Chapter 8 Cardiovascular System Diseases and Disorders

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Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy and Physiology

• Cardiovascular system - heart, arteries, • Three layers of the heart and veins with blood – Epicardium • Heart is the size of a man’ ssfist fist – Myocardium • Heart is four chambered and muscular – Endocardium

Diagnostic Tests Diagnostic Tests

• Non-invasive procedures • Cardiac Catheterization – Auscultation – Invasive procedure to determine oxygen – Doppler content and blood pressure – Electrocardiogram • X-rays – Echocardiography – To determine normal function of heart and – Ultrasound arteriography vessels

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Common Diseases of the Diagnostic Tests Cardiovascular System • Common X-rays • Diseases of arteries – Angiocardiography – Hypertension – Angiography • Indicator of developp,ment of cerebrovascular, cardiovascular, and kidney disease – Venogram • Chronic disease • Blood Tests • Leading cause of stroke and heart failure • Enzymes including CPK, LDH

Common Diseases of the Common Diseases of the Cardiovascular System Cardiovascular System

• Diseases of arteries • Diseases of arteries – Hypertension – Hypertension • Normal blood pressure is 120/80 • Bottom number is diastolic blood pressure that • Top number is systolic blood pressure measures pressure in artery when ventricles measuring highest pressure in artery when relax ventricles contract

Common Diseases of the Common Diseases of the Cardiovascular System Cardiovascular System

• Diseases of arteries • Risk factors – Hypertension – Heredity •Higgph blood pressure is greater than 140/90 – Diet • Primary Hypertension - idiopathic with gradual –Age onset • Primary hypertension is also called essential – Obesity hypertension –Smoking – Stress and type A personality

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Common Diseases of the Common Diseases of the Cardiovascular System Cardiovascular System

• Hypertension Treatment • Arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis – Anti-hypertensive medications – Loss of elasticity and thickening of artery – Lifestyle changes wall – Low salt diet – “Hardening of arteries” is a lay term – Stress-reducing exercise – Deposits of fatty or lipid material in wall of – Smoking cessation artery is called plaque – Diuretics

Common Diseases of the Common Diseases of the Cardiovascular System Cardiovascular System

• Arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis • Risk factors of atherosclerosis • Major areas affected by atherosclerosis – Non-controllable factors – Coronary arteries • Heredity •Age – Cerebral arteries •Sex –Aorta • Diabetes – Peripheral arteries

Common Diseases of the Common Diseases of the Cardiovascular System Cardiovascular System

• Risk factors of atherosclerosis • Diagnosis of atherosclerosis - blood – Controllable factors pressure, arteriograms, X-rays, doppler •Diet • Treatment administered for symptoms • Sedentary lifestyle • Bypass surgery of occluded arteries and •Stress • Cigarette smoking plaque removal • Hypertension

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Common Diseases of the Common Diseases of the Cardiovascular System Cardiovascular System

• Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD) • Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD) – Caused by atherosclerotic plaque in – Treatment includes an endarterectomy arteries suppl yin g blood to le gs – If necrosis occurs, amputation or resection – Intermittent claudication - muscle cramps may be necessary that are relieved with rest and increase with activity

Common Diseases of the Common Diseases of the Cardiovascular System Cardiovascular System

• Aneurysm • Aneurysm – Weakening in wall of artery creating a – Aorta is most common place bulggpe or rupture – Treatment includes repairing aneurysm – Usually asymptomatic and discovered before rupture through resection and accidentally grafting

Common Diseases of the Common Diseases of the Cardiovascular System Cardiovascular System

• Coronary Artery Disease • Coronary Artery Disease – Narrowing of arteries that supply blood to – Progressive narrowing of vessels may lead the myocardium to ischemia of the heart muscle and – Single leading cause of death in United symptoms States – Scar tissue replaces muscle – Commonly due to atherosclerosis – Occlusion may progress slowly or suddenly as result of a thrombus or embolus

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Common Diseases of the Common Diseases of the Cardiovascular System Cardiovascular System

• Coronary Artery Disease • Coronary Artery Disease – Death of heart muscle is called a – Angina is treated with vasodilators myocardial infarction – Angioplasty – Diagnosis is based on history, EKG, – Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) angiograms – Reduce atherosclerotic risk factors - diet, – Treatment is aimed at increasing blood exercise, and no smoking flow or decreasing oxygen needs