 50.7 31-Jan-03 143 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 1609 Briseñas-Yurecuaro 114.0 144.8 -14.0 31-Jan-03 144 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 1807 Banderas Valley 86.5 20.9 56.0 31-Jan-03 145 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 2201 Queretaro Valley 70.0 109.7 -76.3 31-Jan-03 146 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 2202 Amazcala Valley 34.0 40.0 -44.7 31-Jan-03 147 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 2208 Huimilpan Valley 20.0 17.0 -1.1 31-Jan-03 148 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 3205 Jerez 33.4 34.4 -17.5 31-Jan-03 149 IX Northern Gulf 1101 Xichu-Atarjea 40.3 8.7 4.6 31-Jan-03 150 IX Northern Gulf 1317 Tulancingo Valley 39.1 111.5 -16.6 31-Jan-03 151 IX Northern Gulf 1503 Polotitlan 46.2 37.8 -2.4 31-Jan-03 152 IX Northern Gulf 2203 San Juan del Rio Valley 309.0 396.0 -12.9 31-Jan-03 153 IX Northern Gulf 2205 Tequisquiapan Valley 108.1 118.0 6.7 31-Jan-03 154 IX Northern Gulf 2207 Toliman 8.4 2.4 0.1 31-Jan-03 155 IX Northern Gulf 2415 Rio Verde 84.5 74.4 4.2 31-Jan-03 156 IX Northern Gulf 2417 Santa Maria del Rio 3.7 3.4 -9.8 31-Jan-03 157 IX Northern Gulf 2806 Margenes del Rio Purificacion 117.7 93.0 -0.7 31-Jan-03 158 IX Northern Gulf 2807 Victoria-Guemez 91.1 70.2 -11.7 31-Jan-03 159 X Central Gulf 3003 Martínez de la Torre-Nautla 73.1 8.1 54.0 31-Jan-03 160 X Central Gulf 3004 Perote-Zalayeta 46.8 11.0 28.6 31-Jan-03 161 X Central Gulf 3005 Valle de Actopan 400.4 23.9 53.1 31-Jan-03 162 X Central Gulf 3006 Costera de Veracruz 508.3 86.8 171.6 31-Jan-03 163 X Central Gulf 3007 Orizaba-Cordoba 109.5 17.8 15.8 31-Jan-03 164 X Central Gulf 3008 Cotaxtla 163.0 31.7 31.8 31-Jan-03 165 X Central Gulf 3010 Los Naranjos 1101.5 11.9 513.1 31-Jan-03 166 X Central Gulf 3012 Costera de Coatzacoalcos 172.2 35.9 125.6 31-Jan-03

228 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 ANNEX

Volume of Date of Mean withdrawal Mean annual publication Hydrological- Hydrogeological unit annual consigned groundwater in the N°. CODE Administrative Region (aquifer) recharge to technical availability Official (hm³) studies (hm³) Government (hm3) Gazette

167 X Central Gulf 3019 Papaloapan River Basin 129.0 16.8 58.5 31-Jan-03 168 XI Southern Border 701 Palenque 193.0 0.3 468.5 29-Dec-03 169 XI Southern Border 702 Reforma 2968.9 73.0 183.8 31-Jan-03 170 XI Southern Border 703 Tuxtla 240.6 3.2 218.1 29-Dec-03 171 XI Southern Border 704 Ocozocoautla 180.0 2.0 141.1 29-Dec-03 172 XI Southern Border 705 Cintalapa 320.4 2.0 382.6 29-Dec-03 173 XI Southern Border 706 Fraylesca 1224.5 18.0 91.5 31-Jan-03 174 XI Southern Border 707 Comitan 422.4 21.2 77.9 31-Jan-03 175 XI Southern Border 708 La Trinitaria 157.4 0.3 229.4 29-Dec-03 176 XI Southern Border 709 Acapetahua 860.7 39.9 306.9 31-Jan-03 177 XI Southern Border 710 Soconusco 938.1 162.8 108.4 31-Jan-03 178 XI Southern Border 711 Arriaga-Pijijiapan 495.9 17.7 81.0 31-Jan-03 179 XI Southern Border 712 San Cristobal Las Casas 35.6 0.5 47.5 29-Dec-03 180 XI Southern Border 714 Chicomuselo 701.0 0.1 721.8 29-Dec-03 181 XI Southern Border 2701 Huimanguillo 663.0 3.3 560.4 31-Jan-03 182 XI Southern Border 2702 La Chontalpa 1973.6 38.8 1599.5 31-Jan-03 183 XI Southern Border 2703 Samaria-Cunduacan 546.6 94.6 386.4 31-Jan-03 184 XI Southern Border 2704 Centla 954.6 23.3 832.7 31-Jan-03 185 XI Southern Border 2705 La Sierra 771.9 13.8 624.8 31-Jan-03 186 XI Southern Border 2706 Macuspana 1667.0 0.4 1557.7 31-Jan-03 187 XI Southern Border 2707 Los Rios 1895.0 9.2 1770.3 31-Jan-03 188 XI Southern Border 2708 Boca del Cerro 785.0 0.3 392.3 31-Jan-03 189 XII Waters of the Valley of Mexico 405 Xpujil 2099.4 0.5 315.3 31-Jan-03 190 XII Waters of the Valley of Mexico 2301 Hills and Valleys 1194.2 125.6 336.0 31-Jan-03 191 XII Waters of the Valley of Mexico 2305 Cozumel Island 208.7 8.2 92.1 31-Jan-03 192 XII Waters of the Valley of Mexico 3105 Yucatan Peninsula 21813.4 1313.3 5759.2 31-Jan-03 193 XIII Waters of the Valley of Mexico 901 Mexico City Metropolitan Zone 279.0 507.4 -969.6 31-Jan-03 194 XIII Waters of the Valley of Mexico 1310 Mezquital Valley 664.6 92.6 15.3 31-Jan-03 195 XIII Waters of the Valley of Mexico 1312 Ixmiquilpan 78.0 18.2 20.7 31-Jan-03 196 XIII Waters of the Valley of Mexico 1313 Actopan-Santiago de Anaya 171.9 40.5 -5.5 31-Jan-03 197 XIII Waters of the Valley of Mexico 1319 Tecocomulco 27.8 13.1 27.3 31-Jan-03 198 XIII Waters of the Valley of Mexico 1320 Apan 156.6 4.0 91.4 31-Jan-03 199 XIII Waters of the Valley of Mexico 1506 Chalco-Amecameca 74.0 128.4 -16.4 31-Jan-03 200 XIII Waters of the Valley of Mexico 1507 Texcoco 48.6 465.4 -43.9 31-Jan-03 201 XIII Waters of the Valley of Mexico 1508 Cuautitlan-Pachuca 204.0 483.3 -40.5 29-Dec-03 202 XIII Waters of the Valley of Mexico 2902 Soltepec 92.8 18.0 1.2 31-Jan-04 Total 64455.4 19109.1 NOTE: The definitions of the terms used in this table are those contained in the Official Mexican Standard NOM-011-CNA-2000. SOURCE: CONAGUA. Technical Division.

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 229 ANNEX

ANNEX E. List of overexploited aquifers

Below the national aquifers that were in a state of overexploitation on December 31st, 2006 are listed.

Hydrological-Administrative Code of the Ratio withdrawal / N°. Hydrogeological unit (aquifer) Region aquifer recharge 1 I Baja California Peninsula 0207 Guadalupe 1.40 2 I Baja California Peninsula 0208 Ojos Negros 1.34 3 I Baja California Peninsula 0212 Maneadero 1.47 4 I Baja California Peninsula 0221 San Quintin 1.28 5 I Baja California Peninsula 0306 Santo Domingo 1.67 6 I Baja California Peninsula 0323 Los Planes 1.17 7 I Baja California Peninsula 0332 Mulege 1.20 8 II Northwest 2601 San Luis River Colorado Valley 1.53 9 II Northwest 2603 Sonoyta-Puerto Peñasco 1.12 10 II Northwest 2605 Caborca 1.26 11 II Northwest 2606 Los Chirriones 1.81 12 II Northwest 2609 Busani 1.29 13 II Northwest 2610 Coyotillo 2.71 14 II Northwest 2619 Costa de Hermosillo 1.72 15 II Northwest 2620 Sahuaral 1.16 16 II Northwest 2621 Mesa del Seri-La Victoria 1.64 17 II Northwest 2624 Sonora River 1.12 18 II Northwest 2626 Zanjón River 1.42 19 II Northwest 2627 Bacoachi River 1.25 20 II Northwest 2635 Guaymas Valley 1.17 21 II Northwest 2636 San Jose de Guaymas 1.80 22 II Northwest 2642 Mayo Valley 1.31 23 III Northern Pacific 1002 Canatlan Valley 1.31 24 IV Balsas 1704 Tepalcingo-Axochiapan 1.52 25 IV Balsas 2101 Tecamachalco Valley 1.78 26 VI Rio Bravo 0507 Monclova 3.60 27 VI Rio Bravo 0508 Paredon 1.24 28 VI Rio Bravo 0510 Saltillo-Ramos Arizpe 1.27 29 VI Rio Bravo 0511 Manzanera Region-Zapaliname 1.26 30 VI Rio Bravo 0801 Ascension 1.45 31 VI Rio Bravo 0803 Baja Babicora 1.48 32 VI Rio Bravo 0804 Buenaventura 1.56 33 VI Rio Bravo 0805 Cuauhtemoc 1.66 34 VI Rio Bravo 0806 Casas Grandes 1.11 35 VI Rio Bravo 0807 El Sauz-Encinillas 1.11 36 VI Rio Bravo 0821 Flores Magon-Villa Ahumada 1.13 37 VI Rio Bravo 0830 Chihuahua-Sacramento 1.90 38 VI Rio Bravo 0831 Meoqui-Delicias 1.56 39 VI Rio Bravo 0832 Jimenez-Camargo 1.50 40 VI Rio Bravo 0835 Tabaloapa-Aldama 1.19 41 VI Rio Bravo 1908 Campo Mina 1.47 42 VII Central Basins of the North 0509 La Paila 1.15 43 VII Central Basins of the North 0523 Principal-Lagunera Region 1.79 44 VII Central Basins of the North 1023 Ceballos 1.11 45 VII Central Basins of the North 1024 Oriente Aguanaval 1.30 46 VII Central Basins of the North 1026 Vicente Suarez 4.85 47 VII Central Basins of the North 1916 Navidad-Potosi-Raices 1.47 48 VII Central Basins of the North 2401 Vanegas-Catorce 1.29 49 VII Central Basins of the North 2402 El Barril 1.96 50 VII Central Basins of the North 2403 Salinas de Hidalgo 1.52 51 VII Central Basins of the North 2407 Cedral-Matehuala 1.24

230 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 ANNEX

Hydrological-Administrative Code of the Ratio withdrawal / N°. Hydrogeological unit (aquifer) Region aquifer recharge 52 VII Central Basins of the North 2408 Villa de Arista 1.55 53 VII Central Basins of the North 2409 Villa Hidalgo 1.30 54 VII Central Basins of the North 2411 San Luis Potosi 1.45 55 VII Central Basins of the North 2412 Jaral de Berrios-Villa de Reyes 1.62 56 VII Central Basins of the North 2413 Matehuala-Huizache 1.17 57 VII Central Basins of the North 3210 Benito Juarez 1.14 58 VII Central Basins of the North 3214 Aguanaval 1.19 59 VII Central Basins of the North 3215 Abrego 1.11 60 VII Central Basins of the North 3223 Guadalupe de las Corrientes 2.72 61 VII Central Basins of the North 3224 Puerto Madero 2.08 62 VII Central Basins of the North 3225 Calera 1.49 63 VII Central Basins of the North 3226 Chupaderos 1.90 64 VII Central Basins of the North 3228 La Blanca 1.44 65 VII Central Basins of the North 3229 Loreto 1.55 66 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 0101 Aguascalientes Valley 1.83 67 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 0102 Chicalote Valley 1.37 68 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 0103 El Llano 1.60 69 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 0104 Venadero 1.16 70 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 0105 Calvillo Valley 1.60 71 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 0614 Ixtlahuacan Valley 1.33 72 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 1104 Laguna Seca 3.10 73 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 1106 Dr. Mora-San Jose Iturbide 1.81 74 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 1107 San Miguel de Allende 1.78 75 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 1108 Upper River Laja Basin 2.95 76 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 1110 Silao-Romita 1.50 77 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 1111 La Muralla 1.10 78 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 1113 Leon Valley 1.31 79 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 1114 Turbio River 1.35 80 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 1115 Celaya Valley 2.07 81 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 1116 Cuevita Valley 1.44 82 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 1117 Acambaro Valley 1.19 83 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 1118 Salvatierra-Acambaro 1.33 84 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 1119 Irapuato-Valley 1.12 85 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 1120 Penjamo-Abasolo 1.96 86 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 1122 Cienaga Prieta-Moroleon 1.68 87 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 1408 La Barca 1.26 88 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 1422 Encarnacion 1.15 89 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 1501 Valle de Toluca 1.25 90 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 1502 Ixtlahuaca-Atlacomulco 1.75 91 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 1602 Morelia-Querendaro 1.41 92 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 1605 Pastor Ortiz-La Piedad 1.19 93 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 1607 Cienaga de Chapala 1.36 94 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 1609 Brisenas-Yurecuaro 1.27 95 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 2201 Queretaro Valley 1.57 96 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 2202 Amazcala Valley 1.18 97 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 3211 Villanueva 1.28 98 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 3212 Ojocaliente 1.41 99 IX Northern Gulf 1317 Tulancingo Valley 2.85 100 IX Northern Gulf 2203 San Juan del Rio Valley 1.28 101 XIII Waters of the Valley of Mexico 0901 Mexico City Metropolitan Zone 1.82 102 XIII Waters of the Valley of Mexico 1506 Chalco-Amecameca 1.73 103 XIII Waters of the Valley of Mexico 1507 Texcoco 9.57 104 XIII Waters of the Valley of Mexico 1508 Cuautitlan-Pachuca 2.38 FUENTE: Conagua. Subdirección General Técnica.

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 231 ANNEX

ANNEX F. List of watersheds or catchments with their mean annual surface water availability published

Up to December 31st, 2006, the mean annual availability of 91 watersheds had been published in the Official Government Gazette. Furthermore, between January 1st and June 30th, 2007, the mean availability of 227 additional catchments was published, bringing the total number of catchments whose mean annual availability has been published to 318, up to June 30th, 2007. Below the 91 catchments whose mean annual availability had been published up to December 2006 are listed.

It should be mentioned that from 2002 onwards, the availability was calculated based on the Official Mexican Standard NOM- 011-CNA-2000.

Mean annual surface water availability, published in the Official Government Gazette (Situation up to December 31st, 2006) Mean Date of MeanMean ann anu-al Annual Date of pub- Annual sur- Meaannn annualu al publication nunatal nuatraulra l surface lication in HydHydrorologicaicall face water sursfuacerface water in the N°.N°. NNameame an andd Descripptiontion rruunonoff of the water the Official rereggionion withdrawal avaiwaterlabilit y Official catchmentcatchment withdrawal Government (hm³) avail(hm³)ability Government (hm³)(hm³) (hm³) Gazette (hm³) Gazette Runoff downstream towards the Tula River 1 26 Panuco catchment, composed of both wastewater and NA NA 1 526 26-Oct-98 surface water, up to the Endo Dam Between San Juan River and its junction with Tula 2 26 Panuco NA NA 52 26-Oct-98 River From the Cerro de la Bufa, not including the 3 26 Panuco closed catchment of the Valley of Mexico and to NA NA 89 26-Oct-98 its junction with the San Juan del Rio From downstream of Metztitlan river to its 4 26 Panuco ND NA 337 26-Oct-98 junction with Moctezuma river From downstream of Moctezuma river to its 5 26 Panuco NA NA 5 377 26-Oct-98 junction with Tampaon river From downstream of Tempoal river to its junction 6 26 Panuco NA NA 2 591 26-Oct-98 with Moctezuma river From downstream of Verde river to its junction 7 26 Panuco ND NA 280 26-Oct-98 with Santa Maria river From downstream of Santa Maria river to its 8 26 Panuco NA NA 881 26-Oct-98 junction with Verde river From downstream of Tampaon river, to its 9 26 Panuco junction with Moctezuma river, including the NA NA 5 028 26-Oct-98 rivers Valleys and Gallinas From downstream of Guayalejo river to the 10 26 Panuco NA NA 2 050 26-Oct-98 hydrometrical station Magiscatzin From the El Olivo hydrometric stations, Tamuin 11 26 Panuco and Magiscatzin to its opening in the Gulf of NA NA 16 020 26-Oct-98 Mexico River Lerma 1: From its origin to the Jose A 12 12 Lerma-Santiago 245 0 0 15-Oct-03 Alzate dam La Gavia River: From its origin to the Ignacio 13 12 Lerma-Santiago 99 0 0 15-Oct-03 Ramirez dam Jaltepec River: From its origin to the Tepetitlan 14 12 Lerma-Santiago 69 0 0 15-Oct-03 dam River Lerma 2: From the Alzate, Ramirez and 15 12 Lerma-Santiago 460 0 0 15-Oct-03 Tepetitlan dams to the Tepuxtepec dam River Lerma 3: From the Tepuxtepec dam to the 16 12 Lerma-Santiago 369 0 0 15-Oct-03 Solis dam La Laja River 1: From its origin to the Ignacio 17 12 Lerma-Santiago 265 0 0 15-Oct-03 Allende dam Queretaro River: From its origin to the Ameche 18 12 Lerma-Santiago 129 0 0 15-Oct-03 hydrometric station La Laja River 2: From the Ignacio Allende dam to 19 12 Lerma-Santiago 81 0 0 15-Oct-03 the Pericos hydrometric station 20 12 Lerma-Santiago Catchment of the Yuriria Lagoon 116 0 0 15-Oct-03

River Lerma 4: From the Solis dam, the Yuriria 21 12 Lerma-Santiago Lagoon and the Pericos hydrometric station to the 329 0 0 15-Oct-03 Salamanca hydrometric station

232 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 ANNEX

Mean an- Date of pub- Annual sur- Mean annual nual natural lication in Hydrological face water surface water N°. Name and Description runoff of the the Official region withdrawal availability catchment Government (hm³) (hm³) (hm³) Gazette Turbio River: From its origin to the Las Adjuntas 22 12 Lerma-Santiago 163 0 0 15-Oct-03 hydrometric station Angulo River: From its origin to the Melchor 23 12 Lerma-Santiago 284 0 0 15-Oct-03 Ocampo dam River Lerma 5: From the Melchor Ocampo dam 24 12 Lerma-Santiago and the Salamanca and Adjuntas hydrometric 482 0 0 15-Oct-03 stations to the Corrales hydrometric station River Lerma 6: From the Corrales hydrometric 25 12 Lerma-Santiago 233 0 0 15-Oct-03 station to the Yurecuaro hydrometric station Duero River: From its origin to the La Estanzuela 26 12 Lerma-Santiago 458 0 0 15-Oct-03 hydrometric station Zula River: From its origin to the Zula 27 12 Lerma-Santiago 181 0 0 15-Oct-03 hydrometric station River Lerma 7: From the Yurecuaro, Estanzuela 28 12 Lerma-Santiago 944 0 0 15-Oct-03 and Zula hydrometric stations to Lake Chapala 29 12 Lerma-Santiago Closed catchment of Lake Patzcuaro 152 0 8 15-Oct-03 30 12 Lerma-Santiago Closed catchment of Lake Cuitzeo 453 0 0 15-Oct-03 Salado River: From its origin to its junction with 31 28 Papaloapan 360 135 199 21-Sep-05 the River Grande Grande River: From its origin to its junction with 32 28 Papaloapan 1 033 38 522 21-Sep-05 the River Salado Trinidad River: From its origin to the Bellaco and 33 28 Papaloapan 7 223 4 6 728 21-Sep-05 Achotal hydrometric stations National Valley River: From its origin to its 34 28 Papaloapan 3 807 3 3 787 21-Sep-05 junction with River Papaloapan Playa Vicente River: From its origin to the Azueta 35 28 Papaloapan 6 201 5 6 187 21-Sep-05 hydrometric station Santo Domingo River: From the junction of the 36 28 Papaloapan rivers Salado and Grande to its junction with River 6 808 7 134 7 904 21-Sep-05 Papaloapan Tonto River: From its origin to its junction with 37 28 Papaloapan 9 627 8 524 9 159 21-Sep-05 the River Papaloapan Blanco River: From its origin to the Alvarado 38 28 Papaloapan 2 607 3 254 1 685 21-Sep-05 Lagoon opening San Juan River: From the Bellaco and Achotal 39 28 Papaloapan hydrometric stations to its junction with River 1 632 630 8 803 21-Sep-05 Papaloapan Tesechoacan River: From the Azueta hydrometric 40 28 Papaloapan 1 160 0.33 7 346 21-Sep-05 station to its junction with River Papaloapan Papaloapan River: From the junction of rivers Santo Domingo, National Valley and Tonto with 41 28 Papaloapan 1 562 71 22 404 21-Sep-05 River Papaloapan, to the latter’s point of merger with River Tesechoacan Llanuras de Papaloapan: Fom the junction of rivers Tesechoacan and San Juan with River Papaloapan 42 28 Papaloapan to its opening in the Gulf of Mexico, and currents 2 642 64 42 876 21-Sep-05 that discharge directly to the Alvarado Lagoon and Gulf of Mexico Upper Candelaria River: From its origin Grijalva-Usuma- 43 30 in Mexican territory to the Candelaria 1 354 6 1 607 19-Jan-06 cinta hydrometric station Lower Candelaria River: From the Candelaria Grijalva-Usuma- 44 30 hydrometric station to its opening in the Terminos 396 1 2 003 19-Jan-06 cinta Lagoon. Escondido River: From its origin to the 45 33 Yucatan Este 592 0 592 19-Jan-06 opening in the Hondo River Champoton River 1: From its origin to the 46 31 Yucatan Oeste 484 0 484 20-Jan-06 Canasayab hydrometric station Champoton River 2: From the Canasayab hydrometric 47 31 Yucatan Oeste 107 0 591 20-Jan-06 station to its opening in the Gulf of Mexico San Pedro River: From its origin to the San 48 12 Lerma-Santiago 18 15 0.08 28-Aug-06 Francisco de los Romo climate station Calles dam: From the origin of River Santiago to 49 12 Lerma-Santiago 50 3 1 28-Aug-06 the Plutarco Elias Calles dam

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 233 ANNEX

Mean an- Date of pub- Annual sur- Mean annual nual natural lication in Hydrological face water surface water N°. Name and Description runoff of the the Official region withdrawal availability catchment Government (hm³) (hm³) (hm³) Gazette Niagara dam: From the San Francisco de los 50 12 Lerma-Santiago Romo climate station and the Plutarco Elias Calles 61 85 2 28-Aug-06 dam, to the Niagara dam Cuarenta dam: From the origin of Lakes River to 51 12 Lerma-Santiago 50 26 2 28-Aug-06 the Cuarenta dam Lakes River: From the Cuarenta dam to the junc- 52 12 Lerma-Santiago 147 62 14 28-Aug-06 tion of the Lakes River with River Verde Ajojucar Dam: From the Niagara dam to the 53 12 Lerma-Santiago 22 16 3 28-Aug-06 Ajojucar dam Grande River: From its origin to the Agostadero 54 12 Lerma-Santiago 20 2 2 28-Aug-06 dam Encarnation River: From its origin to its junction 55 12 Lerma-Santiago 120 38 8 28-Aug-06 with River Verde Aguascalientes River: From the Ajojucar and 56 12 Lerma-Santiago Agostadero dams to the Paso del Sabino hydro- 49 10 18 28-Aug-06 metric station San Miguel River: From its origin to its junction 57 12 Lerma-Santiago 77 4 8 28-Aug-06 with River Verde Del Valle River: From its origin to its junction with 58 12 Lerma-Santiago 61 2 4 28-Aug-06 River Verde River Verde 1: From the Paso del Sabino hydro- metric station and the junction of the San Miguel 59 12 Lerma-Santiago 118 12 55 28-Aug-06 and del Valle rivers with River Verde, to the La Cuña hydrometric station River Verde 2: From the La Cuña hydrometric 60 12 Lerma-Santiago 150 23 77 28-Aug-06 station to its junction with Santiago River

61 12 Lerma-Santiago River Palomas: From its origin to Palomas dam 27 3 2 28-Aug-06

El Chique dam: From the origin of Malpaso 62 12 Lerma-Santiago 81 39 7 28-Aug-06 stream and the Palomas dam to El Chique dam Juchipila River 1: From El Chique dam to Acho- 63 12 Lerma-Santiago 128 73 24 28-Aug-06 quen dam Juchipila River 2: From the Achoquen dam to La 64 12 Lerma-Santiago 186 11 62 28-Aug-06 Boquilla dam Juchipila River 3: From La Boquilla dam to its junc- 65 12 Lerma-Santiago 1 0 62 28-Aug-06 tion with Santiago River Santiago River 1: From the outlet of Lake Chapala 66 12 Lerma-Santiago 409 2 411 37 28-Aug-06 to the Las Juntas hydrometric station Santiago River 2: From the Las Juntas hydrometric 67 12 Lerma-Santiago 701 269 300 28-Aug-06 station to the San Cristobal II hydrometric station Santa Rosa dam: From the San Cristobal II hydro- 68 12 Lerma-Santiago 456 1 581 781 28-Aug-06 metric station to the Santa Rosa dam Santiago River 3: From the Santa Rosa dam to the 69 12 Lerma-Santiago 329 3 901 28-Aug-06 La Yesca hydrometric station Tepetongo River: From its origin to the La Gloria 70 12 Lerma-Santiago 76 24 6 28-Aug-06 hydrometric station Tlaltenango River: From its origin to the El Zapote 71 12 Lerma-Santiago 227 46 61 28-Aug-06 hydrometric station Lobatos Stream: From its origin to the La Florida 72 12 Lerma-Santiago 58 12 16 28-Aug-06 hydrometric station Bolaños River 1: From the El Zapote and La 73 12 Lerma-Santiago Florida hydrometric stations to the Bolaños 360 11 209 28-Aug-06 hydrometric station Bolaños River 2: From the Bolaños hydrometric 74 12 Lerma-Santiago 261 1 305 28-Aug-06 station to the El Caiman hydrometric station San Juan River: From its origin to the El Platanito 75 12 Lerma-Santiago 410 1 150 28-Aug-06 hydrometric station Atengo River: From the El Platanito hydrometric 76 12 Lerma-Santiago 363 2 282 28-Aug-06 station to where its junction with Huajimic River Jesus Maria River: From its origin to its junction 77 12 Lerma-Santiago 216 0.10 79 28-Aug-06 with the Tempisque and Los Leones streams Huaynamota River: From the junction between 78 12 Lerma-Santiago Jesus Maria River, the Tempisque and Los Leones 666 2 605 28-Aug-06 streams to the Huaynamota II hydrometric station

234 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 ANNEX

Mean an- Date of pub- Annual sur- Mean annual nual natural lication in Hydrological face water surface water N°. Name and Description runoff of the the Official region withdrawal availability catchment Government (hm³) (hm³) (hm³) Gazette River Santiago 4: From the La Yesca and El Cai- 79 12 Lerma-Santiago man hydrometric stations to its junction with 749 12 1 479 28-Agu-06 Huaynamota River River Santiago 5: From its junction with Huayna- 80 12 Lerma-Santiago 1 203 10 431 6 319 28-Agu-06 mota River to its opening in the Pacific Ocean Humaya River: From its origin to the Adolfo 81 10 Sinaloa 1 998 1 887 243 24-Nov-06 Lopez Mateos dam Tamazula River: From its origin to the Sanalona 82 10 Sinaloa 777 528 113 24-Nov-06 dam Culiacan River: From the Adolfo Lopez Mateos 83 10 Sinaloa and Sanalona dams to its opening in the Pacific 386 2 481 457 24-Nov-06 Ocean Sinaloa River 1: From its origin to the Gustavo 84 10 Sinaloa 1 400 1 058 349 24-Nov-06 Diaz Ordaz dam Ocoroni Stream: From its origin to the Guillermo 85 10 Sinaloa 170 4 39 24-Nov-06 Blake dam Cabrera Stream: From its origin to the Zopilote 86 10 Sinaloa 81 0 21 24-Nov-06 hydrometric station Sinaloa River 2: From the Gustavo Diaz Ordaz and Guillermo Blake dams and the Zopilote 87 10 Sinaloa 475 1 480 536 24-Nov-06 hydrometric station to its opening in the Gulf of California River Fuerte 1: From its origin to the Luis Don- 88 10 Sinaloa 4 163 3 851 211 28-Nov-06 aldo Colosio dam (Huites) Choix River: From its origin to the Choix hydro- 89 10 Sinaloa 296 1 16 28-Nov-06 metric station Alamos Stream: From its origin to the Cazanate 90 10 Sinaloa 108 0 6 28-Nov-06 hydrometric station River Fuerte 2: From the Luis Donaldo Colosio 91 10 Sinaloa dam and the Choix and Cazanate hydrometric 610 7 718 428 28-Nov-06 stations to its opening in the Gulf of California

Mean annual surface water availability, published in the Official Government Gazette (Published between January and June 2007)

Mean annual Date of pub- Annual Mean annual natural run- lication in surface water surface water N°. Hydrological region Name and Description off of the the Official withdrawal availability catchment Government (hm³) (hm³) (hm³) Gazette

San Francisco River: From its origin to its opening 92 21 Oaxaca Coast 169 0 169 08-Jun-07 in the sea River Grande: From its origin to its opening in the 93 21 Oaxaca Coast 109 0 108 08-Jun-07 sea Minialtepec River: From its origin to its opening in 94 21 Oaxaca Coast 72 1 71 08-Jun-07 the sea Colotepec River 1: From its origin to the La Ceiba 95 21 Oaxaca Coast 947 2 944 08-Jun-07 hydrometric station Colotepec River 2: From the La Ceiba hydromet- 96 21 Oaxaca Coast 62 0 1 006 08-Jun-07 ric station to its opening in the sea Cozoaltepec River 1: From its origin to the Cozo- 97 21 Oaxaca Coast 85 0 85 08-Jun-07 altepec hydrometric station Cozoaltepec River 2: From the Cozoaltepec 98 21 Oaxaca Coast 37 0 122 08-Jun-07 hydrometric station to its opening in the sea Tonameca River 1: From its origin to the San Isidro 99 21 Oaxaca Coast 255 1 254 08-Jun-07 hydrometric station Tonameca River 2: From the San Isidro hydromet- 100 21 Oaxaca Coast 25 0 279 08-Jun-07 ric station to its opening in the sea

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 235 ANNEX

Mean annual Date of pub- Annual Mean annual natural run- lication in surface water surface water N°. Hydrological region Name and Description off of the the Official withdrawal availability catchment Government (hm³) (hm³) (hm³) Gazette

Copalita River 1: From its origin to the La 101 21 Oaxaca Coast 872 2 868 08-Jun-07 Hamaca hydrometric station Copalita River 2: From the La Hamaca hydro- 102 21 Oaxaca Coast 27 1 895 08-Jun-07 metric station to its opening in the sea Coyula River: From its origin to its opening 103 21 Oaxaca Coast 340 1 339 08-Jun-07 in the sea Zimatan River 1: From its origin to the Zimatan 104 21 Oaxaca Coast 73 0 73 08-Jun-07 hydrometric station Zimatan River 2: From the Zimatan hydrometric 105 21 Oaxaca Coast 97 0 170 08-Jun-07 station to its opening in the sea Ayuta River 1: From its origin to the Ayuta 106 21 Oaxaca Coast 39 0 39 08-Jun-07 hydrometric station Ayuta River 2: From the Ayuta hydrometric sta- 107 21 Oaxaca Coast 33 0 72 08-Jun-07 tion to its opening in the sea Astata River 1: From its origin to the Astata 108 21 Oaxaca Coast 27 1 26 08-Jun-07 hydrometric station Astata River 2: From the Astata hydrometric 109 21 Oaxaca Coast 42 0 68 08-Jun-07 station to its opening in the sea Mazatan River: From its origin to its opening in 110 21 Oaxaca Coast 79 0 79 08-Jun-07 the sea Dead Sea Lagoon A, belongs to the Dead Sea 111 23 Chiapas Coast 235 0 234 11-Jun-07 catchment; and flows into the sea Tapanatepec, belongs to the Dead Sea catch- 112 23 Chiapas Coast 145 0 145 11-Jun-07 ment; and flows into the sea Dead Sea Lagoon B, belongs to the Dead Sea 113 23 Chiapas Coast 172 0 172 11-Jun-07 catchment; and flows into the sea Las Arenas, belongs to the Dead Sea catchment; 114 23 Chiapas Coast 193 0 193 11-Jun-07 and flows into the sea La Punta, belongs to the Dead Sea catchment; 115 23 Chiapas Coast 112 0 112 11-Jun-07 and flows into the sea Dead Sea Lagoon C, belongs to the Dead Sea 116 23 Chiapas Coast 261 0 261 11-Jun-07 catchment; and flows into the sea Sanatenco, belongs to the Dead Sea catchment; 117 23 Chiapas Coast 191 3 191 11-Jun-07 and flows into the sea Joya Lagoon, belongs to the Pijijiapan River 118 23 Chiapas Coast 322 0 322 11-Jun-07 catchment; and flows into the sea Jesus, belongs to the Pijijiapan River catchment; 119 23 Chiapas Coast 133 0 133 11-Jun-07 and flows into the sea El Porvenir, belongs to the Pijijiapan River catch- 120 23 Chiapas Coast 123 0 123 11-Jun-07 ment; and flows into the sea San Diego, belongs to the Pijijiapan River catch- 121 23 Chiapas Coast 114 0 114 11-Jun-07 ment; and flows into the sea Pijijiapan, belongs to the Pijijiapan River catch- 122 23 Chiapas Coast 301 0 301 11-Jun-07 ment; and flows into the sea Margaritas and Coapa, belongs to the Pijijiapan 123 23 Chiapas Coast 901 0 901 11-Jun-07 River catchment; and flows into the sea Novillero Alto, belongs to the Huixtla River 124 23 Chiapas Coast 898 9 891 11-Jun-07 catchment; and flows into the sea Sesecapa, belongs to the Huixtla River catch- 125 23 Chiapas Coast 642 0 641 11-Jun-07 ment; and flows into the sea Cacaluta, belongs to the Huixtla River catch- 126 23 Chiapas Coast 529 27 508 11-Jun-07 ment; and flows into the sea Viejo and Temblader Lagoons, belong to the 127 23 Chiapas Coast 378 5 374 11-Jun-07 Huixtla River catchment; and flow into the sea Despoblado, belongs to the Huixtla River catch- 128 23 Chiapas Coast 818 18 805 11-Jun-07 ment; and flows into the sea

236 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 ANNEX

Mean annual Date of pub- Annual Mean annual natural run- lication in surface water surface water N°. Hydrological region Name and Description off of the the Official withdrawal availability catchment Government (hm³) (hm³) (hm³) Gazette

Huixtla, belongs to the Huixtla River catchment; 129 23 Chiapas Coast 763 11 756 11-Jun-07 and flows into the sea Huehuetan, belongs to the Suchiate River catch- 130 23 Chiapas Coast 712 111 628 11-Jun-07 ment; and flows into the sea Coatan, belongs to the Suchiate River catch- 131 23 Chiapas Coast 354 248 712 11-Jun-07 ment; and flows into the sea Puerto Madero, belongs to the River Suchiate 132 23 Chiapas Coast 302 38 271 11-Jun-07 catchment; and flows into the sea Cahuacan, belongs to the River Suchiate catch- 133 23 Chiapas Coast 646 36 618 11-Jun-07 ment; and flows into the sea Cozoloapan, belongs to the River Suchiate catch- 134 23 Chiapas Coast 177 16 164 11-Jun-07 ment; and flows into the sea Suchiate, belongs to the River Suchiate catch- 135 23 Chiapas Coast 184 145 2 621 11-Jun-07 ment; and flows into the sea San Antonio River: From its origin to the Boquilla 136 22 Tehuantepec 269 22 24 12-Jun-07 1 hydrometric station Tequisistlan River: From its origin to the Tequi- 137 22 Tehuantepec 295 5 28 12-Jun-07 sistlan hydrometric station Tehuantepec River 1: From the Boquilla 1 and 138 22 Tehuantepec Tequisistlan hydrometric stations, to the Benito 340 91 85 12-Jun-07 Juarez dam Tehuantepec River 2: From the Benito Juarez 139 22 Tehuantepec 46 40 90 12-Jun-07 dam to its opening in the Pacific Ocean North of Veracruz Cucharas River: From its origin to its opening in 140 27 210 1 209 12-Jun-07 (Tuxpan-Nautla Rivers) the Tamiahua Lagoon North of Veracruz Tancochin River: From its origin to its opening in 141 27 212 3 209 12-Jun-07 (Tuxpan-Nautla Rivers) the Tamiahua Lagoon North of Veracruz La Piedra or La Laja Stream: From its origin to its 142 27 91 0 90 12-Jun-07 (Tuxpan-Nautla Rivers) opening in the Tamiahua Lagoon. North of Veracruz Carbajal Stream: From its origin to its opening in 143 27 61 0 61 12-Jun-07 (Tuxpan-Nautla Rivers) the Tamiahua Lagoon North of Veracruz Estero Galindo: From the origin of various cur- 144 27 170 0 170 12-Jun-07 (Tuxpan-Nautla Rivers) rents that open into the Tamiahua Lagoon Los Perros River 1: From its origin to the Ixtepec 145 22 Tehuantepec 109 0 74 13-Jun-07 hydrometric station Los Perros River 2: From the Ixtepec hydromet- 146 22 Tehuantepec 156 85 180 13-Jun-07 ric station to its opening in the sea Estancado River: From its origin to its opening in 147 22 Tehuantepec 137 0 137 13-Jun-07 the Superior Lagoon Espiritu Santo River 1: From its origin to the 148 22 Tehuantepec 186 5 143 13-Jun-07 Chicapa hydrometric station Espiritu Santo River 2: From the Chicapa 149 22 Tehuantepec hydrometric station to its opening in the Upper 28 45 165 13-Jun-07 Lagoon Cazadero River: From its origin to its opening in 150 22 Tehuantepec 138 0 138 13-Jun-07 the Upper Lagoon Niltepec River 1: From its origin to the Niltepec 151 22 Tehuantepec 28 0 28 13-Jun-07 hydrometric station Niltepec River 2: From the Niltepec hydrometric 152 22 Tehuantepec 72 0 100 13-Jun-07 station to its opening in the Lower Lagoon Ostuta River 1: From its origin to the Ostuta 153 22 Tehuantepec 465 0 464 13-Jun-07 hydrometric station Zanatepec River: From its origin to the 154 22 Tehuantepec 117 0 117 13-Jun-07 Zanatepec hydrometric station Ostuta River 2: From the Ostuta and Zanatepec 155 22 Tehuantepec hydrometric stations to its opening in the Lower 220 1 801 13-Jun-07 Lagoon San Fernando-Soto Pilon River 1: From its origin to the Magueyes 156 25 72 2 0 13-Jun-07 La Marina hydrometric station

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 237 ANNEX

Mean annual Date of pub- Annual Mean annual natural run- lication in surface water surface water N°. Hydrological region Name and Description off of the the Official withdrawal availability catchment Government (hm³) (hm³) (hm³) Gazette

San Fernando-Soto Pilon River 2: From the Magueyes hydrometric 157 25 102 57 0 13-Jun-07 La Marina station to the Pilon III hydrometric station San Fernando-Soto Blanco River: From its origin to the Puerto de 158 25 153 25 0 13-Jun-07 La Marina Valles hydrometric station San Fernando-Soto San Antonio River: From its origin to the El 159 25 176 17 0 13-Jun-07 La Marina Tomaseño hydrometric station Purification River 1: From the Puerto Valles and San Fernando-Soto 160 25 El Tomaseño hydrometric station to the Barretal 366 87 0 13-Jun-07 La Marina II hydrometric station Purification River 2: From the Barretal II San Fernando-Soto 161 25 hydrometric station to the Padilla II hydrometric 71 47 0 13-Jun-07 La Marina station San Fernando-Soto Corona River: From its origin to the Corona 162 25 307 64 0 13-Jun-07 La Marina hydrometric station San Fernando-Soto Grande Stream: From its origin to the Paso de 163 25 59 10 0 13-Jun-07 La Marina Molina II hydrometric station Non-measured area: From the origin of the San Marcos River and San Carlos, Las Puentes, Sarnoso San Fernando-Soto 164 25 and El Moro streams and the Pilon III, Padilla II, 222 1 226 0 13-Jun-07 La Marina Corona and Paso de Molina II hydrometric stations to the Vicente Guerrero dam San Fernando-Soto Soto La Marina River 1: From the Vicente Guer- 165 25 13 559 2 13-Jun-07 La Marina rero dam to the La Patria es Primero weir Soto La Marina River 2: From the La Patria es San Fernando-Soto 166 25 Primero weir to the Soto La Marina hydrometric 280 35 501 13-Jun-07 La Marina station San Fernando-Soto Palmas River: From its origin to the Paso of the 167 25 134 11 120 13-Jun-07 La Marina Aura hydrometric station Soto La Marina River 3: From the Soto La Marina San Fernando-Soto 168 25 and Paso of the Aura hydrometric stations to its 132 23 748 13-Jun-07 La Marina opening in the Gulf of Mexico Greater Guerrero Cofradia River: From its origin to its opening in 169 19 93 0 92 14-Jun-07 Coast the Pacific Ocean Greater Guerrero La Union River 1: From its origin to the La Union 170 19 267 4 262 14-Jun-07 Coast hydrometric station

Greater Guerrero La Union River 2: From the La Union hydromet- 171 19 10 1 272 14-Jun-07 Coast ric station to its opening in the Pacific Ocean

Greater Guerrero Pontla River: From the origin of a group of cur- 172 19 131 0 131 14-Jun-07 Coast rents to their opening in the Pacific Ocean Greater Guerrero Ixtapa River 1: From its origin to the La Salitrera 173 19 227 0 227 14-Jun-07 Coast hydrometric station Greater Guerrero Ixtapa River 2: From the La Salitrera hydromet- 174 19 7 0 234 14-Jun-07 Coast ric station to its opening in the Pacific Ocean Greater Guerrero Zihuatanejo River: From the origin of a group of 175 19 64 0 64 14-Jun-07 Coast currents to their opening in the Pacific Ocean Greater Guerrero San Jeronimito River: From its origin to the San 176 19 376 17 358 14-Jun-07 Coast Jeronimito hydrometric station Greater Guerrero Petatlan River 1: From its origin to the Petatlan 177 19 351 0 351 14-Jun-07 Coast hydrometric station Petatlan River 2: From the San Jeronimito and Greater Guerrero 178 19 Petatlan hydrometric stations to its opening in 21 1 729 14-Jun-07 Coast the Pacific Ocean Greater Guerrero Tule River: From the origin of a group of cur- 179 19 68 1 67 14-Jun-07 Coast rents to their opening in the Pacific Ocean Greater Guerrero Coyuquilla River 1: From its origin to the 180 19 404 25 378 14-Jun-07 Coast Coyuquilla hydrometric station

Greater Guerrero Coyuquilla River 2: From the Coyuquilla hydro- 181 19 8 0 386 14-Jun-07 Coast metric station to its opening in the Pacific Ocean

Greater Guerrero Porvenir River: From the origin of a group of 182 19 35 0 35 14-Jun-07 Coast currents to their opening in the Pacific Ocean

238 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 ANNEX

Mean annual Date of pub- Annual Mean annual natural run- lication in surface water surface water N°. Hydrological region Name and Description off of the the Official withdrawal availability catchment Government (hm³) (hm³) (hm³) Gazette

Greater Guerrero San Luis River 1: From its origin to the San Luis 183 19 736 24 712 14-Jun-07 Coast hydrometric station Greater Guerrero San Luis River 2: From the San Luis hydrometric 184 19 3 1 715 14-Jun-07 Coast station to its opening in the Pacific Ocean Nuxco Lagoon: From the origin of a group of Greater Guerrero 185 19 currents to their opening in the Nuxco Lagoon 62 0 62 14-Jun-07 Coast and the Pacific Ocean Greater Guerrero Tecpan River 1: From its origin to the Tecpan 186 19 1 014 0 980 14-Jun-07 Coast hydrometric station Greater Guerrero Tecpan River 2: From the Tecpan hydrometric 187 19 55 35 1 034 14-Jun-07 Coast station to its opening in the Pacific Ocean Greater Guerrero El Tular River: From its origin to its opening in 188 19 25 0 25 14-Jun-07 Coast the Pacific Ocean Greater Guerrero Atoyac River 1: From its origin to the San 189 19 838 32 806 14-Jun-07 Coast Jeronimo hydrometric station

Greater Guerrero Atoyac River 2: From the San Jeronimo hydro- 190 19 24 0 830 14-Jun-07 Coast metric station to its opening in the Pacific Ocean

Greater Guerrero Cacaluta Stream: From the origin of a group of 191 19 99 0 99 14-Jun-07 Coast currents to their opening in the Pacific Ocean Greater Guerrero Coyuca River 1: From its origin to the Coyuca de 192 19 927 13 914 14-Jun-07 Coast Benitez hydrometric station Coyuca River 2: From the Coyuca de Benitez Greater Guerrero 193 19 hydrometric station to its opening in the Pacific 7 0 921 14-Jun-07 Coast Ocean Coyuca Lagoon: From the origin of a group of Greater Guerrero 194 19 currents to their opening in the Coyuca Lagoon 83 14 69 14-Jun-07 Coast and in the Pacific Ocean Greater Guerrero La Sabana River 1: From its origin to the km 195 19 113 1 112 14-Jun-07 Coast 21+000 hydrometric station

Greater Guerrero La Sabana River 2: From the km 21+000 hydro- 196 19 43 0 154 14-Jun-07 Coast metric station to its opening in the Pacific Ocean

Lower Guerrero Papagayo River 1: From its origin to the Agua 197 20 1 499 2 696 19-Jun-07 Coast Salada hydrometric station Lower Guerrero Petaquillas River: From its origin to the Colotlipa 198 20 50 23 11 19-Jun-07 Coast hydrometric station Omitlan River: From its origin and the Colotlipa Lower Guerrero 199 20 hydrometric station to the El Salitre hydrometric 1 222 238 574 19-Jun-07 Coast station Papagayo River 2: From the Agua Salada and Lower Guerrero 200 20 El Salitre hydrometric stations to the La Venta 689 1 750 3 337 19-Jun-07 Coast hydrometric station Lower Guerrero Papagayo River 3: From the La Venta hydromet- 201 20 714 1 4 039 19-Jun-07 Coast ric station to the hydrometric station La Parota Lower Guerrero Papagayo River 4: From the La Parota hydromet- 202 20 63 67 4 101 19-Jun-07 Coast ric station to its opening in the sea Lower Guerrero Cortes River: From its origin to its opening in 203 20 286 266 280 19-Jun-07 Coast the sea Lower Guerrero Nexpa River 1: From its origin to the Nexpa 204 20 553 57 482 19-Jun-07 Coast hydrometric station Lower Guerrero Nexpa River 2: From the Nexpa hydrometric 205 20 72 0 553 19-Jun-07 Coast station to its opening in the sea Lower Guerrero Copala River: From its origin to its opening in 206 20 383 28 356 19-Jun-07 Coast the sea Lower Guerrero Marquelia River 1: From its origin to the Mar- 207 20 727 11 716 19-Jun-07 Coast quelia hydrometric station Lower Guerrero Marquelia River 2: From the Marquelia hydro- 208 20 40 0 755 19-Jun-07 Coast metric station to its opening in the sea Lower Guerrero Quetzala River: From its origin to the Quetzala 209 20 3 046 2 3 044 19-Jun-07 Coast hydrometric station

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 239 ANNEX

Mean annual Date of pub- Annual Mean annual natural run- lication in surface water surface water N°. Hydrological region Name and Description off of the the Official withdrawal availability catchment Government (hm³) (hm³) (hm³) Gazette

Lower Guerrero Infiernillo River: From its origin to the borders of 210 20 214 0 213 19-Jun-07 Coast the states of Oaxaca and Guerrero Lower Guerrero Sta Catarina River: From its origin to the borders 211 20 618 7 607 19-Jun-07 Coast of the states of Oaxaca and Guerrero Ometepec River 1: From the borders of the Lower Guerrero 212 20 states of Oaxaca and Guerrero to the Las Juntas 685 9 1 501 19-Jun-07 Coast hydrometric station Lower Guerrero Ometepec River 2: From the origin of various 213 20 10 1 8 19-Jun-07 Coast streams to the borders of Oaxaca and Guerrero Lower Guerrero Ometepec River 3: From the origin of various 214 20 20 0 20 19-Jun-07 Coast streams to the borders of Oaxaca and Guerrero Lower Guerrero Cortijos River 1: From its origin to the El Toma- 215 20 393 6 381 19-Jun-07 Coast tal II hydrometric station Lower Guerrero Cortijos River 2: From the origin of various 216 20 32 0 31 19-Jun-07 Coast streams to the borders of Oaxaca and Guerrero Cortijos River 3: From the El Tomatal II hydro- Lower Guerrero 217 20 metric station to the borders of the states of 321 4 728 19-Jun-07 Coast Oaxaca and Guerrero Cortijos River 4: From the borders of the states Lower Guerrero 218 20 of Oaxaca and Guerrero to the El Tomatal 18 7 746 19-Jun-07 Coast hydrometric station Ometepec River 4: From the borders of Lower Guerrero the states of Oaxaca and Guerrero, and the 219 20 422 1 5 741 19-Jun-07 Coast Quetzala, Las Juntas and El Tomatal hydrometric stations to its opening in the sea Lower Guerrero La Arena River 1: From its origin to the Pinotepa 220 20 244 2 242 19-Jun-07 Coast National hydrometric station Lower Guerrero La Arena River 2: From the Pinotepa National 221 20 131 1 373 19-Jun-07 Coast hydrometric station to its opening in the sea Lower Guerrero Corralero Lagoon (only catchment of the state 222 20 252 1 251 19-Jun-07 Coast of Oaxaca) Lower Guerrero La Arena River 3: Streams in the part of the 223 20 73 0 73 19-Jun-07 Coast catchment in the state of Guerrero Lower Guerrero Atoyac-Salado River: From its origin to the 224 20 76 11 58 19-Jun-07 Coast Oaxaca hydrometric station Atoyac-Tlapacoyan River: From its origin and the Lower Guerrero 225 20 Oaxaca hydrometric station to the Tlapayocan 145 21 186 19-Jun-07 Coast hydrometric station Lower Guerrero Sordo-Yolotepec River: From its origin to the 226 20 3 346 44 3 256 19-Jun-07 Coast Ixtayutla hydrometric station Atoyac-Paso de la Reina River: From the Tlapa- Lower Guerrero 227 20 coyan and Ixtayutla hydrometric stations to the 1 820 35 5 238 19-Jun-07 Coast Paso de la Reina hydrometric station Lower Guerrero River Verde: From the Paso de la Reina hydro- 228 20 551 29 5 784 19-Jun-07 Coast metric station to its opening in the sea Lagartero, belongs to the Grijalva-La Concordia 229 30 Grijalva-Usumacinta 208 2 13 22-Jun-07 catchment; and flows into catchment 6 Yayahuita, belongs to the Grijalva-La Concordia 230 30 Grijalva-Usumacinta 773 4 51 22-Jun-07 catchment; and flows into catchment 7 Zacualpa, belongs to the Grijalva-La Concordia 231 30 Grijalva-Usumacinta 375 2 25 22-Jun-07 catchment; and flows into catchment 7 Papizaca, belongs to the Grijalva-La Concordia 232 30 Grijalva-Usumacinta 115 3 8 22-Jun-07 catchment; and flows into catchment 7 Dam La Concordia, belongs to the Grijalva-La 233 30 Grijalva-Usumacinta 26 17 0 22-Jun-07 Concordia catchment; and flows into catchment 8 Selegua, belongs to the catchment Grijalva-La 234 30 Grijalva-Usumacinta 361 56 125 22-Jun-07 Concordia; and flows into catchment 13 San Miguel, belongs to the Grijalva-La Concordia 235 30 Grijalva-Usumacinta 485 9 262 22-Jun-07 catchment; and flows into catchment 13 La Concordia, belongs to the Grijalva-La Concor- 236 30 Grijalva-Usumacinta 14 60 0 22-Jun-07 dia catchment; and flows into catchment 13

240 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 ANNEX

Mean annual Date of pub- Annual Mean annual natural run- lication in surface water surface water N°. Hydrological region Name and Description off of the the Official withdrawal availability catchment Government (hm³) (hm³) (hm³) Gazette

Aguacatenco, belongs to the Grijalva-La Concordia 237 30 Grijalva-Usumacinta 845 195 50 22-Jun-07 catchment; and flows into catchment 13 Aguzarca, belongs to the Grijalva-La Concordia 238 30 Grijalva-Usumacinta 358 0 24 22-Jun-07 catchment; and flows into catchment 13 San Pedro, belongs to the Grijalva-La Concordia 239 30 Grijalva-Usumacinta 517 7 34 22-Jun-07 catchment; and flows into catchment 13 Grande or Salinas, belongs to the Grijalva-La Con- 240 30 Grijalva-Usumacinta 498 0 33 22-Jun-07 cordia catchment; and flows into catchment 13 La Angostura Dam, belongs to the Grijalva-La Con- 241 30 Grijalva-Usumacinta 1 470 9 270 1 238 22-Jun-07 cordia catchment; and flows into catchment 18 Hondo, belongs to the River Grijalva Tuxtla Gutier- 242 30 Grijalva-Usumacinta 69 6 9 22-Jun-07 rez catchment; and flows into catchment 18 Tuxtla Gutierrez, belongs to the River Grijalva 243 30 Grijalva-Usumacinta Tuxtla Gutierrez catchment; and flows into 41 4 6 22-Jun-07 catchment 18 Suchiapa, belongs to the River Grijalva Tuxtla Guti- 244 30 Grijalva-Usumacinta 507 15 70 22-Jun-07 errez catchment; and flows into catchment 18 Santo Domingo, belongs to the River Grijalva 245 30 Grijalva-Usumacinta Tuxtla Gutierrez catchment; and flows into 521 34 72 22-Jun-07 catchment 18 Dam Chicoasen, belongs to the River Grijalva 246 30 Grijalva-Usumacinta Tuxtla Gutierrez catchment; and flows into 973 10 989 3 087 22-Jun-07 catchment 23 Chicoasen, belongs to the River Grijalva Tuxtla 247 30 Grijalva-Usumacinta 417 49 119 22-Jun-07 Gutierrez catchment; and flows into catchment 23 Encajonado, belongs to the River Grijalva Tuxtla 248 30 Grijalva-Usumacinta 1 235 0 353 22-Jun-07 Gutierrez catchment; and flows into catchment 24 Cintalapa, belongs to the River Grijalva Tuxtla 249 30 Grijalva-Usumacinta 244 13 67 22-Jun-07 Gutierrez catchment; and flows into catchment 24 Soyatenco, belongs to the River Grijalva Tuxtla 250 30 Grijalva-Usumacinta 175 4 49 22-Jun-07 Gutierrez catchment; and flows into catchment 24 Alto Grijalva, belongs to the River Grijalva Tuxtla 251 30 Grijalva-Usumacinta 84 0.00 3 230 22-Jun-07 Gutierrez catchment; and flows into catchment 26 De La Venta, belongs to the River Grijalva Tuxtla 252 30 Grijalva-Usumacinta 569 6 632 22-Jun-07 Gutierrez catchment; and flows into catchment 26 Chapopote, belongs to the River Grijalva Tuxtla 253 30 Grijalva-Usumacinta 232 2 66 22-Jun-07 Gutierrez catchment; and flows into catchment 26 Dam Nezahualcoyotl, belongs to the catchment 254 30 Grijalva-Usumacinta Rio Grijalva Tuxtla Gutierrez; and flows into 1 717 13 381 8 254 22-Jun-07 catchment 29 Tzimbac, belongs to the Grijalva-Villahermosa 255 30 Grijalva-Usumacinta 395 1 215 22-Jun-07 catchment; and flows into catchment 29 Zayula, belongs to the Grijalva-Villahermosa 256 30 Grijalva-Usumacinta 1 431 1 779 22-Jun-07 catchment; and flows into catchment 29

Dam Peñitas, belongs to the Grijalva-Villaher- 257 30 Grijalva-Usumacinta 1 577 15 457 18 521 22-Jun-07 mosa catchment; and flows into catchment 32

Paredon, belongs to the Grijalva-Villahermosa 258 30 Grijalva-Usumacinta 887 0 886 22-Jun-07 catchment; and flows into catchment 32 Platanar, belongs to the Grijalva-Villahermosa 259 30 Grijalva-Usumacinta 1 023 0 1 021 22-Jun-07 catchment; and flows into catchment 32 Mezcalapa, belongs to the Grijalva-Villahermosa 260 30 Grijalva-Usumacinta 966 0 21 394 22-Jun-07 catchment; and flows into catchments 33 and 36 El Carrizal, belongs to the Grijalva-Villahermosa 261 30 Grijalva-Usumacinta 1 123 4 11 816 22-Jun-07 catchment; and flows into catchment 34 Tabasquillo, belongs to the Grijalva-Villahermosa 262 30 Grijalva-Usumacinta 199 0 12 015 22-Jun-07 catchment; and flows into catchment 74 Cunduacan, belongs to the Grijalva-Villahermosa 263 30 Grijalva-Usumacinta 368 3 368 22-Jun-07 catchment; and flows into catchment 36 Samaria, belongs to the Grijalva-Villahermosa 264 30 Grijalva-Usumacinta 639 7 11 714 22-Jun-07 catchment; and flows into the sea

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 241 ANNEX

Mean annual Date of pub- Annual Mean annual natural run- lication in surface water surface water N°. Hydrological region Name and Description off of the the Official withdrawal availability catchment Government (hm³) (hm³) (hm³) Gazette

Caxcuchapa, belongs to the Grijalva-Villahermosa 265 30 Grijalva-Usumacinta 557 2 557 22-Jun-07 catchment; and flows into the sea Basca, belongs to the Grijalva-Villahermosa 266 30 Grijalva-Usumacinta 559 1 557 22-Jun-07 catchment; and flows into catchment 44 Yashija, belongs to the Grijalva-Villahermosa 267 30 Grijalva-Usumacinta 474 1 472 22-Jun-07 catchment; and flows into catchment 44 Shumula, belongs to the Grijalva-Villahermosa 268 30 Grijalva-Usumacinta 972 10 967 22-Jun-07 catchment; and flows into catchment 44 Puxcatan, belongs to the Grijalva-Villahermosa 269 30 Grijalva-Usumacinta 1 675 4 1 669 22-Jun-07 catchment; and flows into catchment 45 Chacte, belongs to the Grijalva-Villahermosa 270 30 Grijalva-Usumacinta 1 088 12 1 082 22-Jun-07 catchment; and flows into catchment 46 De los Platanos, belongs to the Grijalva-Villahermosa 271 30 Grijalva-Usumacinta 390 5 388 22-Jun-07 catchment; and flows into catchment 46 Tulija, belongs to the Grijalva-Villahermosa catch- 272 30 Grijalva-Usumacinta 2 400 5 4 391 22-Jun-07 ment; and flows into catchment 47 Macuxpana, belongs to the Grijalva-Villahermosa 273 30 Grijalva-Usumacinta 2 621 5 4 285 22-Jun-07 catchment; and flows into catchment 47 Almendro, belongs to the Grijalva-Villahermosa 274 30 Grijalva-Usumacinta 1 166 5 2 635 22-Jun-07 catchment; and flows into catchment 48 Chilapilla, belongs to the Grijalva-Villahermosa 275 30 Grijalva-Usumacinta 2 255 12 10 935 22-Jun-07 catchment; and flows into catchment 74 Tacotalpa, belongs to the Grijalva-Villahermosa 276 30 Grijalva-Usumacinta 622 2 3 257 22-Jun-07 catchment; and flows into catchment 74 Chilapilla, belongs to the Grijalva-Villahermosa 277 30 Grijalva-Usumacinta 749 1 747 22-Jun-07 catchment; and flows into catchment 74 De la Sierra, belongs to the Grijalva-Villahermosa 278 30 Grijalva-Usumacinta 3 539 14 3 527 22-Jun-07 catchment; and flows into catchment 74 Pichucalco, belongs to the Grijalva-Villahermosa 279 30 Grijalva-Usumacinta 1 668 2 1 665 22-Jun-07 catchment; and flows into catchment 74

Viejo Mezcalapa, belongs to the Grijalva-Villaher- 280 30 Grijalva-Usumacinta 694 2 692 22-Jun-07 mosa catchment; and flows into catchment 74

Blue, belongs to the River Lacantun catchment; 281 30 Grijalva-Usumacinta 1 104 3 1 100 22-Jun-07 and flows into catchment 58 Tzanconeja, belongs to the River Lacantun 282 30 Grijalva-Usumacinta 1 703 4 1 695 22-Jun-07 catchment; and flows into catchment 58 Perlas, belongs to the River Lacantun catchment; 283 30 Grijalva-Usumacinta 593 0 590 22-Jun-07 and flows into catchment 58 Comitan, belongs to the River Lacantun catch- 284 30 Grijalva-Usumacinta 294 6 290 22-Jun-07 ment (closed catchment) Margaritas, belongs to the River Lacantun catch- 285 30 Grijalva-Usumacinta 261 4 259 22-Jun-07 ment (closed catchment) Jatate, belongs to the River Lacantun catchment; 286 30 Grijalva-Usumacinta 1 271 2 4 654 22-Jun-07 and flows into catchment 68 Ixcan, belongs to the River Lacantun catchment; 287 30 Grijalva-Usumacinta 21 0 3 982 22-Jun-07 and flows into catchment 68 Chajul, belongs to the River Lacantun catchment; 288 30 Grijalva-Usumacinta 22 0 1 936 22-Jun-07 and flows into catchment 68 Lacanja, belongs to the River Lacantun catch- 289 30 Grijalva-Usumacinta 1 649 1 1 644 22-Jun-07 ment; and flows into catchment 68 San Pedro, belongs to the River Lacantun catch- 290 30 Grijalva-Usumacinta 1 724 0 1 719 22-Jun-07 ment; and flows into catchment 68 Lagoon Miramar, belongs to the River Lacantun 291 30 Grijalva-Usumacinta 469 0 468 22-Jun-07 catchment; and flows into catchment 68 Euseba, belongs to the River Lacantun catch- 292 30 Grijalva-Usumacinta 401 0 399 22-Jun-07 ment; and flows into catchment 68 Caliente, belongs to the River Lacantun catch- 293 30 Grijalva-Usumacinta 233 0 232 22-Jun-07 ment; and flows into catchment 68

242 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 ANNEX

Mean annual Date of pub- Annual Mean annual natural run- lication in surface water surface water N°. Hydrological region Name and Description off of the the Official withdrawal availability catchment Government (hm³) (hm³) (hm³) Gazette

Seco, belongs to the River Lacantun catchment; 294 30 Grijalva-Usumacinta 255 1 254 22-Jun-07 and flows into catchment 68 Santo Domingo, belongs to the River Lacantun 295 30 Grijalva-Usumacinta 236 1 235 22-Jun-07 catchment; and flows into catchment 68 Lacantun, belongs to the River Lacantun catch- 296 30 Grijalva-Usumacinta 2 991 2 19 215 22-Jun-07 ment; and flows into catchment 73 San Pedro, belongs to the River Usumacinta 297 30 Grijalva-Usumacinta 479 2 2 438 22-Jun-07 catchment; and flows into catchment 73 Chixoy belongs to the River Chixoy catchment; 298 30 Grijalva-Usumacinta 1 373 1 29 725 22-Jun-07 and flows into catchment 73 Chocaljah, belongs to the River Usumacinta 299 30 Grijalva-Usumacinta 993 1 990 22-Jun-07 catchment; and flows into catchment 73 Chacamax, belongs to the River Usumacinta 300 30 Grijalva-Usumacinta 1 347 2 1 341 22-Jun-07 catchment; and flows into catchment 73 Usumacinta, belongs to the River Usumacinta catch- 301 30 Grijalva-Usumacinta 7 209 166 64 150 22-Jun-07 ment; and flows into catchments 74, 75 and 76 Grijalva, belongs to the Grijalva-Villahermosa 302 30 Grijalva-Usumacinta 1 640 65 55 898 22-Jun-07 catchment; and flows into the sea Palizada, belongs to the River Usumacinta catch- 303 30 Grijalva-Usumacinta 1 014 0 22 408 22-Jun-07 ment; and flows into catchment 77 San Pedro and San Pablo, belongs to the River 304 30 Grijalva-Usumacinta 458 7 21 851 22-Jun-07 Usumacinta catchment; and flows into the sea East Lagoon, belongs to the catchment Lagoon 305 30 Grijalva-Usumacinta 151 0 22 559 22-Jun-07 de Terminos; and flows into the sea Lagoon Terminos, belongs to the Lagoon de 306 30 Grijalva-Usumacinta 449 0 449 22-Jun-07 Terminos catchment; and flows into the sea Mamatel, belongs to the catchment Terminos 307 30 Grijalva-Usumacinta 132 0 132 22-Jun-07 Lagoon; and flows into the sea Cumpan, belongs to the Terminos Lagoon catch- 308 30 Grijalva-Usumacinta 226 0 226 22-Jun-07 ment; and flows into the sea Pom and Atasta Lagoon, belongs to the Terminos 309 30 Grijalva-Usumacinta 154 0 154 22-Jun-07 Lagoon catchment; and flows into the sea Zanapa, belongs to the portion of the River Tonala 310 29 Coatzacoalcos 744 2 742 25-Jun-07 hydrological region; and flows into catchment 4 Tancochapa Alto, belongs to the portion of the 311 29 Coatzacoalcos River Tonala hydrological region; and flows into 2 178 1 2 178 25-Jun-07 catchment 5 Poza Crispin, belongs to the portion of the 312 29 Coatzacoalcos River Tonala hydrological region; and flows into 1 584 0 1 584 25-Jun-07 catchment 5 Coacajapa, belongs to the portion of the River 313 29 Coatzacoalcos Tonala hydrological region; and flows into catch- 1 112 2 1 854 25-Jun-07 ment 6 Tancochapa Bajo, belongs to the portion of the 314 29 Coatzacoalcos River Tonala hydrological region; and flows into 612 0 4 374 25-Jun-07 catchment 6 Tonala, belongs to the portion of the River 315 29 Coatzacoalcos 2 104 1 8 332 25-Jun-07 Tonala hydrological region; and flows into the sea Santa Anita, belongs to the portion of the River 316 29 Coatzacoalcos 916 4 915 25-Jun-07 Tonala hydrological region; and flows into the sea Lagoon of El Carmen, belongs to the portion of 317 29 Coatzacoalcos the River Tonala hydrological region; and flows 1 177 3 1 176 25-Jun-07 into the sea Lagoon Machona, belongs to the portion of the 318 29 Coatzacoalcos River Tonala hydrological region; and flows into 963 2 962 25-Jun-07 the sea Total 318 197 756 110 017 NOTE: For the case of Hydrological Region 26. River Panuco, at the date of publication the availability standard was not yet ready (NOM-011-CNA-2000). NA = Not available. NOTE: The definitions of the terms used in these tables are those contained in the Official Mexican Standard NOM-011-CNA-2000. SOURCE: Official Government Gazette. Various dates. Mexico. CONAGUA. Technical Division.

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 243 ANNEX

ANNEX G. Characteristics of the Technical Groundwater Committees (COTAS)

The following table presents some information on the 76 Technical Groundwater Committees (COTAS in Spanish) set up nationwide, on December 31st, 2006.

Date of Hydrological-Administrative No.Code Cotas State creation Region

Comondu Technical Groundwater Commit- 1 0101 23-Apr-98 Baja California Sur I Baja California Peninsula tee (Formerly Santo Domingo Valley)

2 0102 Planes Valley 24-Apr-98 Baja California Sur I Baja California Peninsula Technical Groundwater Committee of the La 3 0103 07-Jul-98 Baja California Sur I Baja California Peninsula Paz-Carrizal Aquifer 4 0104 San Jose del Cabo 21-Oct-98 Baja California Sur I Baja California Peninsula 5 0105 Vizcaino Valley 18-Mar-99 Baja California Sur I Baja California Peninsula 6 0106 Todos Santos-El Pescadero Valley 30-Mar-00 Baja California Sur I Baja California Peninsula 7 0107 Mulege Valley 29-Nov-01 Baja California Sur I Baja California Peninsula 8 0201 Camalu Aquifer 06-May-99 Baja California I Baja California Peninsula 9 0202 Colonia Vicente Guerrero Aquifer 06-May-99 Baja California I Baja California Peninsula 10 0203 San Quintin Aquifer 06-May-99 Baja California I Baja California Peninsula 11 0204 San Simon Aquifer 06-May-99 Baja California I Baja California Peninsula 12 0205 San Rafael COTAS 11-Aug-99 Baja California I Baja California Peninsula 13 0206 San Telmo Aquifer 11-Aug-99 Baja California I Baja California Peninsula 14 0207 San Vicente Aquifer COTAS 11-Aug-99 Baja California I Baja California Peninsula 15 0208 Santo Tomas Aquifer 11-Aug-99 Baja California I Baja California Peninsula Technical Groundwater Committee of the 16 0209 28-Oct-99 Baja California I Baja California Peninsula Maneadero Aquifer Technical Groundwater Committee of the 17 0210 28-Oct-99 Baja California I Baja California Peninsula Guadalupe Valley Technical Groundwater Committee of the 18 0211 07-Feb-03 Baja California I Baja California Peninsula Ojos Negros Aquifer Technical Water Committee of the Trinidad 19 0212 07-Feb-03 Baja California I Baja California Peninsula Valley Subtotal Baja California Peninsula: 19 COTAS set up Technical Groundwater Committee of the 20 0301 05-Apr-01 Sonora II Northwest Zanjon Aquifer 21 0302 River San Miguel Aquifer 03-Jun-01 Sonora II Northwest Technical Groundwater Committee of the 22 0303 22-Jun-01 Sonora II Northwest Mesa del Seri-La Victoria Aquifer Technical Groundwater Committee de Guer- 23 0401 26-May-06 Chihuahua II Northwest rero Yepomera Subtotal Northwest: 4 COTAS set up Technical Groundwater Committee of the 24 0801 04-Apr-03 Durango III Northern Pacific Vicente Guerrero-Poanas Aquifer Technical Groundwater Committee of the 25 0802 29-Apr-03 Durango III Northern Pacific Canatlan Valley Aquifer Technical Groundwater Committee of the 26 0803 14-Oct-03 Durango III Northern Pacific Guadiana Valley Aquifer Technical Groundwater Committee of the 27 0804 14-Jan-05 Durango III Northern Pacific 1005 Madero Victoria Aquifer Technical Groundwater Committee of the 28 0805 18-Jan-05 Durango III Northern Pacific Santiaguillo Valley Subtotal Northern Pacific: 5 COTAS set up Technical Groundwater Committee of the 29 0901 01-Jun-01 Puebla IV Balsas Tecamachalco Aquifer Technical Groundwater Committee of the 30 0902 06-Jul-01 Tlaxcala-Puebla-Veracruz IV Balsas Huamantla-Libres-Oriental-Perote Aquifer Technical Water Committee of the Upper 31 0903 07-Nov-01 Puebla y Tlaxcala IV Balsas Atoyac Aquifer

244 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 ANNEX

Date of Hydrological-Administrative No.Code Cotas State creation Region Subtotal Balsas: 3 COTAS set up

Valles Centrales Technical Groundwater 32 1101 04-Jul-02 Oaxaca V South Pacific Committee (Formerly Zimatlan Valley)

Subtotal Southern Pacific: 1 COTAS set up Technical Groundwater Committee of the 33 1201 05-Dec-01 Chihuahua VI Rio Bravo Jimenez-Camargo Aquifer Technical Groundwater Committee of the 34 1202 30-Aug-02 Chihuahua VI Rio Bravo Cuauhtemoc Aquifer, Chihuahua Technical Groundwater Committee of the 35 1203 30-Sep-02 Chihuahua VI Rio Bravo Ascension Aquifer, Chihuahua Technical Groundwater Committee of the 36 1204 08-Nov-02 Chihuahua VI Rio Bravo Casas Grandes Aquifer, Chihuahua Technical Groundwater Committee of the 37 1205 15-Nov-02 Chihuahua VI Rio Bravo Janos Aquifer Technical Groundwater Committee of the 38 1206 20-Feb-03 Coahuila de Zaragoza VI Rio Bravo Cañon del Derramadero Aquifer Technical Groundwater Committee of the 39 1207 05-Dec-03 Chihuahua VI Rio Bravo Buenaventura Aquifer Technical Groundwater Committee of the 40 1208 06-Dec-03 Chihuahua VI Rio Bravo Baja Babicora Aquifer Technical Groundwater Committee of the 41 1209 03-Dec-04 Chihuahua VI Rio Bravo Tarabillas Valley Aquifer Subtotal Rio Bravo: 9 COTAS set up Technical Groundwater Committee of the 42 1301 05-Sep-00 Coahuila de Zaragoza - Durango VII Central Basins of the North Comarca Lagunera Main Aquifer Technical Groundwater Committee of the 43 1302 24-Nov-00 Zacatecas VII Central Basins of the North Aguanaval Aquifer 44 1303 Cepeda-Sauceda General Aquifer 30-May-02 Coahuila de Zaragoza - Durango VII Central Basins of the North Technical Groundwater Committee of the 45 1401 20-Sep-00 San Luis Potosi VII Central Basins of the North Cedral-Matehuala Aquifer

Technical Groundwater Committee of the El 46 1402 20-Sep-00 San Luis Potosi VII Central Basins of the North Barril Aquifer, in the State of San Luis Potosi

Technical Groundwater Committee of the 47 1403 20-Sep-00 San Luis Potosi VII Central Basins of the North San Luis Potosi Valley Aquifer Technical Water Committee of the Arista 48 1404 20-Sep-00 San Luis Potosi VII Central Basins of the North Valley Aquifer Technical Groundwater Committee of the 49 1405 24-Nov-00 Zacatecas VII Central Basins of the North Calera Aquifer Technical Groundwater Committee of the 50 1406 24-Nov-00 Zacatecas y San Luis Potosi VII Central Basins of the North Chupaderos Aquifer Subtotal Central Basins of the North: 9 COTAS set up 51 1501 Celaya Technical Water Council 28-Nov-97 Guanajuato VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 52 1502 Dry Lagoon Technical Water Council 28-Nov-97 Guanajuato VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific Technical Groundwater Committee of the 53 1503 20-Feb-98 Queretaro Arteaga VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific Queretaro Valley Aquifer Technical Groundwater Committee of the 54 1504 25-Sep-98 Queretaro Arteaga VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific Amazcala Aquifer 55 1505 Leon Technical Water Council 01-Oct-98 Guanajuato VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific

56 1506 Silao-Romita Technical Water Council 01-Oct-98 Guanajuato VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific

Irapuato-Santiago Valley Technical Water 57 1507 06-Nov-98 Guanajuato VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific Council

58 1508 Penjamo-Abasolo Technical Water Council 06-Nov-98 Guanajuato VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific

Technical Groundwater Committee of the 59 1509 10-Dec-98 Queretaro Arteaga VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific Huimilpan Aquifer Salvatierra-La Cuevita Technical Water 60 1510 07-Jan-99 Guanajuato VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific Council

61 1511 Turbio River Technical Water Council 01-Jun-99 Guanajuato VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 245 ANNEX

Date of Hydrological-Administrative No.Code Cotas State creation Region

62 1512 Acambaro-Cuitzeo Technical Water Council 25-Ago-99 Guanajuato VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific

MoroLeon-Cienega Prieta Technical Water 63 1513 31-Ago-99 Guanajuato VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific Council

64 1514 Laja River Technical Groundwater Council 01-Oct-99 Guanajuato VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific

Technical Groundwater Committee of the 65 1515 30-Jul-03 State of Mexico VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific Toluca Valley Aquifer Groundwater Committee of the Inter-State 66 1601 Ojocaliente Aguascalientes Encarnation 18-Apr-00 Aguascalientes-Jalisco-Zacatecas VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific Aquifer

67 1602 Ocampo Technical Groundwater Council 17-Feb-06 Guanajuato VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific

Subtotal Lerma-Santiago-Pacific: 17 COTAS set up

Technical Water Committee of the Inter-State 68 1901 23-Nov-99 Guanajuato- San Luis Potosi IX Northern Gulf Jaral de Berrios-Villa de Reyes Aquifer

Technical Groundwater Committee of the 69 1902 12-Sep-00 Hidalgo IX Northern Gulf Huichapan-Tecozautla-Nopala Aquifer Technical Groundwater Committee of the 70 1903 25-Jul-02 Hidalgo IX Northern Gulf Tulancingo Valley Aquifer Technical Groundwater Committee of the 71 1904 08-Oct-04 San Luis Potosi IX Northern Gulf Rioverde Aquifer Technical Groundwater Committee of the 72 1905 21-Oct-04 Queretaro Arteaga IX Northern Gulf San Juan del Rio Valley Aquifer

73 1906 Sierra Gorda Technical Water Council 14-Dec-05 Guanajuato IX Northern Gulf

Subtotal Northern Gulf: 6 COTAS set up Technical Groundwater Committee of the 74 2101 17-Jul-01 Puebla X Central Gulf Tehuacan Valley Aquifer Naranjos Aquifer Technical Groundwater 75 2102 23-Jun-06 Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave X Central Gulf Committee Subtotal Central Gulf: 2 COTAS set up Technical Groundwater Committee of the 76 2601 24-Nov-06 State of Mexico, Hidalgo XIII Waters of the Valley of Mexico Cuautitlan-Pachuca Aquifer Subtotal Waters of the Valley of Mexico: 1 COTAS set up Total: 76 COTAS set up SOURCE: CONAGUA. General Coordination for Emergency Attention and River Basin Councils.

246 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 ANNEX

Date of Hydrological-Administrative No.Code Cotas State creation Region ANNEX H. Location and surface area of the wetlands registered in the Ramsar

62 1512 Acambaro-Cuitzeo Technical Water Council 25-Ago-99 Guanajuato VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific Convention, by year of incorporation

MoroLeon-Cienega Prieta Technical Water 63 1513 31-Ago-99 Guanajuato VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific Council In the following table, the 65 wetlands that Mexico had listed in the Ramsar Convention up to December 31st, 2006 are listed. It 64 1514 Laja River Technical Groundwater Council 01-Oct-99 Guanajuato VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific shoud be mentioned that two additional wetlands were registered between January and June 2007, which brings the total number

Technical Groundwater Committee of the at the close of this edition to 67. 65 1515 30-Jul-03 State of Mexico VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific Toluca Valley Aquifer Groundwater Committee of the Inter-State Mexican wetlands registered in the Ramsar Convention 66 1601 Ojocaliente Aguascalientes Encarnation 18-Apr-00 Aguascalientes-Jalisco-Zacatecas VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific (Situation up to December 31st, 2006) Aquifer Approximate Date of 67 1602 Ocampo Technical Groundwater Council 17-Feb-06 Guanajuato VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific No.Code Name State surface registration (hectares) Subtotal Lerma-Santiago-Pacific: 17 COTAS set up 1 4MX001 Lagartos Ria Biosphere Reserve 04-Jul-86 Yucatan 60 348 Technical Water Committee of the Inter-State 68 1901 23-Nov-99 Guanajuato- San Luis Potosi IX Northern Gulf Jaral de Berrios-Villa de Reyes Aquifer 2 4MX002 Marismas Nacionales 22-Jun-95 Sinaloa, Nayarit 200 000 3 4MX003 Pantanos de Centla 22-Jun-95 Tabasco 302 706 Technical Groundwater Committee of the 69 1902 12-Sep-00 Hidalgo IX Northern Gulf Huichapan-Tecozautla-Nopala Aquifer 4 4MX004 Cuatro Ciénegas 22-Jun-95 Coahuila de Zaragoza 84 347 Technical Groundwater Committee of the 5 4MX005 Wetlands of the River Colorado Delta 20-Mar-96 Baja California, Sonora 250 000 70 1903 25-Jul-02 Hidalgo IX Northern Gulf Tulancingo Valley Aquifer 6 4MX006 La Encrucijada 20-Mar-96 Chiapas 144 868 Technical Groundwater Committee of the 71 1904 08-Oct-04 San Luis Potosi IX Northern Gulf Rioverde Aquifer 7 4MX007 Dzilam de Bravo 07-Dec-00 Yucatan 61 707 Technical Groundwater Committee of the 8 4MX008 Xcalak Reefs National Park 27-Nov-03 Quintana Roo 17 949 72 1905 21-Oct-04 Queretaro Arteaga IX Northern Gulf San Juan del Rio Valley Aquifer 9 4MX009 Basins and Corals of the Huatulco Coastal Zone 27-Nov-03 Oaxaca 44 400 73 1906 Sierra Gorda Technical Water Council 14-Dec-05 Guanajuato IX Northern Gulf 10 4MX010 Tecocomulco Lagoon 27-Nov-03 Hidalgo 1 769

Subtotal Northern Gulf: 6 COTAS set up 11 4MX011 Isla Contoy National Park 27-Nov-03 Quintana Roo 5 126 Technical Groundwater Committee of the 12 4MX012 Isla Isabel National Park 27-Nov-03 Nayarit 94 74 2101 17-Jul-01 Puebla X Central Gulf Tehuacan Valley Aquifer 13 4MX013 Montebello Lagoons National Park 27-Nov-03 Chiapas 6 022 Naranjos Aquifer Technical Groundwater 75 2102 23-Jun-06 Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave X Central Gulf 14 4MX014 Rancho Nuevo Turtle Beach 27-Nov-03 Tamaulipas 30 Committee Subtotal Central Gulf: 2 COTAS set up 15 4MX015 Tierra Colorada Turtle Beach 27-Nov-03 Guerrero 54 Technical Groundwater Committee of the 16 4MX016 El Palmar State Reserve 27-Nov-03 Yucatan 50 177 76 2601 24-Nov-06 State of Mexico, Hidalgo XIII Waters of the Valley of Mexico Cuautitlan-Pachuca Aquifer 17 4MX017 Sian Ka´an 27-Nov-03 Quintana Roo 652 193 Subtotal Waters of the Valley of Mexico: 1 COTAS set up 18 4MX018 Naha and Metzabok Flora and Fauna Protection Area 02-Feb-04 Chiapas 7 216 Total: 76 COTAS set up 19 4MX019 Bala´an K´aax 02-Feb-04 Quintana Roo 131 610 SOURCE: CONAGUA. General Coordination for Emergency Attention and River Basin Councils. 20 4MX020 Ria Celestun Biosphere Reserve 02-Feb-04 Yucatán 81 482 21 4MX021 Chamela-Cuixmala Biosphere Reserve 02-Feb-04 Jalisco 13 142 22 4MX022 Ciénegas de Lerma 02-Feb-04 Mexico 3 023 23 4MX023 La Mancha and El Llano 02-Feb-04 Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave 1 414 24 4MX024 Metztitlan Lagoon 02-Feb-04 Hidalgo 2 937 25 4MX025 Sayula Lagoon 02-Feb-04 Jalisco 16 800 26 4MX026 Ojo de Liebre Lagoon 02-Feb-04 Baja California Sur 36 600 27 4MX027 Colorada Beach Lagoon-Santa Maria la Reforma 02-Feb-04 Sinaloa 53 140 28 4MX028 San Ignacio Lagoon 02-Feb-04 Baja California Sur 17 500 29 4MX029 Mangroves and Wetlands of the Sontecomapan Lagoon 02-Feb-04 Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave 8 921 30 4MX030 Puerto Morelos Reef National Park 02-Feb-04 Quintana Roo 9 066 31 4MX031 Cañon de Sumidero National Park 02-Feb-04 Chiapas 21 789 32 4MX032 Marietas Islands 02-Feb-04 Nayarit 1 357 33 4MX033 Veracruzano Reef System National Park 02-Feb-04 Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave 52 238 34 4MX034 Cahuitan Turtle Beach 02-Feb-04 Oaxaca 65 35 4MX035 Chenkan Turtle Beach 02-Feb-04 Campeche 100 36 4MX036 El Verde Camacho Turtle Beach 02-Feb-04 Sinaloa 6 454 37 4MX037 Playon Mexiquillo 02-Feb-04 Michoacan de Ocampo 67 38 4MX038 X´cacel-X´cacelito Turtle Beach 02-Feb-04 Quintana Roo 362 39 4MX039 Jalpan Dam 02-Feb-04 Queretaro Arteaga 68 40 4MX040 Banco Chinchorro Biosphere Reserve 02-Feb-04 Quintana Roo 144 360

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 247 ANNEX

Mexican wetlands registered in the Ramsar Convention (Situation up to December 31st, 2006)

Approximate Date of No.Code Name State surface registration (hectares) 41 4MX041 Los Petenes Biosphere Reserve 02-Feb-04 Campeche 282 857 42 4MX042 Alvarado Lagoon System 02-Feb-04 Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave 267 010 43 4MX043 Terminos Lagoon Flora and Fauna Protection Area 02-Feb-04 Campeche 705 016 44 4MX044 Revillagigedo Archipelago Biosphere Reserve 02-Feb-04 Colima 636 685 45 4MX045 Loreto Bay National Park 02-Feb-04 Baja California Sur 206 581 46 4MX046 San Pedro Martir Island 02-Feb-04 Sonora 30 165 47 4MX047 Yum Balam Flora and Fauna Protection Area 02-Feb-04 Quintana Roo 154 052 48 4MX048 Yuriria Lagoon 02-Feb-04 Guanajuato 15 020 49 4MX049 Madre Lagoon 02-Feb-04 Tamaulipas 307 894 Ejidos de Xochimilco and San Gregorio Atlapulco Lacustrine 50 4MX050 02-Feb-04 Distrito Federal 2 657 System 51 4MX051 Chichankanab Lagoon 02-Feb-04 Quintana Roo 1 999 52 4MX052 Wetlands of Lake Patzcuaro 02-Feb-05 Michoacán de Ocampo 707 53 4MX053 El Caiman Coastal Lagoon 02-Feb-05 Michoacán de Ocampo 1 125 54 4MX054 Cozumel Reefs National Park 02-Feb-05 Quintana Roo 11 987 55 4MX055 Inter-Dune Lagoon System of the City of Veracruz 02-Feb-05 Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave 141 56 4MX056 Wetlands of the La Popotera Lagoon 05-Jun-05 Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave 1 975 57 4MX057 Zacapu Lagoon 05-Jun-05 Michoacán de Ocampo 40 58 4MX058 Zapotlan Lagoon 05-Jun-05 Jalisco 1 496 59 4MX059 Corredor Costero La Asamblea-San Francisquito 27-Nov-05 Baja California 44 304 60 4MX060 Tamiahua Lagoon 27-Nov-05 Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave 88 000 61 4MX061 Texolo Waterfalls and their surroundings 02-Feb-06 Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave 500 62 4MX062 Tuxpan Mangroves and Wetlands 02-Feb-06 Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave 6 870 63 4MX063 Rasa Island 02-Feb-06 Baja California 66 64 4MX064 Estero de Punta Banda 02-Feb-06 Baja California 2 393 65 4MX065 Atotonilco Lagoon 18-Mar-06 Jalisco 2 850

Mexican wetlands registered in the Ramsar Convention (Registered between January and June 2007)

Approximate Date of No.Code Name State surface registration (hectares) 66 4MX066 Huizache-Caimanero Lagoon 02-Feb-07 Sinaloa 48 283 67 4MX067 Yalahau Lagoons State Park 02-Feb-07 Yucatan 5 683 Total 5 317 857

SOURCE : Ramsar Sites Information Service (www.ramsar.org/sitelist.doc). May 2007.

248 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 ANNEX

ANNEX I. Bibliography for the production of Statistics on Water in Mexico 2007

Chapter 1

CONAGUA, By-Laws of the National Water Commission, SEGOB-Official Government Gazette, Mexico, 2006.

CONAPO, 2005 Marginalization Indexes, CONAPO, Mexico, 2006.

INEGI, Yearbook of Statistics by State, 2007 Edition, INEGI, Mexico, 2007.

INEGI, Economic Censuses 2004, INEGI, Mexico, 2005.

INEGI, II Census of Population and Housing 2005, INEGI. Information published in various formats.

INEGI, Municipal Geostatistical Framework, INEGI, Mexico, 2005.

International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook, United States of America, International Monetary Fund, 2007.

SEDESOL, INEGI and CONAPO, Limits of the Metropolitan Zones in Mexico, SEDESOL, INEGI and CONAPO, Mexico, 2004.

Chapter 2

CONAPO, Population Predictions in Mexico 2005-2050, CONAPO, Mexico, 2006.

SEMARNAT, CONAGUA, PROFEPA, SEMAR, SECTUR and COFEPRIS, Clean Beach Program,

SEMARNAT, CONAGUA, PROFEPA, SEMAR, SECTUR and COFEPRIS, Mexico, 2006.

Waters of the Valley of Mexico and Cutzamala System Regional Department, Towards a Sustainable Management Strategy of Water in the Valley of Mexico and Metropolitan Zone, Waters of the Valley of Mexico and Cutzamala System Regional Department, CONAGUA, Mexico, 2005.

Waters of the Valley of Mexico and Cutzamala System Regional Department, Cutzamala System. Water for Millions of Mexicans, Waters of the Valley of Mexico and Cutzamala System Regional Department, CONAGUA, Mexico, 2005.

Chapter 3

CNA, Water in Mexico, Challenges and Progress, CNA, Mexico, 2000.

CONAGUA, Water Management in Mexico, Progress and Challenges 2006, CONAGUA, Mexico, 2007.

Federal Commission for Electricity, Annual Report 2005, CFE, Mexico, 2006.

IUCN, IWMI, Ramsar, WRI, Water Resources eAtlas, Watersheds of the World: Global Maps, IUCN, IWMI, Ramsar, WRI,

Chapter 4

CONAGUA, Portable Cube of Population, Housing and Water.

CONAGUA, Agricultural Statistics of Irrigation Units, Agricultural year 2004-2005, CONAGUA, Mexico, 2007.

INEGI, General Censuses of Population and Housing. INEGI. Information published in various formats.

INEGI, II Census of Water Capture, Treatment and Water Supply, INEGI, Mexico, 2004.

INEGI, XI General Census of Population and Housing 1990, INEGI.

INEGI, Census of Population and Vivienda 2005, INEGI.

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 249 ANNEX

Chapter 5

CNA, National Water Law, CNA, Mexico, 2004.

CNA, NOM, List of Products Certified according to the Official Mexican Standards of the Water Sector and Accredited and Approved Organisations, CNA, Mexico, 2004.

CONAGUA, Aqua Course, Mexico, 2007.

CONAGUA, The Tasks of the Hydro-Agricultural Infrastructure in Mexico 2001-2006, CONAGUA, Mexico, 2006.

CONAGUA, Agricultural Statistics of the Irrigation Districts, CONAGUA, Mexico, 2006.

CONAGUA, Federal Duties Law 2006. Dispositions Applicable as regards the Nation’s Waters, CONAGUA, Mexico, 2006.

CONAGUA, Organisation and Operation Manual of Mexico’s Clean Beach Committees, CONAGUA, Mexico, 2006.

CONAGUA, Official Mexican Standards, CONAGUA, Mexico, 2006.

CONAGUA, Situation of the Drinking Water, Sewerage and Sanitation Sub-Sector, 2006 Edition, CONAGUA, 2006.

CONAGUA, Situation of the Drinking Water, Sewerage and Sanitation Sub-Sector, 2007 Edition, CONAGUA.

INEGI, II Census of Water Capture, Treatment and Water Supply, INEGI, Mexico, 2004.

Chapter 6

INEGI, Charter for Use of Soil and Vegetation. Serie III, INEGI, Mexico, 2003.

SEMARNAT, Geographical Atlas of the Environment and Natural Resources, SEMARNAT, Mexico, 2006.

SEMARNAT, Compendium of Environmental Statistics 2006, SEMARNAT, Mexico, 2007.

SEMARNAT, Basic Indicators of Mexico’s Environmental Performance 2005, SEMARNAT, Mexico 2005.

SEMARNAT, Report of the State of the Environment in Mexico, Compendium of Environmental Statistics 2005, SEMARNAT, Mexico, 2005.

SEMARNAT, Environmental Management in Mexico. SEMARNAT, Mexico, 2006.

UNAM, Institute of Geography, Geographical Research, The current state of forest resources in Mexico: Results of the National Forest Inventory, 2000, UNAM, Newsletter of the Geography Institute, Number 43, Mexico, 2000.

UNEP, Geo Year Book 2003, UNEP, Division of Early Warning and Assessment, Kenya, 2004.

UNEP, Perspectives of the World Environment 2002, GEO-3, UNEP, Grupo Mundi-Prensa, Spain, 2002.

Chapter 7

CONAGUA, National Water Program, CONAGUA, 2007.

CONAPO, Mexico, Faced with the Millennium Development Challenges, SEGOB-CONAPO, Mexico, 2005.

CONAPO, Population Predictions in Mexico 2005-2050, CONAPO, Mexico, 2006.

INEGI, II Census of Population and Housing 2005, INEGI, Mexico, 2006.

National Development Plan 2007-2012, Presidence of the Republic, Mexico, 2007.

SEDESOL, INEGI and CONAPO, Limits of the Metropolitan Zones in Mexico, SEDESOL, INEGI and CONAPO, Mexico, 2004.

SEMARNAT, The Environment in Mexico 2005, a summary, SEMARNAT, Mexico 2006

SEMARNAT, National Environment and Natural Resources Program 2001-2006, SEMARNAT, Mexico, 2001.

Vision 2030, The Mexico that We Want, Presidence of the Republic, Mexico, 2007.

Waters of the Valley of Mexico and Cutzamala System Regional Department, Water in the Valley of Mexico, Present and Future, National Water Commission, Waters of the Valley of Mexico and Cutzamala System Regional Department, Mexico, 2004.

250 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 ANNEX

Chapter 8

Clarke, Robin and King, Jannet, The Water Atlas, The New Press, United States of America, 2004.

CONAGUA, Final Report of the 4th World Water Forum, CONAGUA, Mexico 2006.

CONAGUA, Synthesis of the 4th World Water Forum, CONAGUA, Mexico, 2006.

CONAGUA, Thematic Documentos of the 4th World Water Forum, CONAGUA, Mexico, 2006.

CONAGUA, Reports of the Regional Committees of the 4th World Water Forum, CONAGUA, Mexico, 2006.

CONAGUA, The Regional Process of the 4th World Water Forum, CONAGUA, Mexico, 2006.

Cosgrove, William J. and Rijsberman, Frank R., World Water Vision, Making Water Everybody’s Business, World Water Council, France, 2000.

Gleick, Peter; Burns, William C. G.; Chalecki, Elizabeth L.; Cohen, Michael; Kao Cushing, Katherine; Mann, Amar S.; Reyes, Rachel; Wolff, Gary H.; Wong, Arlene K., The World’s Water: The Biennial Report on Freshwater Resources 2002-2003, Island Press, United States of America, 2002.

Gleick, Peter, World’s Water, The Biennial Report on Freshwater Resources 2006-2007: Peter H. Gleick, Island Press, United States of America, 2006.

Hoekstra, Arjen and Chapagain, A.K., Water Footprints of Nations, Volume 1: Main report, UNESCO-IHE, Netherlands, 2004.

Hoekstra, Arjen and Chapagain, A.K., Water Footprints of Nations, Volume 2: Appendices 2004, UNESCO-IHE, Netherlands, 2004.

ICOLD. World Register of Dams, ICOLD, France, 2003.

INEGI, II Census of Water Capture, Treatment and Water Supply, INEGI, Mexico, 2004.

INEGI, Yearbook of Statistics by State, 2007 Edition, INEGI, Mexico, 2007.

INEGI, General Censuses. Information published in various formats.

International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook, International Monetary Fund, United States of America, 2007.

OECD, Getting it Right: OECD Perspectives on Policy Challenges in Mexico, OECD, France, 2007.

SEDESOL, INEGI and CONAPO, Limits of the Metropolitan Zones in Mexico, SEDESOL, INEGI and CONAPO, Mexico, 2004.

Shiklomanov I. A. and Rodda, John C., World Water Resources at the Beginning of the 21st Century, Cambridge University Press, UNESCO, United Kingdom, 2003.

The Millennium Development Goals in Mexico: 2005 Progress Report, Government of the Republic – Human and Social Development Cabinet, Mexico, 2005.

The World Bank, Global Monitoring Report 2007, Confronting the Challenges of Gender Equality and Fragile States, The World Bank, The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank, United States of America, 2007.

The World Bank, 2007 World Development Indicators, The World Bank, International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank, United States of America, 2007.

United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, World Urbanization Prospects: The 2003 Revision, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Publication, United States of America, 2004.

United Nations Environment Programme, GEMS Water Programme, 2004 State of the UNEP GEMS/Water Global Network and Annual Report, United Nations Environment Programme / GEMS Water Programme, Canada, 2005.

UNESCO-WWAP, Water for People, Water for Life. 1st World Water Development Report, UNESCO-WWAP, UNESCO Editions, Berghahns Books, France, 2003.

UNESCO-WWAP, Water, a Shared Responsibility, 2nd World Water Development Report, UNESCO-WWAP and Berghahns Books, France, 2006.

United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction, Disaster Risk Reduction: 2007 Global Review, UNISDR, Switzerland, 2007.

WHO, UNICEF, Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation, WHO, UNICEF, WHO Press, Switzerland, 2006.

World Commission of Dams. Dams and Development: A New Framework for Decision-making, Annex V, South Africa, 2000.

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 251 ANNEX

ANNEX J. Glossary

The application of the nation’s water for irrigation destined for agricultural production and the preparation of the latter for its first Agricultural use transfer, as long as the products have not been industrially transformed. A deed granted by the Federal Executive Branch, through the CONAGUA or the corresponding River Basin Organization, in con- Allocation formity with their respective responsibilities, in order to use the nation’s waters, to municipalities, States or the Federal District, destined to public urban or domestic water services.

Annual precipitation The precipitation that is calculated considering data from January 1st to December 31st, every year.

Any geological formation or group of hydraulically connected geological formations, through which subsoil waters flow or are Aquifer stored that may be extracted for use and whose lateral and vertical limits are conventionally defined for the purpose of evaluation, management and administration of the nation’s subsoil waters. A natural unit defined by the existence of a division of waters in a given territory. Catchments are morphological surface units. Their limits are established by the main geographical division of the waters from precipitation; also known as “water-break”. The water-break, theoretically, is an imaginary line that unites the highest relative points between two adjacent but opposite fac- Catchment ing slopes; from the highest part of the catchment to its exit point, in the hypsometrically lowest point. Within the catchments, sub-catchments or smaller catchments can be marked out. The divisions that mark out sub-catchments are known as secondary water-breaks. A deed granted by the Federal Executive Branch, through the CONAGUA or the corresponding River Basin Organization, ac- Concession cording to their respective areas of competence, in order to carry out the use of the nation’s waters, and of their inherent state property, to public and private individuals or organizations, except for allocation deeds.

Discharge The action of pouring, infiltrating, depositing or infusing wastewater into a receiver body.

Deeds granted by the Federal Executive Branch through the CONAGUA or the corresponding River Basin Organization, in ac- Discharge permits cordance with their respective areas of competence, for the discharge of wastewater into national receiver bodies, granted to private or public individuals or organizations.

The application of national water for the private use of people and homes, garden and decorative tree irrigation, including watering Domestic use places for domestic animals that do not constitute a money-making activity, in terms of Article 115 of the Political Constitution of the United Mexican States. Drinking water and sanitation Series of works and actions that allow the provision of public drinking water, sewerage and sanitation services, including the piping, system treatment, removal and discharge of wastewater. Percentage of the population living in private homes who have running water within the home or on the lot or who have access to Drinking water coverage a public water tap or hydrant. This information is determined by means of censuses conducted by the INEGI. The benefits of social interest generated or derived from river basins and their components, such as climate regulation, conserva- tion of hydrological cycles, erosion control, flood control, aquifer recharge, maintenance of runoffs in quality and quantity, soil for- Environmental services mation, carbon catchment, water body purification, as well as the conservation and protection of biodiversity. For the application of this concept in the 2004 National Water Law, water resources and their link with forest resources are mainly considered. The flow or minimum volume necessary in receiver bodies, including currents of various origins or reservoirs, or the minimum Environmental use or use for natural discharge flow of an aquifer, which should be conserved to protect the environmental conditions and ecological balance ecological conservation of the system. Application of water in activities geared at extracting chemicals or organics dissolved in it, after which it is returned to its original Exploitation source without significant consumption. The natural or artificial channel with the necessary capacity for waters of the maximum ordinary crescent to run off without overflowing. When currents overflow, the natural channel is considered as an irrigation channel, while no channel works are built; Streambed at the origin of any current, it is considered as an irrigation channel in the strict sense, when the runoff is concentrated towards a topographic depression and forms a channel, as a result of the action of the water flowing over the ground. Water that completely permeates the leeks or cracks in the subsoil. It is therefore the water that constitutes the Groundwater permeated zone. A territorial area comprised according to its morphological, orographical and hydrological features, in which the watershed is considered as the most appropriate basic unit for water management, the aim of which is to group together and systematize the information, analysis, diagnosis, programs and actions as regards the occurrence of water in quantity and quality, as well as its use. Hydrological region A hydrological region is normally made up of one or several watersheds. For this reason, the limits of the hydrological region are in general different from the political division by States, Federal District and municipalities. One or several hydrological regions make up a Hydrological-Administrative Region. A territorial area defined according to hydrological criteria, made up of one or several hydrological regions, in which the watershed Hydrological-Administrative Region is considered as the most appropriate basic unit for water management and the municipality represents, as is the case in other legal tools, the minimal administrative unit for the country. The application of the nation’s waters in factories or companies that carry out the withdrawal, conservation or transformation of prime materials or minerals, the finishing of products or the elaboration of satisfiers, as well as the water that is used in industrial Industrial use parks, boilers, cooling devices, washing, bathrooms and other services within companies, the salt-water used for the withdrawal of any type of substances and the water still in a state of steam, used for the generation of electricity or for any other transforma- tion use or exploitation.

252 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 ANNEX

A process that promotes the coordinated management and development of water, soils, resources related with these and the Integrated Water Resources Man- environment, with the aim of maximizing social and economic wellbeing in an equitable manner, without compromising the agement sustainability of the vital ecosystems. This form of management is intimately linked with sustainable development. For the ap- plication of the 2004 National Water Law as regards this concept, water and forests are primarily considered. Irrigation area Area entitled to irrigation services. Geographical areas where irrigation services are provided by means of hydro-agricultural infrastructure works such as reservoirs, Irrigation Districts direct diversions, pumping plants, wells, canals, and roads, among others. The quantity of water, measured in longitudinal units, that is applied to a crop so that it may meet its physiological needs during the Irrigation sheet entire plant growth cycle, in addition to soil evaporation (offstream use = evaporation + water in plant tissues). An agricultural area with irrigation infrastructure and systems, different from an irrigation district and commonly of a lesser area than the latter; it may be made up of user associations or other organized groups of producers who are freely gathered together Irrigation unit to provide irrigation services with autonomous management systems and to operate the hydraulic infrastructure works to catch, divert, pipe, regulate, distribute and remove the nation’s waters destined for agricultural irrigation. Lake, lagoon or marsh vessel The natural tank of the nation’s waters bordered by the crest of the maximum ordinary crescent. Dams whose height above the riverbed is greater than 15 m or which have a height of between 10 and 15 m, with a crest length Large dams of over 500 m or when the capacity of the reservoir formed by the dam is not less than 1 million cubic meters. Definition from the International Commission on Large Dams. A place occupied by one or more homes, which may or may not be occupied; this place is recognized by law or by custom. Ac- Locality cording to their characteristics and for statistical purposes, they are classified as either urban or rural. One of the systems for the final disposal of solid waste generated through minerals, which should comply with conditions of maxi- Main tailing dams mum security, in order to guarantee the protection of the population, economic and social activities, and in general, the ecological balance. Marsh Low marshy ground, that is usually filled by rainwater or overflows from a stream, a nearbylagoon or the sea. The annual mean volume of groundwater that can be granted to be withdrawn from a hydrogeological unit or aquifer for various Mean annual groundwater uses, in addition to the withdrawal already granted and to the natural committed discharge, without placing the balance of the availability ecosystem in danger. The rainfall calculated for any period of at least ten years, beginning on January 1st of the first year and ending on December 31st Mean annual precipitation of the final year. Mean annual surface water The value that results from the difference between the annual mean volume of downstream runoff of a basin or watershed and the availability current annual mean committed volume downstream. Mean aquifer recharge The annual mean water volume that enters an aquifer. Mean natural availability Total volume of renewable surface water and groundwater that occurs naturally in a region. Mean natural surface runoff The part of mean historical precipitation that occurs in the form of flows in a watercourse. Waters that are the property of the nation, according to the terms of paragraph 5 of article 27 of the Political Constitution of the Nation’s waters United Mexican States. Natural water renewal quota The volume of renewable water per year in a river basin or in a subsoil water body. The precipitation measured for a uniform and relatively long period, which must be at least a decade of information, starting on Normal precipitation January 1st of a year ending in one and finishing on December 31st of a year ending in zero. The volume of water of a specific quality consumed when carrying out a given activity, which is determined as the difference Offstream use between the volume of a specific quality that is withdrawn, minus the volume that is discharged, also of a specific quality, which is indicated in the respective deed. Any aquifer in which the groundwater withdrawal is greater than the volume of mean annual recharge, in such a way that the per- sistence of this condition for long periods of time brings about one or several of the following environmental impacts: exhaustion Overexploited aquifer or disappearance of springs, lakes, wetlands; decrease or disappearance of the base flow in rivers; undefined decrease in the level of groundwater; formation of cracks; differential ground settlements; salt-water intrusion in coastal aquifers; bad-quality water migration. These impacts can cause economic losses to the users and to society. The series of physical, chemical and biological parameters, and of their maximum permitted levels in wastewater discharges, determined by the CONAGUA or by the corresponding River Basin Organization, according to their respective areas of compe- Particular discharge conditions tence, for each user, for a specific use or user groups of a specific receiver body, with the purpose of conserving and controlling the quality of the waters, in accordance with the 2004 National Water Law and the By-Laws derived from that Law. Perennial crops Crops whose growth cycle is greater than one year. Permits granted by the Federal Executive Branch through the CONAGUA or the corresponding River Basin Organization, in ac- cordance with their respective areas of competence, for the use of the nation’s waters, as well as for the construction of hydraulic Permits works and others of diverse origins related with water and government property, referred to in Article 113 of the 2004 National Water Law. These permits are provisional in the case of the use of the nation’s waters from the period in which the deeds are issued. Physical irrigation surface An area that is actually irrigated. Those specific areas of hydrological regions, river basins or aquifers, in which no additional use of water is authorized, other Prohibition zone than those legally established, which are controlled through specific rules, owing to the deterioration in water quantity or quality, through the affectation to hydrological sustainability, or through the damage to surface or groundwater bodies.

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 253 ANNEX

The strip of land immediately around dams, hydraulic structures and other hydraulic infrastructure and connected installations, when these works are property of the nation, in the extension defined in each case by the CONAGUA or the corresponding River Protection zone Basin Organization, in accordance with their respective areas of competence, for their protection and appropriate operation, conservation and observation, according to the dispositions in the By-Laws of the 2004 National Water Law. A Registry that provides information and legal security to the users of the nation’s waters and inherent properties through the Public Registry of Water Rights registration of the concession and allocation deeds and discharge permits, as well as the modifications made to the characteristics (REPDA) of the latter. Public urban use The application of the nation’s water for population centers and human settlements, through the municipal network. Geographical areas in which, through the use of certain techniques, the damage caused by periods of rainy weather in zones with Rainfed district abundant, prolonged rainfall is mitigated. The technification mainly consists of the construction of drains that remove the excess water. These areas are also known as drainage districts. The current or natural water tank, dams, irrigation channels, salt-water zones or government property into which wastewater is Receiver body discharged, as well as the grounds into which this water filters or infuses, when it can pollute soils, subsoils or aquifers. Those specific areas of aquifers, rivers basins, or hydrological regions, which by their characteristics of deterioration, hydrological Regulated zone imbalance, risks or damage to water bodies or to the environment, fragility of the vital ecosystems, overexploitation, as well as for their reorganization and recovery, require specific water management to guarantee hydrological sustainability. Those specific areas of aquifers, rivers basins, or hydrological regions, in which use limits are established for a portion or all of the Reserve zone water available, with the aim of providing a public service, implementing a recovery, conservation or preservation program, or when the state resolves to use said waters for the public good. Reuse The use of wastewater with or without prior treatment. River Current of natural water, perennial or intermittent, that flows into other currents, into a natural or artificial reservoir, or the sea. Collegiate entities of mixed membership, not subordinate to the CONAGUA or the River Basin Organizations. An auxiliary orga- River Basin Commission nization of the River Basin Councils at the sub-basin level. (National Water Law2004.- Article 13 BIS 1 Page 31). Collegiate entities of mixed membership, an instrument for coordination and consultation, support, consultation and advice, between the “Commission”, including the corresponding River Basin Organization, and the agencies and entities at federal, state and municipal levels, and representatives of water users’ associations and organized society, of the respective river basin or hydrological region. River Basin Council (National Water Law 2004.-Article 3 Fraction XV.- Page 3) Their purpose is to design and carry out programs and actions geared to improving water management, develop hydraulic infrastruc- ture and related services, and preserve the river basin’s resources (National Water Law 2004.- Article 13 Page 29) A specialized technical, administrative and legal unit, autonomous in nature, directly appointed by the head of the CONAGUA, River Basin Organization whose attributions are established in the 2004 National Water Law and its By-Laws, and whose specific resources and budget are determined by the CONAGUA. Rural locality Locality with a population of less than 2 500 inhabitants, which is not a municipal seat. A phenomenon in which salt-water enters the subsoil towards the inner land mass, causing groundwater salinization; this occurs Salt-water intrusion when the water withdrawal causes groundwater levels to be lower than the level of salt-water, altering the dynamic natural balance between salt-water and freshwater. Percentage of the population living in private housing connected to the public sanitation network or a septic tank, a river, lake or Sanitation coverage sea, overflow, ravine, crevice. This information is determined through the Censuses carried out by INEGI. Fees destined to recover the costs derived from the operation, conservation and maintenance of hydraulic infrastructure works, various installations and irrigation zones, as well as the costs incurred in investments in infrastructure, mechanisms and equipment, including their improvement, rehabilitation and replacement. The self-sufficiency quotas are not physical in nature and are normally Self-sufficiency quota covered by the irrigation user groups or unions, in the irrigation districts, units and systems, in water boards with agricultural purposes and in other forms of association employed to make use of the nation’s waters in agricultural irrigation; the self-supplying fees in rainfed districts and units are of similar nature and characteristics to the irrigation ones, as regards rainfed infrastructure, including its operation, conservation and maintenance and the inherent investments. As regards water resources, this is the analyzable process criteria and indicators of water, economic, social and environmental nature, which aim to improve the standard of living and the productivity of its people, based on the necessary measures for the Sustainable development preservation of hydrological balance, the exploitation and protection of water resources, in such a way that the satisfaction of water needs of future generations is not compromised. Collegiate entities of mixed membership, not subordinate to the CONAGUA or to the River Basin Organizations. They develop Technical Groundwater Committees their activities in relation with a specific aquifer or group of aquifers – as deemed necessary. (National Water Law 2004.- Article (COTAS) 13 BIS 1 Page 31). Geographical areas, normally destined for agricultural activities lacking irrigation infrastructure, in which, by the use of certain techniques, the damage caused by periods of rainy weather in zones with abundant, prolonged rainfall is mitigated – also known Technified Rainfed District as drainage districts – or in conditions of scarcity, rain and humidity are used with greater efficiency in agricultural grounds; the technified rainfed district is made up of rainfed units. Total capacity of a dam Volume of water that a dam can store at the Normal Pool Elevation (NAMO in Spanish). Locality with a population equal to or more than 2 500 inhabitants or a municipal seat, regardless of the number of inhabitants it Urban locality has according to the last census. Use Application of water for an activity that implies the consumption, either partial or total, of this resource. The application of the nation’s waters for the raising and breeding of cattle, farmyard birds and other animals, and their preparation Use for livestock for the first transfer, provided they do not include industrial transformation; this does not include pasture irrigation.

254 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 ANNEX

Use in aquaculture The application of the nation’s waters for the growing, reproduction and development of any species of aquatic fauna and flora. Waters of varied composition coming from discharges from municipal, industrial, commercial, service, agricultural, livestock, and Wastewater domestic uses, including housing developments and, in general, any other use or combination of such waters. A process supported by a series of principles, policies, actions, resources, tools, formal and non-formal standards, goods, rights, duties, attributions and responsibilities, through which the state, water users and civil society organizations, in coordination, pro- mote and implement to achieve sustainable development for the benefit of all human beings and their social, economic and envi- Water management ronmental milieu, (1) the control and management of water and river basins, including aquifers, and by extension their distribution and administration, (2) the regulation of the use of water, and (3) the preservation and sustainability of water resources in quantity and quality, considering the risks associated with the occurrence of extreme hydrometeorological phenomena and damage to vital ecosystems and the environment. Water management includes in its totality the governmental administration of water. A series of tools geared to influencing or conditioning the behavior of social agents so that they act in such a way that in their daily Water policy activities they reduce the wasting of water, promote the reuse of water where possible, acknowledge its economic value, and minimize its pollution. A territorial unit, differentiated from other units, normally bordered on one side by waters or dividing waters – the polygonal line formed by the most elevated points in said unit – in which water occurs in various forms, and is stored or flows to an exit point that may be the sea or another inner receiver body, through a hydrographic network of irrigation channels that come together into one Watershed main channel, or the territory in which waters form an autonomous unit or differentiated from others, even without them pouring out into the sea. In this space surrounded by a topographic diversity, water resources, soil, flora, fauna, other natural resources related with the latter and the environment co-exist. The watershed, in conjunction with the aquifers, constitutes the management unit of water resources. The watershed is made up of sub-watersheds, which in turn are made up of micro-watersheds. Transition zones between aquatic and terrestrial systems that constitute rainfed or permanent flood areas, subject or not to the influence of tides, such as swamps, marshes and mudflats, the limits of which are made up of the type of moisture-absorption Wetlands vegetation, either permanent or seasonal; areas in which the soil is predominantly water-based; and lake areas or of permanently humid soils through natural aquifer discharge. Withdrawal Index The result of dividing the volume of groundwater withdrawal by the volume of the total mean annual recharge.

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 255 ANNEX

ANNEX K. Abbreviations and acronyms

Banobras National Bank of Public Works and Services

BOD5 Five-day Biochemical Oxygen Demand CEAS State Water and Sanitation Commission CFE Federal Commission for Electricity COD Chemical Oxygen Demand COFEPRIS Federal Commission for the Protection against Health Risks CONAFOVI National Commission for Housing Promotion CONAGUA National Water Commission CONAPO National Population Council COTAS Technical Groundwater Committee D.R. Irrigation District DOF Official Government Gazette FONDEN National Fund for Natural Disasters GDP Gross Domestic Product ICOLD International Commission on Large Dams INEGI National Statistics, Geography and Informatics Institute LAN National Water Law LFD Federal Duties Law LFMM Federal Law on Material Improvements NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration NOM Official Mexican Standard PROFEPA Attorney General’s Office for Environmental Protection REPDA Public Registry of Water Rights SECTUR Ministry of Tourism SEDESOL Ministry of Social Development SEMAR Ministry of the Navy SEMARNAT Ministry of the Environment and Natural Resources SHCP Ministry of Finances and Public Credit SS Ministry of Health TSS Total Suspended Solids UN United Nations UNDESA United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs WQI Water Quality Index

256 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 ANNEX

ANNEX L. Units of measurement

The units used in this document are expressed according to the Oficial Mexican Standard NOM-008-SCFI-1993-General Measurement Unit Systems, except as regards the use of the comma to separate whole numbers from decimals; in this case, the period is used.

Units accepted by the NOM-008-SCFI-1993 Symbol Unit Equivalence in basic units cm centimeter 1 cm = 0.01 m mm milimeter 1 mm = 0.001 m km2 square kilometer 1 km2 = 1 000 000 m2 km3 kilocubic meter 1 km3 = 1 000 000 000 m3 km/h kilometer per hour 1 km/h = 0.2778 m/s hm3 hectocubic meter 1 hm3 = 1 000 000 m3 t ton 1 t = 1 000 kg ha hectare 1 ha = 10 000 m2 = 2.47 acres L/s = l/s liter per second 1 L/s = 0.001 m3/s W Watt 1 W = 1 m2 kg/s3

Unidades no incluidas en la NOM-008-SCFI-1993 Symbol Unit Equivalence in basic units hab inhabitants ------msnm meters above sea level ------pesos Mexican pesos 1 Mexican peso = 0.092 United States dollars = 0.070 euros * USD United States dollars 1 United States dollar = 10.85 Mexican pesos * MAF million acre feet 1 MAF = 1.23 km³ AF acre feet 1 AF = 1234 m³ m³ cubic meter 1 m³ = 0.000810 AF in inch 1 in = 25.4 mm mm milimeter 1 mm = 0.0394 in ft feet 1 pie = 0.3048 m m meter 1 m = 3.281 ft gal gallon 1 gal = 3.785 L L liter 1 L = 0.2642 gal cfs cubic feet per second 1 cfs = 0.0283 m³/s m³/s cubic meter per second 1 m³/s = 35.3 cfs * An approximate exchange rate from June 2007 was considered.

Prefixes to formulate multiples Symbol Name Value T tera 1012 G giga 109 M mega 106 k kilo 103 h hecto 102 NOTE: As a result of the rounding up or down of figures, in some tables in this document the sum of the components is not precisely the same as that mentioned.

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 257 ANNEX

ANNEX M. Analytical index

A G Aqueducts, 91, 92 Geographical aspects, 10, 11 Agricultural use, 60-65, 174, 175 Green water, 182 Aquifer recharge, mean, 26, 225-229 Groundwater, 37-44 Aquifers, 24, 25, 28, 44-47 Gross Domestic Product, 14, 18-21, 167 Aquifers with salt-water intrusion, 46 Availability, mean natural, 17, 18, 26-28, 156-159, 170 Availability zones for the charging of duties, 114, 115 H Health, 140, 178 Hurricanes, 34-37 B Hydro-agricultural infrastructure, 77-82, 175, 176 Beaches, water quality on, 57, 58 Hydrogeological units, 25, 225-231 Biodiversity, 146-149 Hydrological-Administrative Regions, 16, 17, 24 Biochemical Oxygen Demand, 49-52 Hydrological cycle, 24,26, 168 Budget of the CONAGUA, 119, 120 Hydrological regions, 24 Hydroelectricity, 65, 176, 177 Hydrometric stations, 25, 26 C Hydroclimate stations, 25, 26 Certification Organizations, 135 Hydropower stations, Charging duties, 114 Chemical Oxygen Demand, 49-51, 53, 54 Chlorination, 94-96, 142 I Clean Beach Committees, 128, 129 Income of the CONAGUA, 115-119, 121,122 Climate change, 172 Industrial wastewater treatment plants, 102, 103 Climate stations, 25, 26 International agenda, 186-190 COTAS, see Technical Groundwater Committees, 124-128, 244-246 Investments, 120 CRAEs. see Regional Emergency Attention Centers, 108 Irrigation,77-85, 175, 176 Cutzamala System, 93, 94 Irrigation Districts, 77-82 Irrigation infrastructure, 77-82, 175, 176 Irrigation Units, 82, 83 D Dams, 43, 72-76, 185 Deforestation, 145 L Degree of marginalization, 14, 15 Lake Chapala, 43, 44 Desirable scenario, 159 Lakes, 43 Development, 18 Land mass, Diarrheal diseases, 140, 178 Localities, 12 Disinfection, 94-96, 142 Drinking water, 85, 86, 89, 90, 141, 159, 178, 179, 192 Drought, 37 M Marginalization index, 14, 15 Meteorological phenomena, 33-37, 173 E Metropolitan zones, 12, 13 Economic indicators, 14, 18, 19 Millennium Development Goals, 190-192 Emergency attention, 108 Monitoring, 48-55 Erosion, 49 Monitoring stations, 48, 49 Evapotranspiration, 26 Mortality, 140,141 Municipal wastewater treatment plants, 99-101 Municipalities, 11, 15, 19, 20 F Federal Duties Law, 114 Floods, protection against, 106, 107 N Forest fires, 145 National Development Plan, 160 Forests, 145 National Monitoring Network, 48, 49 National water deeds, 111, 112 National Water Law, 111, 113, 150 National Water Program, 161 Natural disasters, 173 Normal precipitation, 28-34, 168-170

258 STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 ANNEX

O Total Dissolved Solids, 49-51, 56 Official Mexican Standards of the Ministry of Health, 134, 135 Total Suspended Solids, 54, 55 Official Mexican Standards of the Water Sector, 132-135 Transboundary watersheds, 41, 42 Official Mexican Ecological Standards, 132, 133 Transfer of Irrigation Districts, 81, 82 Overexploitation of aquifers, 44, 45, 230-231 Treatment plants, 99-103 Tropical cyclones, 33, 34

Piezometric networks, 47 Piping efficiency, 80 Units of measurement, 257 Population, 11-15, 17-20, 154, 155, 164-167 Uses of water, 60-67, 175, 175 Population centers, 12, 13, 165 Population density, 19, 20 Precipitation, 28-34, 168-170 Product certification 138, Vegetation, 144 Prohibition zones, 112,113 Verification units, 135-137 Protected areas, 146-149 Virtual water, 181-183 Public Registry of Water Rights, 111, 112 Public supply, 60-64, 66, 174, 175 Wastewater, 98-103, 178 Wastewater discharges, 98 Quotas for material withdrawal, 115 Wastewater treatment, 98, 99, 100-103, 159, 178 Quotas for use of the nation’s water, 114, 115 Wastewater treatment plants, 99-101 Water Advisory Council, 130 Water exports, 27 Water footprint, 181-183 Reforestation, 145, 146 Water imports, 27 Regional Emergency Attention Centers, 108 Water management, Revenues, 115-119, 121, 122 Water quality, 48-58, 171 Rio Bravo, 41-43 Water Quality Index, 171 River Basin Commissions, 125 Water reuse, 103-105 River Basin Committees, 126, 127 Water stress, 183-185 River Basin Councils, 123-124 Water tariffs, 120, 121 River Basin Organizations, 16-17 Water utilities, 60-67, 174. 175 River Colorado, 41, 42 Water withdrawals, Rivers, 37-42 Wetlands, 150, 151 Runoff, mean natural surface, 26, 37-41 World Water Forum, 188-190

Salinization, 46 Salt-water intrusion, 46 Sanitation, 140-178 Self-supplying industry, 60-66, 174, 175 Sewerage, 87, 88, 89, 90, 159, 178, 180, 181, 192 Soils, 143 Specias at risk, 149 State Citizen’s Water Councils, 130, 131 Storage capacity of dams, 72-76, 185 Surface water, 37-44

T Technical Groundwater Committees (COTAS), 124-128, 244-246 Technified Rainfed Districts, 84, 85 Temperature, 172 Test laboratories, 135, 137, 138 Thermoelectric, 60-64, 67

STATISTICS ON WATER IN MEXICO 2007 259 This publication was printed in November 2007 By Talleres Gráficos de México_ 1 000 copies were printed.