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By

Sarinya Jarnlee

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Š 50312310 : MAJOR : FORENSIC SCIENCE KEY WORD : ESTIMATION POSTMORTEM INTERVAL, INSECT LARVAE, CORPSE SARINYA JARNLEE : ESTIMATION OF THE POSTMORTEM INTERVAL BY INSECT LARVAE FROM CORPSE. THESIS ADVISORS: ASST. PROF. THONGCHAI TAECHOWISAN, Ph.D., ASSOC. PROF. Pol. Col. PATCHARA SINLOYMA, Ph.D., AND ASSOC. PROF. DARAWAN WANACHIWANAWIN. 174 pp.

The propose of this research was the comparison of the estimation of the postmortem interval between insect larvae from corpses and the opinions of the forensic medicinal doctor. The insect larval samples were collected from 35 corpses which sent to the Institute of Forensic Medicine Police General Hospital, Royal Thai Police, for medicocriminal investigations during March – November, 2008. The experimental breeding was carried out in ox liver for studying the life cycle interval for metamorphosis and identification of the insect. The results from this study indicated that the postmortem interval established by identifying the life-cycle stages of the insect which could related with the opinions of the forensic medicinal doctor at the high correlation level (r = 0.902). From the study of the larval morphology and development, it was found that there were 1 orders, 3 families, 4 genera and 6 species of the insects.The most frequency number of the insect and useful for estimation of the postmortem interval was blow fly; Chrysomya bezziana, C. rufifacies, C. megacephala and Lucilia cuprina. The flesh fly; Parasarcophaga ruficornis and The house fly; Synthesiomyia nudiseta. This information was potentially useful for estimating the postmortem interval of a corpse in forensic investigation by identifying the life-cycle stages of these insect species.

Program of Forensic Science Graduate School, Silpakorn University Academic Year 2008 Student's signature ...... Thesis Advisors' signature 1...... 2...... 3......

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˜°œš¸É 3 „µ¦ž¦³¤µ–¦³¥³Áª¨µ®¨´Š„µ¦˜µ¥ °Š«¡ ˜µ¤‡ªµ¤Á®œ °ŠÂ¡š¥È r šµŠœ·˜·Áª«µ­˜¦r 抡¥µµ¨˜Îµ¦ª‹ ­Îµœ´„Šµœ˜Îµ¦ª‹Â®nŠµ˜·Â¨³ (Regression Analysis) ...... 120 „µ¦ª·Á‡¦µ³®r„µ¦™—™°¥ 5 ­¦»ž°£·ž¦µ¥Ÿ¨Â¨³ o°Á­œ°Âœ³ ...... 129

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 ­µ¦´˜µ¦µŠ ˜µ¦µŠš¸É ®œoµ 1 œ·— °ŠÂ¤¨Šš¸ÉÁ oµ¤µ®µ°µ®µ¦‹µ„Žµ„­„¦ÄœÂ˜» n¨³¦³¥³ °Š„µ¦¥n°¥­¨µ¥ ...... 12 2 œ·— °ŠÂ¤¨Šš¸É˜¦ª‹¡‹µ„«¡‹Îµœªœ 30 «¡ šµŠ£µ‡Á®œº° °Šž¦³Áš«Åš¥ ...... 44 3 ªŠ‹¦¸ª·˜ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œ˜´ÊŠÂ˜n¦³¥³Å n‹œ™¹Š¦³¥³—´„—o ...... 50 4 ¦³¥³Áª¨µÄœ„µ¦ª·‹´¥ ...... 96 5 ¦³¥³Áª¨µ„µ¦Á‹¦·Á˜·Ã˜ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œ®´ªÁ ¥ª¸ Calliphora vicina ...... 100 6 ¦³¥³Áª¨µ„µ¦Á‹¦·Á˜·Ã˜ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œ®¨´Š¨µ¥ Liopygia (=Sarcophaga) argyrostoma ...... 101 7 Protophormia terraenavae ...... 102 ¦³¥³Áª¨µ„µ¦Á‹¦·Á˜·Ã˜ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œ®´ªÁ ¥ª¸ 8 ‹ÎµÂœ„«¡˜µ¤­™µœš¸É¡ ...... 107

9 ‹ÎµÂœ„«¡˜µ¤Á¡« ...... 108 10 ­—Šœ·— °ŠÂ¤¨Š˜µ¤­™µœš¸É¡«¡ ...... 109 11 ...... 110 ­—Šœ·— °ŠÂ¤¨Š˜µ¤­™µœš¸É¡«¡Äœ£¼¤·£µ‡˜nµŠÇ 12 ­—Šœ·— °ŠÂ¤¨Š˜µ¤­µÁ®˜»„µ¦Á­¸¥¸ª·˜ ...... 111

13 Áž¦¸¥Áš¸¥‡ªµ¤¥µª¨Îµ˜ª °Š˜´ ´ª°n°œÂ¤¨Šª´œÂ˜n¨³œ·—˜µ¤‹Îµœªœª´œ ...... 118 14 Áž¦¸¥Áš¸¥¦³¥³Áª¨µ„µ¦Á‹¦Á˜· ·Ã˜ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œÂ˜n¨³œ·— ...... 119 15 ¡š¥ršµŠœ·˜·Áª«µ­˜¦rž¦³¤µ–¦³¥³Áª¨µ„µ¦˜µ¥ °Š«¡ ...... 120 16 ­—Š‡ªµ¤­¤¡´ ´œ›r¦³®ªnµŠÂ¡š¥ršµŠœ·˜·Áª«µ­˜¦rž¦³¤µ–¦³¥³Áª¨µ„µ¦˜µ¥ °Š«¡„‹´ 圪œªœÁ‹¦´ ·Á˜·Ã˜ °Š˜´ª°n°œÂ¤¨Š ...... 123 17 ¦µ¥Šµœ„µ¦˜¦ª‹¡Â¤¨Š‹µ„«¡š¸Éž¦³Áš«¤µÁ¨ÁŽ¸¥ ...... 136 18 ­—Šœ·— °ŠÂ¤¨Šš¸É˜¦ª‹¡‹µ„«¡ ˜Ťn n­µ¤µ¦™œÎµ¤µÄož¦³¤µ– ¦³¥³Áª¨µ®¨´Š„µ¦˜µ¥ °Š«¡Å—o ...... 138

‘ ­µ¦´£µ¡ £µ¡š¸É ®œoµ 1 „µ¦´œ­¼˜¦¡¨·„«¡Ã—¥„µ¦Ÿnµ«¡˜¦ª‹ ...... 3 2 ­£µ¡«¡š¸ÉÁ„·— Rigor Mortis ...... 5 3 ­£µ¡«¡š¸ÉÁ„·— Livor Mortis ...... 6 4 ž¦·¤µ–°µ®µ¦š¸É˜¦ª‹¡Äœ„¦³Á¡µ³°µ®µ¦ °Š«¡ ...... 7 5 ¤¨Š‹µ„«¡ ...... 8 6 ª·›¸„µ¦œÎµ˜´ª°n°œ °ŠÂ¤¨Šªœ°°„‹µ„´ n°Šžµ„ ...... 16 7 Ÿ¼ožiª¥ Diabetic leg ulcers š¸Éŗo¦´„µ¦¦´„¬µÂ Maggot debridement therapy ...... 20 8 Ÿ¼ožiª¥ Diabetic foot ulcers š¸Éŗo¦´„µ¦¦´„¬µÂ Maggot debridement therapy ...... 20

9 ˜´ª°n°œÂ¨³˜ªÁ˜´ ¤ªÈ ´¥ °Š Mayflies ®¦º°˜´ªž³ µª¸ ...... 30

10 ˜´ª°n°œÂ¨³˜ªÁ˜´ Ȥª¥ °Š´ Stoneflies ®¦º°Â¤¨Š«·¨µ ¤¨Šže„¦n µŠÂ® ...... 32 11 ˜´ª°n°œÂ¨³˜ªÁ˜´ Ȥª¥ °Š´ Caddisflies ®¦°Â¤¨Š®œ°œž¨°„œº Êε ...... 33 12 True flies ...... 35 ˜´ª°n°œÂ¨³˜ªÁ˜´ Ȥª¥ °Š´ 13 Å n °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œ ...... 51

14 ˜´ª°n°œ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œ˜´ÊŠÂ˜ n¦³¥³š¸É 1 ‹œ™¹Š¦³¥³š¸É 3 ...... 52 15 ˜´ª°n°œ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œ®ªÁ ´ ¸¥ª C. rufifacies ...... 56 16 ­nªœ °Š posterior spiracle Ĝ˜´ª°n°œÂ¤¨Šª´œ ...... 57 17 ¨´„¬–³ posterior spiracle °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œÂ˜¨³ªŠ«n r (Family) ...... 58 18 —´„— °ŠÂ¤¨Šªo ´œ®ªÁ ´ ¸¥ª C. rufifacies ...... 59 19 ­nªœ˜nµŠÇ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œ®´ªÁ ¸¥ª C. rufifacies ...... 61 20 ǦŠ­¦oµŠ­nªœ®ª´ (head) °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œ ...... 62 21 ǦŠ­¦oµŠ­nªœž¨o°Š°„ (thorax) °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œ ...... 63 22 „µ¦Á¦¸¥Š˜´ª °ŠÁ­oœ œÄœ­nªœ dorsal °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œ ...... 64 23 ǦŠ­¦oµŠ­nªœže„ (wing) °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œ ...... 65 24 ǦŠ­¦oµŠ­nªœ µ (leg) °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œ ...... 66 25 ˜´ª°n°œÂ¨³˜ªÁ˜´ Ȥª¥ °Š´ Necrodes surinamensis ...... 85 26 ˜´ª°n°œÂ¨³˜ªÁ˜´ Ȥª¥ °Š´ Dermestes maculatus ...... 85

’ £µ¡š¸É ®œoµ 27 ˜´ª°n°œÂ¨³˜ªÁ˜´ Ȥª¥ °Š´ Hister sp...... 86 28 ˜´ª°n°œÂ¨³˜ªÁ˜´ Ȥª¥ °Š´ Necrobia rufipes ...... 87 29 ˜´ª°n°œÂ¨³˜ªÁ˜´ Ȥª¥ °Š´ Trox sp...... 88 30 Å n °Š—oªŠ ...... 89 31 ˜´ª°n°œ °Š—ªŠÂo Campodeiform ¨³Â Scarabaeiform ...... 90 32 —´„—o °Š—oªŠ ...... 90 33 „µ¦Á„ȝ˜ª°¥´ nµŠÂ¤¨Š‹µ„«¡š¸É­™µ´œœ·˜·Áªª·š¥µ 抡¥µµ¨˜Îµ¦ª‹ ...... 98 34 ¨´„¬–³ posterior spiracle °Š˜´ª°n°œ¦³¥³š¸É 3 „ε¨´Š ¥µ¥ 10 u 10 ¨³¨´„¬–³˜´ªÁ˜È¤ª¥ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´ ´œ®´ªÁ ¥ª¸ Chrysomya bezziana ...... 112 35 ¨´„¬–³ posterior spiracle °Š˜´ª°n°œ¦³¥³š¸É 3 „ε¨´Š ¥µ¥ 10 u 10 Chrysomya megacephala .... 113 ¨³¨´„¬–³˜´ªÁ˜È¤ª¥ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´ ´œ®´ªÁ ¥ª¸ 36 ¨´„¬–³ posterior spiracle °Š˜´ª°n°œ¦³¥³š¸É 3 „ε¨´Š ¥µ¥ 10 u 10

¨³¨´„¬–³˜´ªÁ˜È¤ª¥ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´ ´œ®´ªÁ ¥ª¸ Chrysomya rufifacies ...... 114 37 ¨´„¬–³ posterior spiracle °Š˜´ª°n°œ¦³¥³š¸É 3 „ε¨´Š ¥µ¥ 10 u 10 Lucilia cuprina ...... 115 ¨³¨´„¬–³˜´ªÁ˜È¤ª¥ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´ ´œ®´ªÁ ¥ª¸ 38 ¨´„¬–³ posterior spiracle °Š˜´ª°n°œ¦³¥³š¸É 3 „ε¨´Š ¥µ¥ 10 u 10

¨³¨´„¬–³˜´ªÁ˜È¤ª ¥ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´ ´œ®¨´Š¨µ¥ Parasarcophaga ruficornis .. 116 39 ¨´„¬–³ posterior spiracle °Š˜´ª°n°œ¦³¥³š¸É 3 „ε¨´Š ¥µ¥ 10 u 10 ¨³¨´„¬–³˜´ªÁ˜È¤ª¥ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´ ´œoµœ Synthesiomyia nudiseta ...... 117

“ ­µ¦´£µ¡ž¦³„° „¦µ¢š¸É ®œoµ 1 ­—Š‡ªµ¤­¤¡´ ´œ›r¦³®ªnµŠÂ¡š¥ršµŠœ·˜·Áª«µ­˜¦rž¦³¤µ–¦³¥³Áª¨µ„µ¦˜µ¥ °Š«¡„‹´ 圪œªœÁ‹¦´ ·Á˜·Ã˜ °Š˜´ª°n°œÂ¤¨Š ...... 125

” šš¸É 1 šœÎµ

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1.1 Algor Mortis (postmortem cooling) „µ¦¨—¨Š °Š°»–®£¼¤· °Š«¡ £µ¥®¨´Š „µ¦˜µ¥«¡‹³¤¸„µ¦­¼Á­¸¥‡ªµ¤¦o°œÄ®o„´­·ÉŠÂª—¨o°¤ °»–®£¼¤·‹³¨—¨Šž¦³¤µ– 2 °Š«µÁŽ¨ÁŽ¸¥­ Ĝ 1 ´ÉªÃ¤ŠÂ¦„£µ¥®¨´Š„µ¦˜µ¥ ¨³‹³¨—¨Š 1 °Š«µÁŽ¨ÁŽ¸¥­˜n°´ÉªÃ¤Š ‹œ°»–®£¼¤· °Š«¡ Ą¨oÁ‡¸¥Š„´°»–®£¼¤· °Š­·ÉŠÂª—¨o°¤11 ˜n‡ªµ¤‡¨µ—Á‡¨ºÉ°œ °Š„µ¦Äo°»–®£¼¤·Á¡ºÉ°°„¦³¥³Áª¨µ ®¨´Š„µ¦˜µ¥‡º°Å¤nš¦µªnµŸ¼o˜µ¥¤¸°»–®£¼¤·Äœ¦nµŠ„µ¥ÁšnµÄ—„n°œ˜µ¥ œ°„‹µ„œ¸Ê °»–®£¼¤· °Š ­·ÉŠÂª—¨o°¤ „µ¦Áže¥„®¦º°„µ¦Â®oŠ °Š«¡‹³¤¸Ÿ¨˜n°„µ¦¨—¨Š °Š°»–®£¼¤·Áž}œ°¥nµŠ¤µ„ „¨nµªÃ—¥ ­¦»ž‡º° „µ¦Äo°»–®£¼¤·Á¡ºÉ°°„Áª¨µ„µ¦˜µ¥œ´Êœ¥´ŠÅ¤n­µ¤µ¦™šÎµÅ—12o 1.2 Rigor Mortis (rigidity, stiffness) „µ¦Â Ȋ˜´ª °Š«¡ „¨oµ¤ÁœºÊ°Äœ¦nµŠ„µ¥‹³¤¸ Á­oœÄ¥°¥¼n 2 œ·—‡º° actin „´ myosin nª¥Äœ„µ¦®—¨³‡¨µ¥˜´ª £µ¥®¨´Š„µ¦˜µ¥„¨oµ¤ÁœºÊ°‹³Á„·— „µ¦Â Ȋ˜´ªÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„ µ— ATP šÎµÄ®oÁ­oœÄ¥š´ÊŠ 2 œ·—°¥¼nĜ­£µ¡ actomyosin13 ‹¹Š®—¨³‡¨µ¥˜´ª Ťnŗo°¸„×¥¦nµŠ„µ¥‹³Á¦·É¤Â Ȋ˜´ª£µ¥®¨´Š„µ¦˜µ¥ 1-4 ´ÉªÃ¤Š ¨³‹³Â Ȋ˜´ªÁ˜È¤š¸É 6-8 ´ÉªÃ¤Š ¡° ™¹Š 24 ´ÉªÃ¤Š«¡‹³‡n°¥Ç °n°œ˜´ª¨Š‹œ™¹Š 30-48 ´ÉªÃ¤Š«¡‹³°n°œ˜´ª¨Š°¸„‡¦´ÊŠ (secondary

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11Algor Mortis [Online], Accessed 8 December 2008. Available from http://en. wikipedia.org/ wiki/Algor_mortis, quoted in Richard Saferstein, Criminalistics An Introduction to Forensic Science, 8th ed. (n.p. : Prentice Hall,2006) 12Á¨¸Ê¥Š ®»¥ž¦³Á­¦·“, œ·˜·Áª«µ­˜¦r­Îµ®¦´¡œ´„Šµœ­º­ªœ­°­ªœ, 30. 13ª·µ Áže¥ªœ·É¤Â¨³›Îµ¦Š ‹·¦‹¦·¥Áª, œ·˜·¡¥µ›·ª·š¥µÂ¨³œ·˜·Áªª·š¥µ, („¦»ŠÁš¡¤®µœ‡¦ : 抡·¤¡rÁ—º°œ˜»¨µ, 2550), 12. 14ª·”¼¦¥r °¹ÊŠž¦³¡´œ›r, œ·˜·Áª«µ­˜¦r, ¡·¤¡r‡¦´ÊŠš¸É 8 („¦»ŠÁš¡¤®µœ‡¦ : ­Îµœ´„¡·¤¡r¤®µª·š¥µ¨´¥ ¦µ¤‡ÎµÂ®Š, 2548), 376. 6

1.3 Livor Mortis (lividity) „µ¦˜„˜³„°œ °ŠÁ¤È—Á¨º°——Š˜µ¤Â¦ŠÃœo¤™nªŠ °Š è„ £µ¥®¨´Š„µ¦˜µ¥°ª´¥ª³˜nµŠÇ Ĝ¦nµŠ„µ¥®¥»—šÎµŠµœ Á¨º°—‹³Å¤nÅ®¨Áª¸¥œšÎµÄ®oÁ¤È—Á¨º°—˜„¨Š­¼n ÁºÊ°Š˜É嘵¤Â¦ŠÃœo¤™nªŠ °ŠÃ¨„ Ž¹ÉŠ‹³Á®ÈœÁž}œ‹ÊεÁ¨º°—­¸¤nªŠ°n°œÁ„·— ¹Êœš¸ÉŸ·ª®œ´Š °Š«¡15 ×¥‹³ Á¦·É¤Á„·— 1-2 ´ÉªÃ¤Š£µ¥®¨´Š„µ¦˜µ¥ ¨³‹³Á„·—Á˜È¤š¸É 8-12 ´ÉªÃ¤Š£µ¥®¨´Š„µ¦˜µ¥»16

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1.4 Decomposition „µ¦­¨µ¥˜´ª °ŠÁœºÊ°Á¥ºÉ°®¦º°„µ¦Áœnµ £µ¥®¨´Š„µ¦˜µ¥ÁœºÊ°Á¥ºÉ° 17 ‹³Á¦·É¤­¨µ¥˜´ª®¦º°š¸ÉÁ¦¸¥„ªnµ „µ¦Áœnµ ×¥‹³Á„·— ¹Êœ 2 ¦³¥³ ŗo„n

1. ¦³¥³„µ¦­¨µ¥˜´ª °ŠÁŽ¨¨rÁ°Š (Autolysis) Ž¹ÉŠÁ„·—‹µ„ž’·„·¦·¥µšµŠÁ‡¤¸ ×¥œÊε¥n°¥ÁŽ¨¨r™¼„ž¨n°¥°°„¤µ¥n°¥­¨µ¥Áœ ºÊ°Á¥ºÉ°

2. ¦³¥³š¸ÉÁ„·—‹µ„„µ¦ÁœnµÁ¡¦µ³ÁºÊ°Â‡š¸Á¦¸¥ (Putrefaction) £µ¥Äœ¨ÎµÅ­o «¡ ‹³¤¸¦³¥³Áœnµ°º—Á˜È¤š¸É£µ¥®¨´Š˜µ¥¤µ 36-72 ´ÉªÃ¤Š

15Livor Mortis [Online], Accessed 22 June 2005. Available from http://www.coronerstories .com/2005/06/22 16Á¨¸Ê¥Š ®»¥ž¦³Á­¦·“, œ·˜·Áª«µ­˜¦r­Îµ®¦´¡œ´„Šµœ­º­ªœ­°­ªœ, 28. 17ª·µ Áže¥ªœ·É¤Â¨³›Îµ¦Š ‹·¦‹¦·¥Áª, œ·˜·¡¥µ›·ª·š¥µÂ¨³œ·˜·Áªª·š¥µ, 12. 7

1.5 Chemical changes after death18 „µ¦Áž¨¸É¥œÂž¨ŠšµŠÁ‡¤¸˜nµŠÇ £µ¥®¨´Š„µ¦ ˜µ¥ £µ¥®¨´Š„µ¦˜µ¥¦nµŠ„µ¥‹³Á„·—„µ¦Áž¨¸É¥œÂž¨ŠšµŠÁ‡¤¸ Ž¹ÉŠ­µ¤µ¦™œÎµ¤µÄož¦³¤µ–¦³¥³Áª¨µ ®¨´Š„µ¦˜µ¥Å—o Ánœ „µ¦®µ¦³—´ electrolytes °ŠœÊεĜ¨¼„˜µ (vitreous humour) ¡ªnµ¦³—´ áš­ÁŽ¸¥¤ °ŠœÊεĜ¨¼„˜µ‹³Á¡·É¤­¼Š ¹Êœ£µ¥®¨´Š„µ¦˜µ¥ Ž¹ÉŠ ¹Êœ°¥¼n„´°µ¥» Á¡« °»–®£¼¤·Â¨³ ‡ªµ¤ºÊœ °Š­·ÉŠÂª—¨o°¤—oª¥19,20 ˜nĜšµŠž’·´˜·Å¤n‡n°¥œÎµ¤µÄoÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„‡nµš¸ÉŗoŤnœnœ°œ 1.6 Stomach content ž¦·¤µ–°µ®µ¦š¸ÉÁ®¨º°°¥¼nĜ„¦³Á¡µ³°µ®µ¦ £µ¥®¨´Š„µ¦ ˜µ¥°ª´¥ª³˜nµŠÇ ‹³®¥»—šÎµŠµœ ž¦·¤µ–°µ®µ¦š¸ÉÁ®¨º°°¥¼nĜ„¦³Á¡µ³°µ®µ¦‹¹Š­µ¤µ¦™œÎµ¤µÄo ž¦³¤µ–¦³¥³Áª¨µ®¨´Š„µ¦˜µ¥Å—o ®µ„Ťn¡°µ®µ¦Á®¨º°°¥¼nĜ„¦³Á¡µ³°µ®µ¦Â­—Šªnµ¦´ž¦³šµœ °µ®µ¦¤µÂ¨oª 4-6 ´ÉªÃ¤Š ˜n®µ„¡°µ®µ¦Á®¨º°°¥¼n‡¦¹ÉŠ„¦³Á¡µ³°µ®µ¦Â­—Šªnµ¦´ž¦³šµœ°µ®µ¦ ¤µÂ¨oª 2-3 ´ÉªÃ¤Š ¨³®µ„¡°µ®µ¦Á®¨º°°¥¼nÁ˜È¤„¦³Á¡µ³°µ®µ¦Â­—Šªnµ¦´ž¦³šµœ°µ®µ¦¤µÅ¤n ™¹Š‡¦¹ÉŠ´ÉªÃ¤Š21

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18ª·µ Áže¥ªœ·É¤Â¨³›Îµ¦Š ‹·¦‹¦·¥Áª, œ·˜·¡¥µ›·ª·š¥µÂ¨³œ·˜·Áªª·š¥µ, 13 19Garg Vishal et al, Changes in the levels of vitreous potassium with increasing time sine death [Online], Accessed 30 May 2005. Available from http://medind.nic.in/jal/t04/i4/ jalt04i4p136.pdf 20Marak Fremingston et al, Study of vitreous potassium for the estimation of time since death [Online], Accessed 30 May 2005. Available from http://www.indianjournal.com/ ijor.aspx?target=ijor:ijmtlm&volume=8&issue=2&article=005 21Á¨¸Ê¥Š ®»¥ž¦³Á­¦·“, œ·˜·Áª«µ­˜¦r­Îµ®¦´¡œ´„Šµœ­º­ªœ­°­ªœ, 34. 8

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22œ·˜·Áª„¸’ª·š¥µ [Online], Accessed 16 December 2007. Available from http://th.wikipedia.org /wiki/œ·˜·Áª„¸’ª·š¥µ, °oµŠ™¹ŠÄœ ¥»„˜œ´œšr ‹ÎµžµÁš«, “ œ·— °ŠÂ¤¨Šš¸É˜¦ª‹¡‹µ„Žµ„¨¼„­»„¦” (ž{®µ¡·Á«¬¦³—´ž¦·µ˜¦¸ £µ‡ª·µ„¸’ª·š¥µ ‡–³Á„¬˜¦«µ­˜¦r ¤®µª·š¥µ¨´¥Á„¬˜¦«µ­˜¦r, 2548) 23Stages of Decomposition [Online], Accessed 25 May 2007. Available from http://www. deathonline.net/decomposition/index.htm 9

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1ŤÁ‡·¨ µÁ—œ ¨³ ¤µÁ¦¸¥œ æ, ¡¨·„«¡ ¡¨·„‡—¸, ž¨Ã—¥ ¤´šœ¸ Á„¬„¤¨, ¡·¤¡r‡¦´ÊŠš¸É 3 („¦»ŠÁš¡² : Á¡·¦r¨¡´¨··ÉŠ, 2546), 204. 2Á¦ºÉ°ŠÁ—¸¥ª„´œ. 3M.I. Arnalds et al, “Estimation of postmortem interval in real cases based on experimentally obtained entomological evidence,” Forensic Science International 149,1 (20 April 2005): 57-65.

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¤¸„µ¦«¹„¬µÁ¦ºÉ°Šœ·— °ŠÂ¤¨Šš¸ÉÁ oµ¤µ®µ°µ®µ¦‹µ„Žµ„­»„¦ ¡ªnµÂ¤¨ŠÂ˜n¨³œ·—‹³ Á oµ¤µ®µ°µ®µ¦‹µ„Žµ„­»„¦Äœ°´˜¦µ„µ¦¥n°¥­¨µ¥š¸É˜„˜nµŠ„´œ—´Š˜µ¦µŠš¸É 1

˜µ¦µŠš¸É 1 œ·— °ŠÂ¤¨Šš¸ÉÁ oµ¤µ®µ°µ®µ¦‹µ„Žµ„­»„¦ÄœÂ˜n¨³¦³¥³ °Š„µ¦¥n°¥­¨µ¥

Stages of Decaying pig Genus/Species Fresh Bloated Active Advanced Dry (0-1 day) (2 days) (3 days) (4-6 days) (7-30 days) Order Diptera Chrysomya rufifacies A E,I,A E,I,A I I Chrysomya megacephala A A A - - Parasarcophaga ruficornis A A A A -

Musca domestica A A - - -

Fannia canicularis - A - - - Piophila casei - - A - -

Order Coleoptera - - - A A

Dermestes maculatus Hister sp. - - - A - Necrobia rufipes - - - A - Trox sp. - - - A A Spider (not identified) - A A A A Bees (not identified) - A - - - Ants (not identified) A A A A A Millipedes (not identified) - - - A A

Note: A=Adult, E=Egg, I=Immature

š¸É¤µ Apichat Vitta and others, “A Preliminary study on insects associated with pig (Susscrofa) carcasses in Phitsanulok, northern Thailand,” Tropical Biomedicine 24, 2 (28 May 2007) : 1-5. 13

‹µ„„µ¦«¹„¬µœ¸ÊšÎµÄ®oš¦µÅ—o™¹Š°´œ—´ªŠ«r¨³œ·— °ŠÂ¤¨Šš¸ÉÁ oµ¤µ®µ°µ®µ¦‹µ„ Žµ„­»„¦Äœ°´˜¦µ„µ¦¥n°¥­¨µ¥š¸É˜„˜nµŠ„´œŽ¹ÉŠ­µ¤µ¦™œÎµ¤µÄo°oµŠ°·ŠÄœ„µ¦ª·‹´¥œ¸Êŗo ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„ °´˜¦µ„µ¦¥n°¥­¨µ¥ °ŠŽµ„­»„¦‡n°œ oµŠš¸É‹³Ä„¨oÁ‡¸¥Š„´°´˜¦µ„µ¦¥n°¥­¨µ¥ °Š«¡¤œ»¬¥r ×¥¤¸„µ¦«¹„¬µ¡ªnµŽµ„­»„¦š¸É¤¸œÊ宜´„ž¦³¤µ– 40 „·Ã¨„¦´¤‹³Áš¸¥Ášnµ„´«¡ °Š¤œ»¬¥r 1 «¡4

°´˜¦µ„µ¦¥n°¥­¨µ¥ °ŠŽµ„­·ÉŠ¤¸¸ª·˜ nŠÁž}œ 5 ¦³¥³ ŗo„n ¦³¥³ Initial decay ¦³¥³ Putrefaction ¦³¥³ Black putrefaction ¦³¥³ Butyric fermentation ¨³¦³¥³ Dry decay ˜n°´˜¦µ„µ¦¥n°¥­¨µ¥ °ŠŽµ„­·ÉŠ¤¸¸ª·˜°µ‹Áž¨¸É¥œÂž¨ŠÅ—o ™oµ°¥¼nĜ­£µª³Âª—¨o°¤š¸É ˜„˜nµŠ„´œÃ—¥¤¸„µ¦«¹„¬µ¡ªnµŽµ„ °Š­·ÉŠ¤¸¸ª·˜š¸É°¥¼nĜœÊε‹³¤¸°´˜¦µ„µ¦¥n°¥­¨µ¥oµ„ªnµœ„ ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„°»–®£¼¤· °ŠœÊεš¸É˜É優nµœ„¤¸Ÿ¨˜n°„µ¦Á‹¦·Á˜·Ã˜ °ŠÂ‡š¸Á¦¸¥£µ¥ÄœŽµ„ °Š ­·ÉŠ¤¸¸ª·˜šÎµÄ®o°´˜¦µ„µ¦¥n°¥­¨µ¥Á„·— ¹Êœoµ„ªnµž„˜· °´˜¦µ„µ¦¥n°¥­¨µ¥ °ŠŽµ„­·ÉŠ¤¸¸ª·˜ÄœœÊε‹¹Š

5 nŠÅ—o 6 ¦³¥³ —´Šœ¸Ê 1. Submerged Fresh Áž}œ¦³¥³š¸É«¡Á¦·É¤‹³ª¤°º—Á¡¦µ³¤¸„µ¦­³­¤Â„p­Á¡·É¤ ¹Êœ 2. Early Floating Áž}œ¦³¥³š¸É«¡¤¸Â„p­­³­¤Åªo¤µ„ ‹œšÎµÄ®o¨°¥ ¹Êœ­¼nŸ·ªœÊεŗo Ÿ·ª®œ´Š °Š«¡¤¸­¸¤nªŠ°¤Á ¸¥ª ˜¦ª‹¡ °ŠÁ®¨ª­¸Á®¨º°ŠÅ®¨°°„¤µ‹µ„¦¼šªµ¦

3. Floating Decay Áž}œ¦³¥³š¸ÉŸ·ª®œ´Š °Š«¡Á¦·É¤¤¸­¸—娳®¨»—¨°„ ˜¦ª‹¡ªnµ

«¡¥»˜´ªÁ¡¦µ³Â„p­š¸É™¼„­³­¤Åªo™¼„ž¨n°¥°°„ 4. Bloated Deterioration Áž}œ¦³¥³š¸ÉŸ·ª®œ´Š °Š«¡Á¦·É¤Ážg~°¥Â¨³®¨»—¨°„Á¡·É¤ ¤µ„ ¹Êœ  œ µ ¨³ o°˜n°˜nµŠÇ Á¦·É¤®¨»—°°„ 5. Floating Remains Áž}œ¦³¥³š¸É„¦³—¼„œ·Êª¤º°Â¨³Ášoµ °Š«¡®¨»—°°„ 6. Sunken Remains Áž}œ¦³¥³š¸É«¡Á®¨º°Â˜nǦŠ„¦³—¼„

4Stages of Decomposition [Online] 5J.A. Payne and E.W. King, “Insect succession and decomposition of pig carcesses in water,” Journal of Georgia Entomology Society 7 (1972) : 153-162. 14

Ž¹ÉŠ°´˜¦µ„µ¦¥n°¥­¨µ¥ °ŠŽµ„­·ÉŠ¤¸¸ª·˜‹³¤¸Ÿ¨˜n°„µ¦®µ°µ®µ¦ °ŠÂ¤¨Š ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„Äœ ˜n¨³¦³¥³ °Š„µ¦¥n°¥­¨µ¥ °ŠŽµ„­·ÉŠ¤¸¸ª·˜œ´Êœ ‹³¤¸„µ¦ž¨n°¥­µ¦Á‡¤¸°°„¤µÄœ¦¼ž˜nµŠÇ ¨³ ¤¨ŠÃ—¥­nªœÄ®n¤´„‹³Äo°ª´¥ª³¦´­ºÉ°šµŠÁ‡¤¸ (chemoreceptive organs)6 Á¡ºÉ°˜°­œ°Š˜n° °³˜°¤®¦º°Ã¤Á¨„»¨ °Š­µ¦Á‡¤¸Á®¨nµœ´ÊœŽ¹ÉŠ‹³¤¸ž¦³Ã¥œrĜÁ¦ºÉ°Š °Š„µ¦—ε¦Š¸ª·˜ °ŠÂ¤¨Šš´ÊŠ „µ¦˜·—˜µ¤¨nµÁ®¥ºÉ° „µ¦‡oœ®µÂ®¨nŠ°µ®µ¦ ®¨nŠ ¥µ¥¡´œ›»r ®¨nŠªµŠÅ n¨³Â®¨nŠš¸É°¥¼n°µ«´¥

°ª´¥ª³¦´­ºÉ°šµŠÁ‡¤¸ °ŠÂ¤¨Š nŠÁž}œ 3 ž¦³Á£š7 ŗo„n 1. °ª´¥ª³·¤¦­ (taste or gustatory chemoreceptors) Áž}œ°ª´¥ª³š¸Éčo¦´­ºÉ°šµŠÁ‡¤¸Äœ ¦³¥³Ä„¨o—oª¥„µ¦­´¤Ÿ´­Ã—¥š¸É­ºÉ°°µ‹‹³°¥¼nĜ¦¼ž °Š­µ¦Á®¨ª®¦º°­µ¦Â®oŠ°ª´¥ª³·¤¦­œ¸Ê¤¸‡ªµ¤ ªn°ŠÅª˜n°­ºÉ°œo°¥„ªnµ°ª´¥ª³¦´„¨·Éœ®œoµš¸É×¥š´ÉªÅž¤´„Á„¸É¥ª o°Š„´„µ¦„·œ°µ®µ¦ °ŠÂ¤¨Š ˜´ª°¥nµŠÁnœ ¤¨Šª´œoµœ ¤¸°ª´¥ª³·¤¦­šÉ¸¦·Áª–‡°®°¥ (pharynx) Ž¹ÉŠÄo‡ª‡»¤„µ¦Á‡¨ºÉ°œš¸É °Š °µ®µ¦š¸É¤¨Š„·œÁ oµÅž

2. °ª´¥ª³¦´„¨·Éœ (smell or olfactory chemoreceptors) Áž}œ°ª´¥ª³š¸Éčo¦´­ºÉ°šµŠÁ‡¤¸ Ĝ¦³¥³Å„¨ ¤¸‡ªµ¤ªn°ŠÅª˜n°­ºÉ°­¼Š˜´ª°¥nµŠÁnœ ¤¨Šª´œ®´ªÁ ¸¥ª ¤¸°ª´¥ª³¦´„¨·Éœ 3-4 ÁŽ¨¨r nª¥ ‡ª‡»¤„µ¦¦´„¨·Éœ 3. °ª´¥ª³¦´­ºÉ°šµŠÁ‡¤¸Â­µ¤´ (common chemoreceptors) Áž}œ°ª´¥ª³š¸É‡n°œ oµŠ

ÁŒºÉ°¥µ˜n°„µ¦¦´­ºÉ°šµŠÁ‡¤¸ ˜o°Š¤¸­·ÉŠÁ¦oµšµŠÁ‡¤¸Äœ¦³—´š¸É­¼Š¤µ„ °ª´¥ª³œ¸Ê‹¹Š‹³˜°­œ°ŠÅ—o—¸

­nªœÄ®n¤¨Š‹³Äo¦´­ºÉ°šµŠÁ‡¤¸ °Š­µ¦š ¸É¦³‡µ¥Á‡º°Š˜n°¦³ž¦³­µš Á¡ºÉ°®¨¸„Á¨¸É¥Š„µ¦Á oµ­¼n ®¨nŠš¸É¤¸­µ¦š¸É¦³‡µ¥Á‡º°Š˜n°¦³ž¦³­µšœ´Êœ

6«µœ·˜¦´˜œ£»¤¤³, „¸’ª·š¥µÂ¤nš (Á¸¥ŠÄ®¤n : ‡–³Á„¬˜¦«µ­˜¦r ¤®µª·š¥µ¨¥Á´ ¸¥ŠÄ®¤n, 2546), 155-157. 7Á¦ºÉ°ŠÁ—¸¥ª„´œ. 15

¡§˜·„¦¦¤ °ŠÂ¤¨Š™¼„‡ª‡»¤Ã—¥­ºÉ°šµŠÁ‡¤¸Äœ¦¼ž °Š„¨·ÉœÅ—o„n 1. allelochemicals8 ®¤µ¥™¹Š­ºÉ°šµŠÁ‡¤¸š¸ÉčoĜ„µ¦­ºÉ°­µ¦„´­·ÉŠ¤¸¸ª·˜˜nµŠœ·—„´œ 2. pheromones9 ®¤µ¥™¹Š­ºÉ°šµŠÁ‡¤¸š¸ÉčoĜ„µ¦­ºÉ°­µ¦„´­·ÉŠ¤¸¸ª·˜œ·—Á—¸¥ª„´œ 3. attractants10 (­µ¦¨n°Â¤¨Š) ®¤µ¥™¹Š ­µ¦Á‡¤¸š¸ÉŤn¤¸°´œ˜¦µ¥˜n°Â¤¨Š ˜n‹³—¹Š—¼—Ä®o ¤¨ŠÁ oµ®µ Ž¹ÉŠ¤¸Ÿ¨˜n°¡§˜·„¦¦¤˜nµŠÇ °ŠÂ¤¨Š Ánœ „µ¦®µ°µ®µ¦ „µ¦Ÿ­¤¡´œ›»r¨³„µ¦ªµŠÅ n ˜´ª°¥nµŠÁnœ ¤¨Šª´œ®¨µ¥œ·—™¼„—¹Š—¼—Å—o‹µ„„¨·Éœ °Š„µ„œÊ嘵¨ Ÿ´„ Ÿ¨Å¤o œ¤ ÁœºÊ°­´˜ªrš¸É¥´Š­— ¨³ÁœnµÁžg~°¥ ¤¸„µ¦«¹„¬µ¡ªnµÂ¤¨Šª´œ‹³Á oµ®µ°µ®µ¦Â¨³ªµŠÅ nĜŽµ„«¡ °Š¤œ»¬¥r—oª¥ Ž¹ÉŠ„µ¦ ˜¦ª‹¡œ¸Ê­µ¤µ¦™œÎµ¤µÄož¦³¤µ–¦³¥³Áª¨µ„µ¦®¨´Š„µ¦˜µ¥ °Š«¡Å—o ×¥«¹„¬µ‹µ„¦³¥³Áª¨µ „µ¦Á‹¦·Á˜·Ã˜ °ŠÂ¤¨ŠÂ˜n¨³œ·— ¦³¥³Áª¨µÄœ„µ¦Á oµ®µ°µ®µ¦ ¦ª¤š´ÊŠœ·— °ŠÂ¤¨Šš¸É˜¦ª‹ ¡‹µ„«¡ µŠ„¦–¸°µ‹‹³˜¦ª‹¡Â¤¨Šª´œÁ oµ¤µ®µ°µ®µ¦ÄœÁœºÊ°Á¥ºÉ° °Š­´˜ªr®¦º°¤œ»¬¥rš¸É¥´Š¤¸ ¸ª·˜°¥¼nŗo—oª¥ Ž¹ÉŠÁž}œ£µª³ °ŠÃ¦‡š¸ÉÁ¦¸¥„ªnµ Myiasis11

æ‡ Myiasis ®¤µ¥™¹Š 懚¸ÉÁ„·—‹µ„˜´ª°n°œ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œÁ oµ¤µ®µ°µ®µ¦°¥¼nĜÁœºÊ°Á¥ºÉ° °Š­·ÉŠ¤¸¸ª·˜ ­µ¤µ¦™ÂnŠœ·— °Š Myiasis ŗo 2 ª·›¸12 —´Šœ¸Ê 1. Clinical classification Áž}œ„µ¦ÂnŠœ·—‹µ„˜ÎµÂ®œnŠš¸É˜´ª°n°œ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œ

°µ«´¥°¥¼nĜÁœºÊ°Á¥ºÉ° °Š­·ÉŠ¤¸¸ª·˜Å—o„n 13 1.1 Myiasis š¸ÉÁ„ ·— ¹Êœš¸ÉŸ·ª®œ´Š (Cutaneous myiasis) Ánœ˜´ª°n°œ °Š ¤¨Šª´œš¸É®µ°µ®µ¦‹µ„„µ¦—¼—„·œÁ¨º°—š¸ÉŸ·ª®œ´Š °Š­·ÉŠ¤¸¸ª·˜ (Bloodsucking myiasis) ˜´ª°n°œ °Š ¤¨Šª´œš¸É®µ°µ®µ¦Ã—¥ {Š˜´ª°¥¼nĜ´ÊœŸ·ª®œ´Š‹œÁ„·—Áž}œ˜»n¤ e (Furunicular myiasis) ˜´ª°n°œ °Š ¤¨Šª´œš¸É®µ°µ®µ¦‹µ„„µ¦Á‡¨ºÉ°œš¸É°¥¼n£µ¥Äœ´ÊœŸ·ª®œ´Š (Creeping myiasis) ¨³˜´ª°n°œ °Š ¤¨Šª´œš¸É®µ°µ®µ¦‹µ„„µ¦°µ«´¥°¥¼nĜµ—Ÿ¨ °Š­·ÉŠ¤¸¸ª·˜ (Wound or Traumatic myiasis)

8«µœ·˜¦´˜œ£»¤¤³, „¸’ª·š¥µÂ¤nš ,162. 9Á¦ºÉ°ŠÁ—¸¥ª„´œ, 425. 10Á¦ºÉ°ŠÁ—¥ª„¸ ´œ. 11æ‡ Myiasis [Online], Accessed 4 February 2007. Available from http://www.vcharkarn.com/vcafe/136969 12Á¦ºÉ°ŠÁ—¥ª„¸ ´œ. 13Á¦ºÉ°ŠÁ—¥ª„¸ ´œ. 16

1.2 Myiasis š¸ÉÁ„·—Äœn°ŠªnµŠ °Š¨Îµ˜´ª (Body cavity myiasis)14 Ánœ nasophalyngeal myiasis, auricular myiasis, Ophthalmomyiases ŗo¤¸„µ¦˜¦ª‹¡Ÿ¼ožiª¥Ã¦‡ Myiasis š¸ÉÁ„·—Äœn°ŠªnµŠ °Š¨Îµ˜´ªÁ oµ¦´„µ¦¦´„¬µÁ¤ºÉ° ª´œš¸É 21 ¡§¬£µ‡¤ ¡.«. 2548 š¸É抡¥µµ¨Á‹oµ¡¦³¥µ°£´¥£¼Á«¦ ‹´Š®ª´—ž¦µ‹¸œ»¦¸15 ×¥Ÿ¼ožiª¥ ¦nµŠ„µ¥¡·„µ¦Â œ µ¨¸¤µ˜¦ª‹¦´„¬µ°µ„µ¦ÂŸ¨°´„Á­Äœn°Šžµ„ ¡š¥rŗo˜¦ª‹¡ªnµ£µ¥Äœ n°Šžµ„¤¸ÂŸ¨°´„Á­°¥¼n 2 ®nŠÂ˜n¨³Â®nŠ¨¹„ž¦³¤µ– 1 œ·Êª £µ¥ÄœÂŸ¨¥´Š¡˜´ª°n°œ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œ ‹Îµœªœ¤µ„ ¡š¥r‹¹Š‡¸˜´ª°n°œ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œ°°„¨³¦´„¬µÂŸ¨°´„Á­Ä®o„´Ÿ¼ožiª¥ ­µÁ®˜»š¸É˜´ª°n°œ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œÁ oµÅžÁ‹¦·Á˜·Ã˜°¥¼nĜn°Šžµ„ ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„Ÿ¼ožiª¥˜o°Š°oµžµ„°¥¼n˜¨°—Áª¨µšÎµÄ®o¤¸ ¤¨Šª´œÁ oµÅžªµŠÅ nŗo

£µ¡š¸É 6 ª·›¸„µ¦œÎµ˜´ª°n°œ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œ°°„‹µ„n°Šžµ„ š¸É¤µ ®œ°œÄœ‡œ [Online], Accessed 22 May 2548. Available from http://www.icygang.com/hothilights/view.php?news_id=1912&category_id=8

1.3 Myiasis š¸ÉÁ„·— ¹Êœš¸É°ª´¥ª³£µ¥Äœ °Š¤œ»¬¥r16 Ánœ šµŠÁ—·œ°µ®µ¦ (Enteric or Intestinal myiasis) „¦³Á¡µ³ž{­­µª³ (Urogenital myiasis) ¨³°ª´¥ª³­º¡œ›´ Á¡«®»r ·Š (Vaginal myiasis)

14«µœ·˜¦˜œ£´ »¤¤³, „¸’ª·š¥µÂ¤nš , 425. 15Á—¨·œ·ª­r, 22 ¡§¬£µ‡¤ 2548. 16æ‡ Myiasis [Online] 17

2. Parasitological classification Áž}œ„µ¦ÂnŠœ·—‹µ„‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r¦³®ªnµŠ ¨´„¬–³ °Š­·ÉŠ¤¸¸ª·˜„´„µ¦Á‹¦·Á˜·Ã˜ °Š˜´ª°n°œÂ¤¨Šª´œÂnŠÁž}œ 3 „¨»n¤17 —´Šœ¸Ê 2.1 Obligate parasite (Specific myiasis) ®¤µ¥™¹Š˜´ª°n°œ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œš¸É Á‹¦·Á˜·Ã˜°¥¼nĜÁœºÊ°Á¥ºÉ° °Š­´˜ªr®¦º°¤œ»¬¥rš¸É¥´Š¤¸¸ª·˜°¥¼nÁšnµœ´Êœ 2.2 Facultative parasite (Semi-specific myiasis) ®¤µ¥™¹Š˜´ª°n°œ °Š ¤¨Šª´œš¸ÉÁ‹¦·Á˜·Ã˜°¥¼nĜÁœºÊ°Á¥ºÉ° °Š­´˜ªr®¦º°¤œ»¬¥rš¸É¥´Š¤¸¸ª·˜‹œ„¦³š´ÉŠ˜µ¥ nŠÁž}œ 3 œ·—18 ŗo„n 2.2.1 Primary flies Áž}œ„¨»n¤ °ŠÂ¤¨Šš¸ÉÁ¦·É¤˜oœšÎµÄ®oÁ„·— myiasis 2.2.2 Secondary flies Áž}œ„¨»n¤ °ŠÂ¤¨Šš¸ÉŤn­µ¤µ¦™Á¦·É¤šÎµÄ®oÁ„·— myiasis ŗo ˜n‹³Á oµÅžÁ‹¦·Á˜·Ã˜°¥¼nĜÁœºÊ°Á¥ºÉ° °Š­·ÉŠ¤¸¸ª·˜Å—o Á¤ºÉ°Á„·—µ—Ÿ¨ ¹ÊœÂ¨oªÁšnµœ´Êœ 2.2.3 Tertiary flies Áž}œ„¨»n¤ °ŠÂ¤¨Šš¸É‹³Á oµ¤µÁ„¸É¥ª o°Š„´ myiasis Ĝ¦³¥³šoµ¥ ÇÁ¤ºÉ°­´˜ªrĄ¨o‹³˜µ¥Â¨oªÁšnµœ´Êœ

3. Accidental myiasis (Pseudomyiasis)19 Áž}œ£µª³š¸ÉÁ„·— ¹Êœ‹µ„„µ¦¦´Á°µÅ n ®¦º°˜´ª°n°œ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œš¸Éžœ°¥¼nĜ°µ®µ¦Á oµÅžÄœ¦nµŠ„µ¥Ã—¥´ŠÁ°·Ž¹ÉŠ˜´ª°n°œ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œ‹³ Á oµÅžÁ‹¦·Á˜·Ã˜ÄœšµŠÁ—·œ°µ®µ¦ °Š­·ÉŠ¤¸¸ª·˜

‹µ„£µª³ °ŠÃ¦‡ Myiasis šÎ µÄ®o¡š¥r¤¸šµŠÁ¨º°„Ä®¤nĜ„µ¦®µª·›¸„µ¦¦´„¬µµ—Ÿ¨ Á¦ºÊ°¦´Šš¸ÉÁœnµÁžg~°¥®¦º°˜µ¥Â¨oªÄ®o—¸ ¹Êœ ¦ª¤š´ÊŠ­µ¤µ¦™œÎµ¤µÄo¦´„¬µµ—Ÿ¨ °ŠŸ¼ožiª¥š¸É¤¸ž{®µ—ºÊ° ¥µÂ¨³Â¡o¥µž’·¸ªœ³Å—o Á¦¸¥„ª·›¸„µ¦¦´„¬µÂœ¸Êªnµ Maggot debridement therapy 20

17æ‡ Myiasis [Online] 18D.S. Kettle, Medical and Veterinary Entomology (Wallingford : CAB International, 1990), 243. 19æ‡ Myiasis [Online] 20‡¤ ­»‡œ›­¦¦¡r ¨³ „µÂ„ª­o »‡œ›­¦¦¡r, ¤¨Šª´œš¸É¤¸‡ªµ¤­Îµ‡´šµŠ„µ¦Â¡š¥rĜ ž¦³Áš«Åš¥ (Á¸¥ŠÄ®¤n : Á¸¥ŠÄ®¤n—·‹·˜°¨Áª·¦r‡­, 2548), 3. 18

ª·›¸ Maggot debridement therapy (®œ°œÎµ´—) ®¤µ¥™¹Šª·›¸„µ¦¦´„¬µµ—Ÿ¨Ã—¥Äo˜´ª°n°œ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œ¤µ„´—„·œÁœºÊ°Á¥ºÉ°­nªœš¸ÉÁœnµ Ážg~°¥®¦º°˜µ¥Â¨oªŽ¹ÉŠ‹³Á¦·É¤‹µ„„µ¦œÎµ˜´ª°n°œ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œ¦³¥³š¸É 1 š¸É™¼„Á¨¸Ê¥ŠÄ®ož¨°—ÁºÊ°œÎµ¤µ ž¨n°¥š¸ÉŸ¨ °ŠŸ¼ožiª¥Â¨³žd—š´—oª¥ŸoµÃž¦nŠ¡ªnµ Ÿ¨ °ŠŸ¼ožiª¥®µ¥Á¦Èª„ªnµ„µ¦¦´„¬µ—oª¥¥µ ž’·¸ªœ³Â¨³„µ¦¨oµŠÂŸ¨ ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„ÄœœÊ娵¥ °Š˜´ª°n°œ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œ‹³ž¦³„°Åž—oª¥­µ¦š¸É ­µ¤µ¦™nª¥¦´„¬µÂŸ¨Å—o ×¥¡­µ¦ allantoin, purines Ž¹ÉŠÁž}œ­µ¦š¸É¤¸„µ¦‡oœ¡˜´ÊŠÂ˜nže ‡.«. 1912 ªnµ˜¦ª‹¡Äœ¦µ„ °Š­¤»œÅ¡¦ Symphytum officinale21 š¸ÉœÎµ¤µÄoĜ„µ¦¦´„¬µÂŸ¨ ¨³ÄœœÊ娵¥ °Š˜´ª°n°œ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œ¥´Š˜¦ª‹¡­µ¦ proteolytic enzymes, trypsin, lipase Ž¹ÉŠ‹³nª¥šÎµ‡ªµ¤ ­³°µ—ÁœºÊ°Á¥ºÉ°Â¨³nª¥„¦³˜»oœÄ®o¤¸„µ¦­¦oµŠÁœºÊ°Á¥ºÉ°Ä®¤n ¹Êœ¤µš—šœ °¸„š´ÊŠ˜´ª°n°œ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œ ¥´Šž¨n°¥­µ¦š¸É¤¸§š›·ÍÁž}œ„¨µŠ„´ÂŸ¨ ˜n¤¸§š›·ÍÁž}œ—nµŠ„´ÁºÊ°Ã¦‡Â¨³Â‡š¸Á¦¸¥šÎµÄ®o‹Îµœªœ °Š ÁºÊ°Ã¦‡Â¨³Â‡š¸Á¦¸¥¨—¨Š Ÿ¨ °ŠŸ¼ožiª¥‹¹Š®µ¥—¸ ¹ÊœŽ¹ÉŠ­µ¦š¸É¤¸‡»–­¤´˜·—´Š„¨nµªœ¸Ê¤¸ºÉ°ªnµ Mirabilicides 22

Á¤ºÉ°že ‡.«. 1829 ªŠ„µ¦Â¡š¥rŗoÁ¦·É¤¤¸„µ¦œÎµ˜´ª°n°œ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œ¤µÄošÎµ„µ¦¦´„¬µ µ—Ÿ¨ Ž¹ÉŠÅ—oœª‡ªµ¤‡·—¤µ‹µ„„µ¦¦´„¬µÂ¨³´œš¹„Ÿ¨ °Š Baron Dominic Larrey23 ¡š¥r ž¦³‹Îµ¡¦³°Š‡r °Š„¬´˜¦·¥r Napoleon Bonaparte ­´ŠÁ„˜¡ªnµµ—Ÿ¨ °Šš®µ¦Äœ­œµ¤¦š¸ÉÁ˜È¤ Ş—oª¥˜´ª°n°œ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œÁ¦·É¤¤¸ÁœºÊ°Á¥ºÉ°­¸¤¡¼Á„·— ¹ÊœŽ¹ÉŠÁž}œ¨´„¬–³ °Š„µ¦­¦oµŠÁœºÊ°Á¥ºÉ°Ä®¤n

¹Êœ¤µš—šœÁœºÊ°Á¥ºÉ°Á„nµš¸É˜µ¥Åž 24 Á¤ºÉ°že ‡.«.1929 œµ¥Â¡š¥r William Baer «´¨¥Â¡š¥rµª°Á¤¦·„´œÅ—o¦·Á¦·É¤Ä®o¤¸ª·›¸„µ¦ ¦´„¬µµ—Ÿ¨—oª¥˜´ª°n°œ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œ ¹ÊœÂ˜n£µ¥®¨´Š˜n°¤µ¤¸„µ¦‡·—‡oœ¥µž’·¸ªœ³ Sulfa „´ Penicillin ¹Êœ¤µÄo¦´„¬µÃ¦‡ šÎµÄ®oÁ¦ºÉ°Š °Š„µ¦¦´„¬µµ—Ÿ¨—oª¥˜´ª°n°œ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œÁ¦·É¤®µ¥Åž ‹µ„ªŠ„µ¦Â¡š¥r „¦³š´ÉŠÁ„·—ž{®µÁ¦ºÉ°Š °ŠŸ¼ožiª¥¤¸„µ¦—ºÊ°¥µÂ¨³Â¡o¥µž’·¸ªœ³ ¡š¥r‹¹Š¡¥µ¥µ¤ ®µª·›¸„µ¦¦´„¬µÂÄ®¤n ¹Êœ¤µ ¨³„µ¦¦´„¬µµ—Ÿ¨—oª¥˜´ª°n°œ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œ‹¹Š™¼„œÎµ„¨´¤µÄo °¸„‡¦´ÊŠ

21A.C.G Heath, “Beneficial aspects of blowflies (Diptera : Calliphorida),” New Zealand entomologist 7,3 (1982) : 343-348. 22Ibid. 23®œ°œÎµ´— (Maggot therapy) [Online], Accessed 1 June 2005. Available from http://www.dtam.moph.go.th/alternative/viewstory.php?id=40, 24Á¦ºÉ°ŠÁ—¥ª„¸ ´œ. 19

Á¤ºÉ°že‡.«. 1995 ž¦³Áš«Á¥°¦¤´œÅ—o¤¸„µ¦¢gœ¢¼ª·›¸ Maggot debridement therapy ¹Êœ¤µ čo¦´„¬µŽ¹ÉŠª·›¸„µ¦œ¸ÊŤn­µ¤µ¦™Äo¦´„¬µÅ—o„´š»„µ—Ÿ¨ ˜n¤¸¦µ¥Šµœªnµ­µ¤µ¦™œÎµ¤µÄoŗoŸ¨—¸„´ µ—Ÿ¨˜nµŠÇ25 —´Šœ¸Ê 1. Diabetic foot ulcers 2. Decubitus ulcers 3. Necrotizing tumor wounds 4. Necrotizing fasciitis 5. MRSA and other wound infections 6. Burns 7. Bacterial soft tissue infections 8. Ulcers cruris 9. Thrombangitis obiterans

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25®œ°œÎµ´— (Maggot therapy) [Online] 26Ronald A. Sherman, Maggot Therapy [Online], Accessed January 1996. Available from http://www.ucihs.uci.edu/som/pathology/sherman/cases.htm 20

£µ¡š¸É 7 Ÿ¼ožiª¥ Diabetic leg ulcers š¸Éŗo¦´„µ¦¦´„¬µÂ Maggot debridement therapy š¸É¤µ Maggot herapy [Online], Accessed 21 December 2007. Available from http://www.ucihs.uci.edu/som/pathology/sherman/case.htm

Ÿ¼ožiª¥¦µ¥š¸É­°ŠÁž}œµ¥°µ¥» 70 že ¤¸ÂŸ¨ Diabetic foot ulcers ‡º° Ÿ¨ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„ æ‡Áµ®ªµœ¦·Áª–ÁšoµÁž}œ¤µœµœ 3 že ¨³¥´Š¦´„¬µÅ¤n®µ¥ Ÿ¼ožiª¥‹¹Š˜o°Š„µ¦Ä®o¡š¥r¦´„¬µ—oª¥ª·›¸

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°ŠŸ¼ožiª¥—oª¥ª·›¸ Maggot debridement therapy ¡ªnµÄœ 1 ­´ž—µ®r Ÿ¨ °ŠŸ¼ožiª¥—¸ ¹ÊœÁœºÊ°Á¥ºÉ°š¸É

 Ȋ¨³˜µ¥Â¨oª™¼„˜´ ª°n°œ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œš 娵¥Â¨³Á¤ºÉ°¦´„¬µÁž}œÁª¨µ˜n°¤µ ¡ªnµµ—Ÿ¨ °Š Ÿ¼ožiª¥®µ¥—¸Ÿ·ª®œ´Š™¼„­¦oµŠ ¹Êœ¤µ‹œÁ˜È¤Ž¹ÉŠŸ¼ožiª¥¦µ¥œ¸ÊčoÁª¨µ¦´„¬µµ—Ÿ¨—oª¥ª·›¸ Maggot debridement therapy œµœ™¹Š 2 že

£µ¡š¸É 8 Ÿ¼ožiª¥ Diabetic foot ulcers š¸Éŗo¦´„µ¦¦´„¬µÂ Maggot debridement therapy š¸É¤µ Maggot herapy [Online], Accessed 21 December 2007. Available from http://www.ucihs.uci.edu/som/pathology/sherman/case.htm 21

˜´ª°n°œ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œš¸ÉœÎµ¤µÄo¦´„¬µµ—Ÿ¨‡º° ¤¨Šª´œ®´ªÁ ¸¥ª Lucilia sericata27 Ž¹ÉŠ¤¸™·Éœ„εÁœ·—°¥¼nĜ™¥»Ã¦žÁšnµœ´Êœ ž¦³Áš«Åš¥Å—o­´ÉŠœÎµÁ oµÂ¤¨Šª´œœ·—œ¸Ê¤µÄo‡¦´ÊŠÂ¦„Á¤ºÉ° Á—º°œÁ¤¬µ¥œ ¡.«. 2548 ×¥¦·¬´š ŝ𤰜Á—o (ž¦³Áš«Åš¥) ‹Îµ„´—Ž¹ÉŠÃ¦Š¡¥µµ¨š¸ÉšÎµ„µ¦ ¦´„¬µ—oª¥ª·›¸ Maggot debridement therapy œ¸Ê ŗo„n 抡¥µµ¨œ¡¦´˜œr 抡¥µµ¨¦µ¤‡ÎµÂ®Š ¨³Ã¦Š¡¥µµ¨Á„¬¤¦µ¬‘¦r Ž¹ÉŠœ´ªnµÁž}œž¦³Ã¥œr˜n°ªŠ„µ¦Â¡š¥r °ŠÅš¥š¸É‹³Äoª·›¸„µ¦—´Š„¨nµª ¤µ¦´„¬µµ—Ÿ¨Ä®o„´Ÿ¼ožiª¥

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¡Äœš¸ÉènŠÂ‹oŠÂ˜n°µ‹‹³¤¸ o°‹Îµ„´—ÄœÁ¦ ºÉ°Šœ·— °ŠÂ¤¨Šš¸É˜¦ª‹¡‹µ„«¡ °¥nµŠÁnœ ¤¨ŠµŠ œ·—š¸É¤¸ œµ—Ä®n°µ‹‹³˜¦ª‹Å¤n¡‹µ„«¡š¸É™¼„¡°¥¼n£µ¥ÄœoµœÁ¡¦µ³Å¤n­µ¤µ¦™š¸É‹³®µšµŠÁ oµ Ş¥´Š«¡Å—o

27¤˜·œ, 30 ¤·™»œµ¥œ 2548. 28Gail S. Anderson, Forensic entomology : the utility of arthropods in legal investigations, 151-166. 22

š¸É British Columbia29 ŗošÎµ„µ¦«¹„¬µ ¡ªnµœ·— °ŠÂ¤¨Šš¸É˜¦ª‹¡‹µ„«¡š¸É™¼„ ¡Äœoµœ ŗo„n ¤¨Šª´œ®´ªÁ ¸¥ª P. sericata, P. regina, C. vicina ¨³ C. terraenovae (Diptera: Calliphoridae), Piophila spp. (Diptera: Piophilidae), Hydrotaea spp. (Diptera: Muscidae), Thanatophilus lapponics (Coleoptera: Silphidae) ¨³ Necrophilus hydrophiloides (Coleoptera: Agyrtidae) š¸Éž¦³Áš«Á¥°¦¤œ¸30 ¤¸¦µ¥Šµœ„µ¦˜¦ª‹¡œ·— °ŠÂ¤¨Š‹µ„«¡š¸É™¼„¡Äœoµœ ¤µ„š¸É­»—Å—o„n ¤¨Šª´œ Muscina stabulans, Fannia cannicularis, F. manicata (Diptera: Muscidae),P. sericata, C. vicina (Diptera: Calliphoridae) ¨³ Sarcophaga carnaria (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) š¸Éž¦³Áš«ÃžÂ¨œ—r31 ¤¸¦µ¥Šµœ„µ¦˜¦ª‹¡œ·— °ŠÂ¤¨Š‹µ„«¡š¸É™¼„¡£µ¥Äœ ®o°Š»— 11 ®nŠÅ—o„n ¤¨Šª´œ F. cannicularis, M. stabulans (Diptera: Muscidae) ¨³ L. sericata (Diptera: Calliphoridae)

32 ¤¸„µ¦«¹„¬µ˜´ª°¥nµŠ °ŠÂ¤¨Šš´ÊŠ®¤— 35 ‡—¸ ‹µ„«¡š¸É™¼„¡ÄœoµœÂ¨³š¸ÉènŠ ‹oŠ °Š±µªµ¥ ¡ªnµ«¡š¸É™¼„¡Äœoµœ¤´„˜¦ª‹¡Â¤¨Šª´œÁž}œ­nªœÄ®n ¨³«¡š¸É¡Äœš¸ÉènŠ ‹oŠ¤´„˜¦ª‹¡—oªŠÁž}œ­nªœÄ®n š¸Éž¦³Áš«°´Š„§¬33 ¤¸¦µ¥Šµœ„µ¦˜¦ª‹¡œ·— °ŠÂ¤¨Š‹µ„«¡š¸É™¼„¡£µ¥Äœ

oµœ ŗo„n Leptocera caenosa Rondani (Diptera: Sphaeroceridae) Ž¹ÉŠÂ¤¨Šª´œœ·—œ¸Ê¡Å—o˜µ¤

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29Gail S. Anderson, Forensic entomology : the utility of arthropods in legal investigations, 151-166. 30H. Schumann, “The occurrence of Diptera in living quarters,” Angewandte Parasitologie 31,3 (1990) : 131-141. 31S. Piatkowski, “Synanthropic flies in an 11-story apartment house in Gdansk,” Wiad Parazytologie 37,1 (1991) : 115-117. 32M.L. Goff, “Comparison of insect species associated with decomposing remains recovered inside dweling and outdoors on the island of Oahu, Hawaii,” Journal of Forensic Science 36 (1991) : 748-753. 33Y.Z. Erzinclioglu, “The entomological onvestigation of a concealed corpse,” Medicine Science and the Law 25 (1985) : 228-230. 23

˜n¤¸¦µ¥Šµœ°ºÉœš¸É˜¦ª‹¡Â¤¨Šª´œœ·—œ¸Ê ‹µ„Žµ„ °Š­»œ´ ‹·ÊŠ‹°„š¸É™¼„¡Äœš¸É ènŠÂ‹oŠ34 —oª¥ Ž¹ÉŠÂ­—ŠÄ®oÁ®Èœªnµ ¤¨Šš¸É™¼„˜¦ª‹¡°¥¼nĜoµœ °Š­™µœš¸É®nŠ®œ¹ÉŠÅ¤n‹ÎµÁž}œš¸É ‹³˜o°Š™¼„˜¦ª‹¡°¥¼nĜoµœ °Š­™µœš¸É°¸„®nŠ®œ¹ÉŠ—oª¥ ˜´ª°¥nµŠÁnœ Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae) ™¼„˜¦ª‹¡Å—o£µ¥Äœoµœ °Š®¤¼nÁ„µ³±µªµ¥ ˜n¤¸¦µ¥Šµœ°ºÉœš¸Éŗo˜¦ª‹¡ªnµ ¤¨Šœ·—œ¸Ê™¼„˜¦ª‹¡Å—o‹µ„®¨nŠž«»­´˜ªr¦ª¤š´ÊŠÄœš¸ÉènŠÂ‹oŠ °Šž¦³Áš«°ºÉœÇ —oª¥35

2. «¡š¸É™¼„ {Š—·œ ª·›¸„µ¦š¸É‰µ˜„¦¤´„čošÎµ¨µ¥«¡Á¡ºÉ°žd—´Š‡ªµ¤Ÿ·—‡º° „µ¦œÎµ«¡Åž {Š—·œŽ¹ÉŠ„µ¦š¸É ‹³ {Š¦nµŠ °Š¤œ»¬¥r¨ŠÅžÄœ—·œÄ®o¤·—Å—o ˜o°ŠšÎµ„µ¦ »——·œÄ®o¨¹„°¥nµŠœo°¥ž¦³¤µ– 2 Á¤˜¦ «¡š¸É™¼„ {Š—·œ¤¸¦µ¥Šµœ„µ¦˜¦ª‹¡Â¤¨ŠÅ—oÁnœÁ—¸¥ª„´«¡š¸É™¼„¡˜µ¤­™µœš¸É ˜nµŠÇ Á¡¸¥ŠÂ˜nªnµ„µ¦š¸É«¡™¼„ {Š—·œÅªo‹³­nŠŸ¨„¦³šµŠ°¥nµŠ Ánœ ¦³¥³Áª¨µš¸É¤¨ŠÄoĜ„µ¦Á oµ ®µ°µ®µ¦‹µ„«¡ ¨Îµ—´„µ¦Á oµ®µ°µ®µ¦ °ŠÂ¤¨Š œ·— °ŠÂ¤¨Šš¸É˜¦ª‹¡‹µ„«¡Â¨³°´˜¦µ„µ¦

36 ¥n°¥­¨µ¥ °Š«¡ Ž¹ÉŠŸ¨„¦³šÁ®¨nµœ¸Ê‹³˜o°Š¡·‹µ¦–µÁ¦ºÉ°Š °Š¨´„¬–³£¼¤·ž¦³Áš« œ·— °Š—·œ ž{‹‹´¥°ºÉœÇ ®¨´Š„µ¦˜µ¥ °Š«¡37 ¨³‡ªµ¤¨¹„š¸ÉčoĜ„µ¦ {Š«¡38

34K.G. Smith, “The faunal siccession of insects and other invertebrates on a dead fox,” Entomologist’s Gazette 26 (1975) : 277. 35D.S. Kettle, “Medical and Veterinary Entomology,” C A B International (1990) 36J.A. Payne et al, “Arthropod succession and decomposition of buried pigs,” Nature 219 (1968) : 1180-1181. 37S.L. VanLaerhoven and G.S. Anderson, “Insect succession on buried carrion in two biogeoclimate zones of British Columbia,” Journal of Forensic Science 44 (1999) : 31-41. 38W.C. Rodriguez and W.M. Bass, “Decomposition of buried bodies and methods that may aid in their location,” Journal of Forensic Science 30 (1985) : 836-852. 24

š¸É Tennessee39 ŗoš—¨°ŠœÎµŽµ„«¡ °Š¤œ»¬¥r‹Îµœªœ 6 «¡ Ş {Š—·œÁ¡ºÉ°«¹„¬µ™¹Š °´˜¦µ„µ¦¥n°¥­¨µ¥Â¨³œ·— °ŠÂ¤¨Šš¸É‹³Á oµ¤µ®µ°µ®µ¦‹µ„«¡ ˜n¥´Š®µ o°­¦»žš¸Éœn´—Ťnŗo ¤o‹³¤¸„µ¦¥ºœ¥´œ™¹Šœ·— °ŠÂ¤¨Šš¸ÉÁ oµ¤µ®µ°µ®µ¦‹µ„«¡š¸É™¼„ {ŠÄœ—·œÅªo°¥nµŠ ´—Á‹œ ˜nŸ¨„µ¦š—¨°Šš¸ÉŗoÁ¤ºÉ°œÎµÅžÁž¦¸¥Áš¸¥„´Ÿ¨„µ¦š—¨°Š °Šœ´„ª·‹´¥‡œ°ºÉœÇ ¡ªnµ¤¸ o°¤¼¨š¸É˜„˜nµŠ„´œ40 ץ¤¨Šš¸É™¼„˜¦ª‹¡‹µ„«¡ {Š—·œ ­µ¤µ¦™™¼„˜¦ª‹¡Å—o‹µ„«¡š¸É™¼„¡ Ĝš¸ÉènŠÂ‹oŠŽ¹ÉŠž{‹‹´¥š¸É¤¸Ÿ¨˜n°„µ¦Á oµ®µ°µ®µ¦ °ŠÂ¤¨Š‹µ„«¡š¸É™¼„ {Š—·œÂ¨³«¡š¸É™¼„¡Äœš¸É ènŠÂ‹oŠ‡º° ¦³¥³Áª¨µ®¨´Š„µ¦˜µ¥ ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„£µ¥®¨´Š„µ¦˜µ¥¦nµŠ„µ¥‹³Á„·—„µ¦Áž¨¸É¥œÂž¨Š˜nµŠÇ ×¥ÁŒ¡µ³„µ¦¥n°¥­¨µ¥ °Š«¡ ‡š¸Á¦¸¥‹³Á¦·É¤„¦³ªœ„µ¦¥n°¥­¨µ¥Â¨³Ÿ¨·˜Â„p­Á¡·É¤¤µ„ ¹Êœ¤¸ š´ÊŠ hydrogen sulphide, methane Ž¹ÉŠ­µ¦Á®¨nµœ¸Ê‹³¤¸„¨·É œÁ®¤Èœ¦»œÂ¦Š ­µ¤µ¦™Åž—¹Š—¼—Ä®o¤¨Šœ·— ˜nµŠÇ Á oµ¤µ®µ°µ®µ¦¥´Š«¡Å—o ×¥¦³¥³Áª¨µ®¨´Š„µ¦˜µ¥­nŠŸ¨˜n°„µ¦¥n°¥­¨µ¥Áž}œ°¥nµŠ¤µ„ ¤¸Šµœª·‹´¥š¸ÉšÎµ„µ¦«¹„¬µ™¹Š°´˜¦µ„µ¦¥n°¥­¨µ¥ °Š«¡ ×¥š—¨°Š‹µ„„µ¦œÎµŽµ„ ­»„¦Åž {Š—·œÄ®o¨¹„Á¡¸¥Š 30 ÁŽœ˜·Á¤˜¦ Áž¦¸¥Áš¸¥„´Žµ„­»„¦š¸ÉªµŠÅªo„¨µŠš¸ÉènŠÂ‹oŠ¡ªnµ°´˜¦µ

41 „µ¦¥n°¥­¨µ¥ °ŠŽµ„­»„¦š¸É™¼„ {Š—·œÅªo‹³oµ„ªnµŽµ„­»„¦„¨µŠš¸ÉènŠÂ‹oŠ ¨³„µ¦Á oµ®µ°µ®µ¦ °ŠÂ¤¨Š‹µ„Žµ„­»„¦š¸É™¼„ {Š—·œÅªo ‹³oµ„ªnµŽµ„­»„¦„¨µŠš¸ÉènŠÂ‹oŠž¦³¤µ– 2-7 ª´œ ¤¸„µ¦š—¨°ŠœÎµŽµ„­»„¦ªµŠš·ÊŠÅªo 48 ´ÉªÃ¤Š ®¨´ŠšÎµÄ®o˜µ¥Â¨oª‹¹ŠœÎµÅž {Š¡ªnµ ­µ¤µ¦™˜¦ª‹¡˜´ª°n°œ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œ®´ªÁ ¸¥ªÅ—o ˜nĜŽµ„­»„¦š¸É™¼„ {Šš´œš¸®¨´ŠšÎµÄ®o˜µ¥ ‹³ 42 ˜¦ª‹Å¤n¡˜´ª°n°œ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œ

‡ªµ¤¨¹„š¸ÉčoĜ„µ¦ {ŠÁž }œž{‹‹´¥®œ¹ÉŠš¸É¤¸Ÿ¨˜n°°´˜¦µ„µ¦¥n°¥­¨µ¥Â¨³„µ¦Á oµ®µ °µ®µ¦ °ŠÂ¤¨Š ¤¸¦µ¥Šµœ„µ¦˜¦ª‹¡—oªŠ carrion beetles (Family Silphidae) ĜŽµ„­»„¦š¸É™¼„ {Š Ūo¨¹„‹µ„Ÿ·ª—·œÂ‡n 30 ÁŽœ˜·Á¤˜¦43 ŗo

39 W.C. Rodriguez and W.M. Bass, “Decomposition of buried bodies and methods that may aid in their location,” Journal of Forensic Science 30 (1985) : 836-852. 40G.S. Anderson and S.L. VanLaerhoven, “Initial studies on insect succession on carrion in southwestern British Columbia,” Journal of Forensic Science 41 (1996) : 617-625. 41W.C. Rodriguez, “Decomposition of buried bodies and methods that may aid in their location,” 836-852. 42Ibid. 43P.P. Shubeck, “Orientation of carrion beetles to carrion buried under shallow layers of sand (Coleoptera: Silphidae),” Entomological News 96 (1985) : 163-166. 25

¤¸®¨µ¥‡—¸š¸ÉÁž}œ„µ¦‰µ˜„¦¦¤°Îµ¡¦µŠ«¡Ã—¥œÎµ«¡Åž {Š—·œÂ˜n«¡™¼„˜¦ª‹¡Å—o Á¡¦µ³™¼„ {ŠÅªoŤn¨¹„‹µ„Ÿ·ª—·œœ´„ÁœºÉ°Š¤µ‹µ„‡ªµ¤Á¦nŠ¦¸ °Š‰µ˜„¦ °¥nµŠÅ¦„Șµ¤ „µ¦«¹„¬µ™¹Š Á¦ºÉ°Š °Š«¡™¼„ {Š ‹³˜o°Š¤¸ o°¤¼¨š¸Éœn´—Á¦ºÉ°Šœ·— °ŠÂ¤¨Šš¸É¡‹µ„«¡ ªnµÁž}œÂ¤¨Šš¸ÉÁ¡·ÉŠÁ oµ¤µ ®µ°µ®µ¦‹µ„«¡®¦º°Áž}œÂ¤¨Šš¸É¤¸Â®¨nŠš¸É°¥¼n°µ«´¥°¥¼n£µ¥ÄœÃ¨Š«¡°¥ ¼n¨oªÃ—¥¤¸¦µ¥Šµœªnµ ¤¨Šª´œ Conicern tibialis Schmitz (Diptera: Phoridae) ­µ¤µ¦™ »——·œ¨ŠÅžªµŠÅ n¨³¤¸Â®¨nŠš¸É°¥¼n °µ«´¥£µ¥ÄœÃ¨Š«¡44

3. «¡š¸É™¼„¡ÄœœÊε «¡š¸É™¼„¡ÄœœÊε °µ‹¤¸­µÁ®˜»¤µ‹µ„„µ¦‰µ˜„¦¦¤°Îµ¡¦µŠ«¡ „µ¦‰nµ˜´ª˜µ¥Â¨³ °»´˜·Á®˜» Ž¹ÉŠÁ¤ºÉ°šÎµ„µ¦´œ­¼˜¦¡¨·„«¡‹³¡­·ÉŠ¤¸¸ª·˜š¸É°µ«´¥°¥¼nĜœÊ嘷—¤µ„´«¡—oª¥ ¨³­·ÉŠ¤¸¸ª·˜ Á®¨nµœ¸Ê­µ¤µ¦™°„Å—o™¹Š­™µœš¸ÉÁ„·—Á®˜»Â¨³¦³¥³Áª¨µ®¨´Š„µ¦˜µ¥ °Š«¡Å—o ×¥ž{‹‹´¥š¸É¤¸Ÿ¨˜n° „µ¦¡«¡š¸É°¥¼nĜœÊε ¹Êœ°¥¼n„´Â®¨nŠœÊε (š³Á¨­µ ¤nœÊε ¤®µ­¤»š¦) °»—–®£¼¤·ÄœœÊε§¼„µ¨ ¨³

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Ášnµž{‹‹´¥š¸É­nŠŸ¨šÎµÄ®o„µ¦¥n°¥­¨µ¥ °Š«¡ oµ¨Š ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„°»–®£¼¤· °ŠœÊεš¸É˜É優nµ°»–®£¼¤·œ„ ¤¸„µ¦š—¨°ŠœÎµŽµ„­»„¦ÅžÂnŪoĜœÊεÁž}œ¦³¥³Áª¨µ 6 Á—º°œ45 Á¡ºÉ°«¹„¬µ™¹Š°´˜¦µ„µ¦¥n°¥­¨µ¥ °Š «¡š¸É¡°¥¼nĜœÊεŽ¹ÉŠ„µ¦š—¨°Šœ¸Ê¤¸š´ÊŠÂšÎµÄ®oŽµ„­»„¦‹¤°¥¼nĜœÊ嘨°—¦³¥³Áª¨µ 6 Á—º°œ„´ ž¨n°¥°·­¦³ Ÿ¨‹µ„„µ¦š—¨°Š¡ªnµ¤¸„µ¦˜¦ª‹¡Â¤¨Šœ„Á oµ¤µ®µ°µ®µ¦‹µ„Žµ„­»„¦ ŗo ˜n¤¨Šœ„ŤnŗoÁ oµ¤µ®µ°µ®µ¦Äœš»„¦³¥³ °Š„µ¦¥n°¥­¨µ¥

44C.N. Colyer, “The “coffin fly” Conicera tibialis Schmitz (Diptera: Phoridae),” Journal of British Entomology 4 (1954) : 203-206. 45J.A. Payne and E.W. King, “Insect succession and decomposition of pig carcesses in water,” 153-162. 26

Ž¹ÉŠ„µ¦š—¨°Šœ¸Ê¥´ŠÅ¤nŗo«¹„¬µ™¹ŠÁ¦ºÉ°Š °ŠÂ¤¨ŠÄœœÊεš¸É­µ¤µ¦™Á oµ¤µ®µ °µ®µ¦‹µ„«¡š¸É¡°¥¼nĜœÊεŗoÁnœ„´œ 2. ®¨nŠœÊεÁ‡È¤ ŗo„n š³Á¨ ¤®µ­¤»š¦ „µ¦«¹„¬µ™¹Š°´˜¦µ„µ¦¥n°¥­¨µ¥ °Š «¡š¸É™¼„¡ÄœÂ®¨nŠœÊεÁ‡È¤šÎµÅ—o¥µ„ ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„¤¸„µ¦˜¦ª‹¡«¡š¸É¨°¥°¥¼n„¨µŠš³Á¨®¦º°¤®µ­¤»š¦ œo°¥¤µ„ ®µ„¤¸„µ¦˜¦ª‹¡¤´„Áž}œ«¡š¸É°¥¼nĜœÊ夵Áž}œÁª¨µœµœ ‹œ™¼„­·ÉŠ¤¸¸ª·˜š¸É°µ«´¥°¥¼nĜ®¨nŠ œÊεœ´Êœ„·œÁž}œ°µ®µ¦ Ťn­µ¤µ¦™œÎµ¤µ«¹„¬µÁ¦ºÉ°Š °Š°´˜¦µ„µ¦¥n°¥­¨µ¥ °Š«¡Å—o46 ­·ÉŠ¤¸¸ª·˜š¸É¤¸ „µ¦˜¦ª‹¡ªnµÁ oµ¤µ®µ°µ®µ¦‹µ„«¡š¸É™¼„¡°¥¼nĜ®¨nŠœÊεÁ‡È¤Å—o„n crustaceans, gastropod, mullusks ¨³ echinoderms ¤¸¦µ¥Šµœ¡ªnµ¡ª„ crustaceans ‹³Á oµ¤µ®µ°µ®µ¦˜¦Š­nªœ parenchymal organs °Š«¡47 Ž¹ÉŠšÎµÄ®o¨´„¬–³ °Š«¡š¸É˜¦ª‹¡Á®¤º°œ¤¸µ—Ÿ¨®¨µ¥Â®nŠ ‹µ„„µ¦š—¨°ŠœÎµŽµ„­»„¦ÅžÄœÂnœÊεÁ¡ºÉ°ÄoÁž}œÂ‹Îµ¨°Š«¹„¬µ™¹ŠÁ¦ºÉ°Š°´˜¦µ„µ¦¥n°¥­¨µ¥ °Š Žµ„«¡š¸É™¼„¡°¥¼nĜœÊε ­µ¤µ¦™ÂnŠ°´˜¦µ„µ¦¥n°¥­¨µ¥Å—o 6 ¦³¥³48 —´Šœ¸Ê ¦³¥³š¸É 1 Submerged Fresh Á¦·É¤œ´˜´ÊŠÂ˜nœÎµŽµ„­»„¦ÅžÂnĜœÊε

‹œ„¦³š´ÉŠŽµ„­»„¦Á¦·É¤ª¤ ×¥‹³ ¹Êœ°¥¼n„´­£µ¡ °ŠÂ®¨nŠœÊεĜ˜n¨³šo°Šš¸É §—¼„µ¨Äœ¦°že ®µ„®¨nŠœÊε°¥¼nĜÁ ˜«¼œ¥r„¨µŠ °ŠÁ­oœ«¼œ¥r­¼˜¦ Žµ„­»„¦°µ‹ÄoÁª¨µÄœ„µ¦ª¤ž¦³¤µ– 2-6 ª´œ ˜n™oµÂ®¨nŠœÊε°¥¼nĜÁ ˜Á®œº°Á­oœ«¼œ¥r­¼˜¦49

46S.A. Boyle and R.T. Mason, “Human aquatic taphonomy in the Monterey Bay area,” Forensic Taphonomy: The Postmortem Fate of Human Remains, (Florida: Boca Raton,1991). 47M. Mottonen and M. Nuutila, “Post mortem injury caused by domestic animals, crustaceans, and fish,” Forensic Medicine: A study in Trauma and Environmental Hazards (1977). 48J.A. Payne and E.W. King, “Insect succession and decomposition of pig carcesses in water,” 153-162. 49N.R. Hobischak, “Freshwater invertebrate succession and decompositional studies on carrion in British Columbia,” (M.P.M. Biological Science, Simon Fraser University,1997). 27

°µ‹ÄoÁª¨µÄœ„µ¦ª¤ž¦³¤µ– 11-13 ª´œ¤¸„µ¦˜¦ª‹¡˜´ª°n°œ °ŠÂ¤¨ŠÄœœÊε‹µ„Žµ„­»„¦š´ÊŠ hydropsychild caddisflies (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae) chironomid midges (Diptera: Chironomidae) ¨³ heptageniid mayflies (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae) Ž¹ÉŠ¤¸¦µ¥Šµœ„µ¦˜¦ª‹ ¡Â¤¨ŠÁ®¨nµœ¸Ê®¨µ¥‡¦´ÊŠ˜¨°—„µ¦š—¨°Š š´ÊŠÄœÂ®¨nŠœÊεœ·ÉŠÂ¨³Â®¨nŠœÊε٨50 ¨³¤¸„µ¦˜¦ª‹ ¡˜´ªÁ˜È¤ª´¥ °Š hydrophilid beetles (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae) —oª¥ ¦³¥³š¸É 2 Early Floating ¦³¥³œ¸ÊŽµ„­»„¦‹³Á¦·É¤¤¸„µ¦Ÿ¨·˜Â„p­ ¹Êœ¤µ ‹Îµœªœ¤µ„ ‹¹ŠšÎµÄ®oŽµ„­»„¦¨°¥ ¹Êœ­¼nŸ·ªœÊεŗo Á¤ºÉ°Žµ„­»„¦¨°¥ ¹Êœ­¼nŸ·ªœÊε‹³Åž—¹Š—¼—Ä®o¤¨Šœ „Á oµ¤µ®µ°µ®µ¦ ×¥ÁŒ¡µ³Â¤¨Šª´œ®¨µ„®¨µ¥œ·— (Diptera: Calliphoridae, Muscidae and Sarcophagodae) Ž¹ÉŠÂ¤¨Šª´œÁ®¨nµœ¸Ê‹³¤µªµŠÅ n¨Šœ°ª´¥ª³˜¦Š­nªœš¸É¨°¥¡oœœÊε ¹Êœ¤µ ¤¸„µ¦˜¦ª‹ ¡—oªŠ (Family: Silphidae and Staphylinidae) Á oµ¤µ®µ°µ®µ¦—oª¥ ×¥—oªŠÁ®¨nµœ¸Ê‹³Á oµ¤µ„·œ˜´ª °n°œ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œÁž}œ°µ®µ¦ ¨³¤¸„µ¦˜¦ª‹¡˜´ª˜n°¦´Š (Family: Vespidae) Á oµ¤µ®µ°µ®µ¦Äœ Žµ„­»„¦—oª¥ ×¥˜´ª˜n°¦´Š‹³Á oµ¤µ„·œ˜´ª°n°œÂ¨³˜´ªÁ˜È¤ª´¥ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œ®´ªÁ ¸¥ª51 Áž}œ°µ®µ¦

°¥nµŠÅ¦„Șµ¤ ®µ„Äœ¦³¥³œ¸ÊŽµ„­»„¦¥´Š‡Š°¥¼nĜœÊε°µ‹Á¡¦µ³™¼„™nªŠÅªo ‹³­µ¤µ¦™˜¦ª‹¡Â¤¨Š ĜœÊε hydropsychild caddisflies, chironomid midges, aquatic isopods ¨³ heptageniid mayflies ˜·—°¥¼n„´Žµ„­»„¦—oª¥52

50J.B. Keiper et al, “Midge larvae (Diptera: Chironomidae) as indicators of postmortem submersion interval of carcasses in a woodland stream: a preliminary report,” Journal of Forensic Science 42 (1997): 1074-1079. 51J.K. Tomberlin and P.H. Adler, “Seasonal colonization and decomposition of rat carrion in water and on land in an open field in South Carolina,” Journal of Medicine Entomology 67(1981): 1369-1410. 52N.R. Hobischak, “Freshwater invertebrate succession and decompositional studies on carrion in British Columbia,” 28

Ž¹ÉŠ¨´„¬–³ °ŠŽµ„­»„¦Äœ¦³¥³œ¸Ê¡ªnµ­¸ °ŠÁœºÊ°Á¥ºÉ°‹³Áž¨¸É¥œÁž}œ­¸¤nªŠ°¤Á ¸¥ª ¤¸ °ŠÁ®¨ª­¸ Á®¨º°ŠÅ®¨°°„¤µ‹µ„¦¼šªµ¦ Á¨È®¨»—°°„ ¨³¤¸„µ¦˜¦ª‹¡ ¡ºœÊεÁ‹¦·Á˜·Ã˜°¥¼nœŽµ„­»„¦ ¤µ„„ªnµ‹³ÅžÁ‹¦·Á˜·Ã˜¥´Š¡ºÊœ—·œš¸É°¥¼n¦°Ç Žµ„­»„¦Áž}œÁ®˜»Ä®o­µ¤µ¦™˜¦ª‹¡˜´ª°n°œ °Š ¤¨ŠÄœœÊε mayfly larvae (Ephemeroptera) ®¦º°˜´ª°n°œ °Š¸ž³ µªÄœŽµ„­»„¦Å—o ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„˜´ª °n°œÁ®¨nµœ¸Ê‹³Á oµ¤µ„·œ¡ºœÊεÁž}œ°µ®µ¦ ‹µ„„µ¦«¹„¬µš—¨°Š Á¡ºÉ°®µž{‹‹´¥š¸É­nŠŸ¨˜n°„µ¦‹ÎµÂœ„ ¨´„¬–³ °Š°´˜¦µ„µ¦¥n°¥­¨µ¥ °Š«¡š¸É™¼„¡ÄœœÊε¡ªnµ Žµ„­»„¦š¸ÉšÎµ„µ¦š—¨°ŠÄœ¦n°ŠœÊε‹³Äo Áª¨µÁ oµ­¼n¦³¥³ Early Floating ž¦³¤µ– 8 ª´œ­nªœŽµ„­»„¦š¸ÉšÎµ„µ¦š—¨°ŠÄœÂ°nŠœÊε‹³ÄoÁª¨µÁ oµ ­¼n¦³¥³œ¸Êž¦³¤µ– 6 ª´œÂ¨³¡ªnµ°»–®£¼¤· °ŠœÊεš¸ÉÁ¥Èœ‹´—¤¸Ÿ¨˜n°°´˜¦µ„µ¦¥n°¥­¨µ¥ °ŠŽµ„­»„¦53 —oª¥ Ž¹ÉŠÅ—o¤¸„µ¦šÎµ„µ¦š—¨°ŠÄœÂ™µ¥ {~Š °Š British Columbia ¡ªnµÁ¤ºÉ°œÎµŽµ„­»„¦ÅžÂnŪo Ĝn°œÊ娳¨Îµ›µ¦‹³ÄoÁª¨µÁ oµ­¼n¦³¥³œ¸Êž¦³¤µ– 23-37 ª´œ ¦³¥³š¸É 3 Floating Decay Žµ„­»„¦‹³¨°¥°¥¼nœŸ·ªœÊ執ª®œ´ŠÁ¦·É¤ Áž¨¸É¥œÁž}œ­¸—娳Á¦·É¤®¨»—°°„ Žµ„­»„¦‹³Á¦·É¤¥»˜´ªÁ¡¦µ³Â„p­™¼„ž¨n°¥°°„¨oª¤¸„µ¦˜¦ª‹¡

˜´ª°n°œ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œ®´ªÁ ¸¥ª ¦ª¤š´ÊŠ—oªŠœ·—˜nµŠÇ Áž}œ‹Îµœªœ¤µ„ ŗo„n Silphid, Staphylinid ¨³ Histerid ×¥—oªŠÁ®¨nµœ¸Ê‹³Á oµ¤µ®µ°µ®µ¦Â¨³Ÿ­¤¡´œ›»rœŽµ„­»„¦54 ‹µ„„µ¦š—¨°Š Á¡ºÉ°®µž{‹‹´¥ š¸É­nŠŸ¨˜n°„µ¦‹ÎµÂœ„¨´„¬–³ °Š°´˜¦µ„µ¦¥n°¥­¨µ¥ °Š«¡š¸É™¼„¡ÄœœÊε¡ªnµŽµ„­»„¦š¸ÉšÎµ„µ¦ š—¨°ŠÄœ¦n°ŠœÊε‹³ÄoÁª¨µÁ oµ­¼n¦³¥³ Floating Decay ž¦³¤µ– 24 ª´œ­nªœŽµ„­»„¦š¸ÉšÎµ„µ¦

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53 N.R. Hobischak, “Freshwater invertebrate succession and decompositional studies on carrion in British Columbia,” 54J.A. Payne and E.W. King, “Insect succession and decomposition of pig carcesses in water,” 153-162. 29

¦³¥³š¸É 4 Bloated Deterioration Ÿ·ª®œ´Š °ŠŽµ„­»„¦®¨»—¨°„¤µ„ ¹Êœ o°˜n°˜nµŠÇ Á¦·É¤Â¥„°°„‹µ„„´œÁ¨º°—¨³ °ŠÁ®¨ªÅ®¨Ž¹¤°°„‹µ„°ª´¥ª³˜nµŠÇ Žµ„­»„¦š¸É¨°¥ ¹Êœ ­¼nŸ·ªœÊε¡ªnµ˜´ª°n°œ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œ®´ªÁ ¸¥ªÅ¤nÁ¡·É¤ ¹Êœ‹µ„Á—·¤Â˜nĜŽµ„­»„¦š¸É‹¤°¥¼nĜœÊ嘦ª‹¡ ˜´ª°n°œ °Š chironomid ¨³ black fly55 ‹µ„„µ¦«¹„¬µš—¨°Š Á¡ºÉ°®µž{‹‹´¥š¸É­nŠŸ¨˜n°„µ¦‹ÎµÂœ„ ¨´„¬–³ °Š°´˜¦µ„µ¦¥n°¥­¨µ¥ °Š«¡š¸É™¼„¡ÄœœÊε¡ªnµ Žµ„­»„¦š¸ÉšÎµ„µ¦š—¨°ŠÄœ¦n°ŠœÊε‹³Äo Áª¨µÁ oµ­¼n¦³¥³œ¸Êž¦³¤µ– 8 ª´œ­nªœŽµ„­»„¦š¸ÉšÎµ„µ¦š—¨°ŠÄœÂ°nŠœÊε‹³ÄoÁª¨µÁ oµ­¼n¦³¥³œ¸Ê ž¦³¤µ– 12 ª´œŽ¹ÉŠ‹³Â˜„˜nµŠ„´œ˜µ¤§—¼„µ¨56 ¦³¥³š¸É 5 Floating Remains o°˜n°˜nµŠÇ °ŠŽµ„­»„¦Á¦·É¤Â¥„°°„‹µ„ „´œ¤µ„ ¹ÊœŽµ„­»„¦š¸É¨°¥ ¹Êœ­¼nŸ·ªœÊε¤¸„µ¦˜¦ª‹¡˜´ª°n°œ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œ®´ªÁ ¸¥ª ¤¸‹ÎµœªœÁ¡·É¤ ¹Êœ ‹µ„Á—·¤Â¨³˜¦ª‹¡˜´ª°n°œ °Š chironomid ¨³ black fly ‹µ„Žµ„­»„¦š¸ÉšÎµ„µ¦š—¨°Šš´ÊŠÄœ¦n°Š œÊε¨³ÄœÂ°nŠœÊε57 ¡Ÿ¼o¨nµ°ºÉœÇ š´ÊŠž¨µÂ¨³­´˜ªr‡¦¹ÉŠ„‡¦¹ÉŠœÊεÁ oµ¤µ®µ°µ®µ¦‹µ„„µ¦„·œ˜´ª°n°œ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œš¸É°¥¼nĜŽµ„­»„¦¦³¥³œ¸Ê ‹µ„„µ¦«¹„¬µš—¨°Š Á¡ºÉ°®µž{‹‹´¥š¸É­nŠŸ¨˜n°„µ¦‹ÎµÂœ„

¨´„¬–³ °Š°´˜¦µ„µ¦¥n°¥­¨µ¥ °Š«¡š¸É™¼„¡ÄœœÊε¡ªnµŽµ„­»„¦š¸ÉšÎµ„µ¦š—¨°ŠÄœ¡ºÊœš¸ÉšµŠ ˜°œÄ˜o °Šž¦³Áš«°Á¤¦·„µ‹³ÄoÁª¨µÁ oµ­¼n¦³¥³ Floating Remains ž¦³¤µ– 4-14 ª´œ58 ­nªœŽµ„ ­»„¦š¸ÉšÎµ„µ¦š—¨°ŠÄœ¡ºÊœš¸ÉšµŠ£µ‡˜³ª´œ˜„ °Šž¦³Áš«°Á¤¦·„µ‹³ÄoÁª¨µÁ oµ­¼n¦³¥³œ¸Êž¦³¤µ– 4-20 ª´œ ¨³Žµ„­»„¦š¸ÉšÎµ„µ¦š—¨°ŠšµŠ—oµœ˜³ª´œ˜„ÁŒ¸¥ŠÁ®œº° °Š Pacific ‹³ÄoÁª¨µÁ oµ­¼n¦³¥³

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55W.D. Haglund and D.T. Reay, “Problem of recovering partial human remains at different times and locations: concerns for death investigators,” Journal of Forensic Science 38 (1993) : 69-80. 56J.K. Tomberlin and P.H. Adler, “Seasonal colonization and decomposition of rat carrion in water and on land in an open field in South Carolina,” 1369-1410. 57J.B. Keiper et al, “Midge larvae (Diptera: Chironomidae) as indicators of post mortem submersion interval of carcasses in a woodland stream: a preliminary report,” 1074-1079. 58J.A. Payne and E.W. King, “Insect succession and decomposition of pig carcesses in water,” 153-162. 30

¦³¥³š¸É 6 Sunken Remains ¦³¥³œ¸ÊŽµ„­»„¦‹³Á®¨º°Â˜nǦŠ„¦³—¼„ ˜n¤¸°ª´¥ª³µŠ­nªœš¸É¥´Š‡Š¤¸ÁœºÊ°Á¥ºÉ°˜·—°¥¼n59 ¤¸„µ¦˜¦ª‹¡ž¨µ ­´˜ªr˜nµŠÇ š¸É°µ«´¥°¥¼nĘoœÊε¨¹„š´ÊŠ„»oŠ (Orconectes propinqus) ˜´ª°n°œ °ŠÂ¤¨ŠÄœœÊε chironomid mayfly ®œ°œž¨o°Š ®°¥Â¨³ž¨·Š60 Ž¹ÉŠ¡°‹³­¦»ž‹µ„„µ¦š—¨°ŠÅ—oªnµ­·ÉŠ¤¸¸ª·˜š¸ÉÁ oµ¤µ®µ°µ®µ¦‹µ„Žµ„­»„¦œ´ÊœÅ¤nŗo¤¸Â˜n¤¨Šª´œ Á¡¸¥Šœ·—Á—¸¥ª Á¡¦µ³Á¤ºÉ°¤¸„µ¦šÎµ„µ¦š—¨°Š™¹Š°´˜¦µ„µ¦¥n°¥­¨µ¥š¸ÉÁ„·— ¹Êœ£µ¥ÄœœÊε¥´Š¤¸„µ¦ ˜¦ª‹¡Â¤¨ŠÄœœÊεÁ oµ¤µ®µ°µ®µ¦Äœš»„¦³¥³ °Š°´˜¦µ„µ¦¥n°¥­¨µ¥ °ŠŽµ„­»„¦—oª¥ Ž¹ÉŠ‹µ„ o°¤¼¨œ¸ÊšÎµÄ®o­µ¤µ¦™«¹„¬µÁ¡·É¤Á˜·¤Á„¸É¥ª„´Â¤¨ŠÄœœÊεš¸Éœnµ‹³¤¸‡ªµ¤Á„¸É¥ª o°Š„´Žµ„«¡š¸É™¼„˜¦ª‹ ¡˜µ¤Â®¨nŠœÊεœ´ÊœÇ ŗo ¤¸¦µ¥Šµœ„µ¦˜¦ª‹¡Â¤¨ŠÄœœÊεš´ÊŠ®¤— 4 °´œ—´—´Šœ¸Ê

1. Mayflies (Order: Ephemeroptera) ®¦º°˜´ª¸ž³ µª

£µ¡š¸É 9 ˜´ª°n°œÂ¨³˜ªÁ˜´ Ȥª¥ °Š´ Mayflies ®¦º°˜´ª¸ž³ µª š¸É¤µ Mayfies [Online], Accessed 26 May 2006. Available from http://www.troutnut.com/hatch/4/Insect-Ephemeroptera-Mayflies

59 J.A. Payne and E.W. King, “Insect succession and decomposition of pig carcesses in water,” 153-162. 60S.P. Nawrocki et al, “Fluvial transport of human crania, in Forensic Taphonomy: The Postmortem Fate of Human Remains,” Boca Raton. (60). 31

­µ¤µ¦™˜¦ª‹¡Å—oš´ÊŠÄœœÊε‹º—¨³ÄœœÊ儦n°¥ ˜´ªÁ˜È¤ª´¥ °ŠÂ¤¨Šœ·—œ¸Ê ¤¸ªŠ‹¦ ¸ª·˜š¸É­´Êœ¤¸°µ¥»Á¡¸¥ŠÂ‡n 2-3 ª´œ®¦º°°µ‹œo°¥„ªnµœ´ÊœÃ—¥¨´„¬–³šµŠ„µ¥£µ¡Â¨³¡§˜·„¦¦¤ °Š ¤¨Šœ·—œ¸Ê‡n°œ oµŠ‹³®¨µ„®¨µ¥ ˜´ª°n°œ¤¸„µ¦—εÁœ·œ¸ª·˜š¸É˜„˜nµŠ„´œ61 nŠÅ—o 4  —´Šœ¸Ê 1.1 swimming (Family: Baetidae) 1.2 creeping and climbing 1.3 flattened and streamlined (Family: Heptageniidae) 1.4 burrowing ×¥¤¸¦µ¥Šµœ„µ¦˜¦ª‹¡ Baetidae ¨³ Heptageniidae Á oµ®µ°µ®µ¦‹µ„Žµ„­»„¦ ¨³Äœ¦·Áª–Ä„¨oÁ‡¸¥Š„´Žµ„­»„¦62 ˜´ª°n°œÄœªŠ«r Baetidae ®¦º° Ephemerellidae ‹³„·œ°µ®µ¦š¸É Áž}œ FPOM (fine particulate organic matter) Ž¹ÉŠÁž}œª´˜™»š¸É¤¸ œµ—Á¨È„„ªnµ 1 ¤·¨¨·Á¤˜¦ ˜nÄ®n„ªnµ 0.5 ŤÇ¦Á¤˜¦ ¡Å—o˜µ¤„o°œ®·œÂ¨³Â®¨nŠš¸É„ε¨´Š¤¸„µ¦¥n°¥­¨µ¥­µ¦˜nµŠÇ ¤¸¦µ¥Šµœ„µ¦˜¦ª‹ ¡˜´ª°n°œÄœªŠ«r Ameletidae, Heptageniidae, Baetidae ¨³ Leptophlebiidae ĜŽµ„ °Š

63 ž¨µÂŽ¨¤°œš¸É Pacific ¨³¥´Š˜¦ª‹¡˜´ª¸ž³ µªÄœªŠ«r Baetidae ¨³ Caenidae ĜŽµ„­»„¦š¸É šÎµ„µ¦š—¨°ŠÃ—¥ÂnŪoĜš³Á¨­µÁ¡¸¥ŠÂ‡n 2 ª´œ°¸„—oª¥ ¤¸„µ¦˜¦ª‹¡ªnµ¡ºœÊε‹³Á‹¦·Á˜·Ã˜ œŽµ„­»„¦Å—o°¥nµŠ¦ª—Á¦Èª¤µ„„ªnµœ¡ºÊœ—·œÄœœÊε‹¹Š­nŠŸ¨Ä®o˜´ª¸ž³ µªœ·—˜nµŠÇ Á oµ¤µ®µ °µ®µ¦œŽµ„­»„¦

61J.V. Ward, “Aquatic Onsect Ecology. I . Biology and Habitat,” John Wily & Sons, no. (1992) : 438. 62N.R. Hobischak, “Freshwater invertebrate succession and decompositional studies on carrion in British Columbia,”. 63M.S. Wipfli and J. Caouette, “Influence of salmon carcasses on stream productivity: response of biofilm and benthic macroinvertebrates in southeastern Alaska,U.S.A.,” Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 55 (1998) : 1503-1511. 32

2. Stoneflies (Order: Plecoptera) ‡º° ¤¨Š«·¨µ®¦º°Â¤¨Šže„¦nµŠÂ®

£µ¡š¸É 10 ˜´ª°n°œÂ¨³˜ªÁ˜´ Ȥª´¥ °Š Stoneflies ®¦º°Â¤¨Š«·¨µ ¤¨Šže„¦nµŠÂ® š¸É¤µ Stonefies [Online], Accessed 22 April 2006. Available from http://www.troutnut.com/hatch/13/Insect-Plecoptera-Stoneflies

­µ¤µ¦™˜¦ª‹¡Å—oĜ®¨nŠœÊεš¸É­³°µ—¨³Å®¨Áª¸¥œ˜¨°—Áª¨µ °»–®£¼¤· °ŠœÊε ˜Éε×¥˜´ª°n°œ °ŠÂ¤¨Š«·¨µ®¦º°Â¤¨Šže„¦nµŠÂ®˜o°Š„µ¦Â®¨nŠœÊεš¸É¤¸ œµ—Á¨È„™¹Šžµœ„¨µŠ ¤¸„o°œ ®·œÅªoÄ®o¥¹—Á„µ³°µ«´¥ ץŠn °ŠÂ¤¨ŠÁ®¨nµœ¸Ê‹³™¼„ªµŠÅªoĄ¨o„´Â®¨nŠš¸É¤¸Žµ„ÁœnµÁžg~°¥®¦º°Â®¨nŠ

š¸É„ε¨´Š¤¸„µ¦¥n°¥­¨µ¥ ˜´ª°n°œ‹³ÄoÁª¨µÁ‹¦·Á˜·Ã˜œµœ®¨µ¥Á—º°œ®¦º°Á„º°™¹Šže

¤¨Š«·¨µ®¦º°Â¤¨Šže„¦ nµŠÂ®™¼„nŠ°°„Áž}œ 2 „¨»n¤Ã—¥‹³ÂnŠ˜µ¤¨´„¬–³ °Š „µ¦®µ°µ®µ¦ —´Šœ¸Ê 2.1 shredders (Family: Taeniopterygidae, Nemouridae, Pteronarcyidae) 2.2 predators (Family: Perlodidae, Perlidae) ¤¨Šš´ÊŠ 2 „¨»n¤œ¸Ê™¼„˜¦ª‹¡ªnµÁ oµ¤µ®µ°µ®µ¦ÄœŽµ„ž¨µÂŽ¨¤°œÂ¨³Žµ„­»„¦ š¸É°¥¼nĜœÊε64 „µ¦˜¦ª‹¡˜´ª°n°œ °ŠÂ¤¨Š«·¨µ®¦º°Â¤¨Šže„¦nµŠÂ® œŽµ„­·ÉŠ¤¸¸ª·˜°µ‹‹³œÎµ¤µÄo Áž}œ o°¤¼¨nŠ¸ÊŗoªnµÂ®¨nŠœÊεœ´Êœ„ε¨´Š¤¸„µ¦¥n°¥­¨µ¥Žµ„ °Š­·ÉŠ¤¸¸ª·˜‹¹ŠÁž}œÁ®˜»Ä®o¤¨Š«·¨µ®¦º° ¤¨Šže„¦nµŠÂ®Á oµ¤µ®µ°µ®µ¦Ã—¥Â¤¨ŠÁ®¨nµœ¸Ê‹³Á oµ¤µ„·œÂ¤¨Šœ·—°ºÉœÇ š¸ÉÁ oµ¤µ®µ°µ®µ¦‹µ„ Žµ„ °Š­·ÉŠ¤¸¸ª·˜š¸É„ε¨´Š¥n°¥­¨µ¥°¸„š°—®œ¹ÉŠ

64J.A. Schuldt and A.E. Hershey, “Effect of salmon carcass decomposition on Lake Superior tributary streams,” Journal of North America Benthology Society 14 (1995): 259-268. 33

3. Caddisflies (Order: Trichoptera) ‡º° ¤¨Š®œ°œž¨°„œÊε

£µ¡š¸É 11 ˜´ª°n°œÂ¨³˜ªÁ˜´ Ȥª´¥ °Š Caddisflies ®¦º°Â¤¨Š®œ°œž¨°„œÊε š¸É¤µ Caddisfies [Online], Accessed 4 October 2006. Available from http://www.troutnut.com/hatch/12/Insect-Trichoptera-Caddisflies

­µ¤µ¦™˜¦ª‹¡š´ÊŠÄœœÊε‹º—œÊ儦n°¥Â¨³œÊεÁ‡È¤ ¤¨Š®œ°œž¨°„œÊε¤¸¨´„¬–³ ¡·Á«¬‡º° ­µ¤µ¦™­¦oµŠÁ­oœÄ¥Å®¤Å—o ×¥˜´ª°n°œ °ŠÂ¤¨Š®œ°œž¨°„œÊε‹³ÄoÁ­oœÄ¥Å®¤Äœ„µ¦ ­¦oµŠš¸É°¥¼n°µ«´¥Ž¹ÉŠÁ­oœÄ¥Å®¤Á®¨nµœ¸Ê‹³­µ¤µ¦™žj°Š„´œ°´œ˜¦µ¥Â¨³nª¥Äœ„µ¦—´„‹´Á«¬°µ®µ¦Å—o 65 ¤¨Š®œ°œž¨°„œÊε¤¸®¨µ¥ªŠ«r Ĝ˜n¨³ªŠ«r‹³Äoª´­—»Äœ„µ¦­¦oµŠš¸É°¥¼n°µ«´¥Â˜„˜nµŠ„´œš´ÊŠ„·ÉŠ

Ťo ĝŤo ¡ºœÊ卜·—˜nµŠÇ ¦ª¤š´ÊŠÁ«¬®·œÂ¨³Á«¬š¦µ¥ Ánœ˜´ª°n°œ °ŠÂ¤¨Š®œ°œž¨°„œÊεĜ ªŠ«r Limnephilidae ŗo„n Pycnopsyche lepida ¨³ Pycnopsyche luculenta ‹³­¦oµŠÂ®¨nŠš¸É°¥¼n°µ«´¥ ‹µ„Á«¬ÄÅ¤oĜœÊ娳Á¤ºÉ°˜´ª°n°œÁ‹¦·Á˜·Ã˜‹œÅ¤n­µ¤µ¦™°¥¼nĜ®¨nŠš¸É°¥¼nÁ—·¤Å—o ‹³¤¸„µ¦ Áž¨¸É¥œÂ®¨nŠš¸É°¥¼nÁ—·¤Ã—¥ P. lepida ‹³Á°µÁ­oœÄ¥Å®¤Åž¥¹—˜·—°¥¼n„´Á«¬š¦µ¥®¦º°˜³„°œš¸É°¥¼nĘo ¡ºÊœœÊ娳‹³Á‡¨ºÉ°œš¸ÉŞ°¥¼nĜ®¨nŠœÊεš¸É¤¸„µ¦Å®¨Á¸É¥ª ­nªœ P. luculenta ‹³Åž¥¹—˜·—°¥¼n„´„·ÉŠÅ¤o ®¦º°„o°œ®·œÂ¨³Á‡¨ºÉ°œš¸ÉŞ°¥¼nĜ®¨nŠœÊεš¸É¤¸„µ¦Å®¨°¥nµŠoµÇ66

65G.B. Wiggins, Trichoptera families, in An Introduction to the Aquatic Insects of North America, 3rd ed. (Kendall/Hunt Publishing,1996). 66J.R. Wallace et al, “The growth and natural history of caddisfly Pynopsyche luculenta 34

Ž¹ÉŠ„µ¦š¸É¤¨Š®œ°œž¨°„œÊεœÎµª´­—»œ·—˜nµŠÇ ¤µÄo­¦oµŠÂ®¨nŠš¸É°¥¼n°µ«´¥œ´Êœ ­µ¤µ¦™œÎµ¤µnŠ¸Ê ŗoªnµÂ¤¨ŠÁ®¨nµœ´Êœ¤¸°µ¥»ÁšnµÄ— ×¥ž¦³¤µ–‹µ„ª´­—»š¸É¤¨Š®œ°œž¨°„œÊεÁ¨º°„¤µÄo­¦oµŠÂ®¨nŠ š¸É°¥¼n°µ«´¥Á¡¦µ³ª´­—»Á®¨nµœ´Êœ°µ‹‹³Â˜„˜nµŠ„´œ ˜µ¤Â˜n¨³§—¼„µ¨Äœ¦°že ¤¨Š®œ°œž¨°„œÊεš¸É ¤¸„µ¦˜¦ª‹¡ªnµ˜·—¤µ„´«¡ °Š¤œ»¬¥r°µ‹œÎµ¤µÄ o˜¦ª‹­°Å—oªnµ«¡œ´Êœ¨°¥¤µ‹µ„®¨nŠœÊε°ºÉœ ®¦º°°¥¼nĜ®¨nŠœÊεœ´Êœ°¥¼n¨oªÁ¤ºÉ°š¦µœ·— °ŠÂ¤¨Š‹³šÎµÄ®o­µ¤µ¦™œÎµ¤µ«¹„¬µ™¹Š‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r Á¦ºÉ°Š °Š¦³¥³šµŠš¸É«¡™¼„¡´—¡µ¤µ„´œÊ娳¦³¥³Áª¨µš¸É«¡°¥¼nĜœÊε

¤¨Š®œ°œž¨°„œÊε™¼„nŠ°°„Áž}œ 2 „¨»n¤ ץnŠ˜µ¤¨´„¬–³ °Š„µ¦®µ °µ®µ¦ —´Šœ¸Ê 2.1 shredders (Limnephilidae: Pycnopsyche spp.) 2.2 filtering-collector (Hydropsychidae: Hydropsyche spp.)

¤¨Šš´ÊŠ 2 ªŠ«rœ¸Ê ™¼„˜¦ª‹¡ªnµÁ oµ¤µ®µ°µ®µ¦ÄœŽµ„ž¨µÂŽ¨¤°œÁ¡¸¥ŠÂ‡n ž¦³¤µ– 15 œµš¸ –³š¸É chironomid midges ™¼„˜¦ª‹¡ªnµÁ oµ¤µ®µ°µ®µ¦ÄœŽµ„ž¨µÂŽ¨¤°œ Ánœ„´œÂ˜nčoÁª¨µÄœ„µ¦„·œ°µ®µ¦œµœ„ªnµ˜´ª°n°œ °ŠÂ¤¨Š®œ°œž¨°„œÊε67

67T.C. Kline et al, “The effect of salmon carcasses on Alaskan freshwater, in: Freshwaters of Alaska: Ecological Synthesis,” Springer-Verlag, no. 199 (1997) : 179-204. 35

4. True flies (Order: Diptera) ®¦º° chironomid midge

£µ¡š¸É 12 ˜´ª°n°œÂ¨³˜ªÁ˜´ Ȥª´¥ °Š True flies š¸É¤µ Midges [Online], Accessed 25 April 2007. Available from http://www.troutnut.com/hatch/887/True-Fly-Chironomidae-Midges

­µ¤µ¦™˜¦ª‹¡Å—oĜœÊε‹º—¨³œÊεÁ‡È¤š¸É¤¸„¦³Â­œÊεŤnÅ®¨Á¸É¥ª ˜´ÊŠÂ˜n®¨nŠœÊε œµ—Á¨È„‹œ™¹ŠÂ®¨nŠœÊε œµ—Ä®n Ž¹ÉŠ chironomid midges ‹³°°¥¼nĜ®¨nŠœÊεš¸É­³°µ— ×¥

¨´„¬–³˜´ª°n°œš¸É¤¸­¸Â—Š„¨µ¥Áž}œš¸É¤µ °ŠºÉ° Bloodwarm Ž¹ÉŠÁ„·—‹µ„„µ¦š¸É˜´ª°n°œ¤¸ hemoglobin Áž}œ°Š‡rž¦³„°Äœ¦nµŠ„µ¥šÎµÄ®o¤¸­¸Â—Š ˜´ª°n°œÁ®¨nµœ¸Ê­µ¤µ¦™­¦oµŠÁ­oœÄ¥Å®¤Å—oÁnœÁ—¸¥ª„´

¤¨Š®œ°œž¨°„œÊε ®¨µ¥‡—¸‹ÎµÁž}œš¸É‹³˜o°Š­nŠœ´„„¸’ª·š¥µš¸É¤¸‡ªµ¤Îµœµ Á¦ºÉ°Š °ŠÂ¤¨ŠÄœœÊε

ŞÁ„ȝ˜´ª°¥nµŠÂ¤¨Š Á¡ºÉ°œÎµ¤µÄoÁž}œ o°¤¼¨ž¦³„°„µ¦­º­ªœ‡—¸ °ŠÁ‹oµ¡œ´„Šµœªnµ«¡œ´Êœ˜µ¥ ¤µœµœÁšnµÄ—

¤¸„µ¦š—¨°ŠœÎµŽµ„®œ¼ÅžÂnŪoĜ¦n°ŠœÊε¨³Â°nŠœÊε68 Ÿ¨ž¦µ„’ªnµ¤¸„µ¦˜¦ª‹ ¡˜´ª°n°œ °Š midge ®¨µ¥œ·—‹¹ŠÅ—o¤¸„µ¦­¦»žªnµ ‡ªµ¤®¨µ„®¨µ¥ °Šœ·— °Š midge œ´Êœ‹³ Á¡·É¤ ¹ÊœÁ¤ºÉ°Žµ„ °Š­·ÉŠ¤¸¸ª·˜Å—o™¼„nŪoĜœÊ圵œž¦³¤µ– 29 ª´œÂ¨³¤¸„µ¦˜¦ª‹¡˜´ª°n°œÄœ ­„»¨ Ortjocladius Á oµ¤µ®µ°µ®µ¦‹µ„Žµ„­·ÉŠ¤¸¸ª·˜š¸ÉnŪoĜ¦n°ŠœÊεÁ¤ºÉ°Áª¨µŸnµœÅžž¦³¤µ– 13 ª´œ­nªœÄœÂ°nŠœÊε˜´ª°n°œÄœ­„»¨œ¸Ê ‹³Á oµ¤µ®µ°µ®µ¦Á¤ºÉ°Áª¨µŸnµœÅžž¦³¤µ– 20 ª´œŽ¹ÉŠ„µ¦«¹„¬µ ™¹Š‡ªµ¤®¨µ„®¨µ¥ °Šœ·— °Š midge ‹ÎµÁž}œ‹³˜o°Š«¹„¬µÁ¡·É¤Á˜·¤˜n°Åž Á¡ºÉ°š¸É‹³œÎµ¤µÄo ž¦³¤µ–¦³¥³Áª¨µ®¨´Š„µ¦˜µ¥ °ŠŽµ„«¡¤œ»¬¥rš¸É°µ‹‹³™¼„˜¦ª‹¡°¥¼nĜ®¨nŠœÊεŗo

68J.B. Keiper et al, “Midge larvae (Diptera: Chironomidae) as indicators of post mortem submersion interval of carcasses in a woodland stream: a preliminary report,” 1074-1079. 36

4. «¡š¸É™¼„¡Äœ¦™69 µŠ‡—¸ «¡°µ‹™¼„‰µ˜„¦¦¤°Îµ¡¦µŠ—oª¥„µ¦œÎµÅž‹´—ªµŠÅªoĜ¦™¥œ˜r¨³ ¥µœ¡µ®œ³°ºÉœÇ Ž¹ÉŠ¥µœ¡µ®œ³Á®¨nµœ¸Ê‹³žj°Š„´œÅ¤nÄ®o«¡˜o°ŠÁŸ·„´­£µ¡Âª—¨o°¤£µ¥œ°„ š¸É¤¸ š´ÊŠÂ——¨³ œ ¦ª¤š´ÊŠ­´˜ªrŸ¼o¨nµœ·—˜nµŠÇ —oª¥ nªŠÁ—º°œ˜»¨µ‡¤¤¸„µ¦˜¦ª‹¡«¡ °Š¤œ»¬¥r £µ¥Äœ¦™¥œ˜r‡´œ®œ¹ÉŠš¸É British Columbia ­£µ¡«¡¤¸¨´„¬–³Áž}œÂ mummified Ťn¤¸„µ¦ Áž¨¸É¥œÂž¨Š¤µ„œ´„×¥¤¸‡œ¡Á®ÈœŸ¼o˜µ¥‡¦´ÊŠ­»—šoµ¥ž¦³¤µ–Á—º°œ›´œªµ‡¤ °Šžeš¸É¨oª£µ¥Äœ ¦™¥´Š¤¸„µ¦˜¦ª‹¡Žµ„ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œ ¦ª¤š´ÊŠž¨°„—´„—o‹Îµœªœ¤µ„š¸É¡¦¤ž¼¡ºÊœÂ¨³š¸ÉÁ­ºÊ°Ÿoµ °Š «¡ ×¥¡˜´ª°n°œ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œ®´ªÁ ¸¥ª P. sericata ¨³ P. regina ˜´ª°n°œ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œ®¨´Š¨µ¥ Liopygia argyrostoma ˜´ª°n°œ °Š skipper flies °¸„ 2 œ·—‡º° Stearibia nigriceps ¨³ Piophila casei ¨³¥´Š¡—oªŠÄœªŠ«r˜nµŠÇ š´ÊŠ Dermestidae: Dermestes sp., Cleridae: Necrobia ruficollis ¨³ Nitidulidae: Nitidula carnaria ‹µ„®¨ ´„“µœ˜nµŠÇ Ĝ‡—¸œ¸Ê ¤¸‡ªµ¤Áž}œÅžÅ—oªnµŸ¼o˜µ¥°µ‹‹³™¼„ ‰µ˜„¦¦¤¤µ˜´ÊŠÂ˜nnªŠ§—¼®œµª °ŠÁ—º°œ›´œªµ‡¤ Ž¹ÉŠÄœnªŠœ´Êœ°µ„µ«¥´Š‡Š®œµªÁ¥Èœ ¤¨Š‹¹Š¥´Š

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69Gail S. Anderson, Forensic entomology : the utility of arthropods in legal investigations, 151-166. 37

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70 Gail S. Anderson, Forensic entomology : the utility of arthropods in legal investigations, 151-166. 38

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71M.L. Goff and W.D. Lord, “Hanging out at the sixteenth hole: problems in estimation of postmortem interval using entomological techniques in cases of death by hanging,” 46th American Academy of Forensic Sciences Annual Meeting. San Antonio, 1994. 72F.W. Avila and M.L. Goff, “Arthropod succession patterns onto burnt carrion in two contrasting habitats in the Hawaiian Islands,” Journal of Forensic Science. 43, 4 (1998): 581-586. 73D.M. Glassman and R.M. Crow, “Standardization model for describing the extent of burn injury to human remains,” Journal of Forensic Science 41(1996): 152-154. 74F.W. Avila and M.L. Goff, “Arthropod succession patterns onto burnt carrion in two contrasting habitats in the Hawaiian Islands,” 581-586. 39

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75E.P. Catts and M.L. Goff, “Forensic entomology in criminal investigations,” Annual Review Entomology 37 (1992): 253-272. 76F.J. Introna et al, “Three case studies in forensic entomology from southern Italy,” Journal of Forensic Science 43,1 (1998): 210-214. 77K.A.R. Kennedy, “Medical and Veterinary Entomology,” Journal of Forensic Science 41,4 (1996): 689-692. 40

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78M.L. Goff, “Problems in estimation of postmortem interval resulting from wrapping of the corpse: a case study from Hawii,” Journal of Agriculture Entomology 9,4 (1992): 237-243. 79G.S. Anderson and S.L. VanLaerhoven, “Initial studies on insect succession on carrion in southwestern British Columbia,” 617-625. 41

×¥°µ‹‹³Á„·—‹µ„„µ¦š¸É¤¨Šª´œªµŠÅ nš·ÊŠÅªoœ™»Š¡¨µ­˜·„ ¨³Á¤ºÉ°˜´ª°n°œ °Š ¤¨Šª´œ¢{„°°„¤µ‹µ„Å n„¨µ¥Áž}œ˜´ª°n°œ¦³¥³š¸É 1 Ž¹ÉŠ¤¸ œµ—Á¨È„¤µ„ ‹³­µ¤µ¦™Á oµÅž®µ°µ®µ¦ ‹µ„«¡š¸É™¼„®n°Á°µÅªo°¥nµŠ¤·—·—Å—o ­—ŠÄ®oÁ®Èœªnµ«¡š¸É™¼„®n°Á°µÅªo°¥nµŠ¤·—·—Ťn­µ¤µ¦™š¸É‹³ žj°Š„´œÅ¤nÄ®o¤¨ŠÁ oµÅž®µ°µ®µ¦‹µ„«¡Å—o ˜n°µ‹šÎµÄ®o¤¨ŠÁ oµ®µ°µ®µ¦¨nµoµ„ªnµž„˜·Å—o ¤¸‡—¸š¸ÉÁ„·— ¹ÊœšµŠ˜°œÁ®œº° °Šž¦³Áš« ¦´ÉŠÁ«­ ˜¦ª‹¡«¡™¼„®n°°¥¼nĜ„¦³Ážlµ ¡¨µ­˜·„Ž¹ÉŠÅ—o¤¸„µ¦˜¦ª‹¡Â¤¨Šª´œ‹Îµœªœ¤µ„™¹Š 4 ªŠ«r (Family: Calliphoridae, Piophilidae, Fanniidae, Phoridae ¨³ Sphaeroceridae) ¨³‹µ„„µ¦˜¦ª‹¡œ¸Ê­—ŠÄ®oÁ®Èœªnµ«¡°µ‹‹³™¼„ ‰µ˜„¦¦¤Â¨³š·ÊŠÁ°µÅªoĜš¸ÉènŠÂ‹oŠÁž}œÁª¨µœµœ ‹œÂ¤¨Šª´œÁ oµ¤µªµŠÅ nš·ÊŠÅªo ¨oª‹¹Š‡n°¥¤¸„µ¦ œÎµ«¡Åž®n°Â¨³Ä­nŪoĜ„¦³Ážlµ ¤¸„µ¦«¹„¬µš—¨°Š™¹Š„µ¦Á oµ®µ°µ®µ¦ °ŠÂ¤¨ŠÄœnªŠ 11-12 Á—º°œ80 ¡ªnµ«¡š¸É ™¼„®n°Åªo°¥nµŠ¤·—·—¤¸„µ¦˜¦ª‹¡Â¤¨Š 2-3 ¦»nœ­nªœ«¡š¸É™¼„®n°Åªo—oª¥¡¨µ­˜·„¤¸„µ¦˜¦ª‹¡ ¤¨Š 4-5 ¦»nœ°¥nµŠÅ¦„Șµ¤ ŗo¤¸„µ¦«¹„¬µ‡¦´ÊŠ¨nµ­»—¡ªnµ¤¸„µ¦˜¦ª‹¡Â¤¨Šš¸ÉÁ oµ¤µ®µ°µ®µ¦

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80B.L. Bourel et al, “Estimation of postmortem interval by arthropod study: the case of a corpse wrapped in a plastic bag,” 47th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Forensic Science. Seattle, 1995. 81G.S. Anderson and S.L. VanLaerhoven, “Initial studies on insect succession on carrion in southwestern British Columbia,” 617-625. 42

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83 ¤¸¦µ¥Šµœ„µ¦˜¦ª‹¡˜´ª°n°œ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œ‹µ„«¡š¸É¤¸¨´„¬–³Áž}œ mummified Áž}œ «¡Á¡«µ¥ °µ¥»ž¦³¤µ– 32 že ™¼„¡°¥¼nĜžiµ ×¥¡˜´ª°n°œ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œš´ÊŠ®¤— 5 ªŠ«r 6 œ·— ŗo„n Hydrotaea spinigera Stein (Diptera: Muscidae), Sargus sp. (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), Piophila casei (Diptera: Piophilidae), Megaselia scalaris (Diptera: Phoridae) ¨³˜´ª°n°œ °Š

¤¨Šª´œš¸ÉŤn­µ¤µ¦™¥ºœ¥´œœ·—Å—o°¸„ 2 œ·— (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) ×¥˜´ª°n°œ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œ

H. spinigera, P. casei ¨³ M. scalaris ­µ¤µ¦™œÎµ¤µž¦³¤µ–¦³¥³Áª¨µ®¨´Š„µ¦˜µ¥ °Š«¡Å—o ž¦³¤µ– 3-6 Á—º°œ

¤¸¦µ¥Šµœ„µ¦˜¦ª‹¡˜´ª°n°œ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œ‹µ„«¡‹¤œžÊεÁ }œ«¡µ¥Å¤nš¦µºÉ° ¨°¥ °¥¼nĜ°nµŠÁ„ȝœÊεš¸ÉÁ„µ³‡µ ‹´Š®ª´—¨ÎµžµŠ ­£µ¡ °Š«¡š¸É¤º°Â¨³Ášoµ™¼„¤´—Á°µÅªo¨³š¸É¦·Áª–¨Îµ‡° ˜¦ª‹¡µ—Ÿ¨™¼„šŠ—oª¥ °Š¤¸‡¤‹Îµœªœ 13-16 Ÿ¨ «¡°¥¼nĜ¦³¥³ Bloated ¤¸„µ¦˜¦ª‹¡˜´ª °n°œ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œ¦³¥³š¸É 3 ¦·Áª–µ—Ÿ¨š¸É¨Îµ‡°‹Îµœªœ¤µ„

82Kabkaew L Sukontason et al, “Forensic entomology case of two burned corpse in Thailand,” The ESA 2001 Annual Meeting-2001: An Entomological Odyssey of ESA. San Diego, 2001 83Kabkaew L Sukontason et al, “The first documented forensic entomology case in Thailand,” Journal of Medicine Entomology 38 (2001): 746-748. 43

×¥˜´ª°n°œ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œš¸É˜¦ª‹¡œ¸Ê¤¸ 2  ‡º° Hairy maggots ¨³ Nonhairy maggots Ž¹ÉŠ˜´ª °n°œš¸É¤¸ œµ—Ä®nš¸É­»—¤¸‡ªµ¤¥µª™¹Š 1.4 ÁŽœ˜·Á¤˜¦ Áž}œ˜´ª°n°œ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œ®´ªÁ ¸¥ª C. rufifacies ­µ¤µ¦™œÎµ¤µÄož¦³¤µ–¦³¥³Áª¨µ®¨´Š„µ¦˜µ¥ °Š«¡Å—o 5 ª´œÃ—¥˜o°ŠœÎµ¤µ ž¦³¤µ–¦ª¤„´¦³¥³Áª¨µš¸É¤¨Šª´œÄoĜ„µ¦ªµŠÅ n 1 ª´œÂ¨³¦³¥³Áª¨µš¸É«¡‹¤°¥¼nĜœÊε„n°œš¸É‹³ ¨°¥ ¹Êœ¤µ°¸„ 1 ª´œ ¦ª¤Â¨oª®¨´„“µœšµŠÂ¤¨Š °Š«¡œ¸Ê­µ¤µ¦™œÎµ¤µž¦³¤µ–¦³¥³Áª¨µ®¨´Š„µ¦ ˜µ¥Å—o 7 ª´œ84

¤¸¦µ¥Šµœ„µ¦˜¦ª‹¡˜´ª°n°œ °Š—oªŠ®œ´Š­´˜ªr D. maculatus (Coleoptera: Dermestidae)85 Áž}œ«¡®·ŠÅ¤nš¦µºÉ°™¼„¡°¥¼nĜžiµš¸É‹´Š®ª´— °œÂ„nœ «¡°¥¼nĜ¦³¥³ Advanced Decay ¡˜´ª°n°œ °Š—oªŠ®œ´Š­´˜ªr D. maculatus (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) Ž¹ÉŠ ­µ¤µ¦™œÎµ¤µž¦³¤µ–¦³¥³Áª¨µ®¨´Š„µ¦˜µ¥ °Š«¡Å—o 23 ª´œ ‹µ„„µ¦š—¨°Šš¸ÉčoŽµ„­»„¦¤µ «¹„¬µ™¹Šœ·— °ŠÂ¤¨Šš¸ÉÁ oµ¤µ®µ°µ®µ¦‹µ„«¡¡ªnµ—oªŠœ·—œ¸Ê‹³Á oµ®µ°µ®µ¦Á¤ºÉ°­»„¦˜µ¥

¤µÂ¨oª 9 ª´œÃ—¥—oªŠœ·—œ¸ÊčoÁª¨µÁ‹¦·Á˜·Ã˜ÄœÂ˜n¨³¦³¥³ —´Šœ¸Ê ¦³¥³Å n 2 ª´œ ¦³¥³˜´ª°n°œ 23 ª´œ ¦³¥³—´„—o 6 ª´œ‹¹Š„¨µ¥Áž}œ˜´ªÁ˜È¤ª´¥Â˜n˜´ª°n°œ °Š—oªŠœ·—œ¸Êš¸É˜¦ª‹¡‹µ„«¡¡ªnµ¤¸°µ¥» 12 ª´œÁ¤ºÉ°œÎµ¤µž¦³¤µ–¦³¥³Áª¨µ®¨´Š„µ¦˜µ¥‹³‡Îµœª–Å—o —´Šœ¸Ê Á¦·É¤œ´˜´ÊŠÂ˜n¦³¥³„n°œš¸É—oªŠ‹³ Á oµ¤µ®µ°µ®µ¦‹µ„Žµ„«¡ 9 ª´œ¦ª¤„´¦³¥³Å n 2 ª´œÂ¨³¦³¥³˜´ª°n°œ °Š—oªŠš¸É¡‹µ„«¡ 12 ª´œ

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‹µ„¦µ¥Šµœ„µ¦˜¦ª‹¡Â¤¨Š‹µ„«¡š ´ÊŠ °Š˜nµŠž¦³Áš«Â¨³Äœž¦³Áš« šÎµÄ®o ­µ¤µ¦™œÎµ¤µÄo°oµŠ°·ŠÄœŠµœª·‹´¥œ¸Êŗo ™¹ŠÁ¦ºÉ°Š­™µœš¸É˜nµŠÇ š¸É¤¸„µ¦˜¦ª‹¡«¡¦ª¤™¹Š¦³¥³Áª¨µš¸É œÎµ¤µÄoĜ„µ¦ž¦³¤µ–¦³¥³Áª¨µ®¨´Š„µ¦˜µ¥ °Š«¡ Ĝš¸Éœ¸Ê¥´Š¤¸¦µ¥Šµœ„µ¦«¹„¬µš¸ÉšÎµÄ®oš¦µ™¹Š‡ªµ¤®¨µ„®¨µ¥ °Šœ·—¤¨Šš¸É˜¦ª‹ ¡Å—o‹µ„«¡šµŠ£µ‡Á®œº° °Šž¦³Áš«Åš¥86

84Kabkaew L Sukontason et al, “Forensically Important Fly Maggot in a Floating Corpse: The First Case Report in Thailand,” Journal of The Medical Association of Thailand 88,10 (2005): 1458-1461. 85œ£µ¡¦ «¦¸˜³ªµœ· ¨³‡œ°ºÉœÇ, “¨Îµ—´„µ¦Á oµ„°œ®¨n ´Š °Š­´˜ªr µž¨o°ŠÄœŽµ„®¤¼Â¨³ „µ¦ž¦³¤µ–¦³¥³Áª¨µ®¨´Š„µ¦˜µ¥,” Srinagarind Medical Journal 22, 5 (2007) : 152 86Kom Sukontason et al, “Forensic entomology cases in Thailand: a review of cases from 2000 to 2006,” Springer-Verlag 101, 5 (2007): 1417-1423. 44

‡ªµ¤®¨µ„®¨µ¥ °Šœ—¤¨Šš· ¸É˜¦ª‹¡Å—o‹µ„«¡ —´Š˜µ¦µŠš¸É 2 ˜µ¦µŠš¸É 2 œ·— °ŠÂ¤¨Šš¸É˜¦ª‹¡‹µ„«¡‹Îµœªœ 30 «¡ šµŠ£µ‡Á®œº° °Šž¦³Áš«Åš¥

Location Family Species Forest Outdoor Indoor Total Order Diptera Chrysomya megacephala 11 3 6 20 Chrysomya rufifacies 8 4 5 17 Chrysomya bezziana 1 0 0 1 Calliphoridae Chrysomya chain 1 0 0 1 Chrysomya nigripes 3 0 0 3

Chrysomya villeneuvi 6 0 1 7 Hemipyrellia ligurriens 1 0 0 1

Lucilia cuprina 2 1 0 3 Two unidentified 7 1 1 9

Muscidae Hydrotaea spinigera 7 0 0 7

Synthesiomyia nudiseta 0 0 3 3 Sarcophagidae Parasarcophaga ruficornis 0 0 2 2

Three unidentified 3 1 3 7 Phoridae Megaselia scalaris 2 0 0 2 Piophilidae Piophila casei 3 0 0 3 Stratiomyiidae Sargus sp. 2 0 0 2 Order Coleoptera Dermestidae Dermestes maculates 4 0 0 4 One unidentified 3 0 0 3 Order Hymenoptera Formicidae One unidentified 1 0 0 1

š¸É¤µ Kom Sukontason et al., “Forensic entomology cases in Thailand : a review of cases from 2000 to 2006,” 1417-1423. 45

¦µ¥Šµœ„µ¦˜¦ª‹¡‡ªµ¤®¨µ„®¨µ¥ °Šœ·—¤¨Š‹µ„«¡¤œ»¬¥r ™º°Áž}œÂœªšµŠ ®œ¹ÉŠš¸É‹³œÎµ¤µÄo«¹„¬µ™¹ŠÁ¦ºÉ°Š‡ªµ¤®¨µ„®¨µ¥ °ŠÂ¤¨ŠÄœž¦³Áš«Åš¥ ×¥ÁŒ¡µ³Â¤¨Šš¸É ­µ¤µ¦™˜¦ª‹¡Å—o‹µ„Žµ„«¡ Ž¹ÉŠœ´ªnµ¤¸‡ªµ¤­Îµ‡´˜n°Šµœª·‹´¥šµŠ—oµœœ·˜·„¸’ª·š¥µÁž}œ°¥nµŠ¤µ„ ¤¸¦µ¥Šµœ„µ¦«¹„¬µ¡ªnµÂ¤¨ŠÄœ„¨»n¤š¸É­µ¤µ¦™˜¦ª‹¡Å—o‹µ„Žµ„ °Š­·ÉŠ¤¸¸ª·˜œ´Êœ ×¥­nªœÄ®n¨oªÁž}œÂ¤¨ŠÄœ Order Diptera ¨³ Order Coleoptera Ž¹ÉŠÂ¤¨Šš´ÊŠ 2 °´œ—´œ¸Ê ­µ¤µ¦™š¸É‹³œÎµ¤µÄoĜ„µ¦ž¦³¤µ–¦³¥³Áª¨µ®¨´Š„µ¦˜µ¥ °ŠŽµ„­·ÉŠ¤¸¸ª·˜Á®¨nµœ´ÊœÅ—o ×¥ šÎµ„µ¦«¹„¬µ‹µ„¦³¥³Áª¨µ„µ¦Á‹¦·Á˜·Ã˜ÄœÂ˜n¨³¦³¥³ ¡§˜·„¦¦¤„µ¦®µ°µ®µ¦Â¨³¦³¥³Áª¨µ„µ¦ Á oµ®µ°µ®µ¦‹µ„Žµ„­·ÉŠ¤¸¸ª·˜ °ŠÂ¤¨ŠÂ˜n¨³œ·—

¤¨Šš¸É­µ¤µ¦™˜¦ª‹¡Å—‹µ„Žµ„­o ·ÉŠ¤¸¸ª·˜ ¤¸—´Šœ¸Ê

Order Diptera

°´œ—´ Diptera (Di = ­°Š pteron = že„) ¤¨Šš¸É°¥¼nĜ°´œ—´œ¸Êŗo„n ¤¨Šª´œ (flies) ¥»Š (mosquitoes) Á®¨º° (horse flies) ¦·Êœ (gnats or midges) Áž}œ˜oœ ץ¤¨ŠÄœ°´œ—´œ¸Êš¸É‹³ ­µ¤µ¦™œÎµ¤µÄoĜ„µ¦ž¦³¤µ–Áª¨µ®¨´Š„µ¦˜µ¥ °ŠŽµ„ÁœnµÁžg~°¥ °Š­·ÉŠ¤¸¸ª·˜Å—o ‡º° ¤¨Šª´œ87

„µ¦œÎµÂ¤¨Šª´œ¤µÄoĜ„µ¦ž¦³¤µ–¦³¥³Áª¨µ®¨´Š„µ¦˜µ¥ °ŠŽµ„­·ÉŠ¤¸¸ª·˜‹³ ¡·‹µ¦–µ‹µ„ªŠ‹¦¸ª·˜ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œªnµ ¤¨Šª´œš¸É˜¦ª‹¡‹µ„Žµ„­·ÉŠ¤¸¸ª·˜œ´Êœ°¥¼nĜ¦³¥³Ä— ¤¸°µ¥»

ž¦³¤µ–„¸Éª´œÂ¨oª‹¹ŠœÎµ¤µ¡·‹µ¦–µ¦nª¤„´œ„ ´„µ¦ž¦³¤µ–¦³¥³Áª¨µ®¨´Š„µ¦˜µ¥˜µ¤‡ªµ¤Á®Èœ °Š ¡š¥rœ·˜·Áª ×¥ªŠ«r °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œš¸É¤¸¦µ¥Šµœªnµ¤¸„µ¦˜¦ª‹¡‹µ„Žµ„ÁœnµÁžg~°¥ °Š­·ÉŠ¤¸¸ª·˜88 ¤¸ —´Šœ¸Ê

87¥»¡µ ®µ»š¦Š ¨³ ª·Ã¦‹œr ¨·­»ª¦¦–, šž’·´˜·„µ¦„¸’ªš¥µÁ· ºÊ°Š˜oœ ( °œÂ„nœ : £µ‡ª·µ„¸’ª·š¥µ ‡–³Á„¬˜¦«µ­˜¦r ¤®µªš¥µ¨· ´¥ °œÂ„nœ, 2533), 127. 88Jason H. Byrd and James L. Castner, Forensic entomology : the utility of arthropods in legal investigations, (Florida : Boaca Raton, 2000) : 43-72. 46

1. ªŠ«r (Family) Muscidae ¤¨Šª´œÄœªŠ«rœ¸Ê¡Å—oš´ÉªÃ¨„¤¸¤µ„„ªnµ 4,000 œ·—¤¸ ˜´ÊŠÂ˜n œµ—Á¨È„‹œ™¹Š œµ—Ä®n ‡ªµ¤¥µªÃ—¥ÁŒ¨¸É¥ 0.3-1 ÁŽœ˜·Á¤˜¦ ¤¸­¸Ášµ‹œ™¹Š­¸Á o¤ ®¨µ¥œ·— œÎµÃ¦‡¦oµ¥Â¦Š¤µ­¼n‡œÂ¨³­´˜ªrŗo ˜´ªÁ˜È¤ª´¥‹³®µ°µ®µ¦˜µ¤Â®¨nŠŽµ„¡º Žµ„­´˜ªrš¸ÉÁœnµÁžg~°¥ ¤¼¨ ­´˜ªrœÊ宪µœÂ¨³Á¨º°— ¤¨Šª´œš¸É¡Á®ÈœÅ—oš´ÉªÅžÄœªŠ«rœ¸Ê ŗo„n house fly (¤¨Šª´œoµœ) stably fly (¤¨Šª´œžµ„—ε) horn fly (¤¨Šª´œÁ µ­´˜ªr) ¨³ tsetse fly (¤¨Šª´œÁ®Šµ®¨´) ץ¤¨Šª´œš¸É ¤¸¦µ¥Šµœªnµ™¼„˜¦ª‹¡Å—o‹µ„Žµ„«¡ °Šž¦³Áš«Åš¥Â¨³œÎµ¤µÄož¦³¤µ–¦³¥³Áª¨µ®¨´Š„µ¦˜µ¥ ŗo ¤¸—´Šœ¸Ê 1.1 Fannia canicularis ºÉ°­µ¤´‡º° Lesser House Fly ¤¨Šª´œ °¥ ¤¨Šª´œœ·—œ¸Ê¤¸ œµ—Á¨È„¤¸ ‡ªµ¤¥µªÃ—¥ÁŒ¨¸É¥ 0.6-0.7 ÁŽœ˜·Á¤˜¦ ¨Îµ˜´ª¤¸­¸œÊ嘵¨—ε‹œ™¹Š­¸—ε ¤¨Šª´œœ·—œ¸Ê°˜°¤Á«¬Ÿ´„ Ÿ¨Å¤o Á«¬°µ®µ¦š¸ÉÁœnµÁžg~°¥Â¨³¤¼¨­´˜ªr ¤¸¦µ¥Šµœ¡ªnµÂ¤¨Šª´œœ·—œ¸Ê­µ¤µ¦™„n°Ã¦‡ Myiasis ŗo 1.2 Musca domestica

ºÉ°­µ¤´‡º° House Fly ¤¨Šª´œoµœ ¤¨Šª´œœ·—œ¸Ê ¤¸‡ªµ¤¥µªÃ—¥ÁŒ¨¸É¥ 0.6-0.7 ÁŽœ˜·Á¤˜¦ ¨Îµ˜´ª¤¸­¸Ášµ‹œ™¹Š­¸—ε¤¸‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›rĄ¨o·—„´‡œÂ¨³­·ÉŠÂª—¨o°¤ °Š‡œ (synanthropic)89 ‹¹Š™¼„Á¦¸¥„ªnµÂ¤¨Šª´œoµœ ×¥­nªœÄ®n¨oªÂ¤¨Šª´œœ·—œ¸Ê°˜°¤Á«¬°µ®µ¦ Ÿ´„®¦º°Ÿ¨Å¤oÁœnµ¤µ„„ªnµÁ«¬ÁœºÊ°Áœnµ—´Šœ´Êœ‹¹Š¡Â¤¨Šª´œoµœÅ—oŤn¤µ„œ´„Äœ¦·Áª–š¸É¤¸ÁœºÊ°­´˜ªr

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1.3 Synthesiomyia nudiseta ¤¨Šª´œœ·—œ¸Ê™¼„¡°¥¼nĜÁ ˜Á¤º°Š¦o°œÂ¨³°°»nœš´ÉªÃ¨„ ¤¸‡ªµ¤¥µªÃ—¥ ÁŒ¨¸É¥ 0.7-1 ÁŽœ˜·Á¤˜¦ ¤¨Šª´œœ·—œ¸Ê¤¸­¸ÁšµÂ¨³¤¸¨µ¥‡¨oµ¥„´Â¤¨Šª´œ®¨´Š¨µ¥ ˜n­µ¤µ¦™Â¥„ ‡ªµ¤Â˜„˜nµŠ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œš´ÊŠ 2 œ·—œ¸Êŗo°¥nµŠ´—Á‹œ˜¦Š¦·Áª–­nªœšo°ŠÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„¤¨Šª´œœ·—œ¸Ê ‹³¤¸¨µ¥Áž}œÂ™¥µª 4 ™Â˜n¤¨Šª´œ®¨´Š¨µ¥‹³¤¸¨µ¥Á¡¸¥ŠÂ‡n 3 ™ 1.4 Spinigera stein ¤¨Šª´œœ·—œ¸Ê¤¸ œµ—Á¨È„¨Îµ˜´ª¤¸­¸­³šo°œÂ­Š­¸—ε °˜°¤Á«¬Ÿ´„Ÿ¨Å¤o ĝŤ oš¸É™¼„š´™¤ Á«¬°µ®µ¦š¸ÉÁœnµÁžg~°¥Â¨³¤¼¨­´˜ªr

89‡¤ ­»‡œ›­¦¦¡r ¨³ „µÂ„ª­o »‡œ›­¦¦¡r, ¤¨Šª´œš¸É¤¸‡ªµ¤­Îµ‡´šµŠ„µ¦Â¡š¥rĜ ž¦³Áš«Åš¥, 35. 47

2. ªŠ«r (Family) Calliphoridae ¤¨Šª´œÄœªŠ«rœ¸Ê¡Å—oš´ÉªÃ¨„¤¸¤µ„„ªnµ 1,100 œ·—¤¸ œµ—žµœ„¨µŠ ¤¸‡ªµ¤¥µªÃ—¥ÁŒ¨¸É¥ 0.6-1.4 ÁŽœ˜·Á¤˜¦ ¤¸­¸Á ¸¥ª ­¸œÊεÁŠ·œ­¸Ášµ‹œ™¹Š­¸—ε˜´ªÁ˜È¤ª´¥ ‹³®µ°µ®µ¦˜µ¤Â®¨nŠš¸É°¥¼n°µ«´¥ °Š‡œ ˜¨µ—­—š¸É¤¸ÁœºÊ°­´˜ªr 抉nµ­´˜ªr ®¨nŠš¸É¤¸Žµ„¡ºŽµ„ ­´˜ªrš¸ÉÁœnµÁžg~°¥ „°Š ¥³Â¨³¤¼¨­´˜ªr ¦¼o‹´„„´œš´ÉªÅžªnµÂ¤¨Šª´œÄœªŠ«rœ¸Ê‡º° ¤¨Šª´œ®´ªÁ ¸¥ª Ž¹ÉŠÁž}œ ¤¨Šª´œš¸É­µ¤µ¦™„n°Ã¦‡ Myiasis 懰®·ªµ˜„æ‡ Å o¦µ„­µ— 懝·—¤¸ÁºÊ°Â¨³¤¸¦µ¥Šµœªnµ ¤¨Šª´œÄœªŠ«rœ¸Ê ‡º° ¤¨Šª´œ®´ªÁ ¸¥ª L. sericata ™¼„œÎµ¤µÄoĜ„µ¦¦´„¬µÂ Maggot debridement therapy Ž¹ÉŠÁž}œª·›¸„µ¦ °ŠÂ¡š¥ršµŠÁ¨º°„Ä®¤nš¸ÉœÎµ¤µÄo¦´„¬µÂŸ¨Á¦ºÊ°¦´Š °ŠŸ¼ožiª¥Å—o ¤¨Šª´œš¸É¤¸¦µ¥Šµœªnµ™¼„˜¦ª‹¡Å—o‹µ„Žµ„«¡ °Šž¦³Áš«Åš¥Â¨³œÎµ¤µÄož¦³¤µ–¦³¥³Áª¨µ ®¨´Š„µ¦˜µ¥Å—o ¤¸—´Šœ¸Ê Chrysomya bezziana, C. chain, C. nigripes, C. villeneuvi, Hemipyrellia ligurriens, L. cuprina ˜n¤¨Šª´œÄœªŠ«rœ¸Êš¸É¤´„‹³™¼„˜¦ª‹¡Å—o°¥nµŠÂ¡¦n®¨µ¥Â¨³¤µ„š¸É­»—Äœ Žµ„­·ÉŠ¤¸¸ª·˜¤¸—´Šœ¸Ê 2.1 Chrysomya megacephala

ºÉ°­µ¤´‡º° Oriental Latrine Fly ¤¨Šª´œœ ·—œ¸Ê¤¸ œµ—Ä®n ¤¸‡ªµ¤¥µª ×¥ÁŒ¨¸É¥ 0.8-1.1 ÁŽœ˜·Á¤˜¦ ¨Îµ˜´ª­nªœ°„¨³šo°Š¤¸‡ªµ¤¤´œªµª­³šo°œÂ­Š­¸Á ¸¥ª ¤¨Šª´œœ·— œ¸Ê°˜°¤­·ÉŠ °Šš¸ÉÁœnµÁžg~°¥š´ÊŠÁ«¬°µ®µ¦Â¨³Žµ„­´˜ªr ¦ª¤š´ÊŠ¤¼¨­´˜ªr¨³™¼„¡Å—on°¥˜µ¤­» µ ‹¹Š„¨µ¥Áž}œš¸É¤µ °ŠºÉ°­µ¤´ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œœ·—œ¸Ê ¨³¥´Š¤¸¦µ¥Šµœš¸É˜¦ª‹¡ªnµ˜´ª°n°œ °Š

¤¨Šª´œœ·—œ¸Ê­µ¤µ¦™œÎµ¤µÄož¦³Ã¥œrĜ„µ¦˜¦ª‹ª·Á‡¦µ³®r®µ­µÁ®˜»„µ¦˜µ¥ °Š«¡š¸É˜µ¥

ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„„µ¦Å—o¦´­µ¦¡·¬Á„·œ œµ—Å— o Á¡¦µ³ÄœµŠ„¦–¸ «¡°µ‹‹³Áœnµ¤µ„‹œÅ¤n­µ¤µ¦™œÎµ ÁœºÊ°Á¥ºÉ° °ŠÁ®¨ªÂ¨³­·ÉŠ°ºÉœÇ ¤µ˜¦ª‹ª·Á‡¦µ³®r®µ­µ¦¡·¬Å—o ‹¹Š˜o°ŠšÎµ„µ¦˜¦ª‹®µ­µ¦¡·¬‹µ„˜´ª °n°œ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œ®´ªÁ ¸¥ª C. megacephala ¨³ C. rufifacies šœ Ž¹ÉŠ­µ¤µ¦™˜¦ª‹¡­µ¦‰nµ ¤¨Š¤µ¨µÅ›°°œÄœ˜´ª°n°œ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œÅ—90o 2.2 Chrysomya rufifacies ºÉ°­µ¤´‡º° Hairy Maggot Blow Fly, Hairy Sheep Maggot ¤¨Šª´œœ·—œ¸Ê ¤¸‡ªµ¤¥µªÃ—¥ÁŒ¨¸É¥ 0.5-1 ÁŽœ˜·Á¤˜¦ ¤¸ œµ—Á¨È„„ªnµÂ¤¨Šª´œ®´ªÁ ¸¥ª C. megacephala ¨Îµ˜´ª ­³šo°œÂ­Š­¸Á ¸¥ªÂ„¤œÊεÁŠ·œ ¤¨Šª´œœ·—œ¸Ê°˜°¤­·ÉŠ °Šš¸ÉÁœnµÁžg~°¥š´ÊŠÁ«¬°µ®µ¦Â¨³Žµ„­´˜ªr ˜´ª°n°œ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œœ·—œ¸Ê¤¸œ·­´¥„µ¦„·œ°µ®µ¦š¸É‡n°œ oµŠ‹³—»¦oµ¥‡º° °µ‹‹³„·œ„´œÁ°Š (cannibalism) ®¦º°„·œ˜´ª°n°œ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œœ·—°ºÉœÇ ŗoÁ¤ºÉ°°µ®µ¦Å¤nÁ¡¸¥Š¡°

90‡¤ ­»‡œ›­¦¦¡r ¨³ „µÂ„ª­o »‡œ›­¦¦¡r, ¤¨Šª´œš¸É¤¸‡ªµ¤­Îµ‡´šµŠ„µ¦Â¡š¥rĜ ž¦³Áš«Åš¥,75. 48

3. ªŠ«r (Family) Sarcophagidae ¤¨Šª´œÄœªŠ«rœ¸Ê¡Å—oš´ÉªÃ¨„¤¸¤µ„„ªnµ 2,000 œ·— ¤¸ œµ—žµœ„¨µŠ‹œ™¹Š œµ—Ä®n ¤¸‡ªµ¤¥µªÃ—¥ÁŒ¨¸É¥ 0.2-1.4 ÁŽœ˜·Á¤˜¦ ¨Îµ˜´ª¤¸­¸Ášµ ¤¸¨µ¥Â™ ¥µª­¸—εš¸É­nªœ°„ ¨³¤¸¨µ¥˜µ¦µŠ‡¨oµ¥„¦³—µœ®¤µ„¦»„š¸É­nªœšo°Š ×¥­nªœÄ®n¨oªÂ¤¨Šª´œªŠ«r œ¸Ê°˜°¤Á«¬°µ®µ¦š¸ÉÁœnµÁžg~°¥Â¨³¤¼¨­´˜ªr ¦¼o‹´„„´œš´ÉªÅžªnµÂ¤¨Šª´œÄœªŠ«rœ¸Ê‡º° ¤¨Šª´œ®¨´Š¨µ¥ Ž¹ÉŠÁž}œÂ¤¨Šª´œš¸É­µ¤µ¦™„n°Ã¦‡ Myiasis ŗo ץ¤¨Šª´œš¸É¤¸¦µ¥Šµœªnµ™¼„˜¦ª‹¡Å—o‹µ„Žµ„«¡ °Šž¦³Áš«Åš¥Â¨³œÎµ¤µÄož¦³¤µ–¦³¥³Áª¨µ®¨´Š„µ¦˜µ¥Å—o ¤¸—´Šœ¸Ê 3.1 Parasarcophaga ruficornis ¤¨Šª´œœ·—œ¸Ê ¤¸‡ªµ¤¥µªÃ—¥ÁŒ¨¸É¥ 0.8-1.4 ÁŽœ˜·Á¤˜¦ ¨Îµ˜´ª¤¸­¸Ášµ ­nªœ ž¨µ¥ °Ššo°ŠÂ®¨¤¤œÂ¨³¤¸ œ ¡ªnµÂ¤¨Šª´œœ·—œ¸Ê­µ¤µ¦™„n°Ã¦‡ Myiasis ŗo

4. ªŠ«r (Family) Piophilidae ¤¨Šª´œÄœªŠ«rœ¸Ê¡Å—oš´ÉªÃ¨„ž¦³¤µ– 69 œ·—¤¸ œµ— Á¨È„¤¸‡ªµ¤¥µªÃ—¥ÁŒ¨¸É¥ 0.2-0.5 ÁŽœ˜·Á¤˜¦ ¨Îµ˜´ª­³šo°œÂ­Š­¸œÊεÁŠ·œ®¦º °—ε ¤¨Šª´œªŠ«rœ¸Ê°

˜°¤Á«¬°µ®µ¦š¸ÉÁœnµÁžg~°¥ ¤¼¨­´˜ªr „¦³—¼„¨³Â®¨nŠ°µ®µ¦š¸É¤¸Ãž¦˜¸œ­¼ŠÂ¨³¡ªnµÂ¤¨Šª´œÄœªŠ«r œ¸ÊµŠœ·—­µ¤µ¦™š¸É‹³„n°Ã¦‡ Myiasis ŗo ץ¤¨Šª´œš¸É¤¸¦µ¥Šµœªnµ™¼„˜¦ª‹¡Å—o‹µ„Žµ„«¡ °Šž¦³Áš«Åš¥Â¨³œÎµ¤µÄož¦³¤µ–¦³¥³Áª¨µ®¨´Š„µ¦˜µ¥Å—o ¤¸—´Šœ¸Ê 4.1 Piophila casei

ºÉ°­µ¤´‡º° Cheese Skipper, Jumping Maggot ¤¨Šª´œœ·—œ¸Ê¤¸ œµ—Á¨È„

¤¸‡ªµ¤¥µªÃ—¥ÁŒ¨¸É¥ 0.2-0.5 ÁŽœ˜¨·Á¤˜¦ ε˜´ª¤¸­¸—ε¤¸ µ­¸Á®¨º°Š ¨´„¬–³¡·Á«¬ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œœ·—œ¸Ê ‡º°˜´ª°n°œ­µ¤µ¦™„¦³Ã——Å—o­¼Šž¦³¤µ– 7-10 ÁŽœ˜·Á¤˜¦ Ž¹ÉŠ¨´„¬–³Âœ¸Ê™º°Áž}œ„µ¦Â­—Š°°„ ™¹Š¡§˜·„¦¦¤„µ¦®¨®œ¸Ÿ¼o¨nµ

5. ªŠ«r (Family) Stratiomyidae ¤¨Šª´œÄœªŠ«rœ¸Ê¡Å—oš´ÉªÃ¨„ž¦³¤µ– 1,500 œ·—¤¸ ˜´ÊŠÂ˜n œµ—Á¨È„‹œ™¹Š œµ—Ä®n ¤¸‡ªµ¤¥µªÃ—¥ÁŒ¨¸É¥ 0.5-2 ÁŽœ˜·Á¤˜¦ ˜´ªÁ˜È¤ª´¥¤¸®¨µ¥­¸Â˜„˜nµŠ „´œ¦¼ž¦nµŠ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œÄœªŠ«rœ¸Ê‹³‡¨oµ¥„´˜´ª˜n° (wasp) ¤´„°˜°¤—°„Ťo Á«¬Ÿ´„Ÿ¨Å¤o °µ®µ¦ š¸ÉÁœnµÁžg~°¥Â¨³¤¼¨­´˜ªr ¦¼o‹´„„´œš´ÉªÅžªnµÂ¤¨Šª´œÄœªŠ«rœ¸Ê‡º° ¤¨Šª´œ¨µ¥ Ž¹ÉŠÁž}œÂ¤¨Šª´œš¸É­µ¤µ¦™ ‹³„n°Ã¦‡ Myiasis ŗo ץ¤¨Šª´œš¸É¤¸¦µ¥Šµœªnµ™¼„˜¦ª‹¡Å—o‹µ„Žµ„«¡ °Šž¦³Áš«Åš¥Â¨³ œÎµ¤µÄož¦³¤µ–¦³¥³Áª¨µ®¨´Š„µ¦˜µ¥Å—o ¤¸—´Šœ¸Ê 5.1 Sargus sp ¤¨Šª´œœ·—œ¸Ê¤¸ œµ—Á¨È„¦¨¼ž¦nµŠÁ¦¸¥ªµŠ ε˜´ª¤¸­¸­³šo°œÂ­Š °˜°¤ Á«¬Ÿ´„Ÿ¨Å¤o ĝŤoš¸É™¼„š´™¤ Á«¬°µ®µ¦š¸ÉÁœnµÁžg~°¥Â¨³¤¼¨­´˜ªr 49

6. ªŠ«r (Family) Phoridae ¤¨Šª´œÄœªŠ«rœ¸Ê¡Å—oš´ÉªÃ¨„ž¦³¤µ– 3,000 œ·—¤¸ œµ—Á¨È„¤¸‡ªµ¤¥µªÃ—¥ÁŒ¨¸É¥ 0.2-0.6 ÁŽœ˜·Á¤˜¦ ¤¸­¸—εœÊ嘵¨Â¨³Á®¨º°Š ¤¨Šª´œªŠ«rœ¸Ê°˜°¤ Á«¬Ÿ´„Ÿ¨Å¤o¨³Á«¬°µ®µ¦š¸ÉÁœnµÁžg~°¥ ¤¨Šª´œµŠœ·—ÄœªŠ«rœ¸Ê¤¸ºÉ°­µ¤´ªnµ Coffin Fly ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„ ªŠ‹¦¸ª·˜Ã—¥­nªœÄ®n‹³®µ°µ®µ¦‹µ„芫¡ ¨³°¸„ºÉ°š¸Éªnµ Scuttle Fly Ž¹ÉŠÁ¦¸¥„˜µ¤¡§˜·„¦¦¤ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œœ·—œ¸Êš¸É‹³¤¸„µ¦Á—·œ®¦º°ª·ÉŠ°¥¼n˜µ¤Â®¨nŠ°µ®µ¦¤µ„„ªnµš¸É‹³Äože„·œÂ˜nš¸É¦¼o‹´„„´œ ×¥š´ÉªÅž¡ªnµÂ¤¨Šª´œÄœªŠ«rœ¸Ê‡º° ¤¨Šª´œ®¨´Š‡n°¤®¦º°Â¤¨Šª´œ®¨´ŠŠ»o¤Ž¹ÉŠÁ¦¸¥„˜µ¤¨´„¬–³ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œš¸É¤¸ž¨µ¥—oµœšo°Š‡n°¤Â¨³Š»o¤Ã—¥Â¤¨Šª´œš¸É¤¸¦µ¥Šµœªnµ™¼„˜¦ª‹¡Å—o‹µ„Žµ„«¡ °Šž¦³Áš«Åš¥Â¨³œÎµ¤µÄož¦³¤µ–¦³¥³Áª¨µ®¨´Š„µ¦˜µ¥Å—o ¤¸—´Šœ¸Ê 6.1 Megaselia scalaris ºÉ°­µ¤´‡º° Humpbacked Fly ¤¨Šª´œœ·—œ¸Ê¤¸ œµ—Á¨È„¤¸‡ªµ¤¥µªÃ—¥ ÁŒ¨¸É¥ 0.2-0.4 ÁŽœ˜·Á¤˜¦ ¨Îµ˜´ª¤¸­¸—εœÊ嘵¨Â¨³Á®¨º°Š ¦¼ž¦nµŠ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œœ·—œ¸Ê‹³‡¨oµ¥„´ ¤¨Šª´œŸ¨Å¤o (genus Drosophila) ¤´„°˜°¤Á«¬Ÿ´„Ÿ¨Å¤o °µ®µ¦š¸ÉÁœnµÁžg~°¥Â¨³¤¼¨­´˜ªr ¨³

¡ªnµÂ¤¨Šª´œœ·—œ¸Ê­µ¤µ¦™„n°Ã¦‡ Myiasis ŗo

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91 ¤¨Šª´œÁž}œÂ¤¨Šš¸É¤¸„µ¦™°—¦ ¼ž­¤¼¦–r (Complete metamorphosis, Holometabolous) ץĜªŠ‹¦¸ª·˜ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œ‹³ÂnŠ°°„Áž}œ 4 ¦³¥³ ŗo„n ¦³¥³Å n (egg) ¦³¥³ ˜´ª°n°œ (larva) ¦³¥³—´„—o (pupa) ¨³¦³¥³˜´ªÁ˜È¤ª´¥ (adult) Ž¹ÉŠ‹³¤¸Á¡¸¥ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œÄœªŠ«r Sarcophagidae Ášnµœ´Êœš¸É‹³¤¸ªŠ‹¦¸ª·˜Á¡¸¥ŠÂ‡n 3 ¦³¥³ ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„¤¨Šª´œÄœªŠ«rœ¸Ê‹³Å¤nªµŠÅ n˜n‹³ °°„¨¼„Áž}œ˜´ª ªŠ‹¦¸ª·˜ °ŠÂ¤¨Šš¸É¤¸„µ¦™°—¦¼ž­¤¼¦–rœ´Êœ˜´ª°n°œÂ¨³˜´ªÁ˜È¤ª´¥‹³¤¸Â®¨nŠ š¸É°¥¼n°µ«´¥Â¨³Â®¨nŠ°µ®µ¦Â˜„˜nµŠ„´œ

91«µœ·˜¦˜œ£´ »¤¤³, „¸’ª·š¥µÂ¤nš, 337. 50

¤¸¦µ¥Šµœ„µ¦«¹„¬µ™¹ŠªŠ‹¦¸ª·˜ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œÄœªŠ«r Calliphoridae ¨³ Sarcophagidae ˜´ÊŠÂ˜n¦³¥³Å n‹œ™¹Š¦³¥³—´„—o £µ¥Ä˜o°»–®£¼¤· 27 °Š«µÁŽ¨ÁŽ¸¥­92 —´Šœ¸Ê

˜µ¦µŠš¸É 3 ªŠ‹¦¸ª·˜ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œ˜´ÊŠÂ˜n¦³¥³Å n‹œ™¹Š¦³¥³—´„—o

Egg First Second Third Prepupa Pupa Total (Hrs) instar instar instar (Hrs) (Days) Immature (Hrs) (Hrs) (Hrs) (Days) Family Sarcophagidae - 24 18 48 96 9 16 Sarcophaga cooley Sarcophaga shermani - 22 16 48 104 8 14 Sarcophaga bullata - 26 18 54 112 12 17

Family Calliphoridae 16 18 11 36 84 6 11 Phormia regina Protophormia 15 17 11 34 80 6 11 terranovae

Lucilia sericata 18 20 12 40 90 7 12

Eucalliphora lilaea 22 22 14 36 92 6 13 Cynomyopsis cadaverina 19 20 16 72 96 9 18 Calliphora vomitoria 26 24 48 60 360 14 23 Calliphora vicina 24 24 20 48 128 11 18 Calliphora terranovae 25 28 22 44 144 12 20

š¸É¤µ http:// folk.uio.no/mostarke/forens_ent/tables_development.html

92After Kamal, The Role of Entonology In Forensic Investigations [Online], Accessed 25 May 2007. Available from http:// folk.uio.no/mostarke/forens_ent/tables_development.html 51

¨´„¬–³ÄœÂ˜n¨³¦³¥³ °ŠªŠ‹¦¸ª·˜ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œ¤¸—´Šœ¸Ê

1. ¦³¥³Å n Å n °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œ¤¸ œµ—Á¨È„¦¼ž¦nµŠ¥µª¦¸ ¤¸‡ªµ¤¥µªž¦³¤µ– 0.1 ÁŽœ˜·Á¤˜¦ ‡ªµ¤„ªoµŠž¦³¤µ– 0.03 ÁŽœ˜·Á¤˜¦ ­¸ µª »nœ‹œ™¹Š­¸‡¦¸¤¦³¥³Áª¨µš¸ÉčoĜ„µ¦¢{„˜´ª ž¦³¤µ– 6-12 ´ÉªÃ¤Š

£µ¡š¸É 13 Å n °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œ š¸É¤µ Fly Eggs [Online], Accessed 14 November 2008. Available from

http://www.justbajan.com/health/articles/flyeggs/index.htm

2. ¦³¥³˜´ª°n°œ (®œ°œ) - ˜´ª°n°œ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œ¤´„™¼„Á¦¸¥„ªnµ Maggot ¤¸¦¼ž¦nµŠÁ¦¥ª¥µª¸

Ťn¤¸ µ ž¨µ¥—oµœšo°ŠÄ®n˜n­nªœ®´ª‹³Á¦¸¥ªÁ¨È„¤¸žµ„š¸É®¨¤Â¨³Â ȊÁ¦¸¥„ªnµ mouth hook čoĜ „µ¦„·œ°µ®µ¦Â¨³Á‡¨ºÉ°œš¸É ×¥˜´ª°n°œ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œ‹³™¼„nŠ°°„Áž}œ 3 ¦³¥³ —´Šœ¸Ê 2.1 ˜´ª°n°œ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œ¦³¥³š¸É 1 - Á¦¸¥„ªnµ First Instar Larvae ˜´ª°n°œÄœ¦³¥³œ¸Ê¤¸ œµ—ž¦³¤µ– 0.1-0.3 ÁŽœ˜·Á¤˜¦ ¤¸­¸ µªÄ­‹œ™¹Š­¸‡¦¸¤ Á‡¨ºÉ°œš¸Éŗo¦ª—Á¦ÈªÄ o¦³¥³Áª¨µÄœ„µ¦ Á‹¦·Á˜·Ã˜ž¦³¤µ– 12-24 ´ÉªÃ¤Š 2.2 ˜´ª°n°œ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œ¦³¥³š¸É 2 - Á¦¸¥„ªnµ Second Instar Larvae ˜´ª°n°œÄœ¦³¥³ œ¸Ê¤¸ œµ—ž¦³¤µ– 0.5-0.7 ÁŽœ˜·Á¤˜¦ ¤¸­¸ µª »nœ‹œ™¹Š­¸‡¦¸¤ Á‡¨ºÉ°œš¸ÉŗoÁ¦Èªžµœ„¨µŠ čo¦³¥³Áª¨µ Ĝ„µ¦Á‹¦·Á˜·Ã˜ž¦³¤µ– 12-24 ´ÉªÃ¤Š 52

2.3 ˜´ª°n°œ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œ¦³¥³š¸É 3 - Á¦¸¥„ªnµ Third Instar Larvae ˜´ª°n°œÄœ¦³¥³œ¸Ê ¤¸ œµ—ž¦³¤µ– 0.7-2 ÁŽœ˜·Á¤˜¦ ¤¸­¸ µª »nœÁ®ÈœÅ—o°¥nµŠ´—Á‹œ Á‡¨ºÉ°œš¸Éŗooµ¨ŠÂ¨³‹³Á¦·É¤®¥»— „·œ°µ®µ¦¡¦o°¤š´ÊŠ®µ­™µœš¸Éš¸É®oŠÁ¡ºÉ°Á˜¦¸¥¤Á oµ—´„—o čo¦³¥³Áª¨µÄœ„µ¦Á‹¦·Á˜·Ã˜ž¦³¤µ– 12-24 ´ÉªÃ¤Š

£µ¡š¸É 14 ˜´ª°n°œ °ŠÂ¤¨Šªœ˜´ ´ÊŠÂ˜n¦³¥³š ¸É 1 ‹œ™¹Š¦³¥³š¸É 3

Ž¹ÉŠ˜´ª°n°œ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œ‹³ÄoÁª¨µÄœ„µ¦Á‹¦·Á˜·Ã˜˜´ÊŠÂ˜n¦³¥³š¸É 1 ‹œ™¹Š¦³¥³š¸É 3 ž¦³¤µ– 3-6 ª´œÃ—¥¨´„¬–³­Îµ‡´µŠž¦³„µ¦ °Š˜´ª°n°œ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œ­µ¤µ¦™š¸É‹³œÎµ¤µÄo

‹ÎµÂœ„ªŠ«r °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œÅ—o Ž¹ÉŠÁ¦¸¥„ª·›¸Âœ¸Êªnµ„µ¦ key [„»Â‹š¸Éčo‹ÎµÂœ„­·ÉŠ¤¸¸ª·˜Äœ¨Îµ—´

°œ»„¦¤ª·›µœ ×¥‹ÎµÂœ„˜´ÊŠÂ˜n °´œ—´ (Order) ªŠ«r (Family) ­„»¨ (Genus) ¨³œ·— (Species)] Ž¹ÉŠ ‹³¡·‹µ¦–µ‹µ„¨´„¬–³­Îµ‡´µŠž¦³„µ¦ °Š˜´ª°n°œ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œ¦³¥³š¸É 393 (Third Instar Larvae)

93Bernard Greenberg and John C. Kunich, Entomology and the law : Flies as Forensic Indicators (Cambridge Universuty Press, 2002), 120-127. 53

„µ¦‹ÎµÂœ„œ·— °ŠÂ¤¨Šªœ‹µ„„µ¦­´ ´ŠÁ„˜¨´„¬–³­Îµ‡µŠž¦³„µ¦ °Š˜´ ´ª°n°œ¦³¥³š¸É 3 —´Šœ¸Ê

Key to Third Instar Larvae of Flies of Forensic Importance in Malaysia (Baharudin Omar, Department of Biomedical Science, National University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia) 1. - Cephalopharyngeal skeleton with conspicuous and longish accessory sclerite running horizontally below denticle (hook), dorsal arch with mesh – like sclerotization, and ventral cornu with horizontally striated sclerotization at base……………………………………….....Family Muscidae (2) - Cephalopharyngeal skeleton with or without accessory sclerite, if latter is present, comma-, dot – shaped or short streak below denticle; dorsal arch without mesh – like sclerotization; ventral cornu without striated

sclerotization……………………………………………………………………....3 2. - Posterior spiracle with S – shaped slits; peritreme complete and highly chitinized; spiracular button visible in early third instar but not in late one; anterior spiracles with five to seven papillae each

……………………………………………………………..Synthesiomyia nudiseta

- Posterior spiracle with cigar shaped slits radiating from button, slits subparallel to each other; peritreme complete but weak; anterior spiracles with seven to eight papillae each………………..………………..Ophyra spinigera 3. - Dorsal cornu of cephalopharyngeal skeleton split into two; posterior spiracle with delicate, lightly sclerotizes and incomplete peritreme, spiracular slits cigar – shaped, delicate, and not radiating from opening of peritreme………………………………………...………….Family Sarcophagidae - Dorsal cornu of cephalopharyngeal skeleton intact; posterior spiracle well - sclerotized, peritreme complete or incomplete, button distinct or indistinct. spiracular slits cigar – shaped radiating from opening of peritreme ……………………………………………….…………..Family Calliphoridae (4) 4. - Posterior spiracle with complete peritreme……..…..………...... 5 - Posterior spiracle with incomplete peritreme………………………….…………..6 54

5. - Sharp and single – pointed dorsolateral spines found on segments 1 to 7; buttons of posterior spiracle complete; accessory sclerite of cephalopharyngeal skeleton comma – shaped; anterior spiracles with six to nine papillae each…………………………….……………Hemipyrellia ligurriens - Unicuspid, bicuspid, tricuspid or blunt dorsolateral spines found on segment 2 to 8; stitch – like spines found on segment 3 to 12; midsegmental minute fusiform tuberculations present on segment 5 to 12; accessory sclerite of cephalopharyngeal skeleton, if present, dot – like in shape; posterior spiracle weak with incomplete button, peritreme surrounded by a thick sclerotized ring; anterior spiracles with 10 papillae each; gross shape of larva highly blunted at posterior end………………………….……….Chrysomya chain 6. - A row of conical tubercles present on segment 4 to 12 (“hairy” larvae);

cephalopharyngeal skeleton without distinct dorsal arch; posterior spiracles with heavily sclerotized peritreme………………………………………………...7 - Conical tubercles absent on body segment; if present, usually small or inapparent, can be found only on terminal segment of larvae (“smooth”

larvae); cephalopharynegeal skeleton with dorsal arch; posterior spiracles

with mildly sclerotized peritreme…………………………………………………8 7. - Conical tubercles randomly covered with blunt spines, crown of each tubercle with sharp spines numbering up to five; anterior spiracles with 13 – 14 papillae each………………………………………..Chrysomya villeneuvi - Conical tubercles not covered with spines, crown of each tubercle with sharp spines numbering up to 30; anterior spiracles with 10 – 12 papillae each………………………………………………………….Chrysomya rufifacies 8. - Accessory sclerite of cephalopharyngeal skeleton present……………………..…9 - Accessory sclerite of cephalopharyngeal skeleton absent………………………..10 55

9. - Cephalopharyngeal skeleton with very apparent comma or club shaped accessory sclerite; dorsalateral spines unicuspid or bicuspid, mostly unicuspid and blunt, present on all segment except segments 9 and/ or 10; posterior spiracles with lightly sclerotized peritreme; anterior spiracles with 9 – 11 papillae each……………………………………………Chrysomya pinguis - Cephalopharyngeal skeleton with dot or club shaped accessory sclerite; dorsolateral spines unicuspid, bicuspid or tricuspid, mostly blunt in shape, present on all segments except segment 11; posterior spiracles with lightly sclerotized peritreme; anterior spiracle with 11 – 13 papillae each ………………………………………...…………………Chrysomya megacephala 10. - Laterodorsal spines absent on segments 6 to 10; late third instar larvae with highly pigmented dorsal plate on each segment; cephalopharyngeal

skeleton with denticle (hook) strongly bent downward; anterior spiracles with 10 papillae………………………………….…………….Chrysomya nigripes - Dorsalateral spines absent on segment 11; late third instar larvae without dorsal plate; cephalopharyngeal skeleton with denticle not strongly bent

downward; anterior spiracles with 11 to 13 papillae each

…………………………………………...……………… Chrysomya megacephala

„µ¦‹ÎµÂœ„¨´„¬–³­Îµ‡´µŠž¦³„µ¦ °Š˜´ª°n°œ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œ‹³˜o°ŠšÎµ„µ¦ «¹„¬µ Ÿnµœ„¨o°Š‹»¨š¦¦«œr (Microscope) ¨³„¨o°Š Stereoscope ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„˜´ª°n°œ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œ¤¸ œµ—Á¨È„ ˜n¤¸¨´„¬–³­Îµ‡´µŠž¦³„µ¦ °Š˜´ª°n°œ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œµŠœ·—š¸É­µ¤µ¦™‹³­´ŠÁ„˜Å—o—oª¥˜µÁž¨nµ Ánœ˜´ª°n°œ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œ®´ªÁ ¸¥ª C. rufifacies Ÿœ´Š¨Îµ˜´ª‹³ž¦³„°Åž—oª¥ œ œµ—Ä®n (tubercle) ž¨µ¥ œž¦³„°—oª¥®œµ¤ (spine) Ž¹ÉŠ­µ¤µ¦™Á®ÈœÅ—o´—Á¤ºÉ°˜´ª°n°œ°¥¼nĜ¦³¥³š¸É 2 ¨³ ¦³¥³š¸É 3 —´Š¦¼ž 56

£µ¡š¸É 15 ˜´ª°n°œ °ŠÂ¤¨Šªœ®´ ´ªÁ ¸¥ª C. rufifacies š¸É¤µ C. rufifacies [Online], Accessed 26 October 2008. Available from http://www.dpi.vic.gov.au/dpi/nreninf.nsf/LinkView/185D6A4F9AC329C4CA256BCF000BBE89 5FA46B2D7E0F5E9E4A256DEA00274704

¨´„¬–³­Îµ‡´µŠž¦³„µ¦ °Š˜´ª°n°œ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œš¸É‹³­µ¤µ¦™œÎµ¤µÄo‹ÎµÂœ„ªŠ«r °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œÅ—o°¸„‡º° „µ¦«¹„¬µ posterior spiracle (¦¼®µ¥Ä‹®¨´Š) ×¥­nªœž¦³„°š¸É­Îµ‡´Äœ ­nªœ °Š posterior spiracle œ´Êœ¤¸ peritreme, button ¨³ slits Ž¹ÉŠÂ¤¨Šª´œÄœÂ˜n¨³ªŠ«r‹³¤¸

­nªœž¦³„°—´Š„¨nµªœ¸ÊĜ¨´„¬–³š¸ÉÁŒ¡µ³˜´ªÂ¨³œ´ªnµÁž}œ­nªœž¦³„°­Îµ‡´š¸É­µ¤µ¦™œÎµ¤µÄo ‹ÎµÂœ„œ·— °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œÄœ ´Êœ˜°œÁºÊ°Š˜oœÅ—o

94 ¨´„¬–³ °Š posterior spiracle ¤¸ 3  —´Šœ¸Ê 1. ªŠ‡¦­¤¼¦–r (complete peritreme) ‡º°­nªœ °Š peritreme ‹³žd— ­œ·š‡¦ªŠ 2. ªŠÅ¤n‡¦­¤¼¦–r (incomplete peritreme) ‡º°­nªœ °Š peritreme ‹³ žd—Ťn‡¦ªŠ 3. Á˜È¤‡º°­nªœ °Š peritreme ‹³Á˜È¤š¹ Ž¹ÉŠ„µ¦‹ÎµÂœ„œ·— °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œ‹³¡·‹µ¦–µÄœ­nªœ °Š peritreme, button ¨³ slits ž¦³„°„´œ ץ¤¨Šª´œÄœÂ˜n¨³œ·—‹³¤¸­nªœ °Š slits š¸É˜„˜nµŠ„´œ°¥nµŠ´—Á‹œ š´ÊŠÁ¦ºÉ°Š °Š ¦¼ž¦nµŠÂ¨³„µ¦Á¦¸¥Š˜´ª

94­»£´š¦ ­»‹¦·˜ ¨³ ž¦³¤ª¨¤µ¨¥r ­»‹¦·˜, „¸’ª·š¥µ„µ¦Â¡š¥ r („¦»ŠÁš¡¤®µœ‡¦ : ¡·«·¬“r„µ¦ ¡·¤¡r, 2531), 443. 57

„µ¦‹ÎµÂœ„ªŠ«r °ŠÂ¤¨Šªœ‹µ„´ posterior spiracle —´Š¦¼ž

1. ªŠ‡¦­¤¼¦–r (complete peritreme)

2. ªŠÅ¤n‡¦­¤¼¦–r (incomplete peritreme)

3.  peritreme Á˜È¤

£µ¡š ¸É 16 ­nªœ °Š posterior spiracle Ĝ˜´ª°n°œÂ¤¨Šª´œ š¸É¤µ ­»£´š¦ ­»‹¦·˜ ¨³ ž¦³¤ª¨¤µ¨¥r ­»‹¦·˜, „¸’ª·š¥µ„µ¦Â¡š¥r, 443. 58

¤¨Šª´œ‹³¤¸ peritreme š¸É˜„˜nµŠ„´œÅž˜µ¤Â˜n¨³ªŠ«r (Family) —´Šœ¸Ê 1. ªŠ«r (Family) Muscidae

2. ªŠ«r (Family) Calliphoridae

3. ªŠ«r (Family) Sarcophagidae

£µ¡š¸É 17 ¨´„¬–³ posterior spiracle °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œÂ˜n¨³ªŠ«r (Family) 59

ª·›¸„µ¦«¹„¬µ­nªœ °Š peritreme œ´Êœ¥´Š‡Š‹ÎµÂœ„Å—oÁ¡¸¥ŠÁŒ¡µ³ÄœªŠ«r °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œ Ášnµœ´Êœ¥´ŠÅ¤n­µ¤µ¦™¦³»™¹Šœ·— °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œÅ—o ‹¹Š¤¸ª·›¸„µ¦°ºÉœš¸Éœ·¥¤œÎµ¤µÄoĜ„µ¦‹ÎµÂœ„œ·— °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œ ×¥„µ¦­´ŠÁ„˜‹µ„¨´„¬–³­Îµ‡´µŠž¦³„µ¦ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œ˜´ªÁ˜È¤ª´¥Ž¹ÉŠ‹³­µ¤µ¦™šÎµ „µ¦‹ÎµÂœ„Å—oŠnµ¥„ªnµ„µ¦‹ÎµÂœ„Äœ –³š¸É¤¨Šª´œ¥´ŠÁž}œ˜´ª°n°œ ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„¤¨Šª´œ˜´ªÁ˜È¤ª´¥‹³¤¸ ¦µ¥¨³Á°¸¥—š¸É­µ¤µ¦™­´ŠÁ„˜Å—o°¥nµŠÁ—nœ´—

3. ¦³¥³—´„—o - ˜´ª°n°œ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œ‹³®— œµ— °Š¨Îµ˜´ªÄ®o­´Êœ¨ŠÂ¨³‹³Á¦·É¤Á oµ­¼n „¦³ªœ„µ¦­¦oµŠ­µ¦š¸ÉšÎµÄ®oŸœ´Š¨Îµ˜´ª¤¸‡ªµ¤Â Ȋ ×¥‹³­¦oµŠ­µ¦¡ª„ sclerotized substances95 ¹Êœ¤µ­³­¤Äœ´Êœ exocuticula Ž¹ÉŠÁž}œ´Êœ °ŠÁœºÊ°Á¥ºÉ°š¸É˜n°‹µ„Ÿœ´Š¨Îµ˜´ª´Êœœ°„­»— (cuticula) ×¥ exocuticle Áž}œ¡ª„ chitinous layer š¸É¤¸ cuticulin Ž¹ÉŠ‹³ž¦³„°Åž—oª¥­µ¦ 4 °¥nµŠ ŗo„n protein, carbohydrate, pigments ¨³ salts Ž¹ÉŠ­µ¦š´ÊŠ 4 °¥nµŠœ¸Ê ‹³nª¥šÎµÄ®oŸœ´Š¨Îµ˜´ª °ŠÂ¤¨Š„¨µ¥Áž}œ ŸnœÂ Ȋ (sclerite) ¨³šÎµÄ®o¤¨Š­µ¤µ¦™Á oµ—´„—oŗo Ĝ¦³¥³Â¦„ °Š„µ¦Á oµ—´„—oŸœ´Š¨Îµ˜´ª

¥´Š‡ŠÁž}œ­¸ µª‡¦¸¤Â¨³­¸ °ŠŸœ´Š¨Îµ˜´ª‹³Áž¨¸É¥œÂž¨ŠÅžÁ¦ºÉ°¥Ç ˜µ¤¦³¥³Áª¨µ °Š„µ¦Á oµ—´„—o ×¥‹³Áž¨¸É¥œ‹µ„­¸ µª‡¦¸¤Áž}œ­¸œÊ嘵¨žœÂ—Š ‹œÁ¤ºÉ°—´„—o„nÁ˜È¤š¸ÉŸœ´Š¨Îµ˜´ª‹³Áž¨¸É¥œÁž}œ­¸—ε —´„—o °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œ‹³¤¸ œµ—ž¦³¤µ– 0.6-1.5 ÁŽœ˜·Á¤˜¦ čo¦³¥³Áª¨µÄœ„µ¦Á oµ—´„—ož¦³¤µ– 5-11 ª´œ ¹Êœ°¥¼n„´œ·— °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œ

£µ¡š¸É 18 —´„—o °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œ®´ªÁ ¥ª¸ C. rufifacies š¸É¤µ C. rufifacies [Online], Accessed 26 October 2008. Available from http://www.dpi.vic.gov.au/dpi/nreninf.nsf/LinkView/185D6A4F9AC329C4CA256BCF000BBE89 5FA46B2D7E0F5E9E4A256DEA00274704

95·˜µ£µ Á„˜ª´¨®r, ­´–“µœª·š¥µ °ŠÂ¤¨Š („¦»ŠÁš¡¤®µœ‡¦ : 抡·¤¡r¤·˜¦­¥µ¤, 2527), 19. 60

4. ¦³¥³˜´ªÁ˜È¤ª´¥ - ˜´ªÁ˜È¤ª´¥‹³°°„‹µ„—´„—o×¥Á‹µ³¦¼š¸Éž¨µ¥—oµœ®œ¹ÉŠ °Šž¨°„ —´„—o¨³Á¤ºÉ°°°„¤µÅ—o¨oª˜´ªÁ˜È¤ª´¥‹³¥´ŠÅ¤n­µ¤µ¦™š¸É‹³·œÅžÅ—o Á¡¦µ³že„¥´ŠÅ¤n Ȋ¨³¥´Š„µŠ ŤnÁ˜È¤š¸É ‹³˜o°ŠÄoÁª¨µž¦³¤µ– 15-30 œµš¸ Á¡ºÉ°Ä®o hemolymph „¦³‹µ¥Á oµ­¼n°ª´¥ª³­nªœ˜nµŠÇ ¤¨Šª´œ‹¹Š‹³­µ¤µ¦™·œÅ—o °µ¥» ´¥ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œ˜´ªÁ˜È¤ª ´¥Ã—¥ÁŒ¨¸É¥¤¸°µ¥»Å—o 15-30 ª´œ Ĝ­£µª³ ª—¨o°¤š¸ÉÁ®¤µ³­¤ Ž¹ÉŠÂ¤¨Šª´œ˜´ªÁ˜È¤ª´¥œ´Êœ‹³œÎµ¤µÄo‹ÎµÂœ„œ·—Á¡ºÉ°œÎµ¤µÁž}œ o°¤¼¨¡ºÊœ“µœÄœ „µ¦«¹„¬µ™¹Šœ·— °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œž¦³‹Îµ™·ÉœŽ¹ÉŠ°µ‹‹³¤¸ž¦³Ã¥œrĜ„¦–¸š¸É¤¸‡—¸‰µ˜„¦¦¤°Îµ¡¦µŠ«¡ Á„·— ¹Êœ ×¥„µ¦œÎµ«¡Åžš·ÊŠ¥´Š­™µœš¸É˜nµŠÇ Ž¹ÉŠÅ¤nčn­™µœš¸ÉÁ„·—Á®˜» °µ‹šÎµÄ®oÁ‹oµ¡œ´„ŠµœŸ¼ošÎµ„µ¦ ­º­ªœ­°­ªœÁ„·—‡ªµ¤­´­œÅ—o —´ŠÁnœ‡—¸˜´ª°¥nµŠ ¤¸‡œ¡«¡°¥¼n£µ¥Äœ¦™š¸É™¼„‹°—š·ÊŠÅªoœ ™œœ °ŠÁ¤º°Š British Columbia96 ­£µ¡ °Š«¡™¼„‡¨»¤Á°µÅªo—oª¥Ÿoµ®n¤ ­£µ¡¦™‡n°œ oµŠš¸É‹³Á„nµ¤¸ ­œ·¤ ¹ÊœÂ¨³ ¤¸„µ¦Ážd—®œoµ˜nµŠš·ÊŠÅªo„ªoµŠž¦³¤µ– 3 ÁŽœ˜·Á¤˜¦ ×¥®¨´„“µœšµŠÂ¤¨Šš¸ÉÁ„ȝŗo ‹µ„‡—¸œ¸Ê ŗo„n ˜´ª°n°œ —´„—o¨³ž¨°„—´„—o °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œ®´ªÁ ¸¥ª Phormia terraenovae, P. regina ¨³ Calliphora vomitoria Ž¹ÉŠ‹µ„ o°¤¼¨š¸ÉÁ‡¥¤¸„µ¦´œš¹„Ūo¡ªnµ P. terraenovae „´

C. vomitoria Ťn‡n°¥™¼„¡ÄœÁ ˜˜´ªÁ¤º°Š ˜n¤´„‹³™¼„˜¦ª‹¡˜µ¤Á ˜œš¤µ„„ªnµ‹¹Š­´œœ·¬“µœ Á ºÊ°Š˜oœÅ—oªnµ«¡œ¸Ê°µ‹‹³™¼„‰µ˜„¦¦¤¤µ‹µ„š¸É°ºÉœÂ¨oª‹¹ŠœÎµ¤µš·ÊŠÅªoœ™œœÄœÁ ˜˜´ªÁ¤º°Š

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96Gail S. Anderson, Forensic entomology : the utility of arthropods in legal investigations, 159. 97Bernard Greenberg and John C. Kunich, Entomology and the law : Flies as Forensic Indicators, 127-142. 61

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Key to the calliphoridae adults of forensic importance in the Oriental Region (H. Kurahashi – Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseasses, Tokyo 162, Japan) 1. - Stem vein of wing without setulae on dorsal side of basal section…………….2 - Stem vein of wing with distinct setulae on postero – dorsal side of basal section……………………………………………...Subfamily Chrysomyinae, 3 2. - Posterior part of suprasquamal carina with posterior parasquamal tuft of black erect hairs on small well – defined black sclerite; thoracic squama quite bare on upper surface; body mostly metallic green to blue, sometimes coppery……………………………...…………………..Subfamily Lucilinae, 19 - Posterior parasquamal tuft absent; thoracic squama hairy on upper surface; body blackish, usually with abdomen metallic blue and more or less

dusted……………………………...…………………Subfamily Calliphorinae 36 3. - Wing broadly infuscated; face and antennae bright yellowish orange. Pakistan (Baluchistan)…………………………Chrysomya regalis Robineau – Desvoidy (= marginalis (Wiedemann)

- Wing entirely hyaline………………………………………………………..…4

4. - External vertical bristle (vte) well developed in both sexes; female tergite 5 with median posterior cleft……………………………………………………5 - No vte in male; female tergite 5 without median posterior cleft………………9 5. - Face, epistome, parafacialia, vibrissarium and mediana testaceous yellow, face and parafacialia sometimes darkened in male; tergite 3 without row of marginal bristles……………………………………………………………….6 - Face, epistome blackish; tergite 3 with row of fine marginal bristles………...8 68

6. - Tergites 3 to 4 without distinct marginal band; tergites mainly clothed with black hairs; mesothoracic spiracle fuscous brown; femora remarkably swollen, metallic blue to purple in both sexes; male metatarsus with brush of short spines on entire length…………….………………..C. villeneuvi Patton - Tergites 3 to 4 with broad marginal band; tergites largely clothed with pale hairs, especially on venter; mesothoracic spiracle yellowish white; femora black, submetallic, but not remarkably swollen; metatarsus without brush of short spines in male…………………………………………….………….7 7. - Prostigmatal bristle absent; gena reddish anteriorly or entirely. Baluchistan, Pakistan……………………………………………..C. albiceps (Wiedemann) - Prostigmatal bristle present………………………….C. rufifacies (Macquart) 8. - Tergites 3 to 4 with distinct broad marginal band in both sexes; tergite 5 with

several discal bristles; sternite clothed with yellow hairs; parafacialia and vibrissarium brownish. Mindanao, Philippines ……………………………………...... ….C. schoenigi Kurahashi and Magpayo - Tergites 3 to 4 without marginal band in male, in female with distinct band;

tergite 5 without discals; sternite 2 largely covered with black hairs;

parafacialia and vibrissarium blackish. Indonesia (Sulawesi) …..……………………………………...…....C. yayukae Kurahashi and Magpayo 9. - Gena yellow or orange……………………………....…..…………..…………..10 - Gena fuscous……………………………………....…..…..…………………….11 10. - Alar and thoracic squamae entirely white; female frontal stripe parallelsided (larva myiasis producer, may not have forensic importance) …….………………………………………...…….………C. bezziana Villeneuve - Only base of squamae white; frontal stripe broadest in middle (Synanthropic species) ……………………………………..……..…C. megacephala (Fabricius) 11. - Mesothoracic spiracle white……….………..…..……..…………….………….12 - Mesothoracic spiracle fuscous…………………………..………….…………..13 12. - Presutural ial present; st 1+1. Philippines (Samar)…...... C. samarensis Kurahashi - Presutural ial present; st 0+1…………………………..…….C. nigripes Aubertin 69

13. - At least basal part of alar squama white………………………….…………….14 - Alar and thoracic squamae entirely fuscous……….………...….…………...…16 14. - Head dichoptic in male, with widely separated eyes; female tergite 6 split into lateral plates (Montane species, Himalayas)……………………….….C. phaonis - Head holoptic in male, with eyes almost meeting in center……………………15 15. - Mesothoracic spiracle small, long axis shorter than third antennal segment; opaque white part of alar squama bare ventrally except for brownish fringe; male head hemispherical in profile; female sternite 5 subequal to 4 in length [Lowland forest species]……………………………….……..C. chani Kurahashi - Mesothoracic spiracle large, longer and much broader than third antennal segment; opaque white part of alar squama hairy and with whitish fringe; male head distinctly flattened in profile; female sternite 5 longer

than 4. Indonesia (Sulawesi) (Montane species) ……………………………………………….C. greenbergi Wells and Kurahashi 16. - Body purple; length usually more than 11 mm; gena reddish, clothed with Golden hairs; tergite 5 often with white dusting; no posthumeral bristle (ph),

Sometimes weakly developed in female. [Montane species]

……………………………………………………...…. C. thanomthini Kurahashi - Body blue or green, sometimes purple, length usually less than 11 mm: gena fuscous with blackish hairs; tergite 5 metallic, without white dusting; ph developed………………………………………………..…………………...…17 17. - Length of head at epistome less than or equal to length at base of antenna. Wallacea (Lowland forest species)....…….….C. cabrerai Kurahashi and Salazar - Length of head at epistome greater than length at base of antenna……….....…18 70

18. - Body blue to purple; postgena usually covered with yellowish hairs; length of gena in profile more than that of eye, height of gena compared to total head about three – tenths in male, about four – tenths in female; male circus elongate, approximately three times length of surstylus (Montane forest species) C. pinguis (Walker) - Body dark green; postgena usually covered with black and brown hairs; gena in profile same length as eye; height of gena compared to total head about two – tenths in male, about three – tenths in female; ma;e cerci stout, not more than two times length of surstylus. (Lowland forest species)....C. defixa (Walker) 19. - Supraspiracular convexity clothed with long, upstanding, fine hairs…………..20 - Supraspiracular convexity bare or pubescent……………...…………..Lucilia, 27 20. - Legs in male more or less fringed; hypopygium strongly developed; generally

large flies, more than 15 mm in length…………...…………..Hypopygiopsis, 21 - Legs in male not fringed; hypopygium normal; medium and small flies, less than 10 mm in length………………………………...………..Hemipyrellia, 24 21. - Antennae yellowish orange; facial tomentum golden yellow; tarsi in male

without fringe…………………………………………………………………23

- Antennae dark reddish brown; facial tomentum silver white; tarsi in male with long fringes…………………………………..………………………………...22 22. - Alar and thoracic squamae fuscous brown; hind tibia with two long and fine apical d and ad which are curled apically in male [Lowland rain forest species]……………………………………………..…….H. violacea (Macquart) - Alar and thoracic squamae whitish, with pale brown tinge; hind tibia with stout strong apical d and ad in male [Lowland forest species] ...... H. infumata (Bigot) 71

23. - Male: mid and hind femora remarkably stout, hind one curved and heavily fringed; mid and hind tibiae with strongly developed fringe; mid tibia with characteristic apical projection. Female: posterior margin of tergite 5 subequal to length of lateral margin of same tergite [Lowland rain forest species]...... H. fumipennis (Walker) - Male: mid and hind femora normal, hind one slightly curved; mid and hind tibia short and rather sparsely fringed, mid one without chitious projection. female: posterior margin of tergite 5 about half length of lateral margin of same tergite [Lowland forest species]...... H. tumrasvini Kurahashi 24. - Large flies having very prominent hypopygium in male; mesopleuron with a few golden hairs among mesopleural bristles. Christmas Island. Indian Ocean...... H. jucunda (Kirby)

- Smaller flies; hypopygium sometimes prominent, but not markedly conspicuous; mesopleuron without golden hairs...... 25 25. - Third antennal segment entirely bright orange [Savanna or dry forest species]...... H. pulchra (Wiedemann)

- Third antennal segment generally fuscous brown...... 26

26. - Thoracic squama pure white; male head holoptic; male abdomen densely convered on ventral surface with long hairs, the longest one nearly as long as length of arista; lateral lobes of epandrium oval with long fine hairs in male; facial tomentum silver white; female parafacialia silvery white; abdomen thinly dusted, usually metallic bluish green [Lowland forest species]...... H. tagaliana (Bigot) - Thoracic squama brownish white; male head subholoptic, with eyes separated by distance greater than width of third antennal segment; hairs on ventral surface of abdomen shorter than length of arista; lateral lobes of epandrium elongate, testaceous, very sparsely haired; facial tomentum grayish; female parafacialia grey; abdomen heavily dusted, usually metallic copper green [Synanthropic species]...... H. ligurriens (Wiedemann) 72

27. - Wing strongly infuscated along costal margin; parafacialia with row of fine hairs. Philippines...... L. fumicosta Malloch - Wing without demarcated costal infuscation; parafacialia bare...... 28 28. - Basicosta yellow...... 29 - Basicosta black...... 30 29. - Male sternites with tuft of long hairs; male abdomen usually arched in profile; Female body usually brassy or coppery on greenish background, with dense Pruinosity; cerebrale in male bearing one occipital hair – like seta on each side [Synanathropic species]...... L. cuprina (Wiedemann) - Male sternites without tuft of long hairs; male abdomen not conspicuously arched in profile; female body usually metallic green, sometimes more or less with coppery tinge; cerebrale in male bearing five to eight hair – like setae on

each side [Synanthropic species]………..…………………..L. sericata (Meigen) 30. - Abdomen without distinct black marginal bands; genal hairs long throughout………………………………………….………………………...…31 - Abdomen with broad black marginal bands; genal hairs short along upper

extremity…………………………………………..……………………………32

31. - Wing usually more strongly brownish – tinged; tergite 3 sometimes with lateral purple marginal band [Forest species]……………………L. salazarae Kurahashi - Wing hyaline or more or less pale brownish; tergite 3 with no lateral marginal band [Forest species]……………………………………..L. porphyrina (Walker) 32. - Male: narrowest part of frons less than width of ocellar triangle; parafacialia narrower than width of third antennal segment along upper extremity………...33 - Male: narrowest part of frons as wide as width of ocellar triangle; parafacialia as broad as or broader than width of third antennal segment along upper extremity………………………………………………………….……………..35 33. - Alar and thoracic squamae both fuscous brown [Montane forest species] ……………………………………………………….………..L. hainanensis Fan - Alar squama yellowish brown, thoracic one fuscous brown……………………34 73

34. - Thoracic squama largely infuscated; occiput with only one row of black postocular setae; frons index 0.19-0.20 in female [Montane forest species]………………………………………………………L. sinensis Aubertin - Thoracic squama pale, brownish on disc; occiput with more than two irregular rows of black postocular setae [Montane forest species]……….L. bazini Seguy 35. - Female: alar and thoracic squamae entirely fuscous, the former with tuft of blackish hairs on inner lower margin; parafacialia in male at least as broad as width of third antennal segment; frons index in female 0.24-0.25 [usually found in montane forests more than 1500 m above sea level]...…L. papuensis Macquart - Female: alar squama tuscous to yellowish brown with tuft of dark brown to black hairs on inner lower margin, thoracic one fuscous to brown; parafacilia in male more or less broader than width of third antennal segment [Lowland

forest species]…………………………..………………………L. calviceps Bezzi - Female: alar and thoracic squamae entirely or largely whitish, the former usually paler than the latter, with tuft of yellow hairs on inner lower margin; parafacialia in male as broad as width of third antennal segment [Lowland

forest species]………………….……………………..L. bismarckensis Kurahashi

36. - Presutural ial absent, rarely weakly developed…………………………………37 - Presutural ial well developed…………………………………………………...39 37. - Face, gena and postgena yellowish orange; epistome remarkably projecting forward, nearly by width of third antennal segment …………………………………....………………Calliphora (Paracalliphora), 38 - Face, gena and postgena black; epistome very slightly projecting forward. Northern Vietnam [Montane and synanthropic species] …………………………………………..………….Aldrichina grahami (Aldrich) 74

38. - Humeri reddish; thorax reddish in part; legs yellowish brown on coxae, apices of femora, and bases of tibiae; abdomen reddish on lateral sides. Indonesia (Sulawesi) [Montane forest species]……..C. hasanuddini Kurahashi and Selomo - Humeri bluish black, metallic, concolorous with thoracic dorsum; thorax entirely bluish black; legs largely blackish; abdomen entirely metallic blue. Malaysia, Indonesia (Sumatra, Java) and Philippines (Mindanao) [Montane forest species]…………………………….……………C. fulviceps van der Wulp 39. - Posthumeral bristles two; alar and thoracic squamae both whitish at least in part………………………………………………………………………………40 - Posthumeral bristles three; squamae entirely blackish to fuscous brown except for pale margin………………………………………………………….41 40. - Postsutural acr two; squamae whitish at base, largely fuscous brown.

Himalayas [Alpine species]……...………....C. himalayana Kurahashi and Thapa - Postsutural acr three; squamae entirely or largely whitish. Himalayas [Alpine species]………………………...………….C. chinghaiensis Van and Ma 41. - Gena reddish on anterior two – thirds; parafacialia reddish; basicosta usually

yellowish brown, but variable, sometimes blackish; mesothoracic spiracle

orange; male head subholoptic, eyes separated by more than width of ocellar triangle [Synanthropic species]…...………..C. vicina Robineau-Desvoidy - Gena entirely black in ground colour; parafacialia fuscous; basicosta black; mesothoracic spiracle usually fuscous to blackish, rarely yellowish on lower part or entirely in one case; male head holoptic…………..……………………42 42. - Posterior surface of postgena clothed with black hairs only. Himalayas [Alpine species]…………………….…….……………………C. loewi Enderlein - Posterior surface of postgena yellowish – haired, intermixed with black hairs. Himalayas [Alpine species]……………………...……………C. pattoni Aubertin - Posterior surface of postgena clothed with yellowish hairs, so postgena entirely yellowish – haired. [Subalpine to alpine, synanthropic species] ……………………………………………………………C. vomitoria (Linnaeus) 75

Key to the Sarcophagidae of the Oriental Region (H. Kurahashi) 1. - Hind coax hairy on posterior surface; ntp 4, two strong primary bristles, two smaller subprimary bristles; sternites 3 to 4 fully exposed and overlapping ventral margins of corresponding tergite...... Subfamily Sarcophaginae...... 2 - Hind coax bare on posterior surface; ntp 2; sternites 3 to 4 more or less concealed by ventral margin of corresponding tergite [No forensic importance]...... Subfamilies Miltogramminae and Paramacronychiinae 2. - Rows of frontal bristles parallel-sided. Himalayas [Montane and synanthropic species]...... Ravinia pernix (Harris) - Rows of frontal bristles divergent below level of antennal bases...... 3 3. - Postsutural dc3, equally well developed, arranged at similar interval...... 4

Postsutural dc4, arranged at regular intervals, anterior 2 moderately Developed in subequal length...... 6 - Postsural dc 4-5; anterior two to three pairs vestigial or at most reduced to half length of posterior 2; if dc4, then they are arranged at irregular

intervals...... 20

4. - Presutural ac 2-4, well developed; circus distinctly bent dorsally [Larvae parasitic,no forenstic importance]...... Blaesoxipha - Presutural ac usually absent or vestigial, at most weakly developed as presuturals; circus slender, not bent dorsally [Probably forensic importance]...... Pierretia....5 5. - First longitudinal vein r1 setulose; costa section 5 with short spines along anterior margin; sternite 4 covered with normal hairiness ...... P. calicifera (Boettcher) - First longitudinal vein r1 bare; costal section 5 with short spines only on basal half of anterior margin; sternite 4 almost entirely covered with mat of short hairs and some long ones on lateral margin ...... P. melania Shinonaga and Tumrasvin 76

6. - Propleuron bare; anterior paramere usually slender, sometimes stout, but not bifid anteriorly...... 7 - Propleuron hairy; anterior paramere large and stout, bifid anteriorly; presutural ac weakly developed and arranged in row anteriorly ...... Sarcorohdendorfia...... 11 7. - Presutural ac 2-4, well developed; 2-4 upper frontal bristles in cluding preverticals rather strongly developed, reclinate...... 15 - Presutural ac usually absent or vestigial, at most weakly developed….………..8 8. - Sternite 5 with protuberance on middle; aedeagus with large and syout stylus………………………………………….………....……Phallosphaera…9 - Sternite 5 without protuberance; aedeagus with slendse stylus……………….10 9. - Three rows of black postocular setae regular; third antennal segment three

times as long as second; circus very large, widely broadened on dorsal surface and curved at apical half, without tuft of long hairs near distal end……………………………………..P. kurahashii Shininaga and Tumrasvin - Only first row of black postocular setae regular; third antennal segment four

times as long as second; circus not so broad and stretched, with tuft of long

hairs in subapical portion…………….……...……… P. gravelyi (Senior-White) 10. - Aedeagus with stylus as long as or slightly longer than juxta …………………….…………………………….Sinonipponia hainanensis (Ho) - Aedeagus with stylus large, covered with microscopic white hairs ………………………………..……..Lioproctia beesoni (Senior-white) (in part) 11. - Sternite 4 usually with patch of brushy hairs; gena covered with black hairs more than anterior half………………………………………………………....12 - Sternite 4 without patch of brushy hairs; gena almost entirely clothed with whitish hairs except for only a few black ones on anterior extremity ……………...…………………………….S. Montana Shinonaga and Tumrasvin 77

12. - Wing yellowish tinged along anterior margin and veins posteriorly; cercus slightly curved and with groove basally; juxta with basal apophyses ……………………………………….……………..S. flavinervis (Senior-White) - Wing hyaline; cercus strongly bent and without groove basally; juxta without apophyses…………………………………………………………...…13 13. - Hairs on sternite 4 very long and equal in length to those on sternite 3; inner ridge of posterior surface of circus with some fine long hairs and outer ridge with spines; ventrlia two-wave-like shaped and with hook-like apical portion…………..……………………..S. multivillosa Shininaga and Tumrasvin - Hairs on sternite 4 much shorter than those of sternite 3; inner ridge of posterior surface of cercus bare, only with spines at outer ridge; ventralia well developed…………………………………………………………………14

14. - Occiput with many (12-14) black setulae below poc; ventralia serrated on anterior margin of apical half……………………………..S. inextricata (Walker) - Occiput with two to four black setulae below poc; ventralia lobe-like with no Serration…………………………………………...………S. antilope (Boettcher)

15. - Hind tibia with one av, with fringe of long hairs sparsely arranged on

anteroventral and posteroventral surfaces; aedeagus with well developed lobe-like vesica; stylus very long, thread-like, about twice as long as juxta…………………………...………………..Fengia ostindicae (Senior-White) - Hind tibia with two av, sometimes one av, but without fringe; aedeagus without vasica……………………………………………….Sarcosolomonia…16 16. - Tergite 3 always with median marginal bristle; cercus with subapical spines………………………………….…………S. shinonagai Kano and Sooksri - Tergite 3 without median marginal bristle; cercus without subapical spines...…17 17. - First longitudinal vein r1 setulose……………………………………………….18 - First longitudinal vein r1 bare…………………………………………………...19 18. - Anterior paramere with flange; ventralia bifid at apex……...S. rohdendorfi Nandi - Anterior paramere without flange; ventralia pointed at apex …………………………………………….S. trifulcata Shinonaga and Tumrasvin 78

19. - Middle of cercus with free part bent upward anteriorly; juxta small …………………………………….S. anreomarginata Shinonaga and Tumrasvin - Middle of cercus normal, forked at apex; juxta large…..………S. crinita (Parker) 20. - Arista pubescent, longest hairs as long as basal diameter; ntp 2;st 1+1 [Sea shore speciess]……………………..…..……….………Leucomyia alba (Schiner) - Arista long plumose; ntp 4; st 1+1+1………………………………..…………..21 21. - Postsutural ac absent or fine………………………………………..……………22 - Postsutural ac present as prescutellars………………………………..………….23 22. - Genital segment reddish orange; gena largely clothed with white hairs posteriorly; anterior part of alar squama with a tuft of white hairs at inner lower margin……………………………………..…Bercaea Africa (Wiedemann) - Genital segments blackish; gena almost entirely clothed with black hairs;

anterior part of alar squama with tuft of black hairs at inner lower margin………………...……….……Parasarcophaga javana (Macquart)(in part) 23. - Propleuron hairy………………………………………………………..………..24 - Propleuron bare…………………………………………………………..………31

24. - Sternite 5 with prominent conical protuberance in middle part

……………………………………………….. Rosellea khasiensis (Senior-White) - Stermite 5 without protuberance in middle part…………………………………25 25. - Hind tibia usually without fringe, at most weak, sparse, fringe present only on posterocentral surface, usually with two av; sternite 4 with rather long hairs on merdian part of posterior margin; ventralia large, globose, with numerous spines……………………………………………………………Boettcherisa…26 - Hind tibia with well developed fringe, if fringe poorly developed, then only one av present; sternite 4 without remarkable hairs on median part of posterior margin; ventralia not globose, without spine…………...…………….28 26. - Black genal hairs not extending beyond anterior half; spines on apical part of cercus not extending to dorsal side………....B. peregrine (Robineau-Desvoidy) - Black genal hairs extending beyond anterior half; spines on apical part of cercus extending to dorsal side…………………………………………………27 79

27. - Vesica reduced to small rounded shape……………………….B. javanical Lopes Vesica largely lobulated with small dorsal expansion….….……B. nathani Lopes 28. - No membranous region between theca and corpus; lower half of ventralia highly sclerotized and serrated…………………...….Hosarcophaga serrata (Ho) - Between theca and corpus membranous; ventralia not serrated……………...…29 29. - First longitudinal vein (r1) setulose; corpus poorly sclerotized; juxta largely rounded apically; ventralia reduced to small lobe; body length 8.0-8.5 mm [Sea shore species]…………….………Alisarcophaga gressitti (Hall and Bohart) - Vein r1 bare; corpus highly sclerotized, slightly curved apically; ventralia well developed; body length 14.5-15.0 mm………………………………………….30 30. - Hind tibia with well developed fringe on anteroventral and posteroventral surfaces; abdomen grey-dusted…………...…….Lioproctia pattoni (Senior-White)

- Hind tibia with poor fringe on posteroventral surface; abdomen yellowish golden dusted on tergites 4 and 5………………………………………. ……………………………………………Lioproctia notasbilis (Kano and Lopes) 31. - Sternites 2 and 3 densely clothed with long hairs; aedeagus with stylus large,

covered with microscopic white hairs…….……Lioproctia beesoni (Senior-White)

- Sternites 2 and 3 normally with sparse hairs; aedeagus with stylus slender, never covered with microscopic hairs…………………………………………..32 32. - Sternite 4 with mat of hairs……………………………………………………...33 - Sternite 4 without mat of hairs…………………………………………………..34 33. - Mid tibia with well developed fringe on antero-to postero ventrally, without v, rarely with slrnder av; hind tibia usually without av; aedeagus very large; theca long; juxta rounded and wholly membranous; body length 13.0-17.0 mm………………………...…….Seniorwhitea princeps (Wiedemann) - Mid tibia without or at most with short fringe posteroventrally; hind tibia with one stout av; aedeagus normal in size; theca short; juxta long and slender and slightly sclerotized; body length 7.0-10.5 mm .…………………………………………….Harpagophalla kempi (Senior-White) 80

34. - Sternite 4 sparsely haired; mid femur with comb-like pv in apical part; hind tibia usually fringed……………………………….…………Parasarcophaga…35 - Sternite 4 conspicuously dense-haired; mid femur without come;like pv; hind tibia never fringed………………………………………………………..…47 35. - Antenna, palpus and genital segments bright orange; ventralia reduced to tubercles……………………………………………….….P. ruficornis (Fabricius) - Antenna and palpus variable in colour, usually blackish; genital segments light to dark brown, orange-brown or black; ventralia developed……………...36 36. - Ventralia pedunculated………………………………………………………….37 - Ventralia not pedunculated……………………………………………………...39 37. - Palpus orange, if darkened, then hind tibia with two av on apical third…………………………………………………………...P. misera (Walker)

- Palpus fuscous brown to black………………………………………………….38 38. - One row of black postocular setae; gena with only a few black hairs at anterior extremity; hind femur without fringe; hind tibia without av; ac 1+1 [Common synanthropic species]……………………..P. taenionita (Wiedemann)

- Three rows of black postocular setae, but only one row regular; gena with

numerous black hairs anteriorly; hind femur with fringe on posteroventral surface; hind tibia with one av; ac 0-1+1 [Common synanathropic species] ……………………………………………………...………P. albiceps (Meigen) 39. - Juxta composed of small or slender median apophysis and pair of long and straight or curved arms; ventralia commonly sheet-like……………………..…40 - Juxta composed of large and broad median process and pair of long and curved arms; ventralia mostly filamentous …………………………………………..P. spinipenis Shinonaga and Tumrasvin 40. - Sternites 2 & 3 with dense long hairs, longer than length of each sternite…………………………………….....…….P. javana (Macquart)(in part) - Sternites 2 & 3 shorter than length of each sternite………………………….....41 41. - Hind tibia without fringe……………………………………………………….42 Hind tibia with fringe…………………………………………………………..44 81

42. - Juxta small with lateral processes, bifid at apex.…P. scopariiformis (Senior-White) - Juxta elongated, with median apophysis………………………………………….43 43. - Membranous lobe of paraphallus rod-like, blunt at apex; mid tibia with two ad……………………………………………………...……….P. iwuensis (Ho) - Membranous lobe of paraphallus divergent, curled at apex; mid tibia with one ad……………………………………………………………P. yunnanensis Fan 44. - One row of black postocular setae……………………………………………...…45 - More than one row of black postocular setae……………………………………..46 45. - Large fly; body length 13.0-14.0 mm; cercus enlarged, broadened laterally, with small spines along anterior margin of dorsal surface; vesica composed of three lobes; ventralia serrated; lateral arm of juxta pointed at apex …………………………………………...P. amplicercus Shinonaga and Tumrasvin

- Medium-sized fly; body length 10.0-13.0 mm; cercus normal, not enlarged dorsally, without spines; vesica composed of one lobe; lateral arm of juxta bifid at apex…………………………………………….…………P. dux (Thomson) 46. - Black genal hairs located only on anterior part of gena; cercus beak-shape at

apex………………………………………………………...……P. brevicornis (Ho)

- Black genal hairs extending beyond anterior half of gena; circus pointed at apex………………………………………………...……………P. idmais (Se’ guy) 47. - Juxta united to corpus with suture, slightly sclerotized………….Thyrsocnema…48 - Juxta well differentiated from corpus, mostly membranous ………………………...………Kanomyia bangkokensis Shinonaga and Tumrasvin 48. - Tergites 4 and 5 covered with golden dusting; hind tibia with long posteroventral fringe; dc 4; body length 6.0-10.0 mm ………………………………….………………T. bornensis Shinonaga and Lopes - Tergites 4 and 5 covered with usual grey dusting; hind tibia without fringe; body length 5.0-8.0 mm…………………………..………T. caudagalli (Boettcher) 82

2. ‹ÎµÂœ„‹µ„„µ¦˜¦ª‹®µ DNA ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„„µ¦­´ŠÁ„˜‹µ„¨´„¬–³­Îµ‡´µŠ ž¦³„µ¦ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œ°µ‹‹³—¼Ž´Žo°œÂ¨³‡n°œ oµŠ¥µ„ ‹¹ŠÅ—o¤¸„µ¦¡´•œµ„µ¦˜¦ª‹®µ DNA °Š ¤¨Šª´œ ¹Êœ¤µ Ž¹ÉŠœ´Áž}œšµŠÁ¨º°„®œ¹ÉŠš¸É‹³¤µnª¥Äœ„µ¦‹ÎµÂœ„œ·— °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œÅ—o ×¥‹³nª¥ ž¦³®¥´—Áª¨µÄœ„µ¦Á¡µ³Á¨¸Ê¥Š˜´ª°n°œ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œŽ¹ÉŠ°µ‹‹³˜o°ŠÄoÁª¨µœµœž¦³¤µ– 1-2 ­´ž—µ®r Á¡ºÉ°¦°Ä®o˜´ª°n°œ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª˜´œÁ‹¦·Á ·Ã˜Áž}œ˜´ªÁ˜È¤ª´¥„n°œš¸É‹³œÎµÅžÄoĜ„µ¦‹ÎµÂœ„œ·—×¥ „µ¦­´ŠÁ„˜‹µ„¨´„¬–³­Îµ‡´µŠž¦³„µ¦ ˜n„µ¦˜¦ª‹®µ DNA °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œ ‹³­µ¤µ¦™˜¦ª‹Å—o ˜´ÊŠÂ˜n¤¨Šª´œ¥´Š°¥¼nĜ¦³¥³˜´ª°n°œÅ—o Ž¹ÉŠ­µ¤µ¦™˜¦ª‹Å—oš´ÊŠÂ mtDNA (DNA š¸É˜¦ª‹¡Äœ mitochondria) ¨³ nuclear DNA (DNA š¸É˜¦ª‹¡Äœ nucleus) „µ¦˜¦ª‹®µ DNA °ŠÂ¤¨Š Á¦·É¤ ‹µ„„µ¦œÎµÂ¤¨Š¤µšÎµ‡ªµ¤­³°µ—¨oª‹¹ŠœÎµÅž­„´—Â¥„ DNA ×¥ª·›¸ phenol/chloroform Ž¹ÉŠ„µ¦ ­„´—Â¥„ DNA —oª¥ª·›¸œ¸Ê‹³šÎµÄ®o­µ¤µ¦™­„´—Å—o DNA š¸É¤¸ž¦·¤µ–¤µ„¨³¤¸‡»–£µ¡—¸ ˜n ­µ¦¨³¨µ¥ phenol œ´ÊœÁž}œ­µ¦š¸ÉÁž}œ°´œ˜¦µ¥˜n°Ÿ·ª®œ´ŠÂ¨³Á¥ºÉ°» ‹¹ŠÅ—o¤¸„µ¦¡´•œµ„µ¦­„´— DNA —oª¥­µ¦°ºÉœÇ ¹Êœ¤µÄošœ Ž¹ÉŠ¤¸š´ÊŠ DNAzol“, Chelex“,Qiagen ¨³Äœ ´Êœ˜°œ­»—šoµ¥‹¹ŠœÎµ DNA

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10 nucleotides Áž}œ„µ¦ ¥µ¥·Êœ DNA ­ »n¤Á¤ºÉ°šÎµÄ®o DNA Ážjµ®¤µ¥Â¥„Áž}œ­µ¥Á—¸É¥ªÂ¨oª‹³ čo primer 1 œ·—Ž¹ÉŠ‹³‹´š¸Éž¨µ¥ 5’ °Šš´ÊŠ­°Š­µ¥ DNA ¦·Áª–š¸ÉÁž}œÁ­‡¼n­¤ ×¥„µ¦Á„µ³ °Š primer £µ¥Äœ genome ­µ¤µ¦™¤¸Å—o®¨µ¥¦·Áª– ‹µ„œ´ÊœÄ o Enzyme polymerase ­´ŠÁ‡¦µ³®rÁž}œ šn°œ DNA nªŠ¦³®ªnµŠš¸É primer ‹´ž¨µ¥®´ªšoµ¥ °Š DNA Á¤ºÉ°Á¡·É¤ž¦·¤µ–Å—o¤µ„ œÎµ DNA Ážjµ®¤µ¥¤µ˜¦ª‹‹³ž¦µ„’™ DNA Ž¹ÉŠ­µ¤µ¦™Äo˜¦ª‹®µ‡ªµ¤Áž}œÁ°„¨´„¬–r °Š­·ÉŠ¤¸¸ª·˜Å—o „¨nµªÃ—¥­¦»žª·›¸œ¸Êœ´Áž}œ„µ¦­»n¤·Êœ­nªœ °Š DNA £µ¥Äœ genome °°„¤µ Ž¹ÉŠ¤¸ œµ—­´ÊœÂ¨³¤¸ ‹Îµœªœ»— °ŠÁ­Ž Ê娳„¨´š·«„´œ ž¦³Ã¥œr °Šª·›¸œ¸Ê‡º° ­µ¦Á‡¤¸š¸ÉœÎµ¤µÄo­µ¤µ¦™Á„ȝŗoœµœ ¨³˜¦ª‹­°Ÿ¨Å—oŠnµ¥

98Dorothy E. Gennard, Forensic entomology : an introduction (London : John Wily & Sons, 2007), 45-50. 83

2.2 Mitochondrial DNA ª·›¸œ¸ÊÁž}œ„µ¦˜¦ª‹®µ DNA ‹µ„‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›ršµŠ­µ¥Â¤n Ž¹ÉŠ Mitochondrial DNA °ŠÂ¤¨Š‹³¤¸ œµ—Á¨È„¤µ„ ×¥¤¸ DNA ­µ¥‡¼nž¦³¤µ– 16000 ‡¼nÁ­ ¨³¤¸ 37 genes Ž¹ÉŠž¦³„°—oª¥ 2 ®œnª¥¥n°¥ °Š cytochrome c oxidase ‡º° COI ¨³ COII ×¥ COI ¤´„‹³™¼„œÎµ¤µÄoĜ„µ¦˜¦ª‹®µ­µ¦¡´œ›»„¦¦¤ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„¤¸ œµ—Ä®n ž¦³Ã¥œr °Šª·›¸œ¸Ê‡º°Áž}œ „µ¦˜¦ª‹®µ­µ¦¡´œ›»„¦¦¤ °ŠÂ¤¨Šš¸É‹ÎµÁ¡µ³Á‹µ³‹ŠÄœÂ˜n¨³œ·— 2.3 Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) ª·›¸œ¸ÊÁž}œ„µ¦˜¦ª‹—¼‡ªµ¤ ®¨µ„®¨µ¥šµŠ¡´œ›»„¦¦¤ ®¨´„„µ¦‡º°Äo Enzyme ˜´—‹ÎµÁ¡µ³¤µ˜´—­µ¥ DNA Á¡ºÉ°˜¦ª‹®µ‡ªµ¤ ˜„˜nµŠ °Š·Êœ DNA š¸É™¼„˜´—–˜ÎµÂ®œnŠš¸É‹ÎµÁ¡µ³ ×¥Á¦·É¤‹µ„„µ¦Á¡·É¤ž¦·¤µ– DNA š¸É˜o°Š„µ¦ ‹µ„œ´ÊœœÎµŸ¨Ÿ¨·˜ °Š PCR ¤µ˜´——oª¥ Enzyme ˜´—‹ÎµÁ¡µ³Â¨oªœÎµ DNA š¸É™¼„˜´—¤µÂ¥„ œµ—¨³ œ·— °Š DNA œÂŸnœ gel electrophoresis ¨oª¥o°¤Â™ DNA —oª¥ ethidium bromide ™ °Š DNA š¸Éž¦µ„’œÎµ¤µÄo‹ÎµÂœ„­·ÉŠ¤¸¸ª·˜œ·—˜nµŠÇ ŗo ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„™ °Š DNA œµ—˜nµŠÇ ‹´—Áž}œ ¨´„¬–³š¸É‹ÎµÁ¡µ³Äœ­·ÉŠ¤¸¸ª·˜Â˜n¨³œ·—„¨nµªÃ—¥­¦»žª·›¸„µ¦œ¸Ê­µ¤µ¦™°„‡ªµ¤Â˜„˜nµŠ„´œšµŠ

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nª¥Äœ„µ¦‹ÎµÂœ„œ·— °ŠÂ¤¨ŠÅ—oÁšnµœ´Êœ Á¡¦µ³Ã—¥­nªœÄ®n¨oªœ´„„¸’ª·š¥µ¥´Š‡ŠÄ®o‡ªµ¤­µ‡Î ´ Ĝ„µ¦‹ÎµÂœ„œ·— °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œ ‹µ„„µ¦­´ŠÁ„˜¨´„¬–³­Îµ‡´µŠž¦³„µ¦ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œ˜´ªÁ˜È¤ª´¥°¥¼n ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„Áž}œª·›¸š¸É¡¦n®¨µ¥ ‡nµÄo‹nµ¥Å¤n­¼ŠÂ¨³Ÿ¨š¸Éŗoœ´Áž}œš¸É¥°¤¦´ °Šš´ÉªÃ¨„ ¤¸Šµœª·‹´¥š¸ÉšÎµ„µ¦‹ÎµÂœ„œ·— °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œ‹µ„„µ¦˜¦ª‹®µ DNA99 ץĜŠµœª·‹´¥œ¸Ê ¥´Š‡ŠÄ®o‡ªµ¤­Îµ‡´„´„µ¦‹ÎµÂœ„œ·— °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œ‹µ„„µ¦­´ŠÁ„˜‹µ„¨´„¬–³­Îµ‡´µŠž¦³„µ¦ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œ˜´ªÁ˜È¤ª´¥°¥¼n ‹¹Šœ´ªnµ„µ¦‹ÎµÂœ„œ·— °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œ‹µ„„µ¦˜¦ª‹®µ DNA œ´Êœ™º°Áž}œ šµŠÁ¨º°„®œ¹ÉŠš¸ÉÁ oµ¤µnª¥¥ºœ¥´œÁšnµœ´Êœ¥´ŠÅ¤nœ´Áž}œšµŠÁ¨º°„®¨´„Äœ„µ¦œÎµ¤µÄo‹ÎµÂœ„œ·— °Š ¤¨ŠÅ—o

99Judith A. Smith and Nicola C. Baker, “Molecular genetic identification of forensically important flies in the UK,” Forensic Science International : Genetic Supplement Series 121 (October 2007). 84

Order Coleoptera °´œ—´ Coleoptra (Coleoptera coleos = ®»o¤®¦º°´Š pteron = že„) ¤¨Šš¸É°¥¼nĜ°´œ—´œ¸Ê ŗo„n —oªŠ (beetles) —oªŠŠªŠ (weevils) ¨³—oªŠže„ Ȋ°ºÉœÇ100 „µ¦œÎµ—oªŠ¤µÄož¦³¤µ–¦³¥³Áª¨µ®¨´Š„µ¦˜µ¥ °ŠŽµ„­·ÉŠ¤¸¸ª·˜œ´Êœ‹³¡·‹µ¦–µ‹µ„ ¦³¥³Áª¨µÄœ„µ¦Á oµ®µ°µ®µ¦ °Š—oªŠ‹µ„Žµ„ °Š­·ÉŠ¤¸¸ª·˜œ´ÊœÇ ×¥­nªœÄ®n—oªŠ‹³Á oµ®µ°µ®µ¦ ‹µ„Žµ„­·ÉŠ¤¸¸ª·˜š¸É˜µ¥¤µÁž}œÁª¨µœµœ ‹œÁ oµ­¼n°´˜¦µ„µ¦¥n°¥­¨µ¥Äœ¦³¥³š¸É 4-5 ŗo„n ¦³¥³ Butyric fermentation ¨³¦³¥³ Dry decay Ž¹ÉŠÁž}œ¦³¥³š¸ÉŽµ„­·ÉŠ¤¸¸ª·˜Á¦·É¤Â®oŠ˜´ªÁ„º°‹³Á˜È¤šÂ¨¸É oª Á¤ºÉ°š¦µ¦³¥³Áª¨µÄœ„µ¦Á oµ°µ®µ¦ °Š—oªŠ ‹³œÎµ¤µ¡·‹µ¦–µ¦nª¤„´œ„´ªŠ‹¦¸ª·˜ °Š—oªŠªnµ—oªŠ š¸É˜¦ª‹¡œ´Êœªnµ°¥¼nĜ¦³¥³Ä—¤¸°µ¥»ž¦³¤µ–„¸Éª´œÂ¨oª‹¹ŠœÎµ¤µ¡·‹µ¦–µ¦nª¤„´œ„´„µ¦ž¦³¤µ– ¦³¥³Áª¨µ®¨´Š„µ¦˜µ¥˜µ¤‡ªµ¤Á®Èœ °ŠÂ¡š¥rœ·˜·Áª ×¥ªŠ«r °Š—oªŠš¸É¤¸¦µ¥Šµœªnµ¤¸„µ¦˜¦ª‹¡ ‹µ„Žµ„ °Š­·ÉŠ¤¸¸ª·˜101 ¤¸—´Šœ¸Ê

1. ªŠ«r (Family) Silphidae ¤¸ºÉ°­µ¤´š¸É¦¼o‹´„„´œš´ÉªÅž —´Šœ¸Ê Carrion Beetle, Burying Beetle —oªŠÄœªŠ«rœ¸Ê¡Å—oš´ÉªÃ¨„¤¸¤µ„„ªnµ 1,500 œ·—¤¸˜´ÊŠÂ˜n œµ—žµœ„¨µŠ‹œ™¹Š œµ—Ä®n ‡ªµ¤¥µªÃ—¥ÁŒ¨¸É¥ 1-3.5 ÁŽœ˜·Á¤˜¦ ˜´ªÁ˜È¤ª´¥‹³®µ°µ®µ¦˜µ¤Â®¨nŠŽµ„¡º Žµ„­´˜ªrš¸ÉÁœnµÁžg~°¥ ×¥—oªŠš¸É¤¸¦µ¥Šµœªnµ™¼„˜¦ª‹¡Å—o‹µ„Žµ„«¡ °Šž¦³Áš«Åš¥Â¨³œÎµ¤µÄož¦³¤µ–¦³¥³Áª¨µ

®¨´Š„µ¦˜µ¥Å—o ¤¸—´Šœ¸Ê

100¥»¡µ ®µ»š¦Š ¨³ ª·Ã¦‹œr ¨·­»ª¦¦–, šž’·´˜·„µ¦„¸’ªš¥µÁ· ºÊ°Š˜oœ, 106. 101Jason H. Byrd and James L. Castner, Forensic entomology : the utility of arthropods in legal investigations, 43-72. 85

1.1 Necrodes surinamensis

£µ¡š¸É 25 ˜´ª°n°œÂ¨³˜´ªÁ˜È¤ª´¥ °Š Necrodes surinamensis š¸É¤µ Jason H. Byrd and James L. Castner, Forensic entomology : the utility of arthropods in legal investigations. Florida; 2000.

ºÉ°­µ¤´‡º° Suriname Carrion Beetle —oªŠœ·—œ¸Ê¤¸ œµ—Ä®n ¨Îµ˜´ªÂ¨³že„ ¤¸­¸—ε¤¸‹»—­¸­o¤­¸Á®¨º°Š ­¸Â—ŠÂ˜o¤°¥¼n˜¦Š¦·Áª–ž¨µ¥že„˜´ª°n°œ °Š—oªŠœ·—œ¸Ê‹³¤¸­¸œÊ嘵¨Â—Š

‹œ™¹Š­¸—εÁž}œÂ™¦·ÊªšµŠ—oµœœ °Š¨Îµ˜´ª (dorsal) —oªŠœ·—œ¸Ê¤¸ 6 µ ­µ¤µ¦™Á‡¨ºÉ°œš¸Éŗo°¥nµŠ ¦ª—Á¦Èª ˜¦ª‹¡Å—oĜŽµ„­·ÉŠ¤¸¸ª·˜š¸ÉÁœnµÁžg~°¥¤µÁž}œÁª¨µœµœ ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„˜´ª°n°œÂ¨³˜´ªÁ˜È¤ª´¥ °Š —oªŠœ·—œ¸Ê‹³®µ°µ®µ¦Ã—¥„µ¦„·œ˜´ª°n°œ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œ

2. ªŠ«r (Family) Dermestidae ¤¸ºÉ°­µ¤´š¸É¦¼o‹´„„´œš´ÉªÅž —´Šœ¸Ê Skin Beetle, Larder

Beetle, Carpet Beetle and Khapra Beetle —oªŠÄœªŠ«rœ¸Ê¡Å—oš´ÉªÃ¨„¤¸¤µ„„ªnµ 500 œ·—¤¸ œµ—Á¨È„ ¤¸‡ªµ¤¥µªÃ—¥ÁŒ¨¸É¥ 0.2-1.2 ÁŽœ˜·Á¤˜¦ ¨Îµ˜´ª¦¼žÅ n —oµœ®¨´Šœ¼œ ®œª—­¤´Êœ¤¸ œ¨³Á°¸¥— ¸Á„¨È— ¹Êœ ž„‡¨»¤¨Îµ˜´ª˜´ªÁ˜È¤ª´¥‹³®µ°µ®µ¦˜µ¤Â®¨nŠŽµ„¡ºŽµ„­´˜ªrš¸ÉÁœnµÁžg~°¥ ×¥—oªŠš¸É¤¸¦µ¥ŠµœÄœ ž¦³Áš«Åš¥ªnµ™¼„˜¦ª‹¡Å—o‹µ„Žµ„«¡Â¨³œÎµ¤µÄož¦³¤µ–¦³¥³Áª¨µ®¨´Š„µ¦˜µ¥Å—o ¤¸—´Šœ¸Ê 2.1 Dermestes maculatus

£µ¡š ¸É 26 ˜´ª°n°œÂ¨³˜´ªÁ˜È¤ª¥ °Š´ Dermestes maculatus š¸É¤µ Jason H. Byrd and James L. Castner, Forensic entomology : the utility of arthropods in legal investigations. Florida; 2000. 86

ºÉ°­µ¤´‡º° Hide or Leather Beetle —oªŠœ·—œ¸Ê¤¸ œµ—˜´ÊŠÂ˜n 0.5-1 ÁŽœ˜·Á¤˜¦ ˜¦Š­nªœ—oµœœ °Š¨Îµ˜´ª‹³¤¸­¸œÊ嘵¨Â—Š‹œ™¹Š­¸—娳­nªœ—oµœšo°Š‹³¤¸­¸ µª ˜´ª °n°œ °Š—oªŠœ·—œ¸Ê‹³¤¸­¸œÊ嘵¨Á o¤‹œ™¹Š­¸—ε ­µ¤µ¦™‹ÎµÂœ„Å—oŠnµ¥ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„˜´ª°n°œ °Š—oªŠœ·— œ¸Ê‹³¤¸ œ¥µª­¸—ε¥ºÉœ°°„¤µš´Éªš´ÊŠ¨Îµ˜´ª ­µ¤µ¦™˜¦ª‹¡Å—oĜŽµ„­·ÉŠ¤¸¸ª·˜š¸ÉÁœnµÁžg~°¥¤µÁž}œ Áª¨µœµœ ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„˜´ª°n°œÂ¨³˜´ªÁ˜È¤ª´¥ °Š—oªŠœ·—œ¸Ê‹³®µ°µ®µ¦Ã—¥„µ¦„·œÁœºÊ°®¦º°®œ´Šš¸É®oŠ °ŠŽµ„­·ÉŠ¤¸¸ª·˜Ã—¥¤¸¦µ¥Šµœ„µ¦˜¦ª‹¡˜´ªÁ˜È¤ª´¥ °Š—oªŠœ·—œ¸Ê‹µ„Žµ„«¡š¸É˜µ¥¤µÂ¨oª ž¦³¤µ– 5-11 ª´œ102

3. ªŠ«r (Family) Histeridae —oªŠÄœªŠ«rœ¸Ê¡Å—oš´ÉªÃ¨„¤¸¤µ„„ªnµ 3,000 œ·—¤¸ œµ— Á¨È„¤¸‡ªµ¤¥µªÃ—¥ÁŒ¨¸É¥ 1 ÁŽœ˜·Á¤˜¦ ˜´ªÁ˜È¤ª´¥‹³®µ°µ®µ¦˜µ¤Â®¨nŠŽµ„¡º Žµ„­´˜ªrš¸ÉÁœnµÁžg~°¥ ¦ª¤š´ÊŠ¤¼¨­´˜ªr ×¥—oªŠš¸É¤¸¦µ¥Šµœªnµ™¼„˜¦ª‹¡Å—o‹µ„Žµ„«¡ °Šž¦³Áš«Åš¥Â¨³œÎµ¤µÄo ž¦³¤µ–¦³¥³Áª¨µ®¨´Š„µ¦˜µ¥Å—o ¤¸—´Šœ¸Ê

3.1 Hister sp.

£µ¡š¸É 27 ˜´ª°n°œÂ¨³˜ªÁ˜´ Ȥª´¥ °Š Hister sp. š¸É¤µ Jason H. Byrd and James L. Castner, Forensic entomology : the utility of arthropods in legal investigations. Florida; 2000.

102Richards E. N. and Goff, M. L., “Arthropod succession on exposed carrion in three contrasting tropical habitats on Hawaii Islands, Hawaii,” Journal of Medicine Entomology 34 (1997) : 328-339. 87

ºÉ°­µ¤´‡º° Clown Beetle —oªŠœ·—œ¸Ê¤¸ œµ—˜´ÊŠÂ˜n 0.4-0.5 ÁŽœ˜·Á¤˜¦ ¨Îµ˜´ª°µ‹‹³¤¸­¸—ε­¸œÊ嘵¨ ­¸Â—ŠÂ¨³­¸Á ¸¥ª­³šo°œÂ­Š ¨´„¬–³ °Š¨Îµ˜´ª‹³œ¼œÃ‡oŠ¤¸že„š¸É­´Êœ˜´ª Á˜È¤ª´¥ °Š—oªŠœ·—œ¸Ê­µ¤µ¦™Á‡¨ºÉ°œš¸Éŗo°¥nµŠ¦ª—Á¦Èª ®µ„™¼„¦„ªœ‹³Â­—Š¡§˜·„¦¦¤œ°œœ·ÉŠÅ¤n Á‡¨ºÉ°œÅ®ª Ž¹ÉŠ¡§˜·„¦¦¤Âœ¸ÊšÎµÄ®oœ´„„¸’ª·š¥µš¸É°°„ž’·´˜·Šµœ˜¦ª‹­™µœš¸ÉÁ„·—Á®˜»¤°Š oµ¤š¸É ‹³Á„ȝ˜´ª°¥nµŠÂ¤¨Šš¸É˜µ¥Â¨oª103 ˜´ª°n°œ °Š—oªŠœ·—œ¸Ê‹³¤¸­¸ µª ­µ¤µ¦™˜¦ª‹¡Å—oĜŽµ„ ­·ÉŠ¤¸¸ª·˜š¸ÉÁœnµÁžg~°¥¤µÁž}œÁª¨µœµœ ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„˜´ª°n°œÂ¨³˜´ªÁ˜È¤ª´¥ °Š—oªŠœ·—œ¸Ê‹³®µ°µ®µ¦Ã—¥ „µ¦„·œÁœºÊ°®¦º°®œ´Šš¸É®oŠ °ŠŽµ„­·ÉŠ¤¸¸ª·˜„·œÅ n¨³˜´ª°n°œ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œÁž}œ°µ®µ¦

4. ªŠ«r (Family) Cleridae —oªŠÄœªŠ«rœ¸Ê¡Å—oš´ÉªÃ¨„¤¸¤µ„„ªnµ 3,500 œ·—¤¸ œµ—Á¨È„ ¤¸‡ªµ¤¥µªÃ—¥ÁŒ¨¸É¥ 0.3-1.2 ÁŽœ˜·Á¤˜¦ ˜´ªÁ˜È¤ª´¥‹³®µ°µ®µ¦˜µ¤Â®¨nŠŽµ„¡º Žµ„­´˜ªrš¸ÉÁœnµÁžg~°¥ ¤µÁž}œÁª¨µœµœ ×¥—oªŠš¸É¤¸¦µ¥Šµœªnµ™¼„˜¦ª‹¡Å—o‹µ„Žµ„«¡ °Šž¦³Áš«Åš¥Â¨³œÎµ¤µÄo

ž¦³¤µ–¦³¥³Áª¨µ®¨´Š„µ¦˜µ¥Å—o ¤¸—´Šœ¸Ê 4.1 Necrobia rufipes

£µ¡š¸É 28 ˜´ª°n°œÂ¨³˜ªÁ˜´ Ȥª´¥ °Š Necrobia rufipes š¸É¤µ ˜´ª°n°œ‹µ„ Jason H. Byrd and James L. Castner, Forensic entomology : the utility of arthropods in legal investigations. Florida; 2000. ¨³˜´ªÁ˜È¤ª¥‹µ„´ Necrobia rufipes [Online], Accessed 13 December 2005. Available from http://bugguide.net/node/view/39730

ºÉ°­µ¤´‡º° Red-Legged Ham Beetle —oªŠœ·—œ¸Ê¤¸ œµ—Á¨È„˜´ÊŠÂ˜n 0.3-0.7 ÁŽœ˜·Á¤˜¦ ˜´ªÁ˜È¤ª´¥¤¸¨´„¬–³¡·Á«¬ š¸É¨Îµ˜´ª‹³¤¸­¸œÊεÁŠ·œ°¤Á ¸¥ª­³šo°œÂ­ŠÂ¨³‡n°œ oµŠ¤´œªµª

103Nuorteva, P., “Histwrid beetles as predators of blowflies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in Finland,” Annales Zoologici Fennici 7 (1970) : 195-198. 88

¤¸ µ­¸Â—Š 6 µ ˜´ª°n°œ °Š—oªŠœ·—œ¸Ê‹³¤¸­¸ µªÂ¨³¤¸‹»—­¸¤nªŠž¦µ„’Ä®oÁ®Èœ°¥¼nÁ˜È¤¨Îµ˜´ª­nªœ®´ª ¨³®µŠ‹³¤¸­¸œÊ嘵¨Â—Š Ž¹ÉŠšÎµÄ®o­µ¤µ¦™‹ÎµÂœ„Å—oŠnµ¥ ­µ¤µ¦™˜¦ª‹¡Å—oĜŽµ„­·ÉŠ¤¸¸ª·˜š¸ÉÁœnµ Ážg~°¥¤µÁž}œÁª¨µœµœ ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„˜´ª°n°œÂ¨³˜´ªÁ˜È¤ª´¥ °Š—oªŠœ·—œ¸Ê‹³®µ°µ®µ¦Ã—¥„µ¦„·œ˜´ª°n°œ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œ

5. ªŠ«r (Family) Trogidae —oªŠÄœªŠ«rœ¸Ê¡Å—oš´ÉªÃ¨„ž¦³¤µ– 50 œ·—¤¸ œµ—Á¨È„¤¸ ‡ªµ¤¥µªÃ—¥ÁŒ¨¸É¥ 0.5-2 ÁŽœ˜·Á¤˜¦ ˜´ªÁ˜È¤ª´¥‹³®µ°µ®µ¦˜µ¤Â®¨nŠŽµ„¡º Žµ„­´˜ªrš¸ÉÁœnµÁžg~°¥¤µ Áž}œÁª¨µœµœ ×¥—oªŠš¸É¤¸¦µ¥Šµœªnµ™¼„˜¦ª‹¡Å—o‹µ„Žµ„«¡ °Šž¦³Áš«Åš¥Â¨³œÎµ¤µÄo ž¦³¤µ–¦³¥³Áª¨µ®¨´Š„µ¦˜µ¥Å—o ¤¸—´Šœ¸Ê 5.1 Trox sp.

£µ¡š ¸É 29 ˜´ª°n°œÂ¨³˜´ªÁ˜È¤ª¥ °Š´ Trox sp. š¸É¤µ ˜´ª°n°œ‹µ„ Jason H. Byrd and James L. Castner, Forensic entomology : the utility of arthropods in legal investigations. Florida; 2000. ¨³˜´ªÁ˜È¤ª¥‹µ„´ Trox [Online], Accessed 6 May 2005. Available from http://bugguide.net/node/view/40841

ºÉ°­µ¤´‡º° Hide Beetle —oªŠœ·—œ¸Ê¤¸ œµ—Á¨È„˜´ªÁ˜È¤ª´¥¤¸Ÿ·ª¨Îµ˜´ª ¦» ¦³ ¦¼ž¦nµŠÃ‡oŠÂ¨³¤¸­¸œÊ嘵¨ ˜´ª°n°œ °Š—oªŠœ·—œ¸Ê ­nªœ®´ª‹³¤¸ œµ—Ä®n¨³¤¸­¸œÊ嘵¨Â—Š ®µ„™¼„ ¦„ªœ‹³Â­—Š¡§˜·„¦¦¤œ°œœ·ÉŠÅ¤nÁ‡¨ºÉ°œÅ®ª‡¨oµ¥„´¡§˜·„¦¦¤ °Š—oªŠÄœªŠ«r Histeridae ­µ¤µ¦™˜¦ª‹¡—oªŠœ·—œ¸Ê ŗo‹µ„Žµ„­·ÉŠ¤¸¸ª·˜š¸ÉÁœnµÁžg~°¥¤µÁž}œÁª¨µœµœ ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„˜´ª°n°œÂ¨³˜´ª Á˜È¤ª´¥ °Š—oªŠœ·—œ¸Ê‹³®µ°µ®µ¦Ã—¥„µ¦„·œÁœºÊ°®¦º°®œ´Šš¸É®oŠ ¦ª¤š´ÊŠÁ­oœ œ °ŠŽµ„­·ÉŠ¤¸¸ª·˜ 89

ªŠ‹¦¸ª·˜ °Š—oªŠ —oªŠ Áž}œÂ¤¨ŠÄœ„¨»n¤š¸É¤¸„µ¦™°—¦¼ž­¤¼¦–r104 (Complete metamorphosis, Holometabolous) ץĜªŠ‹¦¸ª·˜ °Š—oªŠ‹³ÂnŠ°°„Áž}œ 4 ¦³¥³ ŗo„n ¦³¥³Å n ¦³¥³˜´ª°n°œ (®œ°œ) ¦³¥³—´„—o¨³¦³¥³˜´ªÁ˜È¤ª´¥Ã—¥¨´„¬–³ÄœÂ˜n¨³¦³¥³ °ŠªŠ‹¦¸ª·˜ °Š—oªŠ ¤¸—´Šœ¸Ê

1. ¦³¥³Å n - Å n °Š—oªŠ‹³¤¸¦¼ž¦nµŠš´ÊŠÂ„¨¤ ¦¸ ¤¸­¸ µª Á®¨º°ŠÂ¨³­o¤Â˜„˜nµŠ „´œ˜µ¤Â˜n¨³œ·— °Š—oªŠ ‹ÎµœªœÅ nš¸É™¼„ªµŠÄœÂ˜n¨³‡¦´ÊŠ‹³Å¤nÁšnµ„´œ ¦³¥³Áª¨µÄœ„µ¦¢{„˜´ª ž¦³¤µ– 1-12 ª´œ ¹Êœ°¥¼n„´œ·— °Š—oªŠ

30 £µ¡š¸É Å n °Š—oªŠ [Online], Accessed 12 February 2009. Available from š¸É¤µ ÁºÊ°¦µ„ε‹´—¤¨Š http://www.thaibiocontrol.org/main.php?filename=Metarhizium

2. ¦³¥³˜´ª°n°œ (®œ°œ) - ˜´ª°n°œ °Š—oªŠ­nªœÄ®nÁž}œÂ Campodeiform105 ®¤µ¥™¹Š˜´ª°n°œ‹³¤¸¨Îµ˜´ª¥µª‡n°œ oµŠÂœ µ‹¦·Š ®œª—¨³Â¡œ®µŠÁ‹¦·—¸ Á‡¨ºÉ°œÅ®ª¦ª—Á¦Èª ˜n¤¸µŠœ·—š¸ÉÁž}œÂ Scarabaeiform106 ®¤µ¥™¹Š˜´ª°n°œš¸É°Š°¨Îµ˜´ª‡¨oµ¥¦¼ž˜´ª C µ‹¦·Š­´Êœ Ťn¤¸ µÁš¸¥¤ Á‡¨ºÉ°œÅ®ªÁºÉ°Šoµ¤´„‹³Á¦¸¥„˜´ª°n°œÂœ¸Êªnµ grubs ˜´ª°n°œ °Š—oªŠÂ˜n¨³œ·—¤¸ µ 6 µ°¥¼nš¸Éž¨o°Š°„ ˜´ª°n°œ‹³™¼„nŠ°°„Áž}œ 3-8 ¦³¥³ čo¦³¥³Áª¨µÄœ„µ¦Á‹¦·Á˜·Ã˜ž¦³¤µ– 6-130 ª´œ ¹Êœ°¥¼n„´œ·—¨³‹ÎµœªœÄœÂ˜n¨³¦³¥³ °Š—oªŠ

104«µœ·˜¦´˜œ£»¤¤³, „¸’ª·š¥µÂ¤nš, 337. 105­»£µ–¸ ¡·¤¡r­¤µœ, µ´¥ ™µª¦°œ»„¼¨„·‹ ¨³ ¤Ãœ´¥„¸¦˜·„­·„¦, šž’·´˜·„µ¦„¸’ª·š¥µ ÁºÊ°Š˜oœ, ( °œÂ„nœ : £µ‡ªµ„· ¸’ª·š¥µ ‡–³Á„¬˜¦«µ­˜¦r ¤®µª·š¥µ¨´¥ °œÂ„nœ, 2533) 57-58. 106Á¦ºÉ°ŠÁ—¥ª„¸ ´œ. 90

£µ¡š¸É 31 ˜´ª°n°œ °Š—oªŠÂ Campodeiform (Žoµ¥) ¨³Â Scarabaeiform ( ªµ) š¸É¤µ Arthropods [Online], Accessed 12 February 2009. Available from http://strano16.interfree.it/visual03.htm

3. ¦³¥³—´„—o - —´„—o °Š—oªŠ¤´„Áž}œÂ exarate107 ®¤µ¥™¹Š—´„—oš¸É¤¸¦¥µŠ‡r ­nªœ µ

¨³že„Á‹¦·°¥¼n£µ¥œ°„¨Îµ˜´ªÃ—¥š¸É¦¥µŠ‡r‹³Ÿœ¹„˜·—„´¨Îµ˜´ªÂ¨³¤´„‹³Å¤n¤¸¦´Š—´„—o¤µ®n°®»o¤Äo ¦³¥³Áª¨µÄœ„µ¦Á‹¦·Á˜·Ã˜ž¦³¤µ– 7-30 ª´œ ¹Êœ°¥¼n„´œ·— °Š—oªŠ

£µ¡š¸É 32 —´„—o °Š—oªŠ š¸É¤µ Life cycle [Online], Accessed 14 December 2008. Available from http://askabiologist.asu.edu/research/beetles/lifecycle.html

4. ¦³¥³˜´ªÁ˜È¤ª´¥ - ˜´ªÁ˜È¤ª´¥ °Š—oªŠ¤¸¨´„¬–³Á—nœ‡º°že„‡¼n¦„‹³Áž}œÂ elytra ¤¸ ¨´„¬–³Áž}œÂŸnœ®œ´Š®œµ®¦º°Á„¦µ³Â ȊŽ¹ÉŠ‹³Å¤nčoĜ„µ¦·œÂ˜n‹³ÄoĜ„µ¦ž„žj°Š¨Îµ˜´ªÂ¨³‹³¤¸ že„‡¼n®¨´Šš¸É¤¸¨´„¬–³Áž}œÁ¥ºÉ°µŠÄoĜ„µ¦·œ¤´„¤¸˜µ¦ª¤š¸ÉÁ‹¦·—¸ 1 ‡¼n ˜n—oªŠµŠœ·—°µ‹‹³Å¤n¤¸ ˜µ¦ª¤ —oªŠ­nªœÄ®n‹³¤¸žµ„„´—„·œ¤¸ µÂÄoÁ—·œÂ˜nµŠœ·—°µ‹‹³¡´•œµÁžœ µª} µ¥œn µ ÊÎ µ „¦³Ã——¨³ µ »— ªŠ‹¦¸ª·˜ °Š—oªŠ‡n°œ oµŠ¥µªœµœÁŒ¨¸É¥ 1 že ˜n®µ„Áž}œ—oªŠ œµ—Á¨È„°µ‹‹³¤¸ ªŠ‹¦¸ª·˜¦µª 3-4 Á—º°œ

107«µœ·˜¦´˜œ£»¤¤³, „¸’ª·š¥µÂ¤nš, 340. 91

‹µ„„µ¦«¹„¬µÁ¦ºÉ°Š °ŠÂ¤¨Šš¸É­µ¤µ¦™˜¦ª‹¡Å—o‹µ„Žµ„­·ÉŠ¤¸¸ª·˜š´ÊŠÁ¦ºÉ°ŠªŠ‹¦¸ª·˜ ¨³œ·— °ŠÂ¤¨Š šÎµÄ®o­µ¤µ¦™œÎµ¤µÄo°oµŠ°·ŠÄœŠµœª·‹´¥œ¸Êŗo ×¥„µ¦š¦µ™¹ŠªŠ‹¦¸ª·˜ °Š ¤¨Š‹³šÎµÄ®oœÎµ¤µÄož¦³¤µ–¦³¥³Áª¨µ®¨´Š„µ¦˜µ¥ °Š«¡Å—o ×¥«¹„¬µ‹µ„¦³¥³Áª¨µš¸É¤¨ŠÄo Á‹¦·Á˜·Ã˜ÄœÂ˜n¨³¦³¥³ °ŠªŠ‹¦¸ª·˜­nªœÁ¦ºÉ°Šª·›¸„µ¦Â¨³ ´Êœ˜°œ˜nµŠÇ š¸ÉœÎµ¤µÄoĜ„µ¦‹ÎµÂœ„ œ·— °ŠÂ¤¨Š ‹³šÎµÄ®oš¦µÅ—o™¹Šœ·— °ŠÂ¤¨Šš¸É˜¦ª‹¡Å—o‹µ„Žµ„­·ÉŠ¤¸¸ª·˜Â¨³­µ¤µ¦™œÎµ¤µ Áž}œ o°¤¼¨¡ºÊœ“µœÁ¦ºÉ°Š‡ªµ¤®¨µ„®¨µ¥ °Šœ·—¤¨Šš¸É˜¦ª‹¡Å—oĜž¦³Áš«Åš¥

Šµœª·‹´¥š¸ÉÁ„¸É¥ª o°Š Šµœª·‹´¥˜nµŠž¦³Áš« ¤¸Šµœª·‹´¥«¹„¬µÁ¦ºÉ°Š ¦¼žÂ„µ¦Á oµ®µ°µ®µ¦‹µ„«¡ °ŠÂ¤¨Šš¸É Paramo, Colombia108 ¡ªnµ„µ¦ž¦³¤µ–¦³¥³Áª¨µ®¨´Š„µ¦˜µ¥‹µ„®¨´„“µœšµŠÂ¤¨Š­µ¤µ¦™šÎµÅ—o ×¥ «¹„¬µ‹µ„¦³¥³Áª¨µ„µ¦Á‹¦·Á˜·Ã˜ °ŠÂ¤¨ŠÄœÂ˜n¨³¦³¥³ Ž¹ÉŠ ¹Êœ°¥¼n„´¨´„¬–³£¼¤·°µ„µ« °ŠÂ˜n

¨³ž¦³Áš«—oª¥ Šµœª·‹´¥œ¸ÊœÎµŽµ„­»„¦¤µÄošœŽµ„«¡ °Š¤œ»¬¥r ¨³šÎµ„µ¦š—¨°ŠÄœ¡ºÊœš¸Éš¸É°¥¼n ­¼Š‹µ„¦³—´œÊ嚳Á¨ž¦³¤µ– 3035 Á¤˜¦ ¡ªnµ°´˜¦µ„µ¦¥n°¥­¨µ¥ °ŠŽµ„­»„¦¤¸ 5 ¦³¥³˜nµŠÇ —´Šœ¸Ê 1. ¦³¥³ Fresh (0-3 ª´œ) ¡ªnµ°»–®£¼¤· °ŠŽµ„­»„¦Á¦·É¤¨—¨Š‹œÄ„¨oÁ‡¸¥Š

„´°»–®£¼¤· °Š­·ÉŠÂª—¨o°¤ ¤¸„µ¦˜¦ª‹¡Å n °ŠÂ¤¨Šš¸É°ª´¥ª³Ážd— ˜¦ª‹¡Â¤¨Šª´œ

Dasymorellia seguyi, Fannia sp., Limnophora sp. (Diptera: Muscidae) Calliphora nigribasis ¨³ Compsomyiops verena (Diptera: Calliphoridae) Á oµ¤µ®¨´Š‹µ„˜µ¥Â¨oª 4 ´ÉªÃ¤Š™¹Š 18 ª´œÂ¨³¥´Š ˜¦ª‹¡˜´ªÁ˜È¤ª´¥ °Š—oªŠ Actinopteryx sp. ¨³ Dianous sp. 2. ¦³¥³ Bloated (4-16 ª´œ) ¡ªnµ°»–®£¼¤· °ŠŽµ„­»„¦Á¡·É¤ ¹ÊœÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„ Á¦·É¤¤¸„¦³ªœ„µ¦Ÿ¨·˜ °ŠÁ­¸¥˜nµŠÇ °°„¤µ­³­¤Á¡·É¤¤µ„ ¹Êœ ¦ª¤š´ÊŠ¤¸„µ¦Á‹¦·Á˜·Ã˜ °ŠÂ¤¨Š œŽµ„­»„¦ œÊ宜´„˜´ª °ŠŽµ„­»„¦®µ¥Åž‹µ„Äœ¦³¥³Â¦„‡·—Áž}œ 10% ¤¸„µ¦˜¦ª‹¡˜´ª°n°œ ¦³¥³š¸É 3 °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œ C. nigribasis, C. verena (Diptera: Calliphoridae), Azelia sp. (Diptera: Muscidae) ¨³¡˜´ªÁ˜È¤ª´¥ °Š—oªŠ Neopachylopus sp., Dasyrhadus sp., Anacytus sp., Dianous sp., Lathropinus sp. ¨³ Carabus

108Efrain Martinez, Patrica Duque and Marta Wolff, “Succession pattern of carrion-feeding insects in Paramo, Colombia,” Forensic Science International 166, 2-3 (March 2007) : 182-189. 92

3. ¦³¥³ Active decay (17-30 ª´œ) ¡ªnµ°»–®£¼¤· °ŠŽµ„­»„¦Á¦·É¤¨— ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„Á¦·É¤¤¸„µ¦¥n°¥­¨µ¥ œÊ宜´„˜´ª °ŠŽµ„­»„¦®µ¥Åž‹µ„Äœ¦³¥³Â¦„‡·—Áž}œ 52% ¤¸„µ¦ ˜¦ª‹¡˜´ª°n°œ¦³¥³š¸É 2 °Š C. nigribasis ˜´ª°n°œ¦³¥³š¸É 3 °Š C. boliviana ¨³ C. verena ¡ ˜´ªÁ˜È¤ª´¥ °Š—oªŠÄœªŠ«r Staphylinidae —oª¥ 4. ¦³¥³ Advanced decay (31-51 ª´œ) ¡ªnµ°»–®£¼¤· °ŠŽµ„­»„¦Á¦·É¤¨— Á¦·É¤¤¸Á¤º°„¨³œÊεÁ®¨º°ŠÅ®¨°°„¤µ‹µ„Žµ„­»„¦ œÊ宜´„˜´ª °ŠŽµ„­»„¦®µ¥Åž‹µ„Äœ¦³¥³Â¦„ ‡·—Áž}œ 75% ¤¸„µ¦˜¦ª‹¡˜´ª°n°œ °ŠÂ¤¨Š¨—‹Îµœªœ¨Š ¨³¥´Š¡ªnµ˜´ª°n°œ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œ C. nigribasis ¨³ C. boliviana ¤¸„µ¦„·œ˜´ª°n°œ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œ—oª¥„´œÁž}œ°µ®µ¦ ˜¦ª‹¡Â¤¨Šª´œ °¸„œ·—š¸ÉÁ¡·ÉŠÁ oµ¤µ¥´ŠŽµ„­»„¦Äœ¦³¥³œ¸Ê ‡º° Stearibia nigriceps (Diptera: Piophilidae) £µ¥®¨Š‹µ„´ Žµ„­»„¦˜µ¥¤µÂ¨oª 40 ª´œ¡Helina sp. ¨³ Hydrotaea sp. (Diptera: Muscidae) ®¨´Š‹µ„˜µ¥¤µ 34 ª´œ¡—´„—o °Š C. nigribasis ¨³ C. verena œ¡ºÊœš¸É°¥¼n®nµŠ°°„Åž‹µ„Žµ„­»„¦ 2 Á¤˜¦ 5. ¦³¥³ Dry remains (52-83 ª´œ) ¡ªnµŽµ„­»„¦Â®oŠ‹œÁ®¨º°Â˜n„¦³—¼„

¨³ž³žœ°¥¼n„´—·œœÊ宜´„˜´ª °ŠŽµ„­»„¦®µ¥Åž‹µ„Äœ¦³¥³Â¦„‡·—Áž}œ 83% ¤¸„µ¦˜¦ª‹¡˜´ª °n°œ¦³¥³š¸É 2 °Š C. nigribasis ¨³ C. boliviana ®¨´Š˜µ¥¤µ 57-64 ª´œ ¨³¡˜´ª°n°œ¦³¥³š¸É 3 °ŠS. nigriceps (Diptera: Piophilidae) ‹µ„°´˜¦µ„µ¦¥n°¥­¨µ¥š´ÊŠ 5 ¦³¥³¤¸„µ¦˜¦ª‹¡Â¤¨Šª´œ ¨³—oªŠ¤µ„š¸É­»—‡·—Áž}œ 99.6% ¤¨Šš¸ÉÁ„ȝŗo¤¸ 6 °´œ—´5 ªŠ«r 3 ­„ »¨ 4 œ·— ץ¤¨Šª´œš¸É™¼„¡

¤µ„š¸É­»—Å—o„n C. nigribasis ¨³ S. nigriceps —oªŠš¸É™¼„¡¤µ„š¸É­»—¤¸ 4 ªŠ«r ŗo„nªŠ«r Ptillidae,

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112„µ¦š—¨°Š : „µ¦­˜´¢¢m˜´ª°¥nµŠÂ¤¨Š [Online], Accessed 23 March 2007. Available from http://www.nsm.or.th/nsm2008/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=1192 113ÁŸ—È‹­·¦·¥³Á­™¸¥¦ ¨³ œ´œšœµ «·¦·š¦´¡¥r, “„µ¦ž¦³¤µ–Áª¨µ„µ¦˜µ¥Ã—¥°µ«¥ ´ o°¤¼¨ªŠ‹¦ ¸ª·˜ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œœ«¡,” ‹»¯µ¨Š„¦–rÁª­µ¦ 49,4 (Á¤¬µ¥œ 2548) : 195-200. 114Smeeton et al, “Insects associated with exposed human corpses in Auckland, New Zealand,” Medicine, Science and the Law 24 (1984) : 167-174. 101

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˜°œš¸É 3 „µ¦ž¦³¤µ–¦³¥³Áª¨µ®¨´Š„µ¦˜µ¥ °Š«¡ ˜µ¤‡ªµ¤Á®Èœ °ŠÂ¡š¥ršµŠ œ·˜·Áª«µ­˜¦r 抡¥µµ¨˜Îµ¦ª‹ ­Îµœ´„Šµœ˜Îµ¦ª‹Â®nŠµ˜·Â¨³„µ¦ª·Á‡¦µ³®r„µ¦™—™°¥ (Regression Analysis) - ¡š¥ršµŠœ·˜·Áª«µ­˜¦rž¦³¤µ–¦³¥³Áª¨µ®¨´Š„µ¦˜µ¥ °Š«¡ - ­—Š‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r¦³®ªnµŠÂ¡š¥ršµŠœ·˜·Áª«µ­˜¦rž¦³¤µ–¦³¥³Áª¨µ„µ¦ ˜µ¥ °Š«¡„´‹Îµœªœª´œÁ‹¦·Á˜·Ã˜ °Š˜´ª°n°œÂ¤¨Š

106 107

˜°œš ¸É 1 o°¤¼¨š´ÉªÅž °Š«¡

˜µ¦µŠš¸É 8 ‹ÎµÂœ„«¡˜µ¤­™µœš¸É¡

­™µœš¸É¡«¡ oµœ (19) £µ‡„¨µŠ (14) : „¦»ŠÁš¡² (10), ž¦³‹ª‡¸¦¸ ´œ› r (1), ¨¡»¦¸ (1), ­»¡¦¦–»¦¸ (1), „µ‹œ»¦¸ (1) £µ‡Á®œº° (1) : °»š´¥›µœ¸ £µ‡˜³ª´œ°°„ (4) : ¨»¦¸ š¸ÉènŠÂ‹oŠ (7) £µ‡„¨µŠ (3) : „¦»ŠÁš¡² (1), ¨¡»¦¸ (1), ­¤»š¦ž¦µ„µ¦ (1) £µ‡Ä˜o (1) : ¦³œ°Š (3) : £µ‡˜³ª´œ°°„ ¨»¦¸ ¨°¥œÊε (6) £µ‡„¨µŠ (5) : „¦»ŠÁš¡² (1), Œ³Á·ŠÁš¦µ (1), ´¥œµš (1),

­¤»š¦ž¦µ„µ¦ (1), °nµŠš°Š (1) £µ‡˜³ª´œ°°„ (1) : ¦³¥°Š (3) (2) : (1), (1) žiµ £µ‡„¨µŠ ¦µ»¦¸ ­¤»š¦ž¦µ„µ¦ (1) : £µ‡Ä˜o „¦³¸É

‹µ„˜µ¦µŠš¸É 8 Ÿ¨„µ¦ª·Á‡¦µ³®r o°¤¼¨¡ªnµ ­™µœš¸É¡«¡ «¡™¼„˜¦ª‹¡£µ¥Äœoµœ‹Îµœªœ 19 «¡ š¸ÉènŠÂ‹oŠ‹Îµœªœ 7 «¡ ¨°¥œÊε‹Îµœªœ 6 «¡ ¨³žiµ‹Îµœªœ 3 «¡ ˜µ¤¨Îµ—´ÂnŠ«¡š¸É™¼„¡˜µ¤­™µœš¸É˜nµŠÇ ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê - «¡š¸É™¼„¡£µ¥Äœoµœ°¥¼nĜÁ ˜£µ‡„¨µŠ‹Îµœªœ 14 «¡ £µ‡Á®œº°‹Îµœªœ 1 «¡ ¨³£µ‡˜³ª´œ°°„‹Îµœªœ 4 «¡ - «¡š¸É™¼„¡„¨µŠš¸ÉènŠÂ‹oŠ°¥¼nĜÁ ˜£µ‡„¨µŠ‹Îµœªœ 3 «¡ £µ‡Ä˜o‹Îµœªœ 1 «¡ ¨³£µ‡˜³ª´œ°°„‹Îµœªœ 3 «¡ - «¡š¸É™¼„¡¨°¥œÊε°¥¼nĜÁ ˜£µ‡£µ‡„¨µŠ‹Îµœªœ 5 «¡Â¨³£µ‡˜³ª´œ°°„ ‹Îµœªœ 1 «¡ - «¡š¸É™¼„¡Äœžiµ°¥¼nĜÁ ˜£µ‡„¨µŠ‹Îµœªœ 2 «¡Â¨³£µ‡Ä˜o‹Îµœªœ 1 «¡ 108

˜µ¦µŠš¸É 9 ‹ÎµÂœ„«¡˜µ¤Á¡«

o°¤¼¨š´ÉªÅž ¦ª¤ Á¡«µ¥ Á¡«®·Š ­™µœš¸É¡«¡ - oµœ 19 14 5 - š¸ÉènŠÂ‹oŠ 7 6 1 - ¨°¥œÊε 6 3 3 - žiµ 3 2 1 ¦ª¤ (n = 35) 35 25 10

9 ‹µ„˜µ¦µŠš¸É Ÿ¨„µ¦ª·Á‡¦µ³®r o°¤¼¨¡ªnµ ­™µœš¸É¡«¡ «¡™¼„˜¦ª‹¡£µ¥Äœoµœ‹Îµœªœ 19 «¡ š¸ÉènŠÂ‹oŠ‹Îµœªœ 7 «¡

¨°¥œÊε‹Îµœªœ 6 «¡ ¨³žiµ‹Îµœªœ 3 «¡ ˜µ¤¨Îµ—´ÂnŠÁ¡«š¸É™¼„¡˜µ¤­™µœš¸É˜nµŠÇ ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê - «¡š¸É™¼„¡£µ¥Äœoµœ ¤¸‹Îµœªœ 19 «¡ Á¡«µ¥¤¸‹Îµœªœ 14 «¡ ¨³Á¡«®·Š¤¸ ‹Îµœªœ 5 «¡

- «¡š¸É™¼„¡„¨µŠš¸ÉènŠÂ‹oŠ¤¸‹Îµœªœ 7 «¡ Á¡«µ¥¤¸‹Îµœªœ 6 «¡ ¨³Á¡«®·Š

¤¸‹Îµœªœ 1 «¡ - «¡š¸É™¼„¡¨°¥œÊε¤¸‹Î µœªœ 6 «¡ Á¡«µ¥¤¸‹Î µœªœ 3 «¡ ¨³Á¡«®·Š¤¸‹Îµœªœ

3 «¡ - «¡š¸É™¼„¡Äœžiµ¤¸‹Îµœªœ 3 «¡ Á¡«µ¥¤¸‹Îµœªœ 2 «¡ ¨³Á¡«®·Š¤¸‹Îµœªœ 1 «¡ 109

˜µ¦µŠš¸É 10 ­—Šœ·— °ŠÂ¤¨Š˜µ¤­™µœš¸É¡«¡

ªŠ«r œ·— ­™µœš¸É¡«¡ (Family) (Species) oµœ š¸ÉènŠ ¨°¥œÊε žiµ ¦ª¤ ‹oŠ œÊε Order Diptera Calliphoridae Chrysomya bezziana - 1 - - 1 (n = 38) Chrysomya megacephala 11 5 6 2 24 Chrysomya rufifacies 7 1 - 2 10 Lucilia cuprina 1 1 - 1 3 ¦ª¤ 19 8 6 5 38

Sarcophagidae Parasarcophaga ruficornis 8 - - - 8 (n = 8)

¦ª¤ 8 - - - 8 Muscidae Synthesiomyia nudiseta 1 - - - 1

(n = 1)

¦ª¤ 1 - - - 1 : - ®¤µ¥Á®˜» ®¤µ¥™¹Š ˜¦ª‹Å¤n¡

‹µ„˜µ¦µŠš¸É 10 Ÿ¨„µ¦ª·Á‡¦µ³®r o°¤¼¨¡ªnµ ­™µœš¸É¡«¡ «¡™¼„˜¦ª‹¡£µ¥Äœoµœ‹Îµœªœ 19 «¡ š¸ÉènŠÂ‹oŠ‹Îµœªœ 7 «¡ ¨°¥œÊε‹Îµœªœ 6 «¡ ¨³žiµ‹Îµœªœ 3 «¡ ˜µ¤¨Îµ—´ÂnŠœ·— °ŠÂ¤¨Š˜µ¤­™µœš¸É˜nµŠÇ ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê - «¡š¸É™¼„¡£µ¥Äœoµœ ¤¸‹Îµœªœ 19 «¡ ˜¦ª‹¡Â¤¨Šª´œ®´ªÁ ¸¥ª (Calliphoridae spp.) ¤¨Šª´œ®¨´Š¨µ¥ (Sarcophagidae spp.) ¨³Â¤¨Šª´œoµœ (Muscidae spp.) - «¡š¸É™¼„¡„¨µŠš¸ÉènŠÂ‹oŠ¤¸‹Îµœªœ 7 «¡ ˜¦ª‹¡Â¤¨Šª´œ®´ªÁ ¸¥ª (Calliphoridae spp.) - «¡š¸É™¼„¡¨°¥œÊε¤¸‹Îµœªœ 6 «¡ ˜¦ª‹¡Â¤¨Šª´œ®´ªÁ ¸¥ª (Calliphoridae spp.) - «¡š¸É™¼„¡Äœžiµ¤¸‹Îµœªœ 3 «¡ ˜¦ª‹¡Â¤¨Šª´œ®´ªÁ ¸¥ª (Calliphoridae spp.) „¨nµªÃ—¥­¦»ž ¤¨Šª´œ®´ªÁ ¸¥ª™¼„˜¦ª‹¡Å—oš»„­™µœš¸Éš¸É¡«¡ ˜n¤¨Šª´œ ®¨´Š¨µ¥Â¨³Â¤¨Šª´œoµœ™¼„˜¦ª‹¡‹µ„«¡£µ¥ÄœoµœÁšnµœ´Êœ 110

˜µ¦µŠš¸É 11 ­—Šœ·— °ŠÂ¤¨Š˜µ¤­™µœš¸É¡«¡Äœ£¼¤·£µ‡˜nµŠÇ

ªŠ«r œ·— ­™µœš¸É¡«¡ (Family) (Species) £µ‡ £µ‡ £µ‡Ä˜o £µ‡Á®œº° ¦ª¤ „¨µŠ ˜³ª´œ°°„ Order Diptera Calliphoridae Chrysomya bezziana 1 - - - 1 (n = 38) Chrysomya megacephala 16 6 1 1 24 Chrysomya rufifacies 7 1 1 1 10 Lucilia cuprina 3 - - - 3 ¦ª¤ 27 7 2 2 38

Sarcophagidae Parasarcophaga 6 2 - - 8 (n = 8) ruficornis

¦ª¤ 6 2 - - 8 Muscidae Synthesiomyia nudiseta - 1 - - 1

(n = 1)

¦ª¤ - 1 - - 1 : - ®¤µ¥Á®˜» ®¤µ¥™¹Š ˜¦ª‹Å¤n¡

‹µ„˜µ¦µŠš¸É 11 Ÿ¨„µ¦ª·Á‡¦µ³®r o°¤¼¨¡ªnµ œ·— °ŠÂ¤¨Š˜µ¤­™µœš¸É¡«¡Äœ£¼¤·£µ‡˜nµŠÇ ¤¸—´Šœ¸Ê - «¡š¸É™¼„¡Äœ£µ‡„¨µŠ ˜¦ª‹¡Â¤¨Šª´œ®´ªÁ ¸¥ª (Calliphoridae spp.) ¨³ ¤¨Šª´œ®¨´Š¨µ¥ (Sarcophagidae spp.) - «¡š¸É™¼„¡Äœ£µ‡˜³ª´œ°°„ ˜¦ª‹¡Â¤¨Šª´œ®´ªÁ ¸¥ª (Calliphoridae spp.) ¤¨Šª´œ®¨´Š¨µ¥ (Sarcophagidae spp.) ¨³Â¤¨Šª´œoµœ (Muscidae spp.) - «¡š¸É™¼„¡Äœ£µ‡Ä˜o¨³£µ‡Á®œº° ˜¦ª‹¡Â¤¨Šª´œ®´ªÁ ¸¥ª (Calliphoridae spp.) 111

˜µ¦µŠš¸É 12 ­—Šœ·— °ŠÂ¤¨Š˜µ¤­µÁ®˜»„µ¦Á­¸¥¸ª·˜

œ·— °ŠÂ¤¨Š ­µÁ®˜»„µ¦Á­¸¥¸ª·˜ (Species) žiª¥ Ÿ¼„‡° ‹¤œÊε™¼„¥·Š™¼„šŠ ¦´—‡° ™¼„˜¸ Ťnš¦µ ¦ª¤ Á®˜» Calliphoridae (n = 38) C. bezziana -- - - 1 -- - 1 C. megacephala 9 1 4 3 3 1 1 2 24 C. rufifacies 5 - - 2 3 - - - 10 L. cuprina 1 2 ------3 ¦ª¤ 15 3 4 5 7 1 1 2 38 Sarcophagidae (n = 8)

P. ruficornis 7- - 1 - -- - 8

¦ª¤ 7 - - 1 - - - - 8 Muscidae (n = 1) 1------S. nudiseta 1 1 ------¦ª¤ 1 ®¤µ¥Á®˜» : - ®¤µ¥™¹Š ˜¦ª‹Å¤ n¡

‹µ„˜µ¦µŠš¸É 12 Ÿ¨„µ¦ª·Á‡¦µ³®r o°¤¼¨¡ªnµœ·— °ŠÂ¤¨Š˜µ¤­µÁ®˜»„µ¦Á­¸¥¸ª·˜¤¸—´Šœ¸Ê - «¡š¸ÉÁ­¸¥¸ª·˜Á¡¦µ³žiª¥ ˜¦ª‹¡Â¤¨Šª´œ®´ªÁ ¸¥ª (Calliphoridae spp.) ¤¨Šª´œ ®¨´Š¨µ¥ (Sarcophagidae spp.) ¨³Â¤¨Šª´œoµœ (Muscidae spp.) - «¡š¸ÉÁ­¸¥¸ª·˜Á¡¦µ³Ÿ¼„‡° ™¼„¥·Š ˜¦ª‹¡Â¤¨Šª´œ®´ªÁ ¸¥ª (Calliphoridae spp.) ¨³Â¤¨Šª´œ®¨´Š¨µ¥ (Sarcophagidae spp.) - «¡š¸ÉÁ­¸¥¸ª·˜Á¡¦µ³‹¤œÊε™¼ „šŠ ¦´—‡°™¼„˜¸Â¨³Å¤nš¦µ­µÁ®˜» ˜¦ª‹¡ ¤¨Šª´œ®´ªÁ ¸¥ª (Calliphoridae spp.) „¨nµªÃ—¥­¦»ž ¤¨Šª´œ®´ªÁ ¸¥ª C. megacephala ­µ¤µ¦™™¼„˜¦ª‹¡‹µ„«¡Å—oš»„ ­µÁ®˜»„µ¦Á­¸¥¸ª·˜ ¦°Š¨Š¤µ ŗo„n ¤¨Šª´œ®´ªÁ ¸¥ª C. rufifacies 112

£µ¡š¸É 34 ¨´„¬–³ posterior spiracle °Š˜´ª°n°œ¦³¥³š¸É 3 „ε¨´Š ¥µ¥ 10 u 10 (œ) ¨³¨´„¬–³˜ªÁ˜´ Ȥª´¥ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œ®ªÁ ´ ¸¥ª Chrysomya bezziana (¨nµŠ) 113

£µ¡š¸É 36 ¨´„¬–³ posterior spiracle °Š˜´ª°n°œ¦³¥³š¸É 3 „ε¨´Š ¥µ¥ 10 u 10 (œ) ¨³¨´„¬–³˜ªÁ˜´ Ȥª´¥ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œ®ªÁ ´ ¸¥ª Chrysomya megacephala (¨nµŠ) 114

£µ¡š¸É 35 ¨´„¬–³ posterior spiracle °Š˜´ª°n°œ¦³¥³š¸É 3 „ε¨´Š ¥µ¥ 10 u 10 (œ) ¨³¨´„¬–³˜ªÁ˜´ Ȥª´¥ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œ®ªÁ ´ ¸¥ª Chrysomya rufifacies (¨nµŠ) 115

£µ¡š¸É 37 ¨´„¬–³ posterior spiracle °Š˜´ª°n°œ¦³¥³š¸É 3 „ε¨´Š ¥µ¥ 10 u 10 (œ) ¨³¨´„¬–³˜ªÁ˜´ Ȥª´¥ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œ®ªÁ ´ ¸¥ª Lucilia cuprina (¨nµŠ) 116

£µ¡š¸É 38 ¨´„¬–³ posterior spiracle °Š˜´ª°n°œ¦³¥³š¸É 3 „ε¨´Š ¥µ¥ 10 u 10 (œ) ¨³¨´„¬–³˜ªÁ˜´ Ȥª´¥ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œ®¨´Š¨µ¥ Parasarcophaga ruficornis (¨nµŠ) 117

£µ¡š¸É 39 ¨´„¬–³ posterior spiracle °Š˜´ª°n°œ¦³¥³š¸É 3 „ε¨´Š ¥µ¥ 10 u 10 (œ) ¨³¨´„¬–³˜ªÁ˜´ Ȥª´¥ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œoµœ Synthesiomyia nudiseta (¨nµŠ) 118

˜°œš¸É 2 ¦³¥³Áª¨µ„µ¦Á‹¦·Á˜·Ã˜ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œÂ˜n¨³œ·—

˜µ¦µŠš¸É 13 Áž¦¸¥Áš¸¥‡ªµ¤¥µª¨Îµ˜ª °Š˜´ ´ª°n°œÂ¤¨Šª´œÂ˜n¨³œ·—˜µ¤‹Îµœªœª´œ

œ·— °Š ‡nµÁŒ¨¸É¥‡ªµ¤¥µª¨Îµ˜´ª (cm) ˜µ¤‹Îµœªœªœ®¨´ ´Š¢{„°°„‹µ„Å n ¤¨Šª´œ ª´œš ¸É 1 ª´œš ¸É 2 ª´œš ¸É 3 ª´œš ¸É 4 ª´œš ¸É 5 ¤¨Šª´œ®´ªÁ ¥ª¸ C. bezziana 0.2 r 0.006 0.4 r 0.008 0.8 r 0.009 1.2 r 0.03 - C. megacephala 0.2 r 0.008 0.5 r 0.008 0.7 r 0.009 1.0 r 0.05 - C. rufifacies 0.2 r 0.01 0.5 r 0.009 0.7 r 0.009 0.9 r 0.01 1.3 r 0.05 L. cuprina. 0.15 r 0.01 0.4 r 0.006 0.6 r 0.01 0.9 r 0.01 1.1 r 0.07

¤¨Šª´œ®¨´Š¨µ¥ P. ruficornis 0.2 r 0.02 0.5 r 0.01 0.7 r 0.006 1.3 r 0.09 2.0 r 0.03

¤¨Šª´œoµœ S. nudiseta 0.15 r 0.01 0.3 r 0.09 0.5 r 0.007 0.7 r 0.003 1.0 r 0.03

®¤µ¥Á®˜» : - ®¤µ¥™¹Š ˜¦ª‹Å¤n¡ ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„˜´ª°n°œ„¨µ¥Áž}œ—´„—o

‹µ„˜µ¦µŠš¸É 13 ®µ‡nµÁŒ¨¸É¥‡ªµ¤¥µª¨ ε˜´ª °Š˜´ª°n°œÂ¤¨Šª´œÂ˜n¨³œ·—‹Îµœªœ 15 ˜´ª Ÿ¨„µ¦ª·Á‡¦µ³®r o°¤¼¨¡ªnµ

¤¨Šª´œš¸É¤¸‡ªµ¤¥µª¨Îµ˜´ª¤µ„š¸É­»—Å—o„n ¤¨Šª´œ®¨´Š¨µ¥ P. ruficornis ¤¸‡ªµ¤ ¥µª 2.0 r 0.03 ÁŽœ˜·Á¤˜¦ ¦°Š¨Š¤µ ŗo„n ¤¨Šª´œ®´ªÁ ¸¥ª C. rufifacies ¤¸‡ªµ¤¥µª 1.3 r 0.05 ÁŽœ˜·Á¤˜¦ ¤¨Šª´œ®´ªÁ ¸¥ª C. bezziana ¤¸‡ªµ¤¥µª 1.2 r 0.03 ÁŽœ˜·Á¤˜¦ ¤¨Šª´œ®´ªÁ ¸¥ª L. cuprina. ¤¸‡ªµ¤¥µª 1.1 r 0.07 ÁŽœ˜·Á¤˜¦ ¤¨Šª´œoµœ S. nudiseta ¤¸‡ªµ¤¥µª 1.0 r 0.03 ÁŽœ˜·Á¤˜¦Â¨³ ¤¨Šª´œ®´ªÁ ¸¥ª C. megacephala ¤¸‡ªµ¤¥µª 1.0 r 0.05 ÁŽœ˜·Á¤˜¦ ×¥˜´ª°n°œ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œš¸É¤¸‡ªµ¤¥µª¨Îµ˜ª¤µ„š´ ¸É­»—ŗ„o n ¤¨Šª´œ®¨´Š¨µ¥ P. ruficornis ˜´ª°n°œ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œš¸É¤¸‡ªµ¤¥µª¨Îµ˜ªœ´ °¥šo ¸É­»—ŗ„o n ¤¨Šª´œ®´ªÁ ¸¥ª C. megacephala ¨³ ¤¨Šªœ´ oµœ S. nudiseta 119

˜µ¦µŠš¸É 14 Áž¦¸¥Áš¸¥¦³¥³Áª¨µ„µ¦Á‹¦Á˜· ·Ã˜ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œÂ˜n¨³œ·—

œ·— °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œ ¦³¥³Áª¨µ„µ¦Á‹¦·Á˜·Ã˜ (ª´œ) ¦³¥³Å n ¦³¥³˜´ª°n°œ ¦³¥³—´„—o ¦ª¤ ¤¨Šª´œ®´ªÁ ¥ª¸ C. bezziana 1 4 5 10 C. megacephala. 1 4 5 10 C. rufifacies 1 5 4 10 L. cuprina. 1 5 5 11 ¤¨Šª´œ®¨´Š¨µ¥ P. ruficornis - 6 11 17

¤¨Šª´œoµœ S. nudiseta 15814

®¤µ¥Á®˜» : - ®¤µ¥™¹Š ˜¦ª‹Å¤n¡ ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„¤¨Šª´œ®¨´Š¨µ¥°°„¨¼„Áž}œ˜´ª

14 20-50 ‹µ„˜µ¦µŠš¸É Á¨¸Ê¥Š˜´ª°n°œ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œÂ˜n¨³œ·—ž¦³¤µ– ˜´ª

Ÿ¨„µ¦ª·Á‡¦µ³®r o°¤¼¨¡ªnµ

¤¨Šª´œš¸É¤¸¦³¥³Áª¨µ„µ¦Á‹¦·Á˜·Ã˜¤µ„š¸É­»—Å—o„n ¤¨Šª´œ®¨´Š¨µ¥ P. ruficornis čoÁª¨µÁ‹¦·Á˜·Ã˜ 17 ª´œ ¦°Š¨Š¤µ ŗo„n ¤¨Šª´œoµœ S. nudiseta čoÁª¨µÁ‹¦·Á˜·Ã˜ 14 ª´œ ¤¨Šª´œ®´ªÁ ¸¥ª L. cuprina čoÁª¨µÁ‹¦·Á˜·Ã˜ 11 ª´œÂ¨³ ¤¨Šª´œ®´ªÁ ¸¥ª C. bezziana, C. megacephala, C. rufifacies čoÁª¨µÁ‹¦·Á˜·Ã˜ œo°¥š¸É­»— 10 ª´œ 120

˜°œš¸É 3 „µ¦ž¦³¤µ–¦³¥³Áª¨µ®¨´Š„µ¦˜µ¥ °Š«¡ ˜µ¤‡ªµ¤Á®Èœ °ŠÂ¡š¥ršµŠœ·˜·Áª«µ­˜¦r 抡¥µµ¨˜µ¦ª‹Î ­Îµœ´„Šµœ˜Îµ¦ª‹Â®nŠµ˜·Â¨³„µ¦ª·Á‡¦µ³®r„µ¦™—™°¥ (Regression Analysis)

˜µ¦µŠš¸É 15 ¡š¥ršµŠœ·˜·Áª«µ­˜¦rž¦³¤µ–¦³¥³Áª¨µ„µ¦˜µ¥ °Š«¡

­™µœš¸É¡«¡ ‹Îµœªœ«¡ ¡š¥ršµŠœ·˜·Áª«µ­˜¦r («¡) ž¦³¤µ–¦³¥³Áª¨µ„µ¦ ˜µ¥ °Š«¡ (ª´œ) oµœ (19) £µ‡„¨µŠ 1. „¦»ŠÁš¡² 3 2 2. 3 3 „¦»ŠÁš¡² 3. „¦»ŠÁš¡² 1 6

4. „¦»ŠÁš¡² 1 5 5. „¦»ŠÁš¡² 1 3 6. 1 4 „¦»ŠÁš¡² 7. „µ‹œ»¦¸ 1 2

8. ž¦³‹ª‡¸¦¸ ´œ›r 1 3 9. ¨¡»¦¸ 1 6 10. ­»¡¦¦–»¦¸ 1 4 £µ‡Á®œº° 11. °»š´¥›µœ¸ 1 5 £µ‡˜³ª´œ°°„ 12. ¨»¦¸ 1 5 13. ¨»¦¸ 1 5 14. ¨»¦¸ 1 4 15. ¨»¦¸ 1 3 121

˜µ¦µŠš¸É 15 (˜n°) ¡š¥ršµŠœ·˜·Áª«µ­˜¦rž¦³¤µ–¦³¥³Áª¨µ„µ¦˜µ¥ °Š«¡

­™µœš¸É¡«¡ ‹Îµœªœ«¡ ¡š¥ršµŠœ·˜·Áª«µ­˜¦r («¡) ž¦³¤µ–¦³¥³Áª¨µ„µ¦ ˜µ¥ °Š«¡ (ª´œ) š¸ÉènŠÂ‹oŠ (7) £µ‡„¨µŠ 16. „¦»ŠÁš¡² 1 5 17. ¨¡»¦¸ 1 4 18. ­¤»š¦ž¦µ„µ¦ 1 2 £µ‡Ä˜o 19. 1 2 ¦³œ°Š £µ‡˜³ª´œ°°„ 20. ¨»¦¸ 2 3 21. ¨»¦¸ 1 5 (6) ¨°¥œÊε £µ‡„¨µŠ

22. „¦»ŠÁš¡² 1 6 23. Œ³Á·ŠÁš¦µ 1 5 24. ´¥œµš 1 3 25. ­¤»š¦ž¦µ„µ¦ 1 4 26. °nµŠš°Š 1 6 £µ‡˜³ª´œ°°„ 27. ¦³¥°Š 1 4 žiµ (3) £µ‡„¨µŠ 28. ¦µ»¦¸ 1 5 29. ­¤»š¦ž¦µ„µ¦ 1 6 £µ‡Ä˜o 30. „¦³¸É 1 6 122

‹µ„˜µ¦µŠš¸É 15 Ÿ¨„µ¦ª·Á‡¦µ³®r o°¤¼¨¡ªnµ

¡š¥ršµŠœ·˜·Áª«µ­˜¦rž¦³¤µ–¦³¥³Áª¨µ„µ¦˜µ¥ °Š«¡ ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê - «¡š¸É™¼„¡£µ¥Äœoµœ ¤¸‹Îµœªœ 19 «¡ ž¦³¤µ–¦³¥³Áª¨µ„µ¦˜µ¥Å—o 2-6 ª´œ - «¡š¸É™¼„¡„¨µŠš¸ÉènŠÂ‹oŠ¤¸‹Îµœªœ 7 «¡ ž¦³¤µ–¦³¥³Áª¨µ„µ¦˜µ¥Å—o 2-5 ª´œ - «¡š¸É™¼„¡¨°¥œÊε¤¸‹Îµœªœ 6 «¡ ž¦³¤µ–¦³¥³Áª¨µ„µ¦˜µ¥Å—o 3-6 ª´œ - «¡š¸É™¼„¡Äœžiµ¤¸‹Îµœªœ 3 «¡ ž¦³¤µ–¦³¥³Áª¨µ„µ¦˜µ¥Å—o 5-6 ª´œ

123

˜µ¦µŠš¸É 16 ­—Š‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r¦³®ªnµŠÂ¡š¥ršµŠœ·˜·Áª«µ­˜¦rž¦³¤µ–¦³¥³Áª¨µ„µ¦˜µ¥ °Š«¡ „´‹Îµœªœª´œÁ‹¦·Á˜·Ã˜ °Š˜´ª°n°œÂ¤¨Š

­™µœš¸É¡«¡ ‹Îµœªœ«¡ ¡š¥ršµŠœ·˜·Áª«µ­˜¦rž¦³¤µ– ‹ÎµœªœªœÁ‹¦´ Á˜· ·Ã˜ («¡) ¦³¥³Áª¨µ„µ¦˜µ¥ °Š«¡ (ª´œ) °Š˜´ª°n°œÂ¤¨Š (ª´œ) oµœ (19) £µ‡„¨µŠ 1. „¦»ŠÁš¡² 3 2 2 2. „¦»ŠÁš¡² 3 3 3 3. „¦»ŠÁš¡² 1 6 5 4. „¦»ŠÁš¡² 1 5 5 5. 1 3 4 „¦»ŠÁš¡² 6. „¦»ŠÁš¡² 1 4 4 7. „µ‹œ»¦¸ 1 2 3 8. ž¦³‹ª‡¸¦¸ ´œ›r 1 3 2 9. 1 6 6 ¨¡»¦¸ 10. ­»¡¦¦–»¦¸ 1 4 4

£µ‡Á®œº° 11. °»š´¥›µœ¸ 1 5 5 £µ‡˜³ª´œ°°„ 12. ¨»¦¸ 1 5 5 13. ¨»¦¸ 1 5 4 14. ¨»¦¸ 1 4 5 15. ¨»¦¸ 1 3 2 124

˜µ¦µŠš¸É 16 (˜n°) ­—Š‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r¦³®ªnµŠÂ¡š¥ršµŠœ·˜·Áª«µ­˜¦rž¦³¤µ–¦³¥³Áª¨µ„µ¦˜µ¥ °Š«¡„´‹Îµœªœª´œÁ‹¦·Á˜·Ã˜ °Š˜´ª°n°œÂ¤¨Š

­™µœš¸É¡«¡ ‹Îµœªœ«¡ ¡š¥ršµŠœ·˜·Áª«µ­˜¦rž¦³¤µ– ‹ÎµœªœªœÁ‹¦´ Á˜· ·Ã˜ («¡) ¦³¥³Áª¨µ„µ¦˜µ¥ °Š«¡ (ª´œ) °Š˜´ª°n°œÂ¤¨Š (ª´œ) š¸ÉènŠÂ‹oŠ (7) £µ‡„¨µŠ 16. „¦»ŠÁš¡² 1 5 6 17. ¨¡»¦¸ 1 4 3 18. ­¤»š¦ž¦µ„µ¦ 1 2 2 £µ‡Ä˜o 19. 1 2 2 ¦³œ°Š £µ‡˜³ª´œ°°„ 20. ¨»¦¸ 2 3 3 21. ¨»¦¸ 1 5 5 (6) ¨°¥œÊε £µ‡„¨µŠ

22. „¦»ŠÁš¡² 1 6 5 23. Œ³Á·ŠÁš¦µ 1 5 5 24. ´¥œµš 1 3 3 25. ­¤»š¦ž¦µ„µ¦ 1 4 3 26. °nµŠš°Š 1 6 6 £µ‡˜³ª´œ°°„ 27. ¦³¥°Š 1 4 3 žiµ (3) £µ‡„¨µŠ 28. ¦µ»¦¸ 1 5 5 29. ­¤»š¦ž¦µ„µ¦ 1 6 7 £µ‡Ä˜o 30. „¦³¸É 1 6 5 125

‹µ„˜µ¦µŠš¸É 16

œÎµ o°¤¼¨‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r¦³®ªnµŠÂ¡š¥ršµŠœ·˜·Áª«µ­˜¦rž¦³¤µ–¦³¥³Áª¨µ„µ¦˜µ¥ °Š«¡„´‹Îµœªœª´œÁ‹¦·Á˜·Ã˜ °Š˜´ª°n°œÂ¤¨Š Á ¸¥œ„¦µ¢—¼‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r¡ªnµ „µ¦Á¦¸¥Š˜´ª °Š ‹»—¤¸¨´„¬–³Áž}œÁ­oœ˜¦Š ­—Šªnµ¤¸‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›rÁž}œÂÁ·ŠÁ­oœ

8

7

) 6 ª´œ ( 5 r ž¦³¤µ–¦³¥³Áª¨µ

4 3 Áª«µ­˜¦·˜·

„µ¦˜µ¥ °Š«¡ 2 r šµŠœ 1

¡š¥ 0

01234567

‹Îµœªœª´œÁ‹¦·Á˜·Ã˜ °Š˜´ª°n°œÂ¤¨Šª´œ (ª´œ)

„¦µ¢š¸É 1 ­—Š‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r¦³®ªnµŠÂ¡š¥ršµŠœ·˜·Áª«µ­˜¦rž¦³¤µ–¦³¥³Áª¨µ„µ¦˜µ¥ °Š«¡„´ ‹ÎµœªœªœÁ‹¦´ Á˜· ·Ã˜ °Š˜´ª°n°œÂ¤¨Š

- œÎµ¤µ®µ‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r¦³®ªnµŠ˜´ªÂž¦ 2 ˜´ª Á¡¸¥¦r­´œ (Pearson product moment Correlation Coefficient) 126

­—Š‡ªµ¤­¤¡´ ´œ›r¦³®ªnµŠÂ¡š¥ršµŠœ·˜·Áª«µ­˜¦rž¦³¤µ–¦³¥³Áª¨µ„µ¦˜µ¥ °Š«¡„´ ‹ÎµœªœªœÁ‹¦´ Á˜· ·Ã˜ °Š˜´ª°n°œÂ¤¨Š

Correlations

¤¨Š ¡š¥r ¤¨Š Pearson Correlation 1 .902(**) Sig. (2-tailed) . .000 N 35 35 ¡š¥r Pearson Correlation .902(**) 1 Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .

N 35 35 ** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

®¤µ¥Á®˜» : ¤¨Š ‡º°‹Îµœªœª´œÁ‹¦·Á˜·Ã˜ °Š˜´ª°n°œÂ¤¨Š ¡š¥r ‡º°Â¡š¥ršµŠœ·˜·Áª«µ­˜¦rž¦³¤µ–¦³¥³Áª¨µ„µ¦˜µ¥ °Š«¡

¡ªnµ „µ¦ž¦³¤µ–¦³¥³Áª¨µ®¨´Š„µ¦˜µ¥ °Š«¡‹µ„®¨´„“µœšµŠÂ¤¨Šš¸É¡¤¸ ‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r„´œ„´„µ¦ž¦³¤µ–¦³¥³Áª¨µ®¨´Š„µ¦˜µ¥ °Š«¡˜µ¤‡ªµ¤Á®Èœ °ŠÂ¡š¥r‹µ„­™µ´œ œ·˜·Áªª·š¥µ 抡¥µµ¨˜Îµ¦ª‹ ­Îµœ´„Šµœ˜Îµ¦ª‹Â®nŠµ˜· ×¥¤¸‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r„´œÄœ¦³—´­¼Šš¸É r = 0.902 °¥nµŠ¤¸œ´¥­Îµ‡´šµŠ­™·˜·š¸É¦³—´ 0.01 127

- „µ¦ª·Á‡¦µ³®™—™°¥r (Regression Analysis)

Coefficientsa

Unstandardized Standardized Model Coefficients Coefficients T Sig. B Std. Error Beta 1 (Constant) -.042 .343 -.122 .904 ¤¨Š .982 .082 .902 11.975 .000 a Dependent Variable: ¡š¥r

Variables Entered/Removedb

Variables Variables

Model Entered Removed Method

1 ¤¨Ša . Enter

a All requested variables entered. b Dependent Variable: ¡š¥r

Model Summaryb

Adjusted R Std. Error of Model R R Square Square the Estimate 1 .902a .813 .807 .640 a Predictors: (Constant), ¤¨Š b Dependent Variable: ¡š¥r 128

ANOVAb

Sum of Model Squares Df Mean Square F Sig. 1 Regression 58.763 1 58.763 143.404 .000a Residual 13.522 33 .410 Total 72.286 34 a Predictors: (Constant), ¤¨Š b Dependent Variable: ¡š¥r

®¤µ¥Á®˜» : ¤¨Š ‡º°‹Îµœªœª´œÁ‹¦·Á˜·Ã˜ °Š˜´ª°n°œÂ¤¨Š ¡š¥r ‡º°Â¡š¥ršµŠœ·˜·Áª«µ­˜¦rž¦³¤µ–¦³¥³Áª¨µ„µ¦˜µ¥ °Š«¡

Ÿ¨„µ¦ª·Á‡¦µ³®r o°¤¼¨¡ªnµ Y ¤¸‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r„´ X Ĝ¦¼žÁ·ŠÁ­oœÅ—oÁž}œ­¤„µ¦Á­oœ˜¦Š ‡º°

Y = - 0.042 + 0.982(X)

Ž¹ÉŠ­¤„µ¦‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r˜µ¤ o°¤¼¨‡º° ¡š¥r = - 0.042 + 0.982 (¤¨Š) ×¥š¸É¤¸‡nµ­´¤ž¦³­·š›·Í °Š„µ¦˜´—­·œÄ‹ = 0.813 ®¦º° 81.3% šš¸É 5 ­¦»ž°£·ž¦µ¥Ÿ¨ ¨³ o°Á­œ°Âœ³

­¦»žŸ¨„µ¦ª·‹´¥ „µ¦ª·‹´¥œ¸Ê¤¸ª´˜™»ž¦³­Š‡rÁ¡ºÉ°«¹„¬µ„µ¦ž¦³¤µ–¦³¥³Áª¨µ®¨´Š„µ¦˜µ¥ °Š«¡‹µ„ ®¨´„“µœšµŠÂ¤¨Šš¸É˜¦ª‹¡Â¨³«¹„¬µ‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r °Š„µ¦ž¦³¤µ–¦³¥³Áª¨µ®¨´Š„µ¦˜µ¥ °Š «¡‹µ„®¨´„“µœšµŠÂ¤¨Š„´‡ªµ¤Á®Èœ °ŠÂ¡š¥rœ·˜·Áª ×¥šÎµ„µ¦Á„ȝ˜´ª°¥nµŠÂ¤¨Š‹µ„«¡š¸É™¼„ ­nŠ¤µ´œ­¼˜¦¡¨·„«¡ – ­™µ´œœ·˜·Áªª·š¥µ 抡¥µµ¨˜Îµ¦ª‹ ­Îµœ´„Šµœ˜Îµ¦ª‹Â®nŠµ˜· ‹Îµœªœ 35 «¡ ¦³®ªnµŠÁ—º°œ¤¸œµ‡¤ ¡.«. 2551 ™¹¡ŠÁ—.«º°œ¡§«‹·„µ¥œ . 2551

1 ˜°œš¸É o°¤¼¨š´ÉªÅž °Š«¡ - ‹ÎµÂœ„«¡˜µ¤­™µœš¸É¡ ¡ªnµ 1. «¡š¸É™¼„¡£µ¥Äœoµœ ¤¸‹Îµœªœ¤µ„š¸É­»— 19 «¡ ×¥™¼„¡ÄœÁ ˜£µ‡„¨µŠ‹Îµœªœ 14 «¡ £µ‡Á®œº°‹Îµœªœ 1 «¡Â¨³£µ‡˜³ª´œ°°„‹Îµœªœ 4 «¡

2. «¡š¸É™¼„¡„¨µŠš¸ÉènŠÂ‹oŠ¤¸‹Îµœªœ¦°Š¨Š¤µ 7 «¡ ×¥™¼„¡ÄœÁ ˜£µ‡„¨µŠ ‹Îµœªœ 3 «¡ £µ‡Ä˜o‹Îµœªœ 1 «¡ ¨³£µ‡˜³ª´œ°°„‹Îµœªœ 3 «¡

3. «¡š¸É™¼„¡¨°¥œÊε¤¸‹Îµœªœ 6 «¡ ×¥™¼„¡ÄœÁ ˜£µ‡£µ‡„¨µŠ‹Îµœªœ 5 «¡Â¨³ £µ‡˜³ª´œ°°„‹Îµœªœ 1 «¡ 4. «¡š¸É™¼„¡Äœžiµ¤¸‹Îµœªœ 3 «¡ ×¥™¼„¡ÄœÁ ˜£µ‡„¨µŠ‹Îµœªœ 2 «¡Â¨³£µ‡Ä˜o ‹Îµœªœ 1 «¡

129 130

- ‹ÎµÂœ„«¡˜µ¤Á¡« ¡ªnµ 1. «¡š¸É™¼„¡£µ¥Äœoµœ ¤¸‹Îµœªœ¤µ„š¸É­»— 19 «¡ nŠÁž}œÁ¡«µ¥ ¤¸‹Îµœªœ 14 «¡ ¨³Á¡«®·Š¤¸‹Îµœªœ 5 «¡ 2. «¡š¸É™¼„¡„¨µŠš¸ÉènŠÂ‹oŠ¤¸‹Îµœªœ¦°Š¨Š¤µ 7 «¡ nŠÁž}œÁ¡«µ¥ ¤¸‹Îµœªœ 6 «¡ ¨³Á¡«®·Š¤¸‹Îµœªœ 1 «¡ 3. «¡š¸É™¼„¡¨°¥œÊε¤¸‹Îµœªœ 6 «¡ nŠÁž}œÁ¡«µ¥ ¤¸‹Îµœªœ 3 «¡ ¨³Á¡«®·Š¤¸ ‹Îµœªœ 3 «¡ 4. «¡š¸É™¼„¡Äœžiµ¤¸‹Îµœªœ 3 «¡ nŠÁž}œÁ¡«µ¥ ¤¸‹Îµœªœ 2 «¡ ¨³Á¡«®·Š¤¸ ‹Îµœªœ 1 «¡

- ­—Šœ·— °ŠÂ¤¨Š˜µ¤­™µœš¸É¡«¡ ¡ªnµ 1. «¡š¸É™¼„¡£µ¥Äœoµœ ¤¸‹Îµœªœ¤µ„š¸É­»— 19 «¡ ˜¦ª‹¡Â¤¨Šª´œ®´ªÁ ¸¥ª

C. megacephala, C. rufifacies ¨³ L. cuprina ¤¨Šª´œ®¨´Š¨µ¥ P. ruficornis ¤¨Šª´œoµœ S. nudiseta 2. «¡š¸É™¼„¡„¨µŠš¸ÉènŠÂ‹oŠ¤¸‹Îµœªœ¦°Š¨Š¤µ 7 «¡ ˜¦ª‹¡Â¤¨Šª´œ®´ªÁ ¸¥ª C. bezziana, C. megacephala, C. rufifacies ¨³ L. cuprina

3. «¡š¸É™¼„¡¨°¥œÊε¤¸‹Îµœªœ 6 «¡ ˜¦ª‹¡Â¤¨Šª´œ®´ªÁ ¸¥ª C. megacephala

4. «¡š¸É™¼„¡Äœžiµ¤¸‹Îµœªœ 3 «¡ ˜¦ª‹¡Â¤¨Šª´œ®´ªÁ ¸¥ª C. megacephala, C. rufifacies ¨³ L. cuprina

„¨nµªÃ—¥­¦»ž ¤¨Šª´œ®´ªÁ ¸¥ª C. megacephala ™¼„˜¦ª‹¡Å—oš»„­™µœš¸Éš¸É¡ «¡ ˜n¤¨Šª´œ®¨´Š¨µ¥ P. ruficornis ¨³Â¤¨Šª´œoµœ S. nudiseta ™¼„˜¦ª‹¡‹µ„«¡£µ¥Äœoµœ Ášnµœ´Êœ 131

- ­—Šœ·— °ŠÂ¤¨Š˜µ¤­™µœš¸É¡«¡Äœ£¼¤·£µ‡˜nµŠÇ ¡ªnµ 1. «¡š¸É™¼„¡ÄœÁ ˜£µ‡„¨µŠ ¤¸‹Îµœªœ 33 «¡ ˜¦ª‹¡Â¤¨Šª´œ®´ªÁ ¸¥ª C. bezziana, C. megacephala, C. rufifacies ¨³ L. cuprina ¤¨Šª´œ®¨´Š¨µ¥ P. ruficornis 2. «¡š¸É™¼„¡ÄœÁ ˜£µ‡˜³ª´œ°°„ ¤¸‹Îµœªœ 10 «¡ ˜¦ª‹¡Â¤¨Šª´œ®´ªÁ ¸¥ª C. megacephala, C. rufifacies ¤¨Šª´œ®¨´Š¨µ¥ P. ruficornis ¨³Â¤¨Šª´œoµœ S. nudiseta 3. «¡š¸É™¼„¡ÄœÁ ˜£µ‡Ä˜o¨³£µ‡Á®œº°¤¸‹Îµœªœ£µ‡¨³ 2 «¡Ášnµ„´œ ˜¦ª‹¡ ¤¨Šª´œ®´ªÁ ¸¥ª C. megacephala ¨³ C. rufifacies

„¨nµªÃ—¥­¦»ž ¤¨Šª´œ®´ªÁ ¸¥ª C. megacephala ¨³ C. rufifacies ™¼„˜¦ª‹¡Å—o‹µ„«¡š¸É™¼„¡˜µ¤£¼¤·£µ‡˜nµŠÇ Ĝž¦³Áš«Åš¥

- ­—Šœ·— °ŠÂ¤¨Š˜µ¤­µÁ®˜»„µ¦Á­¸¥¸ª·˜ ¡ªnµ 1. «¡š¸ÉÁ­¸¥¸ª·˜Á¡¦µ³žiª¥ ˜¦ª‹¡Â¤¨Šª´œ®ªÁ ´ ¸¥ª C. megacephala, C. rufifacies, L. cuprina ¤¨Šª´œ®¨´Š¨µ¥ P. ruficornis ¨³Â¤¨Šª´œoµœ S. nudiseta 2. «¡š¸ÉÁ­¸¥¸ª·˜Á¡¦µ³Ÿ¼„‡° ˜¦ª‹¡Â¤¨Šªœ®´ ´ªÁ ¥ª¸ C. megacephala ¨³

L. cuprina

3. «¡š¸ÉÁ­¸¥¸ª·˜Á¡¦µ³‹¤œÊε¦ ´—‡° ™¼„˜¸Â¨³Å¤nš¦µ­µÁ®˜» ˜¦ª‹¡Â¤¨Šª´œ®´ªÁ ¸¥ª C. megacephala 4. «¡š¸ÉÁ­¸¥¸ª·˜Á¡¦µ³™¼„¥·Š ˜¦ª‹¡Â¤¨Šª´œ®´ªÁ ¸¥ª C. megacephala ¨³ C. rufifacies ¤¨Šª´œ®¨´Š¨µ¥ P. ruficornis 5. «¡š¸ÉÁ­¸¥¸ª·˜Á¡¦µ³™¼„šŠ ˜¦ª‹¡Â¤¨Šª´œ®´ªÁ ¸¥ª C. megacephala ¨³ C. rufifacies „¨ nµªÃ—¥­¦»ž ¤¨Šª´œ®´ªÁ ¸¥ª C. megacephala ­µ¤µ¦™™¼„˜¦ª‹¡‹µ„«¡Å—oš»„ ­µÁ®˜»„µ¦Á­¸¥¸ª·˜ ¦°Š¨Š¤µ ŗo„n ¤¨Šª´œ®´ªÁ ¸¥ª C. rufifacies 132

˜°œš¸É 2 ¦³¥³Áª¨µ„µ¦Á‹¦Á˜· ·Ã˜ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œÂ˜n¨³œ·—

- Áž¦¸¥Áš¸¥‡ªµ¤¥µª¨Îµ˜´ª °Š˜´ª°n°œÂ¤¨ŠÂ˜n¨³œ—˜µ¤‹· 圪œª´œ ¡ªnµ ¤¨Šª´œ®¨´Š¨µ¥ P. ruficornis ¤¸‡ªµ¤¥µª¨Îµ˜ª¤µ„š´ ¸É­»—‡º° 2.0 r 0.03 ÁŽœ˜·Á¤˜¦ Ž¹ÉŠ˜´ª°n°œ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œ®¨´Š¨µ¥Äo¦³¥³Áª¨µ„µ¦Á‹¦·Á˜·Ã˜ 5 ª´œ ¨³Â¤¨Šª´œ ®´ªÁ ¥ª¸ C. megacephala ¤¸‡ªµ¤¥µª¨Îµ˜´ªœo°¥š¸É­»— 1.0 r 0.05 ÁŽœ˜·Á¤˜¦ Ž¹ÉŠ˜´ª°n°œ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œ ®´ªÁ ¥ªÄ¸ o¦³¥³Áª¨µ„µ¦Á‹¦Á˜· ·Ã˜ 4 ª´œ

- Áž¦¸¥Áš¸¥¦³¥³Áª¨µ„µ¦Á‹¦·Á˜·Ã˜ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œÂ˜n¨³œ·— ¡ªnµ

¤¨Šª´œ®¨´Š¨µ¥ P. ruficornis čoÁª¨µÁ‹¦·Á˜·Ã˜¤µ„š¸É­»—‡º° 17 ª´œÂ¨³ ¤¨Šª´œ®´ªÁ ¸¥ª C. bezziana, C. megacephala ¨³ C. rufifacies čoÁª¨µÁ‹¦·Á˜·Ã˜œo°¥š¸É­»—‡º° 10 ª´œ

133

˜°œš¸É 3 „µ¦ž¦³¤µ–¦³¥³Áª¨µ®¨´Š„µ¦˜µ¥ °Š«¡ ˜µ¤‡ªµ¤Á®Èœ °ŠÂ¡š¥ršµŠœ·˜·Áª«µ­˜¦r 抡¥µµ¨˜Îµ¦ª‹ ­Îµœ´„Šµœ˜Îµ¦ª‹Â®nŠµ˜·Â¨³„µ¦ª·Á‡¦µ³®r„µ¦™—™°¥ (Regression Analysis)

- ¡š¥ršµŠœ·˜·Áª«µ­˜¦rž¦³¤µ–¦³¥³Áª¨µ„µ¦˜µ¥ °Š«¡ ¡ªnµ - «¡š¸É™¼„¡£µ¥Äœoµœ ¤¸‹Îµœªœ 19 «¡ ž¦³¤µ–¦³¥³Áª¨µ„µ¦˜µ¥Å—o 2-6 ª´œ - «¡š¸É™¼„¡„¨µŠš¸ÉènŠÂ‹oŠ¤¸‹Îµœªœ 7 «¡ ž¦³¤µ–¦³¥³Áª¨µ„µ¦˜µ¥Å—o 2-5 ª´œ - «¡š¸É™¼„¡¨°¥œÊε¤¸‹Îµœªœ 6 «¡ ž¦³¤µ–¦³¥³Áª¨µ„µ¦˜µ¥Å—o 3-6 ª´œ - «¡š¸É™¼„¡Äœžiµ¤¸‹Îµœªœ 3 «¡ ž¦³¤µ–¦³¥³Áª¨µ„µ¦˜µ¥Å—o 5-6 ª´œ

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- ­—Š‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r‹Îµœªœª ´œ˜µ¥ °Š«¡‹µ„¡š¥ršµŠœ·˜·Áª«µ­˜¦r ¡ªnµ „µ¦ž¦³¤µ–¦³¥³Áª¨µ®¨´Š„µ¦˜µ¥ °Š«¡‹µ„®¨´„“µœšµŠÂ¤¨Šš¸É¡¤¸‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r „´œ„´„µ¦ž¦³¤µ–¦³¥³Áª¨µ®¨´Š„µ¦˜µ¥ °Š«¡˜µ¤‡ªµ¤Á®Èœ °ŠÂ¡š¥r‹µ„­™µ´œœ·˜·Áªª·š¥µ 抡¥µµ¨˜Îµ¦ª‹ ­Îµœ´„Šµœ˜Îµ¦ª‹Â®nŠµ˜· °¥nµŠ¤¸œ´¥­Îµ‡´šµŠ­™·˜·š¸É¦³—´ 0.01 ×¥¤¸ ‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r„´œÄœ¦³—´­¼Šš¸É r = 0.902 ®¦º° 90.2 %

Ÿ¨„µ¦ª·Á‡¦µ³®r„µ¦™—™°¥ ¡ªnµ Y ¤¸‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r„´ X Ĝ¦¼žÁ·ŠÁ­oœÅ—oÁž}œ­¤„µ¦Á­oœ˜¦Š ‡º°

Y = - 0.042 + 0.982(X)

Ž¹ÉŠ­¤„µ¦‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r˜µ¤ o°¤¼¨‡º° ¡š¥r = - 0.042 + 0.982(¤¨Š) ×¥š¸É¤¸‡nµ­´¤ž¦³­·š›·Í °Š„µ¦˜´—­·œÄ‹ = 0.813 ®¦º° 81.3% 134

„µ¦ª·‹´¥Áž}œÅž˜µ¤­¤¤˜·“µœš¸É„ε®œ—Ūo —´Šœ¸Ê

„µ¦ž¦³¤µ–¦³¥³Áª¨µ®¨´Š„µ¦˜µ¥ °Š«¡‹µ„®¨´„“µœšµŠÂ¤¨Šš¸É˜¦ª‹¡¤¸ ‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r„´œ„´„µ¦ž¦³¤µ–¦³¥³Áª¨µ®¨´Š„µ¦˜µ¥ °Š«¡˜µ¤‡ªµ¤Á®Èœ °ŠÂ¡š¥r‹µ„­™µ´œ œ·˜·Áªª·š¥µ 抡¥µµ¨˜Îµ¦ª‹ ­Îµœ´„Šµœ˜Îµ¦ª‹Â®nŠµ˜· ×¥¤¸‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r„´œÄœ¦³—´­¼Šš¸É r = 0.902 °¥nµŠ¤¸œ´¥­Îµ‡´šµŠ­™·˜·š¸É¦³—´ 0.01

°£·ž¦µ¥Ÿ¨„µ¦ª·‹´¥ „µ¦ª·‹´¥œ¸ÊŗošÎµ„µ¦Á„ȝ˜´ª°¥nµŠšµŠÂ¤¨Š‹µ„«¡‹Îµœªœ 35 «¡ š¸É™¼„­nŠ¤µ´œ­¼˜¦¡¨·„ «¡ – ­™µ´œœ·˜·Áªª·š¥µ 抡¥µµ¨˜Îµ¦ª‹ ­Îµœ´„Šµœ˜Îµ¦ª‹Â®nŠµ˜· ץ¤¨Š™¼„˜¦ª‹¡‹µ„ «¡ °ŠÁ¡«µ¥¤µ„„ªnµÁ¡«®·Š (n = 25 > 10) Ž¹ÉŠ­nªœÄ®nÁž}œ«¡š¸É™¼„¡°¥¼n£µ¥ÄœoµœÂ¨³¤¸ ­µÁ®˜»„µ¦Á­¸¥¸ª·˜¤µ‹µ„„µ¦žiª¥

‹µ„„µ¦«¹„¬µ¦³¥³Áª¨µ„µ¦Á‹¦·Á˜·Ã˜ °ŠÂ¤¨ŠÄœÂ˜n¨³¦³¥³ ­µ¤µ¦™œÎµ¤µÄo ž¦³¤µ–¦³¥³Áª¨µ®¨´Š„µ¦˜µ¥ °Š«¡Å—o ¨³Á¤ºÉ°œÎµ¤µ®µ‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r„´„µ¦ž¦³¤µ–¦³¥³Áª¨µ ®¨´Š„µ¦˜µ¥ °Š«¡˜µ¤‡ªµ¤Á®Èœ °ŠÂ¡š¥rœ·˜·Áª¡ªnµ¤¸‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r„´œÄœ¦³—´­¼Šš¸É r = 0.902 °¥nµŠ¤¸œ´¥­Îµ‡´šµŠ­™·˜·š¸É¦³—´ 0.01 ¨³¤¸‡nµ­´¤ž¦³­·š›·Í °Š„µ¦˜´—­·œÄ‹Ášnµ„´ 81.3%

Ĝ„µ¦ª·‹´¥œ¸ÊŸ¼oª·‹´¥¡ªnµŸ¨„µ¦˜¦ª‹œ·— °ŠÂ¤¨Š‹µ„«¡ ‹Îµœªœ 35 «¡ ­°—‡¨o°Š

„´¦µ¥Šµœ„µ¦«¹„¬µ‡ªµ¤®¨µ„®¨µ¥ °ŠÂ¤¨Šš ¸É˜¦ª‹¡‹µ„«¡‹Îµœªœ 30 «¡ šµŠ£µ‡Á®œº° °Š ž¦³Áš«Åš¥ ˜´ÊŠÂ˜nže 2000 – 2006117 —´Š˜µ¦µŠš¸É 2 ‡ªµ¤®¨µ„®¨µ¥ °ŠÂ¤¨Šš¸É˜¦ª‹¡Å—o‹µ„«¡

117Kom Sukontason et al., “Forensic entomology cases in Thailand : a review of cases from 2000 to 2006,” 1417-1423. 135

Location Family Species Forest Outdoor Indoor Total Order Diptera Chrysomya megacephala 11 3 6 20 Chrysomya rufifacies 8 4 5 17 Chrysomya bezziana 1 0 0 1 Calliphoridae Chrysomya chain 1 0 0 1 Chrysomya nigripes 3 0 0 3 Chrysomya villeneuvi 6 0 1 7 Hemipyrellia ligurriens 1 0 0 1 Lucilia cuprina 2 1 0 3

Two unidentified 7 1 1 9 Muscidae Hydrotaea spinigera 7 0 0 7

Synthesiomyia nudiseta 0 0 3 3 Sarcophagidae Parasarcophaga ruficornis 0 0 2 2

Three unidentified 3 1 3 7

Phoridae Megaselia scalaris 2 0 0 2 Piophilidae Piophila casei 3 0 0 3

Stratiomyiidae Sargus sp. 2 0 0 2 Order Coleoptera Dermestidae Dermestes maculates 4 0 0 4 One unidentified 3 0 0 3 Order Hymenoptera Formicidae One unidentified 1 0 0 1

×¥Šµœª·‹´¥Á¦ºÉ°Š„µ¦ž¦³¤µ–¦³¥³Áª¨µ®¨´Š„µ¦˜µ¥‹µ„˜ª°´ °œ °ŠÂ¤¨Ššn ¸É¤¸„µ¦˜¦ª‹¡ ‹µ„«¡ ¡ªnµœ·— °ŠÂ¤¨Š­nªœÄ®nš¸É˜¦ª‹¡‹µ„«¡ ŗo„n ¤¨Šª´œ®ªÁ ´ ¥ª¸ C. megacephala ¨³ C. rufifacies ­°—‡¨o°Š„´¦µ¥Šµœ„µ¦«¹„¬µ‡ªµ¤®¨µ„®¨µ¥ °ŠÂ¤¨Šš¸É˜¦ª‹¡‹µ„«¡ ‹Îµœªœ 30 «¡ šµŠ£µ‡Á®œº° °Šž¦³Áš«Åš¥ ˜´ÊŠÂ˜nže 2000 – 2006 š¸É˜¦ª‹¡Â¤¨Šªœš´ ´ÊŠ 2 œ·— ‹µ„«¡¤µ„š¸É­»— ¦ª¤š´ÊŠŸ¨š¸Éŗo¥´Š­°—‡¨o°Š„´¦µ¥Šµœ„µ¦«¹„¬µš¸É¤¸„µ¦˜¦ª‹¡˜´ª°n°œ °Š 136

¤¨Šª´œ®´ªÁ ¥ª¸ C. megacephala ¨³ C. rufifacies ‹µ„«¡‹Îµœªœ 8 «¡ š¸Éž¦³Áš«¤µÁ¨ÁŽ¸¥ —´Š˜µ¦µŠ ˜µ¦µŠš¸É 17 ¦µ¥Šµœ„µ¦˜¦ª‹¡Â¤¨Š‹µ„«¡š¸Éž¦³Áš«¤µÁ¨ÁŽ¸¥

«¡š¸É ¦³¥³ °ŠÂ¤¨Š œ·— °ŠÂ¤¨Š ž¦³¤µ–¦³¥³Áª¨µ®¨´Š „µ¦˜µ¥ °Š«¡ (ª´œ) 1 ˜´ª°n°œ¦³¥³ 3 C. megacephala 4 C. rufifacies 2 ˜´ª°n°œ¦³¥³ 3 C. megacephala 4 Eristalis tenax 3 ˜´ª°n°œ¦³¥³ 3 C. megacephala 5 C. rufifacies

Sarcophaga spp.

4 ˜´ª°n°œ¦³¥³ 3 Hermetia illucens 30 ž¨°„—´„—o C. megacephala C. rufifacies

5 ž¨°„—´„—o C. megacephala 30

6 ˜´ª°n°œ¦³¥³ 3 C. megacephala 5 C. rufifacies 7 ˜´ª°n°œ¦³¥³ 3 C. megacephala 4 8 ˜´ª°n°œ¦³¥³ 3 C. megacephala 4

¡ªnµœ·— °ŠÂ¤¨Š­nªœÄ®nš¸É˜¦ª‹¡‹µ„«¡‹Îµœªœ 8 «¡ š¸Éž¦³Áš«¤µÁ¨ÁŽ¸¥118 ŗo„n ¤¨Šª´œ®´ªÁ ¸¥ª C. megacephala ¨³ C. rufifacies ÁnœÁ—¸¥ª„´œ ×¥­µ¤µ¦™œÎµ¤µž¦³¤µ– ¦³¥³Áª¨µ®¨´Š„µ¦˜µ¥ °Š«¡Å—o 4-5 ª´œŽ¹ÉŠ¦µ¥Šµœœ¸Ê¥´ŠÅ—o¤¸„µ¦˜¦ª‹¡ ž¨°„—´„—o °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œ ¨³­µ¤µ¦™œÎµ¤µž¦³¤µ–¦³¥³Áª¨µ®¨´Š„µ¦˜µ¥ °Š«¡Å—oÁnœ„´œ

118Arnalds, M.I. et al. “Estimation of postmortem interval in real cases based on experimentally obtained entomological evidence.” Forensic Science International 149, 1 (20 April 2005) : 57-65. 137

Ĝ„µ¦ª·‹´¥œ¸ÊŸ¼oª·‹´¥¡ªnµ Ÿ¨„µ¦˜¦ª‹˜´ª°n°œ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œ®´ªÁ ¸¥ª C. megacephala ‹µ„«¡š¸É™¼„¡ªnµ¨°¥œÊε‹Îµœªœ 6 «¡ ­µ¤µ¦™ž¦³¤µ–¦³¥³Áª¨µ®¨´Š„µ¦˜µ¥Å—o 3-6 ª´œŽ¹ÉŠŸ¨ ­°—‡¨o°Š„´¦µ¥Šµœ„µ¦˜¦ª‹¡˜´ª°n°œ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œ®´ªÁ ¸¥ª C. megacephala „´ C. rufifacies ‹µ„«¡¨°¥œÊεš¸É‹´Š®ª´—¨ÎµžµŠ119 «¡œ¸Ê­µ¤µ¦™ž¦³¤µ–¦³¥³Áª¨µ®¨´Š„µ¦˜µ¥Å—o 7 ª´œ ×¥„µ¦ž¦³¤µ–¦³¥³Áª¨µ®¨´Š„µ¦˜µ¥ °Š«¡š¸ÉŸnµœ„µ¦‹¤œÊ夵 ‹³˜o°Š¡·‹µ¦–µ ¦³¥³Áª¨µš¸É«¡‹¤°¥¼nĜœÊε„n°œ‹³¨°¥ ¹Êœ­¼nŸ·ªœÊεŽ¹ÉŠ«¡‹³ÄoÁª¨µ¨°¥ ¹Êœ­¼nŸ·ªœÊ垦³¤µ– 1 ª´œ °¥nµŠÅ¦„Șµ¤ÄœŠµœª·‹´¥‡¦´ÊŠœ¸ÊŸ¼oª·‹´¥Å¤n˜¦ª‹¡ ˜´ª°n°œ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œ®´ªÁ ¸¥ª C. rufifacies ‹µ„«¡ š¸É¨°¥œÊ夵š´ÊŠ 6 «¡

‹µ„„µ¦ª·‹´¥œ¸Ê­¦»žÅ—oªnµ o°¤¼¨š¸É¡š¥ršµŠœ·˜·Áª«µ­˜¦rž¦³¤µ–¦³¥³Áª¨µ®¨´Š„µ¦ ˜µ¥ °Š«¡ ¤¸‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r„´‹ÎµœªœÄœ„µ¦Á‹¦·Á˜·Ã˜ °Š˜´ª°n°œÂ¤¨Šª´œ ×¥œ·— °Š˜´ª°n°œ ¤¨Šª´œš¸É¡‹³Á„¸É¥ª o°Š„´­™µœš¸Éš¸É¡«¡ ˜nŤnÁ„¸É¥ª o°Š„´Á¡« °Š«¡

ž{®µš¸É¡Äœ„µ¦ª·‹´¥ „µ¦ª·‹´¥œ¸ÊŗoÁ„ȝ˜´ª°¥µŠÂ¤¨Š‹µ„«¡šn ¸É™¼„­nŠ¤µ´œ­¼˜¦¡¨·„«¡ – ­™µ´œœ·˜·Áªª·š¥µ

抡¥µµ¨˜Îµ¦ª‹ ­Îµœ´„Šµœ˜Îµ¦ª‹Â®nŠµ˜· œÎµ¤µ«¹„¬µ¦³¥³Áª¨µ„µ¦Á‹¦·Á˜·Ã˜ °ŠÂ¤¨ŠÂ˜n¨³ œ·—Á¡ºÉ°Äož¦³¤µ–¦³¥³Áª¨µ®¨´Š„µ¦˜µ¥ °Š«¡ Ž¹ÉŠÂ¤¨Š­nªœÄ®nš¸É™¼„˜¦ª‹¡ ŗo„n ¤¨Šª´œ

®´ªÁ ¥ª¸ ¤¨Šª´œ®¨´Š¨µ¥Â¨³Â¤¨Šªœ´ oµœ ˜n¥´Š¤¸„µ¦˜¦ª‹¡Â¤¨Šœ·—°ºÉœÇ —ª¥o —´Š˜µ¦µŠš¸É 18 ˜nŤn­µ¤µ¦™œÎµ o°¤¼¨¤µÄo®µ‡ªµ¤­´¤¡œ›´ r¦³®ªnµŠ„µ¦ž¦³¤µ–¦³¥³Áª¨µ®¨´Š„µ¦˜µ¥ °Š«¡ ‹µ„®¨´„“µœšµŠÂ¤¨Šš¸É˜¦ª‹¡„´„µ¦ž¦³¤µ–¦³¥³Áª¨µ®¨´Š„µ¦˜µ¥ °Š«¡˜µ¤‡ªµ¤Á®œ °ŠÈ ¡š¥‹µ„­™µr ´œœ·˜·Áªª·š¥µ 抡¥µµ¨˜Îµ¦ª‹ ­Îµœ„Šµœ˜´ 妪‹Â®nŠµ˜·Å—o ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„¤¸ o°‹Îµ„´— µŠž¦³„µ¦ µŠ„¦–¸«¡¤„µ¦Áž¨¸ ¸É¥œÂž¨Š¤µ„‹œÂ¡š¥rŤn­µ¤µ¦™¦³»¦³¥³Áª¨µ®¨´Š„µ¦˜µ¥Å—o °¸„š´ÊŠÂ¤¨Šš˜¦ª‹¡‹µ„µŠ«¡¸É ˜µ¥¦³®ªnµŠ„µ¦š—¨°Š šÎµÄ®oŤn­µ¤µ¦™š¦µÅ—o™¹Š¦³¥³Áª¨µ „µ¦Á‹¦·Á˜·Ã˜ °ŠÂ¤¨ŠÄœÂ˜n¨³¦³¥³ ­ŠŸ¨Ä®n oŤn­µ¤µ¦™œÎµ o°¤¼¨¤µÄo°oµŠ°·Š¦³¥³Áª¨µ®¨´Š „µ¦˜µ¥ °Š«¡Å—o

119Kabkaew L Sukontason et al. “Forensically Important Fly Maggot in a Floating Corpse: The First Case Report in Thailand.” Journal of The Medical Association of Thailand 88,10 (2005) : 1458-1461. 138

˜µ¦µŠš¸É 18 ­—Šœ·— °ŠÂ¤¨Šš¸É˜¦ª‹¡‹µ„«¡ ˜Ťn n­µ¤µ¦™œÎµ¤µÄož¦³¤µ– ¦³¥³Áª¨µ®¨´Š„µ¦˜µ¥ °Š«¡Å—o

œ·— °ŠÂ¤¨Š ­™µœš¸É¡«¡ (Species) oµœ š¸ÉènŠ ¨°¥œÊε žiµ ¦ª¤ ‹oŠ œÊε Order Diptera Family : Stratiomyidae - - - 1 1 Stratiomyidae spp. ¦ª¤ - - - 1 1 Order Coleoptera

Family : Cleridae Necrobia rufipes 11--2

Family : Dermestidae Dermestes maculates 21--3

Family : Silphidae

Necrobia surinamensis -1--1 3 3 - - 6 ¦ª¤ ®¤µ¥Á®˜» : - ®¤µ¥™¹Š ˜¦ª‹Å¤n¡

o°Á­œ°Âœ³ ‡ª¦¤¸„µ¦š—¨°ŠœÎµŽµ„­»„¦š¸É¤¸œÊ宜´„ž¦³¤µ– 40 „·Ã¨„¦´¤ ¤µÄoÁž}œÂ‹Îµ¨°Š šœ«¡ °Š¤œ»¬¥r Á¡ºÉ°œÎµ o°¤¼¨š¸Éŗo¤µÄo°oµŠ°·Š„´ o°¤¼¨šµŠÂ¤¨Šš¸ÉÁ„ȝ¤µ‹µ„«¡ °Š¤œ»¬¥rš¸É™¼„ ­nŠ¤µ´œ­¼˜¦¡¨·„«¡ – ­™µ´œœ·˜·Áªª·š¥µ 抡¥µµ¨˜Îµ¦ª‹ ­Îµœ´„Šµœ˜Îµ¦ª‹Â®nŠµ˜· Á¡ºÉ° «¹ „¬µÁ¦ºÉ°Š¦³¥³Áª¨µ„µ¦Á‹¦·Á˜·Ã˜ °ŠÂ¤¨ŠÄœÂ˜n¨³¦³¥³ „´¦³¥³Áª¨µš¸É¤¨ŠÂ˜n¨³œ·—Á oµ¤µ ®µ°µ®µ¦‹µ„«¡˜´ÊŠÂ˜n¦³¥³ Initial decay ‹œ™¹Š¦³¥³ Dry decay Á¡¦µ³ÄœšµŠž’·´˜·Å¤n­µ¤µ¦™œÎµ «¡ °Š¤œ»¬¥r¤µÄoĜ„µ¦š—¨°ŠÅ—o 139

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£µ¬µÅš¥ „µ¦´œ­¼˜¦¡¨·„«¡ [Online]. Accessed 2 August 2000. Available from http://www.hosdoc.com/staff/Content/08-Autopsy/Contents/au-doc-01.htm. °oµŠ™¹ŠÄœ ­Îµœ´„Šµœ˜Îµ¦ª‹Â®nŠµ˜·. “¦³Á¸¥­Îµœ´„Šµœ˜Îµ¦ª‹Â®nŠµ˜·ªnµ—oª¥ „µ¦´œ­¼˜¦ ¡¨·„«¡ (Œ´š¸É 6) ¡.«. 2543,” 2 ­·Š®µ‡¤ 2543. „µ¦š—¨°Š : „µ¦­˜´¢¢m˜´ª°¥nµŠÂ¤¨Š [Online]. Accessed 23 March 2007. Available from http://www.nsm.or.th/nsm2008/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=1192 ‡¤ ­»‡œ›­¦¦¡r ¨³ „µÂ„oª­»‡œ›­¦¦¡r. ¤¨Šª´œš¸É¤¸‡ªµ¤­Îµ‡´šµŠ„µ¦Â¡š¥rĜž¦³Áš«Åš¥. Á¸¥ŠÄ®¤n : Á¸¥ŠÄ®¤n—·‹·˜°¨Áª·¦r‡­, 2548. . . : , 2527. ·˜µ£µ Á„˜ª´¨®r ­´–“µœª·š¥µ °ŠÂ¤¨Š „¦»ŠÁš¡¤®µœ‡¦ 抡·¤¡r¤·˜¦­¥µ¤ Á—¨·œ·ª­,r 22 ¡§¬£µ‡¤ 2548. œ·˜·Áª„¸’ª·š¥µ [Online]. Accessed 18 June 2007. Available from http://www.jobpub.com/article/showarticle.asp?id=677 [Online]. Accessed 16 December 2007. Available from œ·˜·Áª„¸’ª·š¥µ http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/œ·˜·Áª„¸’ª·š¥µ. °oµŠ™¹ŠÄœ ¥»„˜œ´œšr ‹ÎµžµÁš«. “œ·— °Š

¤¨Šš¸É˜¦ª‹¡‹µ„Žµ„¨¼„­»„¦ .” ž{®µ¡·Á«¬¦³—´ž¦·µ˜¦¸ £µ‡ª·µ„¸’ª·š¥µ ‡–³Á„¬˜¦«µ­˜¦r ¤®µª·š¥µ¨´¥Á„¬˜¦«µ­˜¦r, 2548. œ£µ¡¦ «¦¸˜³ªµœ· ¨³‡œ°ºÉœÇ. “¨Îµ—´„µ¦Á oµ„n°œ®¨´Š °Š­´˜ªr µž¨o°ŠÄœŽµ„®¤¼Â¨³„µ¦ ž¦³¤µ–¦³¥³Áª¨µ®¨´Š„µ¦˜µ¥.” Srinagarind Medical Journal 22, 5 (2007) : 152. ž¦³¤ª¨„‘®¤µ¥ª·›¸¡·‹µ¦–µ‡ªµ¤Â¡nŠª·›¸¡·‹µ¦–µ‡ªµ¤°µµ. ¡·¤¡r‡¦´ÊŠš¸É 3. „¦»ŠÁš¡¤®µœ‡¦ : °”˜¥µ ¤·Á¨ÈœÁœ¸¥¤, 2547. ÁŸ—È‹­·¦·¥³Á­™¸¥¦ ¨³ œ´œšœµ «·¦·š¦´¡¥r. “„µ¦ž¦³¤µ–Áª¨µ„µ¦˜µ¥Ã—¥°µ«´¥ o°¤¼¨ªŠ‹¦¸ª·˜ °Š ¤¨Šª´œœ«¡.” ‹»¯µ¨Š„¦–rÁª­µ¦ 49, 4 (Á¤¬µ¥œ 2548) : 195-200. ¤˜·œ, 30 ¤·™»œµ¥œ 2548. ŤÁ‡·¨ µÁ—œ ¨³ ¤µÁ¦¸¥œ æ. ¡¨·„«¡ ¡¨·„‡—.¸ ž¨Ã—¥ ¤´šœ¸ Á„¬„¤¨. ¡·¤¡r‡¦´ÊŠš¸É 3. „¦»ŠÁš¡² : Á¡·¦r¨¡´¨··ÉŠ, 2546. ¥»¡µ ®µ»š¦Š ¨³ ª·Ã¦‹œr ¨·­»ª¦¦–. šž’·´˜·„µ¦„¸’ª·š¥µÁºÊ°Š˜oœ. ¤.ž.š.,2533. 140

æ‡ Myiasis [Online]. Accessed 4 February 2007. Available from http://www.vcharkarn.com/vcafe/136969 Á¨¸Ê¥Š ®»¥ž¦³Á­¦·“. œ·˜·Áª«µ­˜¦r­Îµ®¦´¡œ´„Šµœ­º­ªœ­°­ªœ. „¦»ŠÁš¡¤®µœ‡¦ : ­Îµœ´„¡·¤¡r ­¼˜¦Å¡«µ¨, 2550. ª·µ Áže¥ªœ·É¤Â¨³›Îµ¦Š ‹·¦‹¦·¥Áª. œ·˜·¡¥µ›·ª·š¥µÂ¨³œ·˜·Áªª·š¥µ. „¦»ŠÁš¡¤®µœ‡¦ : 抡·¤¡r Á—º°œ˜»¨µ, 2550. ª·”¼¦¥r °¹ÊŠž¦³¡´œ›r. œ·˜·Áª«µ­˜¦.r ¡·¤¡r‡¦´ÊŠš¸É 8. „¦»ŠÁš¡¤®µœ‡¦ : ­Îµœ´„¡·¤¡r¤®µª·š¥µ¨´¥ ¦µ¤‡ÎµÂ®Š, 2548. «µœ·˜¦´˜œ£»¤¤³. „¸’ª·š¥µÂ¤nš. Á¸¥ŠÄ®¤n : ‡–³Á„¬˜¦«µ­˜¦r ¤®µª·š¥µ¨´¥Á¸¥ŠÄ®¤n, 2546. «˜Áœ˜· Áœ˜·£´š¦¼Ã˜·. „µ¦´œ­¼˜¦¡¨·„«¡Äœ„‘®¤µ¥Åš¥ [Online]. Accessed 15 December 2007. Available from http://www.dtllaw.com/index.php?lay=show&ac=article&Id =5340499&Ntype=2

­»£´š¦ ­»‹¦·˜ ¨³ ž¦³¤ª¨¤µ¨¥r ­»‹¦·˜. „¸’ª·š¥µ„µ¦Â¡š¥.r „¦»ŠÁš¡¤®µœ‡¦ : ¡·«·¬“r„µ¦¡·¤¡r, 2531. ­»£µ–¸ ¡·¤¡r­¤µœ, µ´¥ ™µª¦°œ»„¼¨„·‹ ¨³ ¤Ãœ´¥„¸¦˜·„­·„¦. šž’·´˜·„µ¦„¸’ª·š¥µÁºÊ°Š˜oœ. ¤.ž.š., 2533.

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146

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147

£µ‡Ÿœª„ „ „µ¦®µ‡ªµ¤¥µª¨Îµ˜´ª °Š˜ª°´ n°œÂ¤¨ŠÂ˜n¨³œ·—˜µ¤‹Îµœªœª´œ

148

˜°œš¸É 2 ¦³¥³Áª¨µ„µ¦Á‹¦Á˜· ·Ã˜ °ŠÂ¤¨Šª´œÂ˜n¨³œ·—

œ·— °Š ‡nµÁŒ¨¸É¥‡ªµ¤¥µª¨Îµ˜´ª (cm) ˜µ¤‹Îµœªœªœ®¨´ ´Š‹µ„°°„‹µ„Å n ¤¨Šª´œ ª´œš ¸É 1 ª´œš ¸É 2 ª´œš ¸É 3 ª´œš ¸É 4 ª´œš ¸É 5 ¤¨Šª´œ®´ªÁ ¥ª¸ C. bezziana 0.2 r 0.006 0.4 r 0.008 0.8 r 0.009 1.2 r 0.03 - C. megacephala 0.2 r 0.008 0.5 r 0.008 0.7 r 0.009 1.0 r 0.05 - C. rufifacies 0.2 r 0.01 0.5 r 0.009 0.7 r 0.009 0.9 r 0.01 1.3 r 0.05 L. cuprina. 0.15 r 0.01 0.4 r 0.006 0.6 r 0.01 0.9 r 0.01 1.1 r 0.07 ¤¨Šª´œ®¨´Š¨µ¥ P. ruficornis 0.2 r 0.02 0.5 r 0.01 0.7 r 0.006 1.3 r 0.09 2.0 r 0.03

¤¨Šª´œoµœ S. nudiseta 0.15 r 0.01 0.3 r 0.09 0.5 r 0.007 0.7 r 0.003 1.0 r 0.03

ª·›¸šÎµ

X „µ¦®µ‡nµÁŒ¨¸É¥ X ¦ N

X ‡º°‡nµÁŒ¨¸É¥ ¦X ‡º° Ÿ¨¦ª¤š´ÊŠ®¤— N ‡º°‹Îµœªœ o°¤¼¨

2 ¦ XX „µ¦®µ‡nµ‡ªµ¤Á¸É¥ŠÁœ¤µ˜¦“µœ S N  1 X ‡º°‡nµÁŒ¨¸É¥ X ‡º° Ÿ¨ o°¤¼¨ N ‡º°‹Îµœªœ o°¤¼¨ S ‡º° ‡ªµ¤Á¸É¥ŠÁœ¤µ˜¦“µœ 149

¤¨Šª´œ®´ªÁ ¥ª¸ C. bezziana

X X ¦ „µ¦®µ‡nµÁŒ¨¸É¥ N

‡ªµ¤¥µª¨Îµ˜´ªªœš´ ¸É 1 = 3/15 = 0.2

‡ªµ¤¥µª¨Îµ˜´ªªœš´ ¸É 2 = 6/15 = 0.4

3 = 12/15 ‡ªµ¤¥µª¨Îµ˜´ªªœš´ ¸É = 0.8

‡ªµ¤¥µª¨Îµ˜´ªªœš´ ¸É 4 = 18/15 = 1.2 150

¤¨Šª´œ®´ªÁ ¥ª¸ C. bezziana

2 ¦ XX „µ¦®µ‡nµ‡ªµ¤Á¸É¥ŠÁœ¤µ˜¦“µœ S N  1

0006.0 1 = ‡ªµ¤¥µª¨Îµ˜´ªªœš´ ¸É 14 = 0.006

0001.0 2 = ‡ªµ¤¥µª¨Îµ˜´ªªœš´ ¸É 14 = 0.008

3 = 0012.0 ‡ªµ¤¥µª¨Îµ˜´ªªœš´ ¸É 14

= 0.01

02.0 4 = ‡ªµ¤¥µª¨Îµ˜´ªªœš´ ¸É 14 = 0.01 151

¤¨Šª´œ®´ªÁ ¥ª¸ C. megacephala

X X ¦ „µ¦®µ‡nµÁŒ¨¸É¥ N

‡ªµ¤¥µª¨Îµ˜´ªªœš´ ¸É 1 = 3/15 = 0.2

‡ªµ¤¥µª¨Îµ˜´ªªœš´ ¸É 2 = 7.5/15 = 0.5

‡ªµ¤¥µª¨Îµ˜´ªªœš´ ¸É 3 = 10.5/15

= 0.7

‡ªµ¤¥µª¨Îµ˜´ªªœš´ ¸É 4 = 15/15 = 1.0 152

¤¨Šª´œ®´ªÁ ¥ª¸ C. megacephala

2 ¦ XX „µ¦®µ‡nµ‡ªµ¤Á¸É¥ŠÁœ¤µ˜¦“µœ S N  1

001.0 1 = ‡ªµ¤¥µª¨Îµ˜´ªªœš´ ¸É 14 = 0.008

0001.0 2 = ‡ªµ¤¥µª¨Îµ˜´ªªœš´ ¸É 14 = 0.008

3 = 0012.0 ‡ªµ¤¥µª¨Îµ˜´ªªœš´ ¸É 14

= 0.009

04.0 4 = ‡ªµ¤¥µª¨Îµ˜´ªªœš´ ¸É 14 = 0.05 153

¤¨Šª´œ®´ªÁ ¥ª¸ C. rufifacies

X X ¦ „µ¦®µ‡nµÁŒ¨¸É¥ N

‡ªµ¤¥µª¨Îµ˜´ªªœš´ ¸É 1 = 3/15 = 0.2

‡ªµ¤¥µª¨Îµ˜´ªªœš´ ¸É 2 = 7.5/15 = 0.5

‡ªµ¤¥µª¨Îµ˜´ªªœš´ ¸É 3 = 10.5/15 = 0.7

‡ªµ¤¥µª¨Îµ˜´ªªœš´ ¸É 4 = 13.5/15 = 0.9

‡ªµ¤¥µª¨Îµ˜´ªªœš´ ¸É 5 = 19.5/15 = 1.3 154

¤¨Šª´œ®´ªÁ ¥ª¸ C. rufifacies

2 ¦ XX „µ¦®µ‡nµ‡ªµ¤Á¸É¥ŠÁœ¤µ˜¦“µœ S N  1

0027.0 1 = ‡ªµ¤¥µª¨Îµ˜´ªªœš´ ¸É 14 = 0.01

0012.0 2 = ‡ªµ¤¥µª¨Îµ˜´ªªœš´ ¸É 14 = 0.009

3 = 0012.0 ‡ªµ¤¥µª¨Îµ˜´ªªœš´ ¸É 14

= 0.009

0014.0 4 = ‡ªµ¤¥µª¨Îµ˜´ªªœš´ ¸É 14 = 0.01

04.0 5 = ‡ªµ¤¥µª¨Îµ˜´ªªœš´ ¸É 14 = 0.05 155

¤¨Šª´œ®´ªÁ ¥ª¸ L. cuprina.

X X ¦ „µ¦®µ‡nµÁŒ¨¸É¥ N

‡ªµ¤¥µª¨Îµ˜´ªªœš´ ¸É 1 = 2.25/15 = 0.15

‡ªµ¤¥µª¨Îµ˜´ªªœš´ ¸É 2 = 6/15 = 0.4

‡ªµ¤¥µª¨Îµ˜´ªªœš´ ¸É 3 = 9/15 = 0.6

‡ªµ¤¥µª¨Îµ˜´ªªœš´ ¸É 4 = 13.5/15 = 0.9

‡ªµ¤¥µª¨Îµ˜´ªªœš´ ¸É 5 = 16.5/15 = 1.1 156

¤¨Šª´œ®´ªÁ ¥ª¸ L. cuprina.

2 ¦ XX „µ¦®µ‡nµ‡ªµ¤Á¸É¥ŠÁœ¤µ˜¦“µœ S N  1

0014.0 1 = ‡ªµ¤¥µª¨Îµ˜´ªªœš´ ¸É 14 = 0.01

0006.0 2 = ‡ªµ¤¥µª¨Îµ˜´ªªœš´ ¸É 14 = 0.006

0036.0 3 = ‡ªµ¤¥µª¨Îµ˜´ªªœš´ ¸É 14

= 0.01

4 = 0014.0 ‡ªµ¤¥µª¨Îµ˜´ªªœš´ ¸É 14 = 0.01

08.0 5 = ‡ªµ¤¥µª¨Îµ˜´ªªœš´ ¸É 14 = 0.07 157

¤¨Šª´œ®¨´Š¨µ¥ P. ruficornis

X X ¦ „µ¦®µ‡nµÁŒ¨¸É¥ N

‡ªµ¤¥µª¨Îµ˜´ªªœš´ ¸É 1 = 3/15 = 0.2

‡ªµ¤¥µª¨Îµ˜´ªªœš´ ¸É 2 = 7.5/15 = 0.5

‡ªµ¤¥µª¨Îµ˜´ªªœš´ ¸É 3 = 10.5/15 = 0.7

‡ªµ¤¥µª¨Îµ˜´ªªœš´ ¸É 4 = 19.5/15 = 1.3

‡ªµ¤¥µª¨Îµ˜´ªªœš´ ¸É 5 = 30/15 = 2.0 158

¤¨Šª´œ®¨´Š¨µ¥ P. ruficornis

2 ¦ XX „µ¦®µ‡nµ‡ªµ¤Á¸É¥ŠÁœ¤µ˜¦“µœ S N  1

0076.0 1 = ‡ªµ¤¥µª¨Îµ˜´ªªœš´ ¸É 14 = 0.02

0018.0 2 = ‡ªµ¤¥µª¨Îµ˜´ªªœš´ ¸É 14 = 0.01

0006.0 3 = ‡ªµ¤¥µª¨Îµ˜´ªªœš´ ¸É 14

= 0.006

4 = 12.0 ‡ªµ¤¥µª¨Îµ˜´ªªœš´ ¸É 14 = 0.09

02.0 5 = ‡ªµ¤¥µª¨Îµ˜´ªªœš´ ¸É 14 = 0.03 159

¤¨Šª´œoµœ S. nudiseta

X X ¦ „µ¦®µ‡nµÁŒ¨¸É¥ N

‡ªµ¤¥µª¨Îµ˜´ªªœš´ ¸É 1 = 2.25/15 = 0.15

‡ªµ¤¥µª¨Îµ˜´ªªœš´ ¸É 2 = 4.5/15 = 0.3

‡ªµ¤¥µª¨Îµ˜´ªªœš´ ¸É 3 = 7.5/15 = 0.5

‡ªµ¤¥µª¨Îµ˜´ªªœš´ ¸É 4 = 12/15 = 0.8

‡ªµ¤¥µª¨Îµ˜´ªªœš´ ¸É 5 = 15/15 = 1.0 160

¤¨Šª´œoµœ S. nudiseta

2 ¦ XX „µ¦®µ‡nµ‡ªµ¤Á¸É¥ŠÁœ¤µ˜¦“µœ S N  1

002.0 1 = ‡ªµ¤¥µª¨Îµ˜´ªªœš´ ¸É 14 = 0.01

0012.0 2 = ‡ªµ¤¥µª¨Îµ˜´ªªœš´ ¸É 14 = 0.09

0008.0 ‡ªµ¤¥µª¨Îµ˜´ªªœš´ ¸É 3 = 14 = 0.007

0002.0 4 = ‡ªµ¤¥µª¨Îµ˜´ªªœš´ ¸É 14 = 0.003

5 = 02.0 ‡ªµ¤¥µª¨Îµ˜´ªªœš´ ¸É 14

= 0.03 161

£µ‡Ÿœª„ „µ¦®µ‡ªµ¤­¤¡´ ´œ›r °Š„µ¦ž¦³¤µ–¦³¥³Áª¨µ®¨´Š„µ¦˜µ¥ °Š«¡‹µ„®¨´„“µœšµŠÂ¤¨Šš¸É˜¦ª‹¡

„´‡ªµ¤Á®Èœ °ŠÂ¡š¥‹µ„­™µr ´œœ·˜·Áªªš¥µ· 抡¥µµ¨˜Îµ¦ª‹ ­Îµœ„Šµœ˜´ 妪‹Â®nŠµ˜·

162

˜°œš¸É 3 „µ¦®µ‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r °Š„µ¦ž¦³¤µ–¦³¥³Áª¨µ®¨´Š„µ¦˜µ¥ °Š«¡‹µ„ ®¨´„“µœšµŠÂ¤¨Šš¸É˜¦ª‹¡„´‡ªµ¤Á®Èœ °ŠÂ¡š¥r‹µ„­™µ´œœ·˜·Áªª·š¥µ 抡¥µµ¨˜Îµ¦ª‹ ­Îµœ´„Šµœ˜Îµ¦ª‹Â®nŠµ˜·Â¨³„µ¦ª·Á‡¦µ³®r„µ¦™—™°¥

­™µœš¸É¡«¡ ‹Îµœªœ«¡ ‹Îµœªœªœ˜µ¥´ ‹ÎµœªœªœÁ‹¦´ Á˜· ·Ã˜ °Š˜´ª°n°œÂ¤¨Š oµœ (19) 1. „¦»ŠÁš¡² 3 2 2 2. „¦»ŠÁš¡² 3 3 3 3. „¦»ŠÁš¡² 1 6 5 4. „¦»ŠÁš¡² 1 5 5 5. 1 3 4 „¦»ŠÁš¡² 6. „¦»ŠÁš¡² 1 4 4

7. „µ‹œ»¦¸ 1 2 3 8. ¨»¦¸ 1 5 5 9. 1 5 4 ¨»¦¸ 10. ¨»¦¸ 1 4 5

11. ¨»¦¸ 1 3 2 12. ž¦³‹ª‡¸¦¸ ´œ›r 1 3 2 13. ¨¡»¦¸ 1 6 6 14. ­»¡¦¦–»¦¸ 1 4 4 15. °»š´¥›µœ¸ 1 5 5 š¸ÉènŠÂ‹oŠ (7) 16. „¦»ŠÁš¡² 1 5 6 17. ¨»¦¸ 2 3 3 18. ¨»¦¸ 1 5 5 19. ¦³œ°Š 1 2 2 20. ¨¡»¦¸ 1 4 3 21. ­¤»š¦ž¦µ„µ¦ 1 2 2 163

˜°œš¸É 3 (˜n°)

­™µœš¸É¡«¡ ‹Îµœªœ«¡ ‹Îµœªœªœ˜µ¥´ ‹ÎµœªœªœÁ‹¦´ Á˜· ·Ã˜ °Š˜´ª°n°œÂ¤¨Š ¨°¥œÊε (6) 22. „¦»ŠÁš¡² 1 6 5 23. Œ³Á·ŠÁš¦µ 1 5 5 24. ´¥œµš 1 3 3 25. ¦³¥°Š 1 4 3 26. ­¤»š¦ž¦µ„µ¦ 1 4 3 27. °nµŠš°Š 1 6 6

žiµ (3) 28. „¦³¸É 1 6 5

29. ¦µ»¦¸ 1 5 5 30. ­¤»š¦ž¦µ„µ¦ 1 6 7

ª·›¸šÎµ

¦ x = 139 ¦ y = 135 ¦ x 2 = 613 ¦ y 2 = 593 ¦ xy = 596 n = 35 164

‹µ„­¼˜¦„µ¦®µ‡nµ­´¤ž¦³­·š›·Í­®­´¤¡´œ›rÁ¡¸¥¦r­´œ

¦¦ ¦ YXXYn rXY 2 2 2 2 >@n X  >@ ¦¦¦¦ YYnX

 13513959635 2 2 >@  >@  1355933513961335

2095

579.2323

‡nµ­´¤ž¦³­·š›·Í­®­´¤¡´œ›r = 0.902

­¤¤˜·“µœ

H0 : U = 0

H1 : U z 0

¦³—´œ¥­´ ε‡´ „ε®œ— D = 0.01 165

š—­°­¤¤˜·“µœÅ—o—oª¥ t-test ¤¸­¤„µ¦‡Îµœª– —´Šœ¸Ê

n 2 rt  2 1 r t = 0.902 (11.56)

t = 10.43

š¸É¦³—´œ¥­´ ε‡´ 0.01 ¨³ d.f. = n – 2 = 35 – 2 = 33

°µ–µÁ ˜ª„§˜· ‡º° t < - 2.73 ®¦º° t > 2.73

‡nµ t ‡Îµœª– 10.43 > 2.73 ˜´—­·œÄ‹ž’·Á­› H0

­—Šªnµ

„µ¦ž¦³¤µ–¦³¥³Áª¨µ®¨´Š„µ¦˜µ¥ °Š«¡‹µ„®¨´„“µœšµŠÂ¤¨Šš¸É˜¦ª‹¡¤¸ ‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r„´„µ¦ž¦³¤µ–¦³¥³Áª¨µ®¨´Š„µ¦˜µ¥ °Š«¡˜µ¤‡ªµ¤Á®Èœ °ŠÂ¡š¥r‹µ„­™µ´œ œ·˜·Áªª·š¥µ 抡¥µµ¨˜Îµ¦ª‹ ­Îµœ´„Šµœ˜Îµ¦ª‹Â®nŠµ˜· °¥nµŠ¤¸œ´¥­Îµ‡´šµŠ­™·˜·š¸É¦³—´ 0.01 ×¥ ¤¸‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r„´œÄœ¦³—´­¼Šš¸É r = 0.902 166

£µ‡Ÿœª„ ‡ „µ¦ª·Á‡¦µ³®r„µ¦™—™°¥ (Regression Analysis)

167

˜°œš¸É 3 „µ¦®µ‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r °Š„µ¦ž¦³¤µ–¦³¥³Áª¨µ®¨´Š„µ¦˜µ¥ °Š«¡‹µ„ ®¨´„“µœšµŠÂ¤¨Šš¸É˜¦ª‹¡„´‡ªµ¤Á®Èœ °ŠÂ¡š¥r‹µ„­™µ´œœ·˜·Áªª·š¥µ 抡¥µµ¨˜Îµ¦ª‹ ­Îµœ´„Šµœ˜Îµ¦ª‹Â®nŠµ˜·Â¨³„µ¦ª·Á‡¦µ³®r„µ¦™—™°¥

­™µœš¸É¡«¡ ‹Îµœªœ«¡ ‹Îµœªœªœ˜µ¥´ ‹ÎµœªœªœÁ‹¦´ Á˜· ·Ã˜ °Š˜´ª°n°œÂ¤¨Š oµœ (19) 1. „¦»ŠÁš¡² 3 2 2 2. „¦»ŠÁš¡² 3 3 3 3. „¦»ŠÁš¡² 1 6 5 4. „¦»ŠÁš¡² 1 5 5 5. 1 3 4 „¦»ŠÁš¡² 6. „¦»ŠÁš¡² 1 4 4

7. „µ‹œ»¦¸ 1 2 3 8. ¨»¦¸ 1 5 5 9. 1 5 4 ¨»¦¸ 10. ¨»¦¸ 1 4 5

11. ¨»¦¸ 1 3 2 12. ž¦³‹ª‡¸¦¸ ´œ›r 1 3 2 13. ¨¡»¦¸ 1 6 6 14. ­»¡¦¦–»¦¸ 1 4 4 15. °»š´¥›µœ¸ 1 5 5 š¸ÉènŠÂ‹oŠ (7) 16. „¦»ŠÁš¡² 1 5 6 17. ¨»¦¸ 2 3 3 18. ¨»¦¸ 1 5 5 19. ¦³œ°Š 1 2 2 20. ¨¡»¦¸ 1 4 3 21. ­¤»š¦ž¦µ„µ¦ 1 2 2 168

˜°œš¸É 3 (˜n°)

­™µœš¸É¡«¡ ‹Îµœªœ«¡ ‹Îµœªœªœ˜µ¥´ ‹ÎµœªœªœÁ‹¦´ Á˜· ·Ã˜ °Š˜´ª°n°œÂ¤¨Š ¨°¥œÊε (6) 22. „¦»ŠÁš¡² 1 6 5 23. Œ³Á·ŠÁš¦µ 1 5 5 24. ´¥œµš 1 3 3 25. ¦³¥°Š 1 4 3 26. ­¤»š¦ž¦µ„µ¦ 1 4 3 27. 1 6 6 °nµŠš°Š žiµ (3)

28. „¦³¸É 1 6 5 29. ¦µ»¦¸ 1 5 5 30. 1 6 7 ­¤»š¦ž¦µ„µ¦

169

8 )

ª´œ 7 r ( 6

5

4 3

´ œ˜µ¥ °Š«¡‹µ„¡š¥ 2 1 ‹Î µœªœª 0 01234567

‹Îµœªœª´œÁ‹¦·Á˜·Ã˜ °Š˜´ª°n°œÂ¤¨Šª´œ (ª´œ)

Á¤ºÉ°œÎµ o°¤¼¨š¸Éŗo¤µÁ ¸¥œ„¦µ¢ ¡ªnµ„µ¦Á¦¸¥Š˜´ª °Š‹»—¤¸¨´„¬–³Áž}œÁ­oœ˜¦Š ­—Šªnµ¤¸ Y X ‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›rÁž}œÂÁ·ŠÁ­oœ ­¤„µ¦š¸Éŗo‡º° E  E10 ×¥­µ¤µ¦™®µE0 ¨³ E1ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

ª·›¸šÎµ YX XY  ¦¦ ¦ n E1 X 2 2 X  ¦ ¦ n

135139 596  35

139 2 613  35

857.59

971.60

= 0.982 170

0  EE 1 XY

= 3.857 - 0.982(3.97)

= - 0.042

­¤„µ¦š¸Éŗo‹µ„„µ¦‡Îµœª– ‡º° Y = - 0.042 + 0.982(X) ®¦º° Á ¸¥œÁž}œ­¤„µ¦‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r˜µ¤ o°¤¼¨‡º° ¡š¥r = - 0.042 + 0.982(¤¨Š) ×¥š¸É¤¸‡nµ­´¤ž¦³­·š›·Í °Š„µ¦˜´—­·œÄ‹ = 0.813 ®¦º° 81.3%

- ¡·­¼‹œrªnµ­¤„µ¦š¸ÉŗoÁ®¤µ³‹³œÎµÅžÄo‡µ—„µ¦–r‡nµ Y Ĝ°œµ‡˜¤µ„œo°¥Á¡¸¥ŠÄ— ×¥ f-statistic čo Á¡ºÉ°š—­°‡ªµ¤‡¨µ—Á‡¨ºÉ°œÂ¨³­¤¤˜·“µœ

­¤¤˜·“µœ

„) H0 : ¦³¥³Áª¨µ®¨Š„µ¦˜µ¥ °ŠÂ˜´ n¨³«¡Å¤Â˜„˜n nµŠ„´œ

H1 : ¤¸«¡°¥nµŠœo°¥ 1 «¡š¸É¤¸¦³¥³Áª¨µ®¨´Š„µ¦˜µ¥Â˜„˜nµŠ‹µ„«¡°ºÉœ

) H0 : „µ¦ž¦³¤µ–¦³¥³Áª¨µ®¨´Š„µ¦˜µ¥ °Š«¡˜µ¤‡ªµ¤Á®œ °ŠÂ¡š¥È r„´ ®¨´„“µœšµŠÂ¤¨ŠÅ¤n˜„˜nµŠ„´œ

H1 : „µ¦ž¦³¤µ–¦³¥³Áª¨µ®¨´Š„µ¦˜µ¥ °Š«¡˜µ¤‡ªµ¤Á®œ °ŠÂ¡š¥È r„´ ®¨´„“µœšµŠÂ¤¨ŠÂ˜„˜nµŠ„´œ°¥nµŠœo°¥ 1 «¡ 171

¦³—´œ¥­´ ε‡´ „ε®œ— D = 0.01

­™·˜·š—­°

MSR F MSE

MSC F MSE

‹µ„˜µ¦µŠÂ®¨nŠ‡ªµ¤Âž¦ž¦ªœ

®¨nŠ‡ªµ¤Âž¦ž¦ªœ S.S. d.f. M.S. F – ratio MSR ¦³®ªnµŠÂ™ª SSR r-1 MSR F MSE

SSC c-1 MSC MSC ¦³®ªnµŠ®¨´„ F MSE ‡ªµ¤Ÿ·—¡¨µ—°ºÉœÇ SSE (r-1)(c-1) MSE

¦ª¤ SST N-1

®µ‡nµ SSC ‹µ„ SSC = SST - SSR - SSE = 72.286 - 58.763 - 13.522 = 0 172

‹µ„˜µ¦µŠ„µ¦‡Îµœª–

ANOVAb Sum of Model Squares Df Mean Square F Sig. 1 Regression 58.763 1 58.763 143.404 .000a Residual 13.522 33 .410 Total 72.286 34 a Predictors: (Constant), ¤¨Š b Dependent Variable: ¡š¥r

­¦oµŠ˜µ¦µŠ ANOVA

®¨nŠ‡ªµ¤Âž¦ž¦ªœ S.S. d.f. M.S. F – ratio 763.58 ¦³®ªnµŠÂ™ª 58.763 1 58.763 F 398.0

= 147.646

¦³®ªnµŠ®¨´„ 0 34 0 F = 0

‡ªµ¤Ÿ·—¡¨µ—°ºÉœÇ 13.522 34 0.398

¦ª¤ 72.286 34 173

„) š¸É d.f. = 34 , 34 ‡nµª·„§˜ F = 4.51

‡nµ F ‡Îµœª– 147.646 > 4.51 ˜´—­·œÄ‹ž’·Á­› H0

) š¸É d.f. = 1 , 34 ‡nµª·„§˜ F = 7.56

‡nµ F ‡Îµœª– 0 < 7.56 ˜´—­·œÄ‹¥°¤¦´ H0

¦»ž

„) ¤¸«¡°¥nµŠœo°¥ 1 «¡š¸É¤¸¦³¥³Áª¨µ®¨´Š„µ¦˜µ¥Â˜„˜nµŠ‹µ„«¡°ºÉœ

) „µ¦ž¦³¤µ–¦³¥³Áª¨µ®¨´Š„µ¦˜µ¥ °Š«¡˜µ¤‡ªµ¤Á®Èœ °ŠÂ¡š¥r„´®¨´„“µœ šµŠÂ¤¨ŠÅ¤n˜„˜nµŠ„´œ

174

ž¦³ª´˜·Ÿ¼oª·‹´¥

ºÉ° – ­„»¨ œµŠ­µª«¦·µ ‹µ¦¥r¨¸ š¸É°¥¼n 74/35 ®¤¼n 7 Ž°¥´ª—¸  ªŠÂ­¤—ε Á ˜µŠ »œÁš¸¥œ „¦»ŠÁš¡² 10150

ž¦³ª´˜·„µ¦«¹„¬µ

¡.«. 2549 ­ÎµÁ¦È‹„µ¦«¹„¬µž¦·µª·š¥µ«µ­˜¦´–”·˜ ­µ µª·µ¸ªª·š¥µ ‡–³ª·š¥µ«µ­˜¦r ¤®µª·š¥µ¨´¥«¦¸œ‡¦·œš¦ª·Ã¦• ¡.«. 2550 «¹„¬µ˜n°¦³—´ž¦·µª·š¥µ«µ­˜¦¤®µ´–”·˜ ­µ µª·µ œ·˜·ª·š¥µ«µ­˜¦r ‡–³ª·š¥µ«µ­˜¦r ´–”·˜ª·š¥µ¨´¥ ¤®µª·š¥µ¨´¥«·¨žµ„¦