650 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. DEOEJ\IBER 14,
.. - of the Commerce Court have anything to do with it, or anything The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Under the order which has of that kind ?-A. At that time I did not know that Judge Arch previously been adopted by the Senate the counsel for the bald was a judge in the Commerce Court. respondent will not pre ent their witnesses until l\Ionday. Q. You did not even k-now that?-A. There was nothing what Mr. GALLINGER. :Mr. President, J: m-0ye that the Senate e,·er said about .his being a judge of any court, except what I sitting as a Court of Impeachment adjourn. my elf said in my introduction to the judge. The motion was agreed to. Q. That yon had been on the jury in his court?-.A. Yes, sir. 1\Ir. LODGE. I move that the Senate adjourn. :Mr. WORTHINGTON. .That is all, Mr. President. The motion was agreed to; and (at 4 o'clock and 34 minutes Q. (By Mr. Manager WEBB.) Did you tell us when you were p. m.) the Senate adjourned until Monday, December 16, 1912, on the jury in New York before the judge?-.A.. Yes; the previ -at 11 o clock -a. m. ous July. July and A11gust of the previous year, 1911. I ser-red as grand juror under Judge Archbald in ·the criminal term of the Federal court in the post-office building in New York City. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.. Q. He was then acting as circuit court judge, I imagine? SATUIIDAY, Decembm· 14, wn. A. I do not know. I thought that Judge ,Archbald was a Fed eral district court judge. The House .met at 12 o'clock noon. Mr. Manager WEBB. The witness may be discharged finally. The Chaplain, IleY. Henry N. Couden, D. D., offered the fol The PRESIDErT pro tempore. The witness is finally dis lowing prayer : cllargetl. Almighty God our hea:renly Father, we thank Thee for the CHARLES .B. SQUIRE. .gracious privilege Qf coming to Thee in prayer. May it be in Mr. l\Ianager CLAYTON. l\fr. President, that completes the the spirit of Him who taught us when we pray to say Our examination-in-chief by the managers, with one exception. We Father who art in hea·rnn, hallowed be Thy name. Thy king had expected at this time to examine Mr. Charles B. Squire. dom come. Thy will be done in earth, as it is in heaven. Give - He was duly served with a subpoena on yesterday, to be here us this day our daily bread. "And forgive us our debts, as we immediately, but he is not here. We think, however, Mr. Presi forgiYe our debtors. And lead us not into temptation, but
l\Ir. GARNER. Is this a unanimous report from the Com 1\Ir. GARNER. Oh, yes; there would. mittee on Rules? The SPEAKER. The Chair will state, for the benefit of all 1\Ir. HENRY of Texas. It is. I suggest to the gentleman concerned, that this House amendment is in the nature of a from Illinois that 30 minutes on a side be allowed, as that is all substitute, and any l\Iember can offer any amendment to it the request we hn.-rn had on this side for time. that is germane. It is really a bill. l\Ir. l\IAJ\'N. l\lake it at least 45 minutes on a side. l\1r. l\IADDEN. It is subject to any kind of amendment i\Ir. HENRY of Texas. That would be an hour and a half. until it is adopted in place of the Senate amendment. After l\!r. GOLDFOGLE. l\Ir. Speaker, I would like to suggest to that, of course, it j s not subject to amendment. the gentleman from Texas that there ought to be a little more l\Ir. HENRY of Texas. Mr. Speaker, I ask that the Ohair put time than that. my request. 1\Ir. HE:NRY of '.rexas. I thought that an hour, half an hour The SPEAKER. The gentleman from Texas asks unanimous on a side, would be enough. consent that debate upon this rule shall be limited to 1 hour :Mr. GOLDFOGLE. I think it is fair, in \iew of all the cir nnd 30 minutes, to be controlled one-half by himself and one cumstances attending the bill, the work that has been done by half by the gentleman from illinois [Mr. l\IANN]. this Committee on Immigration, of which I am a member, that l\Ir. HENRY of Texas. And that the pre\ious question be we should have a little more time, and I would suggest that it ordered at that time. would do no harm if the gentleman from Texas makes it two The SPEAKER. And that the preT'ious question shall be hours. considered a ordered at the end of one hour and a half. l\Ir. GA.Il~R. You are going to get four hours general l\Ir. RODDE1'1BERY rose. debate. l\Ir. l\IANK 1\Ir. Speaker, I hope the gentleman from Texas l\Ir. GOLDFOGLE. But that is a short time for debate on a will give us a chance to vote on a substitute resolution. bill of this importance. l\Ir. HENRY of Texas. Mr. Speaker, I could not agree to l\lr. MA1\1N. I will say to the gentleman from Kew York that. This is the usual request. This is a unanimous report [l\lr. GoLDFOGLE] that if I have control of 45 minutes of time I from the Committee on Rules. shall yield a part of it to him. l\Ir. :MANN. I know; but the gentleman ought to be willing l\Ir. IIE:J\'RY of Texas. I belie\e an hour and a half is a to let the House vote on a substitute resolution. sufficient time. l\lr. HENRY of Texas. I am willing that we shall have an l\Ir. SABA'.rH. Has the gentleman from Illinois taken into hour and a hnlf in which to discuss the resolution, but I can not consideration the fact that I desire a few minutes myself? agree to that request. This is a unanimous report from the l\Ir. MANN. I h11Ye. I appreciate the fact that ordinarily 45 Committee on Rules. minutes on a side on a rule is considered a liberal allowance of l\Ir. l\IA.1''N. I can not agree, as far as I am concerned, to a time. proposition which would pre\ent the House from amending the Mr. HEi~RY of Texas. l\Ir. Speaker, I will submit the re rule if it so desired. quest for au hour and a half to be allowed, 45 minutes on each l\Ir. HENRY of Texas. Does the gentleman object? side, for the discussion of the rule. l\fr. l\.IANN. I am waiting to hear what the gentleman from The SPEAKER. Who is to control the time? Georgia [~fr. IlonDENBEilY] bas to say. l\ll'. HENRY of Texas. I ask that 45 minutes be controlled l\lr. HENRY of Texas. The gentleman from Georgia rose, by myself and 45 minutes be controlled by the gentleman from and I take it that he has some question that he wishes to ask. Illinois [l\Ir. 1\IAN ]. Mr. IlODDENBERY. l\lr. Speaker, I desire to resene the Tlle SPEAKER. The gentleman from Texas asks unanimous right to object in order that I may make an inquiry of the chair consent that debate on this rule be limited to one hour and a man. While this rule is longer and more liberal than any hnlf, 45 minutes thereof to be controlled by himself and 45 special rule for the consideration of a single bill that I have minutes by the gentleman from Illinois [l\1r. l\faNN]. seen in the three years I have been a 1\Iember of Congress, yet l\lr. GOLDFOGLE. l\lr. Speaker, in the rule as originally does not the gentleman from Texas think that on the adoption :proposed by the gentleman from Texas, I observed that there of the rule itself the usual debate is sufficient! wa a provision with regard to time for general debate, but I l\Ir. HENRY of Texas. If the rule be adopted, then we will did not, during the read.lug by the Olerk, notice whether there proceed to consider the bill. We go into the Committee of the was any such time allowed. I ask the gentleman whether or Whole to consider the bill. not there is a provision of that kind in the rule? l\Ir. RODDENBERY. Does not the gentleman think that an l\lr. HENRY of Texas. There is no limit to time or amend hour's debate upon the adoption of the rule is entirely suffi ment under the fi've-minute rule. cient? l\Ir. GOLDFOGLE. In the original resolution which the l\Ir. HE...~RY of Texas. Does the gentleman mean the bill or gentleman has now amended, or which he proposes to amend, the special rule? . 1s it provided as to how that time ~hall be controlled? Mr. RODDEl\"'BERY. I mean the rule. I understand the l\Ir. HENRY of Texas. That is, the general debate? gentleman has preferrell a request for unanimous consent that l\Ir. GOLDFOGLE. Yes. I ask "IT'hetber that is in the reso an hour and 30 minutes be agreed to for debate, pending the lution as now read? adoption of the rule. l\lr. HENRY of Texas. Yes. l\Ir. HENRY of Texas. On the rnle. Mr. BARTHOLDT. l\lr. Speaker, resening the right to l\!r. RODD&°""'BEUY. Well now, is an hour and 30 minutes object, I should like to inquire whether under this rule any the usual parliamentary time consumed in debate on the adop- other amendment except that offered by the committee will be tiol' of a rule? • in order? :Ur. HENRY of Texas. Well, 40 minutes is the usunl time- l\fr HE:J\'RY of Texas. Any amendment may be offered. The 20 minutes to a side. rule is so drawn that it leaves the bill wiUe open to amendment. l\lr. RODDEl\"'BERY. Kow, the question I propounllecl to the Mr. .MANN. Mr. Speaker, that is hardly a fair statement. gentleman is, although the rule might be somewhat complicated, No other amendment is in order if the committee amendment Does the gentleman not think 40 minutes is entirely adequate be agreed to, except amendments to the committee amendent. for the consideration of this rule? Mr. HENRY of Texas. That was not the question the gen l\Ir. HE;. ,.RY of Texns. The committee thought this was tleman asked. If the committee amendment be agreed to, of about the plainest rule that has been drawn for a good many cour ·e that settles it, anll. that is the stronger measure in the years. House. l\Ir. RODDENBERY. It is quite plain, but it is more lengths 'The SPEAKER. Inasmuch as a number of l\Iembers ha.\e than you will fina in the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD in three years come in since the resolution was first read, the Chair "\\ill Uirect for any one bill. the Clerk to again report the resolution. l\fr. HENilY of Texas. l\Ir. Speaker, evidently the gentle The Clerk again reported the resolution. man has not read· the rule or heard the rule read. Mr. MOORE of Pennsylrnnia. l\1r. Speaker, it would seem l\lr. TIODDENBERY. I make the statement again, you can lliat under that rule if the House committee amendment is not find in the RECORD in three yea:rs as long a rule for any adopted, then tllere will IJe no opportunity to amend. one bill-- l\lr. HE~'RY of Texas. If those who are not in favor of the Mr. HED."T.:t' of Texas. l\lr. Speaker, I a ·k that the question committee amendment are not strong enough to adopt an be put. amendment, of course they are too weak to carry their side of The SPEAKER. Is there objection? the proposition. l\lr. RODDE~"'BERY: I object. l\Ir. l\100RE of Pennsylvania. There would be no oppor Mr. HENRY of Texas. Mr. Speaker, I rno\e the pre\ious tunity, under this rule, to amend the Ilouse amendment. question on the adoption of the rule.
. . .. 652 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. DECEMBER 14,.
The question was taken, and the Speake:u announeect the ayes Pou Rodenberg Smith, N .. Y. Turnbull . Pujo Scott Speer Tuttle seemed to haTe it. Randell, Tex. Sherwood Stack Varn Mr. MANN. M11. Speaker, I ask for a division. Reyburn: Sis on Sunoway Vrce!and The House divided; and there were-ayes 87-, noes 41. Richardson le.mp ~ulzcu· Weeks, Riordan Sloan 'l'aylor A.la. Wilson, N: Y. l\Ir. ~IA:r..TN . Mr. Speaker, I make the point o:E order there is Roberts, Nev. Smith; Cal. 'l"a yloi:, Colo. Woods,. Iowa no quorum present. So the pre'\"ious question was oTdered. The SPEA.KER. Evidently there is. not, and the Doorfteeper 1 The Clerk announced the following pairs :. will close the doors, the Sergeant at Arms will notify ab~ For the session: ntees, and the Clerk will call the roll. l\Ir. ADAMSON with l\Ir. STEVENS of Minnesota. The question was taken; and there were-yeas 104, nays 82, l\Ir. FOBNES with Ur. BRADLEY. answered " preseut" 5, n-0t voting 108, as follows: -~ - Mr. HOBSON with l\lr. FAIBCHILD'. YE.A.S-194. ~--:-.::-:- •1{ Mr. LITTLETON with Mr. DWIGHT. • lluir Fergusson Kitchirr Roddenbery l\fr. RIO.WAN with Mr. AND11us. . lexandcr Ferris La Follette Rothei:mel 1 Allen Finley Lamb Rouse .:1 For the vote ; Ansbcrry Flood, a. Lawrence Rubey · Mr~ HEFLIN (for previous question)' with Mr. DANIEL A. Dnrs • shbrook Rucker, Colo. coLL (against) . J~%i• Ark. t~~e~a . ;,t .Austin Rucker, Mo. Mr. JACOWAY SMITH Xcw Ayres Foss Lewis ;i Russell (for previous question} with 2.\Ir. of Bartlett Foster Linthicum Saunders York (against). Bathrick Fowler Littlepage Shackleford Mr. LAFEAN (f01~prevfous question) with Mr. CONRY (against). R all, Tex: Francis Lloyd Sha:rp l\fr. KoPP (for previous question) with Mr. LEVY (;igainst) . Bell, Ga. E uller Longworth Sheppard Blackmon Gardner, l\Inss. McCall Simmon& For tlle· day: · RorTand Garner Mc Kellar Sims l\Ir. JAMES with Mr. OLMSTED. Buchanan Garrett McKenzie Slayden ·\ Until further notice: Burgess Gill McKinney Small. Burleson Gillett 1'1-cLaughlin. Smith, J. M. C. l\Ir. B"RANTLEY with Mr. BROWNING• . Burnett Glass Ma.con Smith, Tex. l\fr. BROWN with l\Ir. Arl'.~Y. Butler Godv.in, N. C. Maguire. Nebr. S'parkman Mr. CLARK of Florida with Mr. ANTHONY. B yrnes, S. C. Goeke Martin, S. Dak. Stanley Byrns, '.fenn. Goodwin. Ark. Mays Stedman Mr. Cox of Ohio with Mr. CALDER. Canaway Greene, Vt. Moon, Tenn. Steenerson Mr. CRAVENS with Mr. BuRlrn of Pennsylvania. andler G i·eg 0 ', Pa. Moore, T ex. Stephens, CaL Mr. DrcKSON of Mississippi with l\Ir. CmraIER'. Can trill Gudger Morgan, La. Stephens, :Miss. Carlin Guernsey Morgan~ Okla.. Stephens, 'ebr. Mr. DONOHOE with Mr. CAMPBELL. Carter Hamlin Mos&, Ind. Stephens-, Tex:. l\lr. Durn:E with Mr. CRUMPACKER. Cary Hammond Mott Sterling Mr. ELLEBBE with l\Ir. DODDS. Claypool H a rdwick Murdock Sweet Clayton Harrison, Miss. Nee~am Switzer l\Ir. GREGG of Texas with l\Ir. FoRDNEY. Cline Hawley Neeley !:l'aggart Mr. HA nu. with Mr. GABDNER of New Jersey. ollier Hay Oldfiehl Talbott, Md. Mr. HART with l\fr. GREEN of Iowa. Covington Hayden Padgett 'l'aylor, Ohio Cox, Ind.. Hayes Pu;; 'l'hayer l\Ir. How ARD with Ur. GRIEST. Dalzell Helm Palmer '.fbom:is Mr. Hm.rPHREYS of Mississippi with Mr. HAmrrs. Danforth Henry, Conn, Parran 'l'r ll>ble Ur. KINDRED with ... Ir. HARTMAN. Daugherty Henry, Tex. Patton1 Pa. Uncferhill Davenport Hensley Payne Underwood l\Ir. Ko~IG with l\lr. HEALD. Davis, Minn. Hill Pepper Warburton l\Ir. LEGARE' with Mr. HELGESEN. Dent Hinds Plumley Watkins Mr. Ll'NDSAY with Mr. JACKSON. Denver Holland Porter ebb Dickinson Houston. Post White l\Ir. .MCGILLICUDDY with Mr. LANGHAM. Dies Howell Powers WiJlis l\Ir. MARTIN of Colorado with Mr. MATTHEWS. Difenderfer Hughes, Ga. Pray· Wilson, Ill. · 1\fr. l\lAHEr. Mr. lUcKTh"'LEY. Dixon, Ind. Hughes, W. Va. Prince Wil on, Pa. with Doremus IlulI Rainey ' Vither p-0on. Mr. MoruusoN with l\lr. llEBRITT. Doughton Johnson, Ky. Raker Wood'. ~ . J. J\Ir. O'SHAU .,.ESSY with Mr. MooN ()f Pennsylvania. F.rl.wa.rds Johnson., S. C. Ranstfull, La. Young, Kans. . Mr. PATTEN of New Yo-rk with Mr- ROBERT& Elf r,.e-vada• . Bvans Jones nauch Young, '.l.!ex.. Faison Kent Redfield JUr. Po-u with ~fr . RODENBERG. Fai-r Kinlraid, Nebr. Robinson l\fr. RANDELL o.f Texas with :Mr. SCOTT. NAYS-82. 1\1r. STACK with 1Ur. SLEMP: Akin, N. y_ Dyer Lalfci:ty Recs l\Ir. McHENRY with 1\Ir. SMITH of California. Barchfeld E topinal Lee, Pa. R illy ~fr'. 'l'A.noR of Aiabanm wit:fi Mr. SPEER. Barnhart Fitzgerald Lenroot Ilobert s, Mass. l\fr. T.A:YL0"R of Colorado with Mr. SULLOWAY. Bartholdt Jh·cnch Lindbergh Sabath Bates- Gallagher Lobeck 'cully 1\lr. WILSON" of New York with Mr. WEEKS. Berger George Lou& Sells. 1\Ir. DAVIS· of West Virginia with Mr. McCREARY. Boehne Goldfog_Ie l\IcCoy Sherley l\fr. SISSO~ willi Mr. lliNNA. Booher Good McDermott Smit h, Sa.ml. W. Broussard Graham McGuire, Okla. Stone Mr. SULZER with 1\lr. KNOWLAND. Bulkley Greene, l\Iass. Macfcfen •raicot t. N. Y. Mr. HARRISON of New York witll Mr. HrGGlNS. Burke, S. Dak. Hamilton, Miclli U amr. ThJ tlewood Mr. RlCHABDSaN with Mr. E CH. Burke, Wis. Hardy Miller Tilson. Mr. PliTJO with 1\-tr. McrMoBBAN. ann~m Haugen Mondell Towner Cooper Howland Moore, Pa. Townsend Mr. TllllrnBULL with Mr. Woims of Iowa. Copley Humphrey, Wash. Morse, Wis. Volstead Mr. AIKEN of South Carolina with Mr. Ai.rns. rago Kahn Murray Wedemeyer Cullop Kendall Nelson Whitacre .i\Ir. FIELDS with .,f1•. LANGLEY. 'urlcy Kennedy Nye Wilder \... Mr: Gom:.D· wttb: Mr_ Hr DS. Davidson Kinkead, N. J .. Peters Young, Mieb. ' The re ult 0f the Tute was announced as above recorded. De Forest Kon op Pickett Driscoll, 1\I. E. Korbly. Prouty A qnormn being present, the doo-rs were opened. ANSWERED " PRESElQ'T "-5. IMMIGRATION. Andrus E sch llcllorran Stc;cn , ':\Iinn. The SPEAKER The gentleman from Texas [:Ml". HE:q-ItY] B1'Rdley is recognized for 20 minutes NOT VOTii'\G-108. l\Ir. HENltY of Te:rns. Mr. Speaker, I yield :ti.Te minutes to Adamson Dick. on, Miss. Hanna Langham the gentleman frnm Georgia [1\fr. HARDWICK]. Aiken, S. C. Dodd Han:is Langley J\fr. HARDWICK. Mr. Speaker, und gentlemen of the A.iney Donohoe Harrison, N. Y. Legare. Ames Drapei· Hart Levy House, the question presented by this rnle is in no sen e a prrrty _ nde1· on Driseoll, D. A. Hartm:ra Lindsay question. The issue is i'n no ense a parti an issue, and the rule Anthony Dupc(i Hea:ld Littleton comes here in no partisan manner-. rt comes as tlie unanimous Bi:a.ntley. Dwight Hefiin MeCreary , Brown I'.:llerb H elgesen McGllifcuddy report
rule does not afford, in many re pects, the same opportunity for The SPEAKER pro tempore (llr. HAY). The time of the the consideration of the amendments as would be afforded U"ere geutleman has expired. the bill to come up in the regular order, and-- 1\fr. :MANN. I yield to the gentleman one more minute. The SPEAKER. The time of the gentleman has expired. i\Ir. BA.RTHOLDT. What is it thE>y propose to enact into l\Ir. HENRY of Texas. Mr. Speaker, I yield five minutes to law? The written opinion of Prof. Wilson on the subject of tile gentleman from 'l'ennessee [Mr. GABBETT]. · immigration or the yerbal explanations of Candiuate Wilson Mr. GARRETT. 1\-lr. Speaker, of course there are differences made during the campaign? If the latter, you had better keep of opinion with respect to immigration legislation, and I do not hands off this bill, because in that e\"'ent it "Would be more con propose now to discuss that question, but I propose to discuss sistent for you to appoint a reception committee and send the rule which is before the House. And I wish especially to them to Ellis Island to conduct eyery new immigrant to the refer to some of the remarks made by the gentleman who has Waldorf-Astoria or some other great hotel. But I appreciate just taken his seat, my good friend, the gentleman from New that the campaign is now over and the votes of the foreign ele York [Mr. GoLDFOGLE]. He refers to this as a drastic rule; ment are no longer needed, and therefore they are again to he refers to tllis as a rule cutting off amendments; he refers to be degraded to the leyel of " the coarse crew," as l\Ir. Wilson this as a rule cutting off debate. l\Ir. Speaker, there was never called them, and they are going to hal"e STI"ift punishment brought into this Rouse from the Committee on Rules since I meted out to them by legislation of this kind. [A.pplause.J ha·rn been a l\Iember of the House a rule that was simpler or more 1iberal in its terms than the rule which is presented here [Mr. FOCHT addressed the House. See Appendix.] for consideration now. Mr. HENRY of Texas. lUr. Speaker, I yield three minutes to The gentlernrm from New York [1'Ir. GoLDFOGLE] is mistaken the gentleman from Pennsylvania [.i\Ir. DALZELL] . about this rule cutting off amendment. Upon the contrary, the Mr. DALZELL. Mr. Speaker, the gentleman from Missotiri bill is thrown wide op.en for amendment. The gentleman from who lately addressed himself to this proposition objected to it New York is mistaken about this rule being drastic. Upon evidently on the ground that he objects to the legislation to the contrary, the gentleman can not find, either in the special which it relates. The gentleman from New York wbo preceded rules tllat hftve been brought in or in the general rules of the him objects to the rule on the groun
The SPEAKER pro tempore. The time of the gentleman the House full power to consider a:ml ameml the bill. What is from Pennsylvania has expired. the propo ition now pending? That there shall be four homs' l\Ir. DALZELL. l\lr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to general debate and nt the end of that time the House committee extend and revise my remarks in the RECORD. sub ~ titute shall be read for amendment Read for amenumeut. The SPEAKER pro ternpore. Without objection it is so mind you, under the rules of the House. Under the rules of ord0 red. the House if an amendment be offered to this House committee There wns no objedion. amendment it must be germane to it. The House collllllittee ~Ir. MAN.r r. l\lr. Speaker, I yielll three minutes to my col amendment considers only one subject in the Senate bill. The Jeu gne from Illinois [Mr. S..IBATH]. Senate bill is a bill 58 pages long, containing many pro\isions which ha\e been asked for by those in fa•or of restricting :.\lr. S.ill..i'.rH. Mr. Speaker, with \ery few exceptions I have immigration. The House amendment contains one proposition. at all time \otcc.1 against special rules, and I see no reason It is open to amendment. Amendment in what regarll? Is it wlly I shoal(} or why we should vote for this rule. Being a open to amendment on the other subjects contained in the mernbe1· of the Committee on I:rnnllgration, I feel satisfied that Senate bill or are amendments confined to being germane to the witllin the next few days our committee will be reached; and House amendment upon the one suoject? When an runendmeut ;h uhl it not be reached on next Wednesday it will surely be is offered to the House amendment after it has been discussed reache :Mr. HE~RY of Texas. ~ir. Speaker, I yield the remainder '.1..'hat any admissible alien or any alien heretofore 01· hereafter legally admitted or any citizen of the United States may bring in or send for of my time to the gentleman from Wisconsin [Mr. LENBOOT]. his father or grandfather over 55 years of age, his wife, his mother, i\Ir. L~ROO · .i'. Mr. Speaker, it is very clear to me that his grandmother or hi unmarried or widowed daughter, if otherwise the op11osition to this rule comes wholly from the fact that adml sible, whether such relative can read or not; and such rela tives shall be permitted to land. tl10se who are op11osed to this rule are opposed to any con "SEC. 2. That for the purpose of ascertaining whether aliens can read ·itleration or action upon this bill at this session of Congress. or not, the immigrant in pectors shall be furnished with copies ot As a matter of fact, thl rule, as has been said heretofore, is uniform slips, prepared under the direction of the Secretary of 'om merce and Labor, each containing not less than 30 nor more than 40 one of the most liberal that has e\er been proposed by the words in ordinary use, printed in plain type in the var ious la ng u a~cs Rules Committee since I have been a Member of Congress. It and dialects of immigrants. Each alien may desi ~nate the particular conforms to the practice of the House ever since I ha\e been a language or dialect in which be desires the exammation to be made, :\!ember, nnme1y, it gi\ es preference and precedence to a substi and shall be required to r ead t he words printed on the slip in such l a n~uage or dialect. No two aliens coming in the same ves el or other tute reported by the House committee, and nothing more, and Yeh1 cle of carriage or transportation shall be tested wilb the same slip: proYides that that shall be first considered, throws it wide open " SEC. 3. That the following classes of persons shall be exempt from the operation of this act, to wit: (a) All aliens who Ghall prove to t qe for amendment, throws it wide open for consideration, UIH1. then satisfaction of the pro11er immigration office1· or to the 8ecreta l·y of proYides that that shall first be voted upon, and unless it is Commerce anti Labor that they are sC'eking admission to the United rejected the Senate bill sha11 not be considered. States solely for the purpose of escaping from religion per secution ; (b) all aliens in transit through the United States ; (c) all aliens w hd'" .r Tow, Mr. Speaker, why is it that the opponents of this bill b:n·e been lawfully admitted to the United States and who later shall tlesire con ideration of the Senate bill? Not becau ·e they go in transit from one part of the United Sta tes to another thl'O ugh desire to see it passed. I am frank to say I would \ote against forei1p1 contiguous forritory. it. It pro-dsions are much more drastic than are the provi- " SEC. 4. That ~n alien refused admission to the United Sta tes under the provisions of this act shaJI be sent back to the country whence be ions of the House bi11. But, Mr. Speaker, there are 59 pages came, in the manner provided bv section 10 of "An act to regula te the of that bi11; there are 39 sections in it, and the opponents of immi.:::::ration of aliens into the United State ," approved F ebrua ry 20, 1.bis bill know that if they coultl invoke the rules of the House, 1D07." using every parliamentary technicality that the rules permit, l\Ir. l\IOORE of Pennsylrnnia. l\Ir. Chairman, I would like they could prolong the di cussion and consideration of those to a k the gentleman from Alabama [Mr. BURNETT] '''hetller he GD pages and 3!) sections until such time that this House would intends to have an understanding with regard to the disposition not ha:rn an opportunity to Yote upon the question at all dur of time, or whether that is wholly in the province of the Chnir? ing this session of Congress. i\Ir. BUil3ETT. Mr. Chafrman, I desire to suggest-and I ~·ow, the gentleman from Illinois [l\Ir. ~I.ANN] made, or at was just going to ask, for the purpose of having an under tempted to make, some point that, because ·here was a com standing, Can that understandirig be made in Committee of the mittee amendment that would be first acted upon, that only one Whole'? amendment to it could be proposed, and therefore, he inferred, The CHAIRMAN. It can not, under the rule. The rule does or meant the Ilou e to infer, that there would be a curtailing not pro\ide how the time shall be disposed of. That will llaye of the right of con ideration. But I call the attention of the to be controlled by the Chair, although the Chair would ba yery House to the fact that the \ery proposition which he himself glad if gentlemen would agree in regard to it. uggested, that he would simply make this bill privileged, Mr. MOORE of Penn ylvania. Mr. Chairman I would like lYOU1d be ubject to the same charge, so that the restriction, to inform the Chair, as well as the gentleman from Alabama. whaternr it might be, does not grow out of anything that you [l\Ir. BURNETT], that, being the only minority member on tile find in this ru1e, but in the rules of the House itself. Committee on Immigration and Naturalizatio~ who is 01n o ·ed Now, as I said, i\Ir. Speaker, if this House desire to con to the bill, I have received several reque t. for iirne, and I sider the sutistitute bill, the rule gives them an opportunity to presume those reque ts ought to be complied with, if it i po - do it, and to do it with unlimited power under the rules of the sible to do so. Hou e which the gentleman from Illioois [Mr. MANN] is so The CHAIRMAJ..~. The Chair thinks that tile chairmnn of olicitons abL Jt. If it desires to consider the Senate bill, the the committee [Mr. BURNETT] and the gentleman from Penn rule gi\es the same OPllortunity as it does the House bill. sylvania [::\Ir. l\fooRE] ought to conh·ol the time, and the Chn.ir .1.. ·ow, Mr. Speaker, I ha\e oeen one who, ever since I ha\e will recognize the gentleman from Alabama [Mr. BUR TETT] for been a l\Iernber of Congress, has stood for liberalization .of two hom:s and the gentleman from Pennsylvania [l\Ir. l\IooRE] rule . Where I belieyed they were too strict my purpose has for two hours. always been to secure consideration, deliberation, and action. Mr. l\IAl\TN. Mr. Chairman, the Chair has not tile po"°'er Auel wherever, Mr. Speaker, tiny rule of this House, instead of to recognize a gentleman for more than two hours e:s: ~pt by expeuiting deliberation and action is proposed to be usecl by unanimous consent. the opponents of a bill in a filibuster to prevent action, I am 'l'lle CIIAIR:\IA.?-\. The Chair will designate gentlemen to for curtailing such rules to the same extent as I am for liber control it. ::i. lizing them where necessary. Mr. BURNETT. The ru1e says Uiat there hall be h\o hours The PEAKER pro tempore. The time of the gentleman on a side. It was my purpose and de ire, Mr. Chairman, that from Wiscon ia has expired; all time has expired. 'I'be ques the gentleman from Illinois [4Ir. SABATH] the ranking member tion is on agreeing to the resolution. on the committee, should control tile time on his side of the '.rhe que tion was taken; and the Speaker pro tempo re an- question. nounced that the ayes Eeemed to haye it. The CHAIR~IAN. The Chair will read the rule: :\fr. l!ANN. Mr. Speaker, I ask for a di vision. That there shall be four hours' general debate, to be divided equally The House d.h-ided; and there were-ayes 101, noes lD. between those favoring and those opposing tbe mea. ure-- So the resolution was agreed to. And tile Chair will therefore control the time himself. The SPEAKER. Under the rule the House will resolrn itself lllr. MADDEN. l\Ir. Chairman, does that mean that wllen a n ntoma.tically into the Committee of the Whole House on the l\lember is recognized he will be recognized for an hour? tate of the nion for the con ideration of the bill which is The HAIR~fAJ..~. Yes; under the rule of the House. rnacle a pecial order, and the Speaker appoints the gentleman l\Ir. MANN. I take it, l\1r. Chairman, that under the rule from Virginia [.l\Ir. Il.A.Y] to preside. the gentleman from Penn ylvania [Mr. l\looBE], in opposition Accordingly, the House resolved itself into the Committee to the bil1, will be entitled to an hour, and the gentleman from of the Whole House on the -state of the union for the consid Illinois [Mr. SAnATII] will be entitled to an hour, and divide the eration of the bill ( S. 3175) entitlecl "An act to regulate the time up. jrnmigratlon of allens to and the residence of aliens in the Mr. SABATH. Do I understand, Mr. Chairman, that the time united States," with Mr. lI.AY in the chair. will be divided in this matter so that the O'entleman who favors l\lr. B RN"ETT. ~Ir. Chairman, I ask that the first read,ing the bill, l\lr. Bun.NETT, of Alabama, the chairman of our eom of the substitute be dispensed with. . mittee, will be entitled to half of the time and b recoguizecl ~Ir. ::\L.U~N . l\Ir. Chairman, reserving the right to object, I for the present for one hour, an :\fr. GOLDFOGLE. Mr. Chairman, I understand that the l\Ir. BARTHOLDT. We can not go to two men to get time. four honrs nl'e to be thus dh'ided-- The CHAIRMAN. Is there objection to the request of the The CIL.UR11A1"'°. That is not a parliamentary inquiry, the gentleman from Illinois? - Chair will say to the gentleman. There was no objection. 31r. GOLD FOGLE. I am about to put _the iI111uiry. I will The CHAIRMAN. The gentleman from .Alabama [~fr . BL-R put it after I make my statement. The time is to be equally ~ETT] is recognized for two hours. tli dded. I understand the gentleman from Alabama [Mr. BUR~ l\Ir. BURNETT. Mr. Chairman, I shall JJe glad if Members NETT] to have asked that he ha·rn two hours and that the other will give attention to this question, because I feel tllat no more two hours be controlled by some one in opposition to the meas important matter bas been approached by Congre s than this ure. I then understand that the gentleman from Illinois [Mr. since 1906, when a similar proposition was sidetracked for an SAUATH] a ked that the time be divided in the way indicated investigating immigration coilllllission. by him. If that is o, does the Chair entertain the request of GenUemen in discussing the rule ha\e in-veighed again~ t it the gentleman from Il1inois? because they said that it cut off debate, and that there wns The CHAIRllAl'L The Chair has already stated that under undue haste in insisting upon the passage of the bill. the rules of the House and under this rule the Chair will l\Ir. Chairman, no gentleman can truthfully say that I have recognize gentlemen for two houTs on one side and for two manifested uny disposition to precipitate, improperly and un hours on the other side; aud the Chair recognizes the gentle justly, action upon this bill; but, on the other hand, it comes man from Alabama [::\fr. BuBNETT] under the rules of the House with poor grace for gentlemen to insist that the bill should take for one hour. its regular course on call of committees, when those same Mr. GOLDFOGLE. Who shall control the time in opposition? gentlemen ha-ve tiine and time again trieu to pre\ent its takiug 'l'he CHAIR~IAN. The gentleman controls his own hour, and just that course. Ile is recognized for :rn hour. If the gentleman sits down before Last Wednesday week -and last Wednesday being Calendar the hour is up, he yields the floor. The balance of that time Wednesdays, I sat in my place llour after hour waiting for the will be given to those who are in fa-vor of the bill. Committee on Immigration and Naturalization to be called. Mr. MOORE of Pennsylvania. i\Ir. Chairman, may I be in Some gentlemen who have to-day spoken so ardently about its. dulged for just one moment? I think this matier can be very coming on in its regular order were also present then, and u11on readily cleared up. a little bill involviI1g, I believe, a bri l ..-o'\i... , in regard to tlle bill it elf. I do not desire to consume from foreign land who are accu tomed to so low a grade of living that more than 2;) minute!'!, IJecau e other gentlemen ha.Ye asked for they can underbid the wage earner established in tbis country and still save ~oney. Whole communities, in fact whole regions, have witnesseu time. In 1906 a bill of a similar character \\US before this a rapid deterioration in 1 he mode of living of their working clas cs cou House. Under llie rules of the House at that time there \\US a sesiuent ou .the . jncomlng of the swarms of lifelong poverty-stricken ahem·. ~r:.~1re rndu h·ies have seen the percentage of newly arrlvetl substitute propo ell and carried by \\hich a commission was laborers n ·mg until in certain regions few American men can at present er at d to im·e 'tigate the que tion of immigration and nat be found among the un killed . uralizatiOn and report to tlle House. I oppo ed the commission, . By the commis ton's i·eport lt is shown that in many communities a h1gb a 50. and evf:n 70 pet· cent of the children in the public chools arc JJecause I knew the pnrpo e of that amendment was to delay !he off511rmg of. for !gn fathers. This remarkable ch!J.nge in Am rica. legislation and perhaps defeat it. I was a member of that com It mu t be kept m mmd. is almo t wholly in the wageworking class. It mi · ion, and we made our inYe tigations and reported. As a w~' rccel. At work in advance can attain the desired tesult if its judgment coincides with that of the of the. investigators of the Immigration Commis ion were the repre commi sion. sentative of labor a. mo t deeply interested investigators in the cause of labor. Not only in a general way but most strikingly in certain E•en the gentleman from New York, l\Ir. Bennet, a former occupations and in certain districts of the country what had been Member of this Hou e antl a member of the commi sion, con brnught home to trade-unionists a· going on through immigration was t!J.e rapid change in the membership of the unions as well as in popula curred in that statement, although he and he alone of the nine t10n. In no country on the face of the globe do such rapid transitions members, di"' ented from the conclusion of the commission, in industry and in population take place as in ours. Therefore in time which is as follows : the general opinion among union men on immiaration had come to !Jc such as wa expressed in the re olution pas. ed at the Toronto con A majority of the commi sion favor tl:e reading and writing test as >ention. ill!! most :!'ea ible single method of rest!"icting undc iralJlc immigration. The United States Immigration Commission, after its protracted After citing various methods of restriction, a majority of the studies, perfectly af{rees with this opinion. The commission as a whole, in its own words, ·• recommends re triction as demanded by economic, commission fa.Yored the reading and writing test as the most moral, and social considerations. furnishes in its report rca ons for such feasible single method of resh·icting undesira!Jle immigration. restriction, nnd points out methods by which Congre. s can attain the ~'he gentleman, in arguing the rule a few moments ago, said desfred result if it· juugmcnt coincides ''ith that of the commission." there was no demand for this legislatjon except in locnlities Further : where there were none of these foreign immigrants. I want to Ou behalf of American labor it is to be ·aid that the action of the trade-unions in thi country on this most delicate international que tion read you what the leader of tlle American Federation of Labor involves n step that touches the heart of every man contemplating it. ha· ~aid on thnt very point. He quotes a resolution of that That tep, the advocacy of exclu ion, is not prompted by any a ump great bodr of workingmen as follows: tion of superior virtue over our foreign brothers. '\\e di avow for American organized labot• tlie holding of any vulgar or unworthy preju [From the American Federationi t.] dices again t the foreigner. We recognize the noble possibilities in the hDIIGRATIOX- p TO CO:XGRESS. poore ~ t of the children of the earth who come to us from European (By Samuel Gompers.) land". '\\c know that their ci>ilization is sufficiently near our own to bring their de;;cend:rnts in one generation up to the general level of THl'l A. F. OF L. O:f DDIIOR.l.TIOX. 1.lle best American citizenship. It is not on account of their assumed nesolution 77, passed at the annual convention held at Toronto.: inferiority, or through any pusillanimous contempt for their abject Ontario, November, 1900: poverty that most reluctantly the lines have been drawn by America' " Whereas the illiteracy test is the most practical means for resh·ictinf{ workingmen against tl.Je indiscriminate admis ion of aliens to thi, the present stimulated influx of cheap labor, whose competition is country. It is simply a ca e of the self-pre et·rntion of the ...llncrican o ruinous to the worker already here, whether natire or foreign ; worklng classes. and That would seem to refute the idea that di tinguished gentle " Whereas an increased head tax upon steamships is needed to provide better facilities, to more efficiently enforce our immigration laws, men lla>e that this cry ori I said:. " \\'lly, tllcn, do yon employ hlm?" His answer was : the Burnett bill should be substituted in its place. For the in ·' Por the purpo~e of regulnting the 11rice of labor." And it is formation of gentlemen who perhaps har-e not uone us the ltonor that clemanu for tlle pauper labor of Europe, Mr. Cbairmau, of reading that bill, I want to call your attentiou to what it that is corning up from all oYer tllis country by the great proposed. It reads : industries. That after four months from the approval of this act, in addition Mr. POWERS rose. to the aliens who are by law now excluded from admisf:iou into the nited States the following persons shall also be excluded from ad :Ur. BUilNET'I'. First I yield to the gentleman from Penn mission thereto. to wit: All :-i.liens over 16 years of age, physically syl rnnia [llr. PALMER]. capable of reading, who can not read the English language. Ol' the ~Ir. r .ALlUER. Mr. Chairman, I want the gentleman to language or dialect of some other country, including llebrew or Yiddish : Pr01:ided, That any admissible alien or any alien heretofore understanu tllat I am for his bill, but I n-ant some information. or hereafter legally admitted or any citizen of the United States may Does the Committee on Immigration find that the same situa bring in or 8end for his father or grandfather over 55 years of age, tion exists now as existed at the time of the report of the his wife, bis mother, bis grandmother, or his unmarried or widowed daugl1ter, if otherwise admissible, whether such relative can read or Immigration Committee, namely, that there is an oyersupply of not; and such relatives shall be permitted t o land. un killed la!Jor in tllis country? lUr. BURNETT. l\Ir. Chairman. I will answer that in this Now I will read section 3: way: I was at Ellis Island just last spring. 1:'he commis SEC. 3. 'l'hat the following classes of persons shall be exempt from the operation of this act, to wit: (a) All uliens who shall pro>e to the siouer of immigration there told me that a family had come over satisfaction of the proper immigration officer or to the Secretary of in whlch some members represented themselves as being car Commerce and Labor that they are seeking admission to the United penters. The question was whether they ought not to be de· States solely for the purpose of escaping from religious persecution ; (b) all aliens in transit through the United States ; ( c) all aliens who i1orted because of their liability to become a public charge. ha;e be~n lawfully admitted to the United States and who later shall lie said he thought he had a right to take into consideration go in transit from one part of the United States to another through among other things the condition of the labor market. He foreign contiguous territory. went out into the city of New York and found that last spring l\Ir. BA.THRICK. Will the gentleman yield for a very short there were 3,000 carpenters in that city "\vho were absolutely qu~tion? unemployed. i\lr. BURNETT. All right, sir. l\Ir. GOLD FOGLE. l\Ir. Chairman, will the gentleman yield? l\Ir. • BATHRICK. In the .first paragraph, referring to those 1\Ir. r AL .~fER. That is not unskilled labor. who will be permitted to enter, should not the daughter not ~lr. BURNETT. It is the lower class of carpenter's labor he widowed or the son left on the other side be permitted to Jund? had reference to. Mr. BURNE1I.'T. Those under 16 years of age do not have 1Hr. CURLEY rose. the illiteracy test applied, whether it be a son or a daughter. The CH.A.IRMAN. To whom does the gentleman yield? Tl.le idea is that a son over 16 years old is able to take care Ur. BUff~TETT. To the gentleman from New York [Mr. of himself, whereas an· unmarried or widowed daughter should GoLDFOGLE]. be allowed to come in on account of the fact of their depend Ur. GOLDFOGLE. .Mr. Cba.irman, it would enlighten the ence. Mr. Chairman, this is a conservatirn bill. The records members of this committee if the gentleman from Alabama at our ports show-I will not state it accurately, but I am going would answer the question put by the gentleman from Penn to gi'"e you just about the ratio in which they will be excluded. ::::ylmnia. As I recall it, as a member of that committee going Those who come here without their families will, as a rule there-- '- many of them-be excluded. Take, for instance, the south Mr. BUR~ETT. Oh, I will ask the gentleman not to make Italian. About 56 per cent of those over 16 years of uge who a s11eech. come to our ports are unable to read a \-Yord of their own lan Mr. GOLDFOGLE. There \vas no inyestigation. guage; of the north Italian, however, who is a Cauca.si:m, less Mr. BURNETT. The gentleman has his own time, and he than 7 per cent of them would be excluded. Of the Sicilians, should make his speech in his own time and not try to make a whom we class with the south Italians, about the same number speech in my time. will be excluded. Of the Poles and the Greeks and the Syrians l i/' Mr. . GOLDFOGLE. I should like the gentleman from Ala perhaps something like 40 per cent will be e~cluded. It is that bama to answer the question of the gentleman from Pennsyl class of people, 1\Ir. Chairman, along the borders of the Medi vania. as it will avoid another question by me. terranean Sea, whom the illiteracy test will keep out. Now, i\Ir. BURNETT. I think undoubtedly there is an oversupply how about those who are my ancestors and yours? Less than of unskilled labor, and I illustrate it by the fact that these men 1 per cent of- the Irish, Scotch, English, and Welch would be who were coming to work as carpenters were not skilled; they kept out; less than 2 per cent of our splendid German citizen- were underliugs working in the lower strata of the carpenter's ship of this country would be kept out; less than 1 per cent of trade. That is illustrated, I belieYe, all oyer this country. I the Bohemians will be kept out; less than one-half of 1 per must decline to yield further, because gentlemen will have cent of the Scandinavians, who have built up· and made to time of their own and I will not have enough time to answer blossom as a rose our great northwest territory, will be ex- all these questions that are injected into this discussion. cluded under this bill. Of the Jewish people the greater num- Mr. CURLEY. Will the gentleman yield? ber will come in, because this Yery paragrapl}. says those who Mr. BURNETT. I can not yield. Here is the further state can read the Yiddish and Jewish may come in, and Jewish ment that l\Ir. Gompers made: gentlemen before our committee stated that almost ernry Jew of The illiteracy test advocated by the .American Federation of Labor oYer 16 years of age could read his Yiddish Bible or Hebrew was added to the bill and pa scd by the Senate. ~'he head tax for ~1- migrants was inc1·eased from $-! to $5. The bill was then referred to Bible. the IIouse Committee on Im.migration where, after prolonged considera· Hence, my friends, they would be let in. For fear that there tion it was d,ecided, on June 6, to strike out several important features. might be some who would be excluded by chance that ought Man'y confHcting opinions developed in the House on the advisability of o-ivinrf the amended measure consideration during the session. Many not to be we make provision that those who were shown to be futile e.i:rorts were made to have the !Jill called up in the House, the fleeing from religious persecutions should not be subject to general cause :;iven being that other committees held the calendar that test. Now, l\fr. Chairman-- - ilhead of the Immigration Committee. Efforts were made to obtain a special rule from the Rules Committee so that the bill could be then Mr. CURLEY. l\Ir. Chairman-- b1·ought before the House. lion. JOH~ L. B u rr.NETT, chairman of the The CHAIRMAN. Does the gentleman fr9m Alabama [Mr. Committee on I mmigration and Naturalization, made vigorous en BURNETT] yield to the gentleman from Massachusetts? aeavors to obtain action, and in response to his r equest before the Com mittee Qn Rules, he finally secured ti.le positive proposition that a l\Ir. BURNETT. I yield. special rule would be rcpo1·ted early in December of the next session of l\Ir. CURLEY. Mr. Chairman, personally I feel tllnt the 1 Congress. Burnett bill is simply a sugar-coated pilJ, mHl tl.!at in confer Earnestly I urge· our organizations to brin~ the subject matter Qf this bill to the attention of their Representatives and emphasize the ence the Dillingham bill will be substituted. ls there :my pro request for an early passage of this reasonable regulation or restriction Yision in the Dillingham bill that proyides for the admission of immigration. of a person who can read the Hebrew or Yi11dh;h diu 1ect? Kow, :Mr. Chairman, I desire for just a few moments to call ,l.\fr. BURNETT. There is no doubt of its being the desire attention to what the propositions of the lJill a.re. The Dilling of the framers of the Dillingham bill to permit such people ham bill, as has been stated by gentlemen, ·was composed of to be admitted. I have not reall ti.le Dillingham I.Jill in quite a about 58 pages, 3D sections. We had first the Burnett bill be while, but I think so. fore tile committee and after lengthy hearings before the Dil Mr. TOWNSE:ND. Will the gentleman yie1d for a. moment? lingham bill eyer came to the committee that bill was ordered i\lr. BURNETT. For a question; yes. reported. The Dillingham bill came and we gave hearings of l\Ir. TOWNS.illND. In view of the fact that "illiterates" and two or three days on the Dillingham bill, and niter careful "unskilled laborers" have been used here as interchangeable consideration the friends of restriction, the frier:ds of the illit terms, I wanted to ask the gentleman if he contends that liter eracy test decided that all after the enacting clause of the acy is necessary in the making of a skilled, and a very etliciently Dilliughnrn bill ought to be stricken out and what is known as skilled, laborer? 660 CONGRESSIO AL RECORD- HOUSE. l>ECE:~ .uETI 1-J: l\Ir. BDnNETT. Not absolutely. That i not the proposition, -vote them down and stand lle1·c and in~i t on getting a measure Mr. Chairman. The gentleman o-verlooks the pro-po ition that such ns the people of thiil country are demanding at our hands. this strikes not at the particUlar illdividual on account of his The Christmas holiday vacation is comino- in a few day , illiteracy. l\Iany of the best men of my so11thern country and and it looks to me' as though oppo-nents of the bill were en yours, l\1r. Chairman, are illite1·ates becanse of the titanic dea rnring to lay over the consideration of this measure until trng.g1:e, the fratri:eidnl war from 1861 to 1865, from which ~e next Wednesday, as was suggested by the gentleman from Mis :nave not yet recovered. But the proposition here is that those somi [.Mr; BA.RTHO!.DT], hoping that Members will leave the who are the unskilled laborers,. those wllo know nothing o:f our city for their holiday -racation, and in that way to defeat this standards of marals, those who are the undesirables, those that bill. I hope they will be -voted down, whether we feel in our come from that section of Emope, are, many of' them, plying hearts that such amendments ought to be accepted or not, iu the blnck band; and those that are not become the victims, and the interest of passing this bill and securing legislation. [Ap they will be the ones tl:mt will be excluded. plause.] Mr. CURLEY. l\fr. Chairman-- l\lr. G-IBD ;ER of Massachusetts. Mr. Chairman, will the Ir. BURNE'l"'T. Mr. Chairman, I declino to yield further gentleman yield? now because I must yield finally in a few moments to other The CHAIRMAN. Does the gentleman from Alabama: yieltl? gentlemen. 1\Ir. BURNETT. I do. . Another reason why this bill ought to pass is that it is cer l\Ir. GARDNER of Massachusetts. · So far as the gentleman tnin and definite. We have propositions in our laws as they as chairman is able to speak of the policy of the committee the exist for tnrning back those who are liable to become a public policy :Mr. ~roonE of Penu~yln:mia . -Speak to me of patriotism, United States Through Foreign Immigration," and so forth, IJy and I quote to yon tbe Declaration of Independence, upon which ".An American," S. F. B. Morse, 1833. most of the patriotism of this country to-day is founded. In spea.h."ing of the immigration of pre-rious years as compared Speak to rue of humanity, and I speak of that uplift which you with that of the day: preac!J. but which in this instance you do not intend to prac Then we were few, feeble, and scattered. Now we a.re numerous, tice, since you propose to shut the door of hope and opportunity strong, and concentrated. Then om· accessions of immigration were real to the downtrodden. · accession!! of strength from the ranks of the learned and the good, from . ~htffi?ed .mechanic and artisan and intelligent husbandman. You intend to bar all those ornr 16 years of age for no Now immigration is the accession of weakness, from the ignorant and crime except that they can not read. 1\Iy friends, you may vicious, or the priest-ridden slaves of Ireland and Germany, or the out protect yom· State lines; you may protect your national lines, cast tenants of the poorhouses and prisons of Europe. but you can not protect your consciences against an n:ct of I would be more than pleased if an of you gentlemen could barbarism, ngainst men of the same race, who ask the same :find time to read these reports, in order that you might com right under God to exist av.d prosper whicti you and your for pare the prophecies which they contain with the actual results bears have had. of this immigration and see how uncalled for and unwarranted .and what penalty do you propose to inflict upon these un were their fears. fortunates? They are asking for help, for opportunity, for life, Though it has been proven again and again that the fears of for education, and you say, "Back, back to the land of oppres these men were not based upon any actual fucts which would sion; back to the conditions which are so deplorable. The1·e warrant their making these statements, and while practically is no hope for those who attempt to enter here." the same conditions exist to-day, yet certain people, who should But to the crook who is educated, to the schemer, the ::mar be informed on the subject but who apparently are not, re chist, and the special pleader; to the man '\'rho can write an peatedly make the rmfounded charges that immigration is essay; to the fellow with a college education whose character detrimental to the welfare of our country. To those misguided will not stand the test, you say, "You may come in, because '\'re individuals and the others who genuinely believe this to be a need you in this country. We are in need of learned men, even fact I wish to say that their fears are groundless. · --- if they ha\e disturbed the order and the peace of -Other coun- · A few moments ago the chairman of my committee, Mr. BUR tries." NETT, stated that the· large influx of immigration is detrimental You propose to tum down the willing and the plodding laborer to our laboring people; that it keeps the wages down. I will who will be an efficient workman in the United States and who say to him, as I have before, that all who have studied the his will carry on that toilsome grind with which you will not stain tory of our country and are not blintled by prejudice admit yom bands, while you open the door to him who will meet that notwithstanding the large numbers of immigrants who the test you impose and who will then start in on the work of have come to our shores within the past 10 years the wage of all undermining you and your Government. You are going to ex skilled, as well as unskilled, labor is higher in America to-day tend the hand of welcome to the Black Hand, for, I will say to than ever before. He quotes the report of the late Immigration the gentleman from Alabama [Mr. B1JRNETT], that the business Commission. Mr. Chairman, that commission made its report of the Black Hand is the writing of letters, and the Black on conditions as they existed during the years of 1907 and 1908, Hander can read and write and meet eyery condition imposed and their report does not represent the facts as they exist at by this bill. You do not .stop him. You stop only the innocent the present time. I admit that in 1907 and in 1908 and 1909. poor who ca.n not read and write, who are incapable of con during the panic, that there were people without employment, cocting a Black Hand letter, but who become the victims of but to-day you will not see many men idle in any of the large the Black Hander the moment they undertake to live honestly centers ~hich receive the largest proportion of the immigrants and to prosper in the United States. [Applause.] entering this country. At present in practically an of the Patriotism to the winds, humanity overthrown; this is the larger cities and in the industrial centers there is a great de proposition. I am patriotic when the line is drawn :against mand for labor; in fact, to-day in the city which I have the honor the moralJy undesirable, but I would rather stand with my in pa.rt to represent we are paying from $2 to $2.75-yes, as high conscience and my God with those who are asking light and as $3-a day for unskilled. labor, and I am informed that there help, even as tlley did when following the .!\faster 2,000 years are hundreds of manufacturers and employers of labor that ago. I would 11ot bar the door of hope against the worthy or are seeking daily for additional laborers, both skilled and un· shut the gate of opportunity on mankind. [Applause.] skilled, and yet are not able to procm·e them. Mr. Chairman, I yield 20 minutes to the gentleman from Mr. Chairman, I have here the Chicago News, which contains Illinois [1\Ir. SABATII]. over 1,000 advertisements appearing under the caption "Help Mr. SA.BATH. Mr. Chairman, if I thought immigration was wanted." There appeared in the New York Times of May 20 detrimental to our country or to any class of people in this coun la.st a dispatch from Pittsburgh stating th.at " Pittsburgh is ex t.Ty, I would not raise my voice against the passage of this bill, periencing a labor famine so serious that many big industries but I firmly believe that all those who have come to these shores are advertising far and wide to get men,'~ and a little further as immigrants, from 1620 down to the present time, have a.ided on the article said : The employing agent of one corporation said he could give work to in the development of our country. The same hue and cry 7,000 laborers. that we hear to-day against immigration and the immigrant was raised nearly a century ago. I have here a book containing The report by the commissioner of licenses in New York Cit°Y" reports of commissions investigating the subject of immigra on employment agencies, made during the first part of this year, tion as early as 1819, nearly 100 years ago. I am not going t.o st- tes that- the difficulties of the se1·vant problem are increasing due to the dearth take up your time by reading all of the repoi'ts of the various of servants. In New York City more than 100,000 servants could find commissions, wherein at that early period it was asserted that work, in addition to those alr~dy employed. it was high time our doors were closed to the undesirable immi Would these figures give one the impres-sion that there is an grants; but I wish to can my colleague's attention to the state oversupply of labor in America at the present iime and that the ment therein appearing, taken from . the Second Annual. Report labor markets are flooded? Most assuredly not. of the Managers of the Society for the Prevention of Pauperism What, then, would be the result were we to enact this pro in New York City, 1819, and which is, in part, as follows: posed legislation, which its supporters state would bar out at First, as to the emigrants from foreign countries, the managers are least 250,000 immigrants a year? Where, then, would it be compelled to speak of them in the language of astonishment and appre hension. Through this inlet pauperism threatens us with the most possible to secure people to·fill these positions? overwhelming consequences * * *. As concerns the literacy test incorporated in this bill, let me This country is the resort of vast numbers of those needy and quote here a portion of an editorial in the New York American wretched b€ings. Thousands a.re continually resting their h-Opes on the refuge which she offers, filled with delusive visions of plenty and luxury with reference to these restrictiYe measures: 'l'hey seize the earliest opportunity to cross the Atlantic and land upon It is doubtful if a more decif:tive and unworthy measure ever passed oru· shores. * " * What has been the destination of this immense f~se t:ir~~n~:;~~- than the illingham-Burnett immigration bill, with accession to our population, and where is it now? Many of these fot· eigners have found eJDployment; some may have passed into the interior It is _smo-0th and harmless upon the surface, as conupt legislation l.Ju t thousands still remain among us. They are frequently found desti~ always IB. tute in our streets; they seek employment at our doors; they are found And its foolish educational test, which would have kept the mother in our almshouses and in our hospitals; they are found at the bar of of Abraham Lincoln out of the country, is designed to keep out of our cTiminal tribunals, in our Bridewell, our penitentiary, and -0ur State country millions Of honest, earnest, sincere men and women that the prison. And we lament to sa'Y that they are too often led by want, by country needs. vice, and by habit to form a phalanx of plunder and depredations ren dering our city more liable to incTease of crime, and our houses of cor And the Washington Post had the following to say in its edi rection more crowded with convicts and felons. torial columns regarding this bill: 0 If the United States made any pretensions to being a country dedi And let me quote an extract from a pa.per quoted in the.~ cated exclusively to the "upper classes," the erudite, and the fas reports, entitled "Imminent Dangers to the Institutions of, the tidious, the immigration bill which has b€en included in the Demo• 662 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE. DECE:lVIBER 14' cratic program fo1· tbe present session would be an accurate reflection :Mr. SA.BATH. Yes; Italy, Greece, Bohemia, Germany, Ire of such sentiments. If, however, the United States is to remain what it was intended to be-a haven for tbe oppressed, the lover of liberty land, Poland, and other countries. and freedom, the toiler, and the ambitious-then the present bill is a .!\Ir. DIES. Certainly the gentleman does not pretend that for step backward toward an exclusiveness which, if exercised 100 years a thousand years they lulTe been capable of self-goyernment us ago, would have paralyzed the growth of the Nation. The illiteracy te t would haye robbed the country of some of its manifested in their form of government? sh·ongest and greatest men. Some of the ablest lawyers at the bar, the .l\Ir. SAE.A.TH. If the gentl man \\ill read up on their history, noblest humanitarians, the best and mo t progressive busine s men of he will satisfy himself of that. to-day are the progen;J'. of parents who could neither read nor write when the:v came to the Umted States. l\Ir. Chairman, personally, as the chairman of my committee 'i'he counh·y needs as manv healthy European immigrants as will has. said, the Burnett bill would not directly affect to any ::\Ir. Chairman, it is not true, as stated by some of these sup admit of dispute. But, ernn had they not contributed so mnch porting this measure, that the incoming immigrants all flock to to the counh·y's welfare, shall we not extend welcome to the large cities, there to increase the present congestion. It may humanity which seeks freedom and emancipation from gov be true that they go first to the cities, but their residence there ernmental oppression and despotism? is only temporary. Gentlemen, I state, without fear of contra Our Goverrnnent guarantees, under and by virtue of the diction, that there is nothing closer to the heart of the incoming Constitution, liberty; and liberty is the goal which the alien immigrant than his desire to become possessed of a piece of strives to reach, ancl which when reached serves ns fill in land which he can call his own, and he does this at his very centive for improvement, and within a short time he becomes first opportunity. Hundrnds, yes thousands, of these people are Americanized and is ideal material for American citizenship. leaving the cities each year and settling on farms. It is only a short time until he becomes one of us, and no one Statistics will show that our native-born Americans are leav can question his patriotism, honesty, industry, and progress. ing the farms in large numbers and are now seeking the smaller Mr. Chairman, in order to maintain the progress of this great towns and cities. No one will deny that one of our greatest Nation it is imperative that we do not further restrict desirable problems to-day is that of securing men to put into cultivation immigration. The industry of the country requires the labor the thousands upon thousands of acres which are now lying of the foreigner, and the presumption that the immigration is dormant. The Canadian Parliament appropriates over $1,000,000 a competitor of our American labor is erroneous. On the con annually to encom·age immigration to their country, and see trary, the employment of immigrant labor creates a demand for the wonderful growth they have undergone during the past few a better grade of labor, and it is productive of better wages years. for the American workingmen. The work performed by the im Let me quote from the statement made before the Committee migrant is that of the hardest kind, work of a character for which on Immigration and Naturalization by George H. Fairchild, it is well-nigh impossible to secure American labor, yet which senator of the Territory of Hawaii, on April 25, 1912, what he nevertheless must be performed. It is variously estimated that has to say regarding the admission of illiterate immigrants to over 550,000 workingmen are either killed or injured each year Hawaii: in the course of their work, and the grim law of neces ity It would be difficult to find under the American flag a more progres requires that these unfortunate men who are claimed by our sive, better educated, and thoroughly Americanized body of men, but commerce and industry must be replaced. What would be our one generation removed from the European stock, than are the second generation • • • the sons of the sturdy but illiterate farmers position were we not favored with immigrant labor? It is this brought to Hawaii. class of labor which makes it possible for our Illltnufacturers to I ha>e before me a copy of a message that was sent to the compete with the world, thereby creating new fields and new House of Representati>es on March 2, 1897, by that great leader markets for our goods and products. These statements may be of Democracy, the first Democratic President since the war, denied by some prejudiced restrictionists, but any unbiased man Grover Cleveland, in vetoing a similar bill. Time does not per will ndmit that the wages of the laboring men are higher to-day mit me to read his message, but he, together with thousands than ever before and the standard of living has increased upon thousands of intelligent Americans, after a careful study accordingly. of this momentous question, has gone on record against this To show how our country has been benefited by this immigra unfair legislation. · tion, I wish to insert here some figures compiled byt the Hon. Mr. BURNET'.r. l\Ir. Chairman, will the gentleman yield for ·o. P. Austin, Cbjef of the Bureau of Statistics, and contained in a question? an article entitled "Progress of American Commerce and In Mr. SABATH. Yes. dustries, 1870 to 1912." This article appears in full in the !\Ir. BURI\'ETT. Is it not true thH.t at the time Mr. Cleve CONGRESSIONAL RECORD of July 17, 1912, having been printed land vetoed that bill the entire immigration to this country therein at the request of my esteemed colleague, Mr. J. HP.:llP was not as much as the Italian and Greek immigration is now? TON MoonE, of Pennsylnmia. These figures follow : Statistical statement co1nparing condition. ., '· ~ COKGRESSION \_L RECORD- HOUSE. DECEMBER 14 664 ' of thi chat·acteristic. This is also true of a large share of the ;}0,000,000 of people who ha>e come from other countries during the acres of land lying idle now for Jack of su1Iicient people to till pa t century to establish themselves in the nited States. Not only th~m . Personally, I am of the opinion that the inducements barn tlley made valuable cltlzcns and aided in tlle wonderful develop bemg ~ffere?- to immigrants by Canada and our neighboring ment ~vhich I have just outlined, but their intermingled· blood flows in the vems of a large share of our present population, and carries with it Republics will s?on re.suit in a marked increa e of immigration an energy which, when vitalized by the work of our magnificent educa to t?ose countries, with a re ulting decrea e in the numbers tional ystem, must tell for the future peosperity of the country. com~ng !o the "!Jnited States. In fact, there has been a markecl It can be readily seen from these statistics and the conclu d~clme m the immigration during the last four years, and thi sions drawn by l\Ir. AUSTIN that the wonderful de\elopment will undoubtedly continue in the future. To substantiate this which thls country llas undergone is due to a great extent to tlle statement, let me read from the annual report of the Secretary large numbers of people who h:we come from other countries to of Commerce and Labor for 1912, in which he says that- e tablish them elves in the "United States. Should we now . It appears from the report of the Commissioner General of Immiara twn that 838,172 immigrant aliens entered the nited States during "'t.h~ enact legislation which would halt our progress as a nation? past fiscal rear, compared with 878 587 in the fiscal year 1911 the That immigration has been and is now of great benefit no one dec~·ease _being 4~,415. 'l'he months ill which immigration was heaviest can gainsay, and you .gentlemen· must admit that immigration 9fo'btt~rch1'1f poro·101, May, and June, the fi[5"ures for which range from about ' o . , per month. In addition to the 838 172 immi"'rant has brought about our great "\\ealtll and prosperity, and not 178,283 _allens of tlte nonimmigrant class entered mak:in"' a total of alone has it uenefited the country at large, but all of us as indi 1,01 ',15?, compared with 1,030,300 for the previous' fi cal year. During Yiduals h:ne profited by it. Some people say that the wealth the year, "however, there departed from the country 615,292 a.liens of whom 33..,,262 wer~ of the emigrant and 282,030 of the nonemigi'.ant these immigrant· create is not fairly distributed and that only class. I~ the previous fiscal year 518 215 aliens left the countey of a small percentage of our people are gainers thereby. That, whom 29i>,666 w.ere of the emigrant and 222,549 of the nonemig~ant Mr. hairman, is not their fault, but ours, and I hope in the class .. A compar~son of these figures shows that the actual increa e in th.e a~en population for the fiscal year 1912 was 401 863, as compared near future it will be remedied. with iJ12,08" for the fiscal year 1911 and 817,619 for the fi cal year 1910. Before immigration commenced millions and millions of acres ~'he prejudice against the immigrant from southern and outh of land in the 1\liddle 'Vest, Northwest, and West were dormant and un11roductive. These lands could huse been purchased then eastern Europe which now asserts itself is identical wit.h that for two or three dollars an acre, while to-day the same lands, ~hic_h w~s prevalent in the early days of German and Irish due to immigration, ha\e increased in value a hundredfold. The immigration ; rest.rict~T"e legislation is being urged by that self thou ands upon thousands of honest, thrifty, and industrious same element which m the past leaped to conclusions without immigrants who settled amid untold hardships upon the prairies fami?:irizing itself with pertinent facts and data. The good and wamps of tllis country ha.Ye converted these Iands;bereto qualities of these immigrant were not known at that time, fore useless and practically of no yalue, into yeritable gardens, but to-day who can The~e figures are 1Jased upon in\estigations which were ma CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE. DECEl\IBER 14 668 ' .' of people willing to live below what we consider an American l\fr. BARTHOLDT. Will the gentleman yield for ju t a standard-and, with this constant influx, all our efforts to moment? · establish social and economic justice come to naught. Mr. KENT. Yes, sir. The protected sugar industry in the western part of our Mr. BARTHOLDT. I un 1912. CO~GRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. 669 Now, if there are gentlemen who wi h to nsk me questions said, ":My, what a drove of children! Who are the parents of ancl. I harn any more- time, I shall lre glad to a:nswer. those children?" He s-aid, .. I don't know. I suppose their :\Ir. MA.DD-EN. 1\fr. Chairmnn, I would like to ask the gen parents are these peoDle in the main who h::lTe come here and tleman this question : He stated in the course of his remarks are doing this work." I said, "Look at them. Can you tell thnt the high cost of liring was lurgely due to the fact that which are· tile Anwrican born of this generation? Pick me people a sembled in the cities instead of in the country. out the Italian. pick me out the Slav child, pick out the l\Ir. KEJ.. •rr. I said "the high cost of food." The high cost af American child." We stopped, and my friend said, "I can t li\ing is largely found in the cost of food. I specified food. ten one of th-em from the other." :Mr. MA.DDEP. Does the gentleman think there is any means I say again, I do· not agree, with the gentleman from 1\las by which '\le can legislate the distribution of the people to the sachusetts [Mr. GARDNER} that we should shut out desirable sections of the country to which they do not wish to go: immigration. There is room f"or it. Mr. KENT. No; I doubt if there is; but w~ are accentuating Nor am I in harmony with those who call themselves labor the trouble by bringing in people who mosHr gather in the leaders who protest against this immigration. Many of them cities. were born upon the other side. Some of them are the children 'l'he CHAIR~.Ll..N. The time of the gentlemnn from Cali of those who were born on the other side. They want to shut fornia has expired. out competition. Why, gentlemen, you .can not get those labor MESSAGE FRO:M TllE SE~.ATE. leaders and the great mass of people who federate with them to work upon the construction of the railways or in the coal The committee informally rose; and Mr. A.NsB'ERRY ha>ing mine . When we speak of common labor we mean unskilled taken tlle chair as Speaker pro tempo.re, a message fiom the labor. .All labor is honorable that renders an equi>alent for Senate, by Mr. Croekett, one of its clerks, announced that the what it receives. If you curtail this unskilled labor, I suggest Senate had passed the following resolution, in whi-ch the con to you that you tend to impair the wage of the skilled laborer, currence of the House of Representatives was requested: because all kinds of labor must be done and some one must Senate joint resolution No. 144, authorizing payment of December so.laries to officers and employees of the Senate and House of Repre do this unskilled labor. sentatives on the day of adjournment for the hoiidn.y recess. By the by, -I am told that down in Texas they are so anxious IUMIGRATIO~. to have people to pick cotton and perform other labor there The committee resumed its session. that the .Mexicans come over. You in Texas could not do >ery 1\Ir. MOORE of Pennsylvania. l\Ir. Chairman, I yield 10 min well without that labor probably. In New Englund they come utes to the gentleman from Illinois [l\fr. CANN<:>N]. over from Canada, and they come as far as St. Louis and out 1\Ir. CAl\T.NOX Mr.. Chairman, in 10 minutes it is almost. im into Chicago, the second great manufacturing city of this coun possible to discuss a measure such as this. I wish it could be tcy. Now, although I ca:o. not say what I desire to in the 10 co:ru3idered after fm:thel" general debate- under more liberal minutes allotted to me, I wish to refer to one feature of this terms than we have under the 5-minnte rule, but the majority bill. There are exceptions and modifications in it, viz : ha>e decreed otherwise. Aliens who fill.>e been lawfully admitted to the United States and who In the 10 minutes allotted me I can oniy hope, in substance, shall g.o in transit from one part of the United States to another to say that, in my judgment, this bill should not be eill.lcted. through foreign contfnguous territory- I do not agree with the gentleman from Massachusetts [Mr. are not included in this bill. I suppose that would continue GARDNER] in his opinion that the time has come to prohibit not to allow the Me-xi.cans to come over and cross every day back only undesirable but desirable immigration. Gentlemen. ::u:e into Mexico. I suppose that would cover the case of Canadians greatly afraid that we are going to be greatly crowded in the who are not naturalized and who desire to go- back to Canada United States. The faet is we have just scratched this country. and then come again, because they ha·r-e been lawfully admitted With half of the railways in the world, we hn•e about one heretofore. fifteenth of the population of the world-100,000,000 people. , Mr. G.ARD~TER of Massachuaetts. Is the gentleman familiar When we are as thickly settled as is Europe we shall have · with the decisions on those questions? 500,000,000 people. The CHAIRMAN. The time of the gentleman from Illin-Ois I have li>ed. pretty well throngh two generations, and the fear has expired. manifested by the gentleman f1.-om .Alabama [l'i1r. BURNETT}, Mr. CANNON. If I may be allowed a moment, I will say and by the gentleman from California [Mr. KENT], and by the perhaps there is a good deal that I do ·not know about this bill, gentleman from Mas achusetts [Mr GARDNER],. and the gentle and if it is ne-~:u·y for me to know more than I now do in man from: Georgia [Mr. RoDDENBE&Y] is not new to me. I grew order to agree with gentlemen who favor- this bill, whose an up on the Wabash. I have heard more eloquent speeches made cestors are not a century old in this country, and whose de with grea.te1~ preparation, perhaps,. at least more lengthy, than scendants, having received the benefits of citizenship in the that made by: the gentleman from California, when passion was United States, would deny the same privileges to their kin from torn to tatters, against immigration when we had less than abroad, then I do not want to have that degree of Irnowleuge 20,006,000 people in this country. to which the gentleman from Mas~achnsetts refers. [Applause Now, I quite agree with and voted for legislation to exclude and laughter.]. the Chinese. I believe the Japanese under our poliGy are prop. Mr. MOOR~ of Pennsylrnnia. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleJ erly excluded But I am not afra:id of the- Caucasian race, man from Alabama [l\Ir. BURNETT] use some of his time? eur race,. from: wherever they come; who are willing to live Mr. BURNETT. M:r. Chairman, how much time has been used i in the sweat of their faces under our policies in. this country, The CHAIRMAN. The gentleman from Alabama [Mr. B'GR rendering an equivalent for that which they receive. NETT] has used 59 minutes, and the gentleman from Pe;msyl I am not in love with the Black H.and, whether American or vn.nia [Mr. MooRE] has used 39 minutes. foreign born. I am not in love with the assassin; r am not in 1\Ir. BUR.NET.I\ I prefer that the- gentleman from Pennsyl love with the man that commits crime; I am not in Iove with yania should use some more of his time. the man who would get something for nothing. But I'do lo>e the man who renders an equivalent in muscle, crossed on brain, l\fr. MOORE of Pennsylvania. I yield 20 minutes to the gen for that which he receives, and I am here to tell you right tlem:m from New York [Mr. GOLDFOGLE]. [Applause.] now that I have no fear abaut the first generation that is will [Mr. GOLDFOGLE addressed the-committee. See Appendix.] ing to· work, and I huve less fear about the secoRd generation, Mr. in because the common-school system of the United States and BUB1'"'ETT. Mr. Chairman, will it be in order the the growing intelligence of the first generation and their desire committee to ask that all gentlemen who speak be allowed to extend their remarks? to better their coodition and that of their children. will take The CHAIRMAN. That request must be made in the House. care o:f their future. In· one part of my. district-in the ooal-min:ing district-ta.ere M1·. BURNETT. l\fr. Chairman, I yield five minutes to the is an output of from three to four million tons annually; tile gentleman from Texas [Mr. DIES}. labor is furnished by the Slav, by the Italian, by those who Mr. DIES. It seems to me, Mr. Chairman, that this question can be simplified by a very brief statement of what the bill pro come from Hunga1-y, in. the main, and that is good. labor~ I went to an old settlers' meeting in that locality a year or two poses. The bill proposes to keep out those who can neither read a.go, riding out from the little railway station ;,vhere the old nor write in any language, and the effect of the bill would be to settlers had gathered, and a.s we passed along the road we keep out about 250,000 persans, largely from the snuth ancl east saw on one side a three-story schoolli.ouse of large dimensions, of Europe, who are being dumped into the congested centers of accommodating hundreds ot children, and the children were population fn the United States. There· are but two phases to playing outside. I was riding with a man who was greatly the disct:IBSion-- disturbed about the development that was taking piace among Mr. SABA.TH. Will the gentleman yield? tnese foreigners who were coming in to do that work, which, I 1\Ir. DIES. My time is quite limited, and I can not yield. ;will say in the main, .American-born labor does not do. I The CHAIRMAN. The gentleman declines to yield, - .. -.- -- .:--- h - 670 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE. DECEMBER 14, ~Ir. DIE._'. There are just two pl!ases to this discussion, Mr. and the kinu of people there are in a country ine1itably deter Chairman. One is tbe labor que tion and another is the ques mines the kind of citizenship, the kind of go-rernment, and tlrn tion of the effect upon the institutions under which we live. I kind of ciYiHzation the country hns ; arnl the kinu of citize!l.:llit> am arnaze<1 at my friend from Chicago [Mr. SABA'IH) and my determines the liberty, the sort of l!ap1 iness, aud the measure frieu from New York [Mr. GoLDFoaLE], who contend that the of progress which prevail in it. The importance therefote of eluding pro~titutes \Yas a.mended by adding -"women or girls The Republican national platform this year (1912), the latest coming into the United States for the purpose of prostitution expression of the party on the subject, reads as follows: 01· for any other immoral purpose." We pledge the llepu!Jlican Party to the enactment of appropriate . Division of Information was created in the Bureau of Im laws to give relief from the constantly growing evil of induced ot· undesirable immigration, which is inimical to the progress and welfare migration and Naturalization, and steamship companies we.re of the people of the United States. · for the :first time required to furnish to the proper immigration officials lists of outgoing passengers. In the Senate the bill That the Republican Party stands for a restriction of immi was amended by the insertion of literacy tests very similar to gration there is no room to doubt. the one this House is now considering and which I will later The Democratic Party, too, has put itself on record in regarcl quote, and the Senate bill as amended by the literacy test to this great question. In its national platform of 1896 it u ed passed the Senate May 23, 1906. this language : When the bill reached the House it was referred to the Com We hold that the most efficient way of protecting American labor is mittee on Immigration and Naturalization, and they amended it f~ f~;v~~iiieth~a~~~~rtation of foreign pauper labor to compete with it by substituting one of their own, in many respects similar to it, including the literacy test. In the conference between tho In its national platform of 1000 the Democratic Party, while House and the Senate conferees the head tax was made $4, the containing no plank upon the general subject of immigration, literacy te t eliminated, and a commission composed of nine indorsed the Chinese exclusion law and recommended its members was authorized to make a complete investigation of application to the same classes of all Asiatic races. the immigration question and report its findings to Congress. .And the Democratic national platform of 1904 contained no omposing this commission were to be three Members of the plank upon the general subject of immigration, but did spe House, appointed by the Speaker, three .Members of the Senate, cifically oppose- the admission of Asiatic immigrants in this appointed by the President of the Senate, and the other mem language: bers of the commission to be appointed by the President of the We are opposed to the admission of Asiatic immigrants, who can not United States. This commission, after an extensive investiga be amalgamated with our population. tion, both in this country and in Europe, costing $1,000,000 and 'I'he Democratic national platform of this year (1012) in covering a period of four years, made a voluminous report cov dorses more stringent immigration laws. ering 42 volumes of printed matter, covering all phases of the This is the latest expression of the Democratic Party on this immigration question. This co:µimission, after a most thor important subject of immigration. Not only have the two ough investigation of the immigration question, found certain dominant political parties in this country repeatedly expressetl facts to exist and made some specific recommendations to Con themselves in their national platforms in . favor of restricting gress. immigration, but the Republican platform of 189G and the In the first place, the commission found that there were too Republican President elected upon the Republican platform of mauy immigrants coming to this country; that there is now 1900 have in express terms favored the literacy test-such a an oversupply of unskilled labor in the basic industries of the literacy test in substance · that we are now considering. .And United States; that restrictive legislation ought to be passed by what is that literacy test and what are the terms of the bill Congress; and that the literacy test was the best single method now before us? Before the adjournment of the second session of accomplishing the desired end. Let me quote the exact words of the Sixty-second Congress the Senate of the United States of the commission : passed, on April 19, rn12, an immigration bill known as the The investigations of the commission show an oversupply of unskilled Dillingham bill, which covered many phases of the immigration labor in basic industries to an extent which indicates an oversupply question. That bill was sent over to the House on April 20, of unskilled labor in industries of the country as a whole, a condition which demands legislation restricting the further admission of such 1912, and referred to the Committee on Immigratiou and Nat unskilled labor. It is desirable in making the reduction that a suffi uralization. Il'or reasons which will appear later, the Hou e cient number be debarred to produce a marked efl'ect upon the present committee amended the Senate bill by striking out an of it supply of unskilled labor. except the enacting clause and substituted the Burnett literacy . .And after enumerating more than a half dozen ways by bill, which reads a follows: which this reduction could be brought about, the commission That after four months from the approval of this act, in addition added: - to the aliens who are by law now excluded from admif'sion into the A majority of the commission favor the reading and writing test as United States the follovli.ng persons shall also be excluded from admis the most feasible single method of restricting undesirable immigration. sion thereto, to wit: All aliens over 16 years of age, pby ically capable of reading, who can not r ead the English langua"'e, or the language And this is not a partisan political report for political pm or dialect of some other counh·y, including Hebrew or Yirtdish : P ro poses. It is a report by men of both parties after a most care dded, That any admissible alien or any alien heretofo1·e or hereafter ful and painstaking investigation. The fact is that the question legally admitted or any citizen of the United States may !Jring in or send for his fathl}r or grandfather over 55 years of ag<', his wife, his of immigration is not a political one. mother, his grandmother, or his unmarried or widowed daughter, if I ha.Ye briefly reviewed the legislation on this question, and otherwise admissible, whether such relative can read or not; and ' UCh before taking up and beginning to discuss the merits of the bill relatives shall be permitted to land. SEC. 2. 'l'hat for the purpose of ascertaining whether aliens can read now pending before this House I want to adduce some proof to or not the immigrant inspectors shall be furnished with copies of uni· show that the que"'tion is nonpolitical and that restrictive legis form slips, prepared under the direction of the Secretary of Commerce lation has been Tllis literacy test for the purpose of preventing objectionable Then it goes ahead to pa s strong resolutions and ask Con foreigners from coming to this country is not a new proposition, gress. to imt on the statute books the laws they desire on this as I ha·rn already observed. Not only have political parties in subject. their national platforms specially declared for it, but Congress The American Federation of Labor, the largest labor ~ganiza itself has unequivocally indorsed it. tion in this country, has for years at its annual gather· gs been The House, in the Fifty-fourth Congress, passed such a meas passing resolutions and petitioning Congress to pass n\ re strict ure by the decisive yote of 195 to 20, while the Senate passed immigration laws, and it has specifically indorsed the educa it by a yote of 52 to 10. tional test-in substance the test we are now considering. That literacy-test bill would baye become a law but for the The Grand International Brotherhood of Locomotive Engi veto of President CleYeland. neers, the . Junior Order of United American Mechanics, tlle In the I!'ifty-:fifth Congress an immigration bill again passed Knights of Labor, and other organizations have repeatedly the Senate, 'vhich carried a literacy-test provision, by a vote of passed resolutions specifically indorsing the literacy test and 4.5 to 28. memoralized Congress to make it a la"·· In the Fifty-seyenth Congress an illiteracy-test amendment And what are the reasons for this widespread interest in to an immigration bill passed the House by the sweeping ma favor of stricter immigrations? Why has the American Con jority of 87 to 7. gress from 1819 to 1907 been adding one restriction after anotller The fact is that at nv time in the history of the country has to the continued stream of immigrants flocking to our shores? a literacy-test provision in any immigration bill ever been de The law of 1819 was but a little makeshift, regulating steer feated by either House of Congress. age passengers at sea. Upon the contrary, such a provision has invariably been The law of February 20, 1907, the latest on the statute book passed by decish·e majorities when the question was submitted and the one we now promise to amend by adding a literacy test, to a yote. provides in section 2 : Aml the yarious votes by both Houses of Congress on this That the following classes of aliens shall be excluded from admis ion into the U:nited States: All idiots, imbeciles, feeble-minded person , subject is but a reflection of public opinion on the question. epileptics, rnsane persons, and persons who have been insane within Not all the newspapers, periodicals, and magazines of the five years previous; persons who have had two or more attacks of in country favor this legislation, but I think I am safe in saying sanity at any time previously; paupers; persons likely to become a public charge ; professional beggars; 12ersons afflicted with tuberculosis that the bulk of the press do favor it. or with a loathsome or dangerous con1..agious disease; persons not com Resolutions, petitions, memorials haYe poured in upon Con prehended within any of the foregoin~ excluded classes who are found ,gress, expressing their Tiews and making known the wishes of to be and are certified by the e:xaminmg surgeon as being mentally or physically defective, such mental or physical defect being of a na~·e large and representatirn bodies of our citizenship on this mo which may affect the ability of such alien to earn a living; pers s mentous and far-reaching question. who have been convicted of or admit havin(J' committed a felony r The Legislatures of the great States of Ohio, Tennessee, Ver other crime or misdemeanor involving moraf turpih1de; polygamists. or persons who admit their belief in the practice of polygamy ; anarch mont, and other States have memorialized Congress to pass ists, or persons who believe in or advocate the overthrow by force or ·more strL11gent immigration law , and haTe specifically indorsed violence of the Government of the United States, or of all ~overnment, the literacy test. or of all forms of law, or the assassination of public omcials; prosti The various farmers' organizations throughout the length and tutes, or women or girls coming into the United States for the purpose of p1·ostitution 01: for any other immoral purpose; persons who are sup breadth of the land, the great labor organizations all over the ported by or receive in whole or in part the proceeds of prostitution; country, the patriotic societies, powerful bodies representing persons who procure or attempt to bring in prostitutes or women or girls for the purpose of prostitution or for any other immoral pur charity, commerce, and the like, have upon diTers occasions pose; persons hereinafter called contract laborers who have been ill passeu resolutions memorializing Congress to enact a law em duced or solicited to migrate to this country by offers or promises of bodying an educational test and more stringent immigration employment or in consequence of agreements, oral, written, or printed, expressed or implied, to perform labor in this country of any kind. laws generally. skilled or unskilled; tho e who have been, within one year from the There are a greater number of the people of the United States date of application for admission to the United States, deported as engaged in agriculture than in any other calling. The Farmers' having been induced or solicited to migrate as above described ; uny per son whose ticket or passage is paid for with the money of another, or National Congress, a body representing the highest ideals in who is assisted by others to come, unless it is affirmatively and satis agriculture in all tlle States of the Union and composed of factorily shown that such person does not belong to one of the foregoing representative farmers and students of agriculture from all the excluded classes and that said ticket or passage was not paid for by any corporation, association, society, municipality, or foreign Govern States, holds a national convention each year. Delegates are ment, either directly or indirectly; all children under 16 years of age selected to attend these conYentions by the goyernors of the unaccompanied by one or both of their parents, at the discretion of various States as well as by the great agricultural organizations the Secretary of Commerce and Labor or under such re~ulations as be may from time ·to time prescribe: Provided, That nothmg in this act and bodies from the most skilled and scientific agriculturists in shall exclude, if otherwise admissible, persons convicted of an offense tlle whole country. purely political, not involving turpitude: Provided further, That the At these national gatherings they discuss the various prob provisions of this section relating to the payments for tickets or passage by any corporation, association, society, municipality, or for lems affecting the welfare of the farmer, and often express their eign Government shall not apply to the tickets or passage of aliens views in the form of resolutions. in immediate and continuous transit through the United States to At the last National Farmers' Congress they i1assed the fol foreign contiguous territory : And proi>ided fu1·ther, That skilled labor may be imported if labor of like kind unemployed can not be found lowing resolution: in this country: ihid prodded fm·t11er, That the provisions of this law Whereas the congressional Immigration Commission's report of 40 vol applicable to contract labor shall not be held to exclude professional umes has just been published and recommend the very measures which actors, artists, lecturers. singers, ministers of any religious denomina this organization bas been advocating in its resolutions for years to tions, professors for colleges or seminaries. persons belonging to any judiciously restrict undesirable immigration: recognized learned profession, or persons employed strictly as personal Resolved, That we enthusiastically approve the commission's legisla or domestic servants. tive recommendations that the head tax be increased, the illiteracy test This section debars many undesirables, but it needs further be enacted, the foreign steamships be fined for bringing undesirables, and that other judicious measures be adopted, which are hereby urged upon amendment. the Congress of the United States. Even under its provisions there reaches tl~e shore of our The Farmers' Educational and Cooperati"rn Union has a mem country m·ery year in the neighborhood of 1,000,000 alien immi bership of over 3,000,000. grants, from 30 to 40 per cent of whom can neither read nor This is pos ibly the most powerful in point of members and write. influence of any of the farmers' organizations in this country. In my judgment, :Mr. Chairman, the gentleman from Texas This organization has been much interested in resti·icti\e immi [i\Ir. Dms] struck at the root of this proposition in his remarks gration laws and has frequently indorsed the literacy test. a few moments ago. The question is not the excluding of immi A.t a recent meeting of this organization it expressed itself in gration entirely; the question is not as to tlle excluding of this fashion : desirable immigrants; but the question is, Shall this country Whereas the Immigration Commission, after a four years' investiga be flooded each year with some 250,000 ignorant immigrants tion at home and abroad, involving an expenditure of a million dollars from the old country? As I have observed, the character of · reports that " many undeniably undesirable persons are admitted every · years " ; that " there is a growing criminal element in this country, due citizenship of any country in the world determines the char to foreign immigration " ; and that "substantial restriction is demanded acter of its civilization, the character of its institutions, and by economic, moral, and social considerations"; and the character of its government. Will the dumping of 250,000 Whereas that commission recommends increasing the head tax exclud ing illiterate adults, requfrin~ some visible means of support, tilling ·the foreign immigrants into the United States year1y who can not foreign steamships for bringing undesirables that could be rejected on even read and write add to the standard of American citizen· the other side, and other measures, law in other new countries, and ship? If they will do it, then this bill and all that pertains urged for yea1·s by this organization in its resolutions, before congres sional committees, and othenvise; and to it is wrong in principle. If, upon the other hand, the bring -n-hereas it is proposed to relieve the Northeast of its intolerable im ing into this country and dumping upon our shores yearly migration evils and to continue the unloading of undesirables upon this 250,000 people who know nothing of American institutions and country by diverting and distributing the incoming, ever-increasing influx from southern Em·ope, Asia. and northern Africa over the agri who are incapable of learning much about American -institu cultural sections of the South and ·west. tions and American life will iujure the character of ~'1rnerican XLIX--43 674 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-.- HOUSE. DECEMBER 14, j . I labor and American ideals, then this bill ought to be supported have no peers. In strength of manhood and purity of woman by every mau who wants to elevate the standard of .American hood they have' no equals. I will enter no further defense Qf, citizenship, because the purpose of it is to exclude this ch:uTac the people of the mountains of Kentucky. They need none. I ter of foreign immigration. They are destined to control the affairs of the State politically:' The distinguished gentleman from New York [Mr. GoLDFOGLE] and fi nancially. 1 in his remarks but a few moments ago said that this country It comes with bad grace from the gentleman from California owes much of its greatness to those who come to our shores or nny other gentleman to prate about the illiteracy of the col- 1 from Europe and other countries. That is unquestionably ored people in Kentucky or elsewhere. Ground down with the ' true; but the gentleman ought to remember that away back chains of slavery for 250 years, denied, aye, forbidden, to read yonder in 186D there wa less than 1 per cent of the character a printed page, no wonder there exists some illiteracy among of immigrants which this bill proposes to exclude that came to them now. 1 this country. This bill in its operation will exclude the north But few races in the world have made more pro(press than Italians-those of them who can not read-and the south the colored people since the master's lash was taken from their Italians, and the Poles. And in the year 1869 there was less bare backs and them given an opportunity to make some strides than 1 per cent of this character of immigrants coming to along educational and other lines. 1 America, while 75 or 80 per cent of the d e ·iruble immigrants But if it be true, as contended here by gentlemen opposing the English, the Scandinavians, and the others-at that time the literacy test for immigrants, that there is a high degree of constituted the large part of the immigration coming into this illiteracy in the South, and that for that reason we ought not country. But year by year the north Italians and the South to insist on an educational test for immigrants, my answer is Italians, and the Poles, and the Slavs increased in number, and that that is all the more reason why we should insist upon it. from year to year the desirable immiO'rants decreased in num If there is much illiteracy in the South, why add more to it ber, until in 1911 about 80 per cent-I am not exactly sure as by admitting a horde of illiterate foreigners? Should it not be to the accuracy of the percentage-but, in the neighborhood of our duty rather to get rid of what we already have by educating 80 per cent of the immigrants coming to this country were our own people? If the education test had been applied to for immigrants from southern and eastern Europe, composed of the eign immigrants years ago, no negro slaves would ba.ve been north Italians, south Italians, Poles, and Sla\S , brought from Africa. There would have been no negroes in the 1\Ir. SABATH. Will the gentleman yield? South. We would not have had any Civil War, and there would l\lr. POWERS. I yield to the gentlem~n from Illinois [:Mr. not to-day be 30 or ~O per cent of uneducated negroes in the SABATH]. South, as stated upon this floor. But I am digressing. I hav~ 1\Ir. SA.BATH. Is it not a fact that the same objections that just laid the foundation for a discussion of this question of are made now to the present immigrants were made to the de immigration, and before the Dillingham and Burnett bills sirable immigrants which you have meutioned, who came to finally pass this House I shall ask the indulgence of the House this country up to 1869? Were they not also called then unde for a more extended discussion of this question. sirable ancl vicious? Mr. MOORE of Pennsylvania. Mr. Chairman, I yield 18 min 1\fr. POWERS. In answer to the gentleman from Illinois, I utes to the gentleman from Massachusetts [Mr. CURLEY]. want to say that in part the same objections possibly were The CHAIRl\1.A.N. The gentleman from Massachusetts [Mr. made, but not in the whole. If the gentleman from Illinois GURLEY] is recognized for 18 minutes. remembers, about five years ago, on the floor of this House, men Mr. CURLEY. l\lr. Chairman, a very pertinent question was who were then opposing the literacy test, as men are opposing asked the gentleman from Kentucky [Mr. PowERs] by the gen the literacy test now, opposed a bill similar in character to the tleman from California with reference to the de:?ree of illit bill now under con ideration, and succeeded in having a com eracy in the State of Kentucky, and the answer furnished by mission appointed to investigate the whole ubject of immigra the gentleman from Califomia was that it was more than 10 tion. That commission was appointed, composed of three Mem per cent. bers of the House, three l\Jembers of the Senate, and three men l\Ir. KAHN. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman yield? .r appointed by the President of the United States. And after The CHAIR.MA+~ . Does the gentleman yield? 1 four years of investigation by them in this country and in Mr. CURLEY. The singular part of the illiteracy project is Europe the com.mis ion came to the unanimous conclusion that that the figu1·es stand out clearly and indisputably that in the there wus an oversupply of unskilled labor in this country, and so-called dumping ground for the illiterates, namely, New York, that the foreign immigratiou should be largely curtailed. the percentage of illiteracy among childr1.m of foreign born is Mr. SABATH. That was in the years of 1907 and 1908, dur but 5.9 per cent, while in Louisiana, in the South, it is J!early ing the Republican panic. 39 per cent. 1\Ir. POWEnS. In further answer to the gentleman from l\fr. DYER. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman yield? Illinois, I desire to say that this commission was appointed at The CHAIRMAN. Does the gentleman yield? the instance of men who were then opposed to the literacy test, Ur. CURLEY. Surely. and that commission, appointed by men opposed to the literacy Mr. DYER. I want to ask the C.entleman if it is not a fact test, made a report in which they stated that ~he best single that the statistics for 1910 show thnt in the State of Kentucky method possible of restricting immigration was by means of the the illiterates numbered 87,516? . literacy test. Mr. CURLEY. I! the gentleman says that is so, I will accept 1\Ir. KAHN. Will the gentleman yield for a question? his statement. 1\Ir. POWERS. I yield. Mr. CANTRILL. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman yield? The CHAIR.MAN. Does the gentleman yield? · Mr. KAHN. Will the gentleman inform the committee what Mr. CURLEY. I l'egret I can not yield. The total number of Hie percentage of illiteracy is in his own State, in all persons over 10 years of age for 1910? illiterate native whites of native parents was 29,188, or 9.2 per cent, in the State of New York. The total number of illlt M1;. LOBECK. In his own district. -erate whites of foreign-born parents was 18,162 in the State of Mr. POWERS. I have not the :figures at hand, 1\Ir. Chair New York, or only o.7 per cent, so that the higher percentage man. of children of foreign-born parents who are illiterate is only a The gentleman from California [:Ur. ~IIN] wants to know if little less than one-half as great as that of the native born in it is not true that· there is a large percentage of illiteracy in New York, and that is the ection of the country from which Kentucky-as much as 10 per cent among the whites and 30 the gi·eat hue and cry arises in favor of shutting out the illit or 40 per cent among the colored-and the gentleman from Ken erates. Louisiana, in your southern section, has the W;;hest tucky [Mr. CANTRILL] also stated that while Kentucky has as percentage of · illiteracy of any section in the entire Union, good a class of citizenship as any State in the Union, still he namely, 38.5 per cent. added that the mountain section of the State-the Republican I lla\e sat here a nd listened to the tnlk about the Black section-was where the hlgh percentage of illiteracy abounds. Hand. Why, Mr. Chairman, I can not distinguish any differ In reply to these gentlemen and the gentleman from Nebraska ence in the disrega rd to established law between a lynching [Mr. LoBEcK], I desire to say that no section of this Union has bee in the South and the operation of the Black Hand in New brainier or better people than live and dwell in the mountains York. If the Black Hand of New York is bad. its evil does f old Kentucky. There is there this day the purest reservoir not e:'\ceed the evil of the lynching bees in the Sonth. u 1.he American Continent of pure old Anglo-Saxon blood. ru:1·. B U UNETT. ~lr. Chairman, will the crentlem::m Jield? They may fall a little below the people of certain other sections T·he CHA.IR:\IA r. Does the gentleman from Mas ~achu etts of tbo Union on technical book information-they have not had yield to the geutleurnn from Alabama? the aurnntages of some other sections- but in education, in the . J\Ir. CURLEY. Yes. true sense of the word, they are inferior to none. l\Ir. BURNETT. The gentleman forgot to refer to an in They arc educated in hand and educated in heart, educated famous lynching that occurred in Penusylrania a short while in honesty and educated in industry. In home1Y. virtues they ago. Does the gentleman forget that? 1912. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. 675 l\Ir. CURLEY. l\Ir. Chairman," there are exceptions to e\ery tablet in Venice bears the lines of his poem, "Open my heart and good rule, and apparently lynchings are a good rule in the you will see grayed inside of it Italy." The influence of the South. leader, even in decadence, was deathless. Now, I listened to the gentleman from Texas [l\Ir. DIES], Mr. POWERS. Will the gentle.man yield? who said ti.int the immigration that is coming here is incapable 1\Ir. CURLEY. If I felt that it would add to the sum of of assimilation, and I want to say that I can not understand human knowledge I would gladly do so, but I regret that I do from what examination and upon what phase of that question not think it will. Therefore I refuse to yield. he drnws the deduction that he presents here, for after all, And can America forget her distinctive indebtedness? The l\lr. Chairman, the study of the Italian race is the most inter New "World owes to Italy the debt of the old and more. May esting study for persons ·who desire full and complete knowl she not well remember that it was the son of a Genoese wool edge of all that is best in art, in literature, in science, and in comber whose unflagging spirit revealed her existence to government. Europe; that the Florentine, Amerigo ' espucci, was her god Those whom you term the representafrves of a despised race father, and that the \Oyages of the Cabots and Yerrazano first and whom you claim are unassimilable stand predominant traced the North American coast line and cleared the way for among all the races of the entire world. Is it undesirable to pioneer immigration. There must be a strange lack of memory perpetuate the blood, the memorials, and the traditions of the and of recognition of senice when prejudice against southern greatest Empire of antiquity, which spread the light of its Latin ongin would put up an irrational bar of entry in the civilization from the Mediterranean to the North Sea and the face of the countrymen of Columbus. [Applause.] Baltic? Do the gentlemen who cnst the stigma upon Italians The Italian by training and environment is a child of sun recall that this stock was the fountainhead of the Renais shine, and is less responsible for the slum conditions obtaining sance that dispelled the gloom of the Middle Ages? What in our large cities than is the owner of the property or makers authority proscribes the land that gave birth to Galileo, the of laws which allow insanitary conditions to obtain. most forceful demonstrator of the earth's motion and orbit, Wherever Italian colonies have been founded success has at or decries the achievements of Columbus and the Cabots, who tended their labors, as in the case of the Asti Colony, of brought an unknown world to light, to redress and restore the Sonoma, Cal., which to-day boasts the largest dry-wine vine balance of the Old World? yard in California, where for two months each year are pressed Strange is this flood of prejudice-because, after all, it is 300 tons of grapes each day. prejudice-and ernry fair-minded man will admit that this And this product carefully matured is now shipped to all propaganda was put in operation and the support of organiza parts of the world, even to France, where it finds a ready mar· tions of labor was enlisted, including that of the Brotherhood ket in competition with the home product. . of Railroad Trainmen, to make successful the move of the Forty-five thousand Italians are now living in the 56 counties new proscriptive organization known as the Junior Order of of California, own 2,726 farms, conduct 837 business concerns, American Mechanics. and have an invested capital of $20,000,000. Is there a m.'.ln here who would like to see our Government The Canadian Go-rernment in 1003 expended $642,913 to pro· go back to the days when, because Roger Williams was a Bap mote immigration, and their success, in this country at least, tist and believed in doing kindness, he was led to the outskirts is a good cause for apprehension, as we are annually losing of l\Iassachusetts Bay Colony in the dead of a New England 100,000 of our best citizens. winter and, without even food or sustenance, told to find a new In the year ended June 30, 1003, of 233,546 Italians admitted, abode? Is there a man here who would have this Nation return 197,267 were between the ages of 14 and 45 years, so that it is to the witchcraft days of old Salem? It is the same old cry. wrong to contend that we are a dumpiQg ground for the crimi· It \Yas raised against the Germans when they were weak. It nal, the aged, and the infirm. was raised against the Irish when they were weak. It is raised And if the economic value of an able-bodied immigrant onr to-day against the Poles and against the Italians and against the 20 and under 35 years is ljil,000, then Italy's contribution has Jews because they are weak, and those who are most desirous been tremendous. that a literacy test be applied display their ignorance by ques We expend millions in the construction of irrigation canals tioning the ability of the Italian people to conduct a goyern to provide proper distribution of water, yet we do not expend ment. any money for proper distribution of immigration, whereas if How strange, 1\Ir. Chairman, is this flaunt of prejudice in the our water supply were choked off in the same manner that we faces of Dante and Tasso and Petrarch, of Raphael and 1\iichael now propose choking off immigration, our colmtry would neces Angelo and Oanova, of Verdi and Rossini, Bellini and Doni sarily be less productive than it is now. zetti, of Ristori and Duse and Salrini and Rossi, of Alfieri and The healthy, honest, willing laborer in any field of employ Gicometti, of Cavour and Mazzini. [Applause.] ment is an addition to the Nation's working capitaT. I should like to ask these brilliant exemplars of literature, We embellish our public buildings with names dear to lo\ers of science, and of art, who neyer heard of an Italian civilization, of all that is grand and great in art, science, and literature, nnd who never heard of ·Italian government, who never heard of the ·names occupying the most prominent places are those of Rome, who never heard of its arts, of its literature. of its Italians, today termed undesirable. science, what freak of conceit ignores historians like Cario Botta When our tourists. go abroad they gaze enraptured at the and Pasquale Villari, romancists like Manzoni and D'Annunzio, sculpture, art, and architecture of Rome, preserved through masters of language like Bartelli and De Amicis, and overlooks rapine, sayagery, and fanaticism by the undesirables, so called, astronomers like Schiaparelli and electricians like Ferraris and and I venture to say if the gentlemen so anxious to proclaim l\farconi on the loftiest ranges of applied science? In the field by law their physical a,nd mental superiority ever do visit the of railway engineering there are no more extraordinary memo center of art and the birthplace of those they consider as un rials than the three grand passageways of the Mount Cenis, desirable beings, a realizing sense of their own inferiority will St. Gothard, and Simplon tunnels, the enduring monuments of cause them forever to regret the step to-day contemplated. " southern Latin" engineers and constructors, who are said The heafy burden of this ill-timed and ill-advised legislation to be unassimilable. [Applause.] will fall heaviest upon the liberty-loving Jew, who, denied the What country owes more to Italy for its impulse than the so adyantages of education by the tyrnnnical rule of monarchial called boasted Anglo-Saxon England? The foremost English government abroad with all its unspeakable rapine and savagery, poets and dramatists-Chaucer, Wyatt, Surrey, Spencer, Greene, is to be denied an a ylum in this land of the free by reason of Webster, Ford, and Cyril Tourneur-show distinctively the a force of agencies that are wholly beyond his control. Italian molding in poetry and drama. Even the master minds It is the glory of these United States that since the establish of greatest force and fertility, Bacon and Shakespeare, would ment of the Republic in 1776, and even before the promulgation frankly acknowledge their debt. "Shakespeare's most romantic of the Federal Constitution, freedom of religion has absolutely heroines, Juliet and Desdemona," observes Wilfred Scawen prevailed in this Nation, and this insidious law would pre1ent Blunt in The Speaker, " were both borrowed, as we know, and the entry of a splendid type of the Jewish race, for a haven not without the lo&s of dignity, from Bandello's Italian origi of free religious worship, and carry out the same Yindictive nals." and iniquitous policy of his barbarous conqueror across the Dante, Petrarch, Boccaccio, and Aristo became English house seas. hold words through translations and imitations. From the The disappearance of persecution, the era of tolerance, the dawn of early English art and literature Italy has been a very recrudescence of liberality-this is the message of the mecca for her artists and scholars. The lofty imagination of day and houi.-, and this infamous bill would turn back the pnges Milton first expanded in Italian air. Here, too the restless and of American history to the odium attending a policy of pro embittered heart of Byron sought solace. All fuat is mortal of scription which thriyed during the early days of the nineteenth Shelley and Keats lies under the shadow of Rome. In Florence century, and when the outcome, politically considered, was, the genius of Browning reached its zenith, and his memorial thank God, the complete extinction of .the party organization CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE. DECEl\IBER 14, ·which had fostered it and the permanent, endless discredit in of 1812, and of the gross sum of $55,000 donated for the monu the eyes of the American Nation of the political leaders who ment, he himself contributed $10,000. had promoted it. And a body of no less distinguished Americans than JoJJ.u Why, almost a hundred years before the Pilgrims landed at Quincy Adams, Daniel Webster, Joseph Story, Edward ~Y'erett, Plymouth r...ock the Jews, driven forth by relentless persecu and Franklin Dexter were appointed a committee to prepare an tion, had made their homes in the Spanish Provinces, whence inscription for a tablet to be placed within the momunent in they came to the- United States. And in the dedication of the behalf of the liberality of this benevolent Jew. little colonies to freedom there the Jewish pioneer shared the To the economic side of this question a word is also cer hardships and perils of the new land with his compah'iots. tainly due. It stands to reason that every immigrant becomes Such was the story of Dutch New Amsterdam, the wilds of a customer of those already occupying the same vantage Georgia, the ancient Providence plantations, and the Quaker ground. And further, that as each must produce as much as colonies of Pennsylvania. he consumes, the community is in the end an inevitable gainer The duty of good citizenship has been the heritage of the by his presence. And as a very large majority produce more Jewish race in every State within this Union since the founda than they consume, it is manifest that in their earnings the tion of the Uepublic. community gains doubly by their presence. The Jewish population of America to-day is a d~termining American history emblazons no more heroic :figures than chic entity, a moral sinew, and a EPlendid material asset for Pulaski, who, after vainly striving to lead his own counh·ymen all thnt is be..st in manhood, character, and the highest de\elop- against the Russian tyrant in 1768, came to America to giv-e ment of the American citizen. ,.. up his life in our great contest for liberty, and of Kosciuslrn, Every great national movement that has marked the history who came here to fight for the independence of our country of this Tiepul>lic and which has moved forward and upward and then returned to fight ¥ainJy for the fTeedom of his own for the strengthening and the maintenance of the Government land. of om· land bus fonnd the Jew in the forefront as an active While the financial confribntion of Haym Salomon to the participant. Treasury of the country during the War of the Revolution They fought in the War of the Ilernlution and sacrificed was the largest individual aid extended Washington by any resi their lives and gaye freely of their means that there shonld be dent of the thirteen States, and came at a crucial time, when established a true liberty and the greatest free government that the Colonial Army was disintegrating from sheer force of pov has ever marked the children of destiny. 1 erty, and history records no finer example than that of Manuel Whenever affliction has beset the American Nation, the Jew Mordecai Noah, of South Carolina, who, unsbeath1ng his sword has ever been in the forefront, giving generously of wealth for as a member of Gen. Washington's staff', gave his fortune of the succor of the unfortunate. approximately $100,000 to advance the cause of the colonist . As a distinguished American economist has both well and While there were but 3,000 Jews in the Colonies at the out truly said- break of the Revolutionary War, we find that no less than nine 'l'he Jews hnve not only found liberty in America in the fullest sense, Jews were enrolled when the first nonimportation resolutions but a broth~rbood among the composite population of the United States. And in return for this liberty and brotherly treatment the were signed as a material protest to the exactions of Great Jew has given this great Republic one of its highest types of citizenship. Britain-Benjamin Levy, Samson Levy, J oseph Jacobs, Hyman The American Heorew statistically is proven to be the most valuable Levy, jr., David Franks, Mathias Bush, l\Iichael Gratz, Bar kind of a citizen. He is among our largest property holders and tax nard Gratz, and Moses Mordecai. payers ; be is in the vanguard of all progressive moral and material movements; he is a large contributor to philanthropy, education, aud In the War of the Revolution we find Joseph De Leon, of charity. 'l'he Jew is everywhere acknowledged to be a first-_class South Carolina, a most distinguished officer; and when Gen. Arnel"ican C"itizen, and since the foundation of our American national life hi::: exem{>lary conduct as citizen and man has earned for him the De Kalb fell mortally wounded at Camden he, with l\Iaj. Nones respect and fellowshlp of au self-respecting Americans. and Capt. de la Motta, all Jews, carried the wounded De Kalb And this bill would deny to hundreds of liberty-lo>ing Jews from the field under fire. Samuel Benjamin was an ensign of an asylum in America, drilen hence by a passion-blinded popu the Eighth Massachusetts, and Benjamin Aaron served in a lace, and compelled-as 5,000,000 of them a1·e abroad-to lh·e in like capacity with the Eighth Connecticut. Maj. Benjamin a district embracing but one-twenty-third of the ruling Empire. Nones served with marked gallantry upon both the staffs of With starrntion and discontent ever rife through this ill Gens. Washington and La Fayette. Col. Solomon Bush ser-red judged crowding of the Jewish race abroad, this bill will deny with great bravery in the Pennsylvania Militia: n ha>en for the oppressed, who are driven to either starvation Maj. Lew.is Bush was a first lieutenant of the Sixth Penn or emigration by the despotic Government of the Czar. sylvania, and, after establishing a wonderful record in the What a shameless contrast this proscriptive bill presents when field, fell mortally wounded at Brandywine. compared with the writings of George Washington, the father Jacob Cohen served gallantly with Gens. :Moultrie and Lin uf our liberties. In a letter written to the Hebrew congrega coln; Philip Jacob Cohen was a distingui hed Georgia colonist, and Mordecai Davis an ensign of the Second Pennsylnnia tions of the city of Savanllilh, Ga., in 1700, Washington said: Battery. I rejoice that a spirit of liberality and philanthropy is much more prevalent than it formerly was among the enlightened nations of the Reuben Etting enlisted at Baltimore when 19 years of age, · earth, and that your brethren will benent thereby in proportion as it served in the North witlr gallantry, was made prisoner at shall become still more exten.sive ; happily the people of the United States have in many instances exhibited examples worthy of imitation. Charleston, was captain of the Independent Blues of Marylanll, the salutary influence of which will doubtless extend much farther if and 1ater served ·as marshal of his State under appointment by gratefully enjoying those ble ings of peace which under the favor of President Jefferson. lleaven have been attained by fortitude in war, they shall conduct them selves with reverence to the Deity and charity toward theil" fellow Col Isaac Franks, of Philadelphia, serred as aid-de-camp to creatures. Gen. Washington, and with the title of colonel scned through May the same wonder-working Deity, who long since delivered the out the war. His residence at Germantown was for some time Hebrews from their Egyptian oppressors, planted them in a promised land whose providential agency bas lately been conspicuous in estab occupied by President Washington as his home. lishihg these United States as an independent Nation, still continue to Col. David Franks was also an aill-de-camp upon Gen. Wa h water them with the dews of heaven, and make the inhabitants of every ington's staff, and served with conspicuous gallantry. denomination participate in the temporal and spiritual blessings of tllllt people whose God is Jehovah. Da"\"id Hays, jr., served with great ability upon Long Island with the Colonial .Army, and his house and store were both A little more of the magnanimity of Washington would not burned by the British. be out of place in this day and generation of ours. l\Iose Isaacks, of Newport, Il. I., was a "\"ery actiYe supporter Washington later in August, 1790, writing the Hebrew con of the Colonial Army and entertained Gen. Wa hington at his gregation of Newport, R. I., said: home. It is now no more that toleration is spoken of as if it were by the indulgence of one cla of people that another enjoyed the exercise of Isaac Israel wus first lieutenant of the Eighth Virginia and their inherent natural rights, for, happily, the Government oi the served also in the Fourth Virginia in the same capacity, while Unitetl State , whieh giv".!s to bigotry no sanction, to persecution JJO Jacob Leon was a staff officer serving with Gen. Lasky. Asher a si.J tance, i·equires ODly that they who live under its {?rotection should Levy was ensign of the First New Jersey Regiment and demean themselv a& good citizens in giving it on all occasions their effectual sup1'61'f. Nathaniel Levy a member of Lafayette's command. 3 • • • * $ • Israel de Lieber rose from the ranks to a position of honor ;\lay the children of the stock of Abraham who dwell in this land and trust under Washington, Benjamin Moses served on the continue to merit and enjoy the good will of the other inhabitants, while everyone shall sit in safety under bis own vine and fig tree, staff of Gen. Pulaski, while Isaac Moses gave almost his entire and there shall be none to make him afraid. property ot $15,000 to the Army. Why, my friends, the towering shaft that commemorates the Emanuel de la Motta served both in the War of the ReToln first battle of the Revolution at Bunker Hill in my own city tion and the War of 1812 ;md was promoted from the ranks for was made possible by the liberal contribution of a Jew, Judah marked bra•ery to positions of great trust and honor, while Touro, who was seriously wounded at New 0Tleans in the War Jacob de la Motta was a captain upon the staff of Gen. Pulaski. 1912. , CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. 677 Philip l\Ioses Russell was a distinguished surgeon, and cared "John Du_ggan's tea party" instead of "the Boston tea party." for the Continental Army during the terrible winter at Valley [Laughter and applause,] Forge-1777 and 1778. The CHAIRMAN. The time of the gentleman from Massa Joseph Sampson was a lieutenant of Cotton's J\Iassachuset~s chusetts has expired. Regiment and Ezekiel Sampson a lieutenant of Baldwin's Mr. BURr-."'ETT. .Mr. Chairman, I now yield 15 minutes to Artillery, and many other Jews sened their adopted countr:y the gentleman from California [1\Ir. HAYES]. with marked valor upon every field of battle. :Mr. HAYES. l\Ir. Ch:i.irman, I listened with great interest It is well to bear in mind among the last words of the late to the rehearsal by the gentleman from .Massachusetts of the ex-President Cleve1and, his expression upon the position of the great names and great deeds of some Italians, and I beg mildly Jew in American life. Ile said: to suggest to the gentleman from Massachusetts and to the I know that human prejudice, especially that growing oi:t of race or committee, that no one of those great Italians would ha.Ye been reli~io n, is cruelly inveterate and lasting. But wherever m the worl_d excluded from the United States under the present bill. They preJudice against tbe Jews still exists, there can be no place for it among the people of the United Stutes, unless they are heedless of would all be admissible if this bill were a law. good faith, recreant to the underJying principles of their fr~ Go>e~·n I intend to \Ote for this bill, not because I am wholly satis ment, and insensible to every pledge inyolved in our boasted equallty fied with it, for I am not. I am not fully satisfied with the of citizenship. methods proposed for weeding out undesirable immigrants a.s Mr. SHARP. Will the gentleman yield for a question? the best that could be devised. I am not satisfied with it, fur l\lr. CURLEY. I will yield to the gentleman from Ohio. ther, because I should be glad to see other provisions in this Mr. SHARP. If the immigrants who are now coming from bill than are found in it, but I beliern it is a step in the right Italy to our shores are the worthy successors of tile distin direction. guished men whom the gentleman from Massachusetts has l\Ir. Chairman, 30 years ago the immigration to this country named, is there any particular hardship imposed by this bill in was made up largely, if not entirely, of young men in whose requiring them to read and write? [Applause.] breasts the spirit of liberty was stirring, and who looked to this l\Ir. CURLEY. I will answer by saying that if the restriction land of the free as a place for larger opportunity and for the that is proposed in this bill had been in operation a hundred better facilities it offered of acquiring a competency and the years ago undoubtedly the gentleman from Ohio would not be pursuit and enjoyment of happiness. While this condition here now. and certainly I would not. [Applause.] I believe existed it constituted a method of natural selection that se that applies with equal force to 90 per cent of the men in this cured for this country the very best elements of the populations House. Yet the cry which goes up from one end of the country of the countries from which they came; and if that condition to the other is the cry for labor. The ch:i.irman of the com still existed I should be opposed to this legislation or any other mittee says we are not getting desirable immigrants from north legislation that -would preYent the coming to this country of ern Europe. It is more profitable for the immigrant to remain immigrants of the character of those of that time, but that con- . where he is in his own country. Denmark, Norway, Sweden, dition is entirely changed. Ur. Chairman, I desire to send to the countries that the gentle.QJ.an cites as furnishing the higher, the Clerk's de k and han• read in my time a paragraph from type of immigration, are to-day countries of immigration and the report of the Commissioner General of Immigration of the not emigration, and what is true of those countries is true of United Stn.tes for 1911, which expresses the present situation England, Scotland, Germany, France, and Ireland, and eYer;y in this regard. one of the countries that possess what are termed desirable l\1r. SA.BATH. 1\Ir. Chairman, is that i\Jr. Keefe's report? immigrants were as undesirable 50 years ago as the Italian and 1\lr. HAYES. It is. the Jew are to-day. The Clerk rend as follows: The German is not coming here, because they ha Ye harnessed the streams and Germany has deYeloped manufactures, and it SOURCES OF .A.XD IXDl:::CE~XTS TO U.LHIGRATIOX. is more profitable for the German to remain at home. The Irish Considerable space has been devoted in previous reports to this impor tant and interesting subject. It has been shown that ( 1) the sources are not coming here because I guess nearly all of them are here of our immigration have undergone a decided change in recent years. at the present time. [Laughter.] one which is of great significance to the country and its people, and By the way, it is a funny thing, but my friend's question (2) much of the immigration which we now receive is artificial, in that it is induced or stimulated and encouraged by persons and corporations reralls a peculiar thing. We talk about immigration. I find whose principal interest is to increase the steerage-passenger business here a book on RQchambeau that was published by order of the of their lines, to introduce into the United States an overabundant and House. I was amused in looking over the book to find the ~her~fore cheap s'!pp!y of common la.bor, or ~o exp.loit the poor, ignorant imn11grant to then own advantage by loanmg hlID money at usurious names of the Frenchmen who accompanied Ilochambeau to this rates ; or, as now so frequently happens, in the organized and systema conntry. There was the regiment De Dillon. tized state of the business, a combination of the three elements, so that The colonel was Le Comte Dillon; the second was Theobald money lenders and ticket agents abroad, the transportation companies, and. the la1:Jor brokers and large employers of common labor here each Chevalier Dillon; the lieutenant colonel was Barthelemy Dillon; rece1 ve then· portion of the benefits and proceeds. Meanwhile the alien the major was Jacques O'Moran; the paymaster was Barthelemy and the country sul'l'er-the alien by being thrown into new and untried Moncarelly; and the captains were Moore, Purdon, Bancks, conditions. not conducive to his health or happiness, under circum stances which place him at a serious disadvantage by reason of beinl! Nugent, Swigny, Shee, :Moore, O'Neill, O'Brien, and Taaffe-all loaded with de!Jt, which, unless promptly settled, multiplies with m': Frenchmen. [Laughter.] terest, and which he knows must soon destroy his own or his family's Of the second captains there were Mandeville, l\IacGuire, property mortgaged in secqr~ty, and the country by having its stand ards of la~or wages, and llvrng not only temporarily lowered but per Macdermot, O'Reilly, Kel1y, i\IacDermot, Noolan, O'Doyer, manently rnjurr.d-and who can question the economic a.xiom that in Lynck, and Coghlan. jury to its wage earners is a direct injury to a country? Then there was another regiment-the regiment De Walsh. The colonel was Thaddeous O'Brien, the captains De Fitz hlr. HAYES. Mr. Chairman, it has been demonstrated by the mauric, De Walsh, O'Neil, De Nagle, O'Brien, and D'Orcy. hearings before the Committee on Immigration and Naturaliza The second captains were O'Croly, O'Connor, and the lieu tion of this House that the statement just read is absolutely tenants Plunkett and O'Riordan, and second lieutenants O'Gor true. We haYe had evidence tending to show not only great man and l\IacCarthy-all patriotic Frenchmen. [Laughter.] misrepresentation on the part of the steamship companies and When these men offered their services for the cause of human their agents in nearly all the countries of Europe in ord_er to liberty, was there anybody to rise up and say, ''You can not live stimulate immigration, but evidence has been produced to show here; you can not come here because you can not read and that in this country men having confederates on the other side write"? [Applause.] · do a large business in inducing immigration in order that the I hate to destroy all illusions, 1\Ir. Chairman. I illlye no re ignorant immigrant, when he comes here, may be subject to the spect for the man who dispels the old story of Santa Claus or exploitation of those who are in this conspiracy. St. Nicholas. But I was amused the other day to find that the Mr. SABA.TH. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman yield? shot that was fired at Lexington that was heard around the Mr. HAYES. I yield. world was fired at Fort \Yilliam and Mary in 1774, under the Mr. SABATH. The gentleman has stated that it has been command of a man by the name of Sullivan, and 80 Irishmen, demonstrated before the Immigration Committee that the re and no man asked if they could read or write. Instead of the port of the Immigration Commission is true. Will the gentJe s::iot being fired at Lexington that could be heard around the man kindly state by whom it has been demonstrated? world, it was fired at Portsmouth, N. H ., December 13, 1774. Mr. HAYES. Oh, I have no time, l\fr. Chairman, to go into I have read of the Boston tea party and always supposed it those details. We haye had large numbers of people before us. .emanated from an indignation meeting at the old South Church, Mr. SA.BATH. Mention two or three. but I have disco·rnred that it was concocted in John Duggan's Mr. HAYES. I do not care to stop to mention anybody. TaYern in Corn Court, Boston, afterwards known as the Han J.Ur. SA.BATH. Mention only one; that will not take much cock Tavern; and if the men disguised as Indians who threw time. the tea o•erboard were properly characterized, it TI""onld be 1\Ir. IL\.YES. I c.'ln not stop for such interrogatories. 678 CO :rGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE. DEOEl\IBER 1-!, The CHAIR.MAN. The aentlernan declines to yield. Mr. HAYES. Is the gentleman through? ::\lr. HAYES. As I say, it has been demonstrated, to a larger Mr. BARTHOLDT. I will tell you n-hat it woul prior to the enactment of the law of 1883. excluding contract la1JOJ'CrA, those already there. It is the demand for labor which attracts there was no rea on to conceal the fact. It is qnite concei~able that in tlleru to the centers. If that demand was in the rural districts, the case of a strike a great corporation might have resorted to the there they "\lould go. '£he man who comes here to work becomes importation of a large force of strike breakers i·egard.less _of cost. A~ a genernl rule however with hundreds of thousands of immigrants comrng an asset, not a liability; he helps to create the v;·~Ith of the to this country annuftlly, it "'ould be a waste of money to .. induce " Kation. The question of "Whether the immigrant can reacl ts immigration. The few aetu:tl violations of the contract labor law not of as much importance as is tlle question of whether his that elude the · vigilance of the immigration authorities can not affect the labor market. heart is right. It is through the hearts of men that our citizen The real agents who regulate the immigration mo\ement are the ship is made grca t. To the hearts of those who come, then, "e millions of earlie1· immigrants already in the United ·tat es. It is they urn t appeal. Vle must teach them lov-e of liberty, lo,·e of our that advance the cost of passage of a large proportion of the new immJ grnnts. When the outlook for emp!.oyment is good. they send for 1.bcir institution. ; hon- them that here all men are to be encouraged relatives or encourage tbeir friends to come, When th<: deJill!.nd !f:?r in the race for success; that .all a.re to be measured at their labor is slack, the foreign-born workman must bold his savin""S lll true worth. No; immigration is not a menace. It is but one reserve, to provide for possible loss of employment. t i;;ucll til.D.(' no wage earner will assume the burden of providing fol' a relative or more e;i<-lence that the liberty w-e proclaim has reached the friend, who might for a long t ime be unable to -secure employment. It peoples of less faxored lands and that they come here to take is- in this way that the business situation in the United Sta.tes reacts a In the iron and steel mills there is the same popular disposition to recent immigrants employed in bituminous coal mines varied from 4fl.4 shift the respon ibility foL· accidents to "the ignorant foreigner," per cent to 77.2 per cent; the proportion of married men whose families whereas expert opinion views the tremend.ous speed at which the plants were living abroad averaged 27.9 per cent for all races, varying from me l'Un as the real cause of danger. 'l'be greatest risk of death and 19.5 to 80.4 per cent-Reports of the Immigration Commission, Toi. U, personal injury is assumed by railway trainmen, who are all either Tables 102 and 104.) 'l'he single European wage earner who manages Americans or natives of northern and western Europe. They have to save a portion of his earnings can fall back on his sa\illg · if strong ot·ganiz::itions and could not be r eplaced by non-English-speaking necessary. This reUeves the pressure upon the stril<~ f,md. On the immigrants. Yet "acquiescence in dangerous and insanitary working other hand, the families of recent immigrants, being inured to the conditions" appears to be the general attitude of organized and unor most simple life in their home countries, , is said to be of wages and improvement of working conditions. It would therefore inclined to violence when aroused. Sufike it to say that strike riots be a dtnse for grave concern if it were true, as claimed, that the recent are as old as strikes in the United States. immigrants were not organizable, and that their employment threatened On the other hand, however, the Cnited 1\line Workers of America, the existing labor organizations with disruption. The fact is. however, whose -members are mostly immigrants ·from southern and eastern that the origin and growth of organized labor in the United States are Enl'Ope, bas put into practici:tl operation an indu::;trial parliament, with contemporaneous with the period of " the new immigration," and that separate representation for employers and employees, for the orderly reg the immigrants from southern and eastern Europe are the backbone of ulation of the terms of employment. And lately another organization of some of the strongest labor unions. A notable example is the coal recent immigrants, the Union of Cloak, 8nit, and Skirt hlukers, has mining industry, where the mine workers' oro-anization has gained created a joint executive body for the sanitary control of workshops. It trength onl.y since the southern and eastern Eurnpeans have become can not be said, then, "as a general prop-:>'>itio;1 * * * that all the predominant element among them. One of the most troublesome improvement in conditions and increa;,;~s in rates of pay have been problems which the organization of these immigrants has had to face secured in spite of the presence of the recent immigrant." (Reports of has been the competition of the unorganized Americans of native stock. Immigration Commission, vol. 1, p. 541.) Before 1880 all labor organizations were small in membership and The results of the preceding discussion can be summed up us fol their effect upon economic conditions was negligible. Like everywhere, lows: during the infancy of organized labor, a union would spring into exist (1) Recent immigration bas displaced some of the native American ence under the impulse of a sh·ike, would flourish for a while, iI suc wage earners or of the earlier immigrants, but has only covered tile cessful, and would soon disintegrate. Tbe work of organization has shortage of labor resulting from the excess of the demand ovet' the since been proceeding at an ever-increasing pace. During the first domestic supply. decade of the new immigration, 1880-1890, more labor unions were (2) Immigrntion varies inversely with nnem:;iloyment; it bas not organized than throughout the previous history of the nited States. increased the rate of unemployment. 'l'he majority of the trade-unionists and Knights of LaboL' were of (3) The standard of living of the recent immigrants is not lcw~r foreign birth, whereas the native Americans contributed less than their than the standard of living of the past generations of immigrants en quota to the membership of labor organizations. The greatest success ~aged in the same occupations. Recent immi~ration has not lowered rewarded the efforts of union organizers during the fiL'st decade of the the standard of living of Americans and older immigrant wage eamers. present century, the membership of labor organizations grnwing faster ( 4) Recent immigration has not reduced the rates of wages, n0t· has than the numbeL' of wage earners. Thus the greatest activity in the it prevented an increase In the rates of wages; it bas pus!1ed the ~ative field of organization coincided with the unparnlleled immigration of and older immigrant wage earners upward on the scale of occupalions. the past decade. The best field for oliservation of the effects of immi (i:i) '£he hours of labor have been rellu<.:i~d contemp::n·aneously with grntion upon h·ade-unionism is the State of New York, which receives recent immigration. more than its proportionate share of immigrants from southern and ea."t (6) 'l'he membership of labor organizations has J.:rown apace \Yith ern Europe. A comparative study of trade-union statistics compiled by recent immigration ; the new immigrants have contributed theie pro the New York Bureau of Labor and of the Federal immigration statistics portionate quota to the membership of every labor organization which shows that union membership rises and falls with the rise and fall of has not discriminated against them, and they have fi1·mly stood by immigration. The fluctuations of union membership depend upon the their ot·ganizations in every contest. business situation, which likewise determines the fluctuations of immi 'l'here is consequently no specific "immigrntion problem." 'There is gration. 'l'he harmonious movement of immigration and oeganization a general labor problem, which comprises many special problems, .'llCll among wage earners is thus n.ccounted for by the fact that both are as organization of labor, reduction of hours of labor, chi!tl labor, unem stimulated by business prosperity and discouraged by business de- ployment, prevention of work accidents, etc. None of these prnhlems pre."sion. . being affected by immigration, their solution can not be advanced by 'l'he question arises, however, whether the progress of trade-unionism t·estriction or even by complete prohibition of immigration. would not have been greater bad there been no immigration from south 'l'he advocates of restriction are conscious of the fact tbat without ern and eastern Europe during the past decade of industrial expansion. immigration the industrial expansion of the past 20 years woultl have An answer to this question is furnished by the comparative growth been impossible. But they believe tbat the pace of progress bas hcen of frade-unlon membership in New York and in Kansas. The ratio of too fast and that the interest;.; of labor would be fm·thered by a sluwe1· foreign born in Kansas has been steadily dec1·easing since 1880. At development of industry which would dispense with southern and cal't the same time Kansas has shared in the recent industl'ial expansion. eru European unskilled laborers. 'This is the gist of the recommenda Statistics show that the relative number of organized workmen is much tions of the immigration commission. higher In New York with its large and growing southern and eastern 'l'he weak point in this argument is that it takes no cognizance of the European population than in Kansas, where more than nine-tenths of cardinal principle of modern division of labor, viz, that in every indus the population are of native biL'th. trial establishment there is a fixed proportion of skilled to unskill t?d 'These comparisons prove that recent immigration has not retarded laborers. Were the immigration of skilled mechanics to conlinuP a the progress of trade-unionism, except, of course, wbe1·e it is the policy heretofore, while the expansion of the industry slowed down in con:;e of the unions to exclude the recent immigrants by prohibitive initiation quence of a reduced supply of unskilled labot·, a coLTespouding pl'OfJOL' dues and other· resh·ictive regulations intended to limit the number of tion of the skilled immigrants could find no employment at their tt·a11'-. competitoi·s within theil' trades. The skilled crafts whose organizations favoL· the exclusion of unsl '684 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. DEOEl\IBER 14 ' two million t~nant farmers ofl'er great po slbillties as an Industrial re serve available during the winter months. 'l'he farm being their main Federation of Labor in favor of such a policy, while compre source of subsistence, they are able and w1111ng to oll'er their labor hensible nt other times, haYe really no application to pre eut during the idle winter months more cheaply thnn fi:eshly landed immi conditions, and a careful survey of the industrial field, I am grants. 'rhe effo1·ts of trade-onion organizers among this class of English-speaking workers lulve met with scant success. The substitu sure, would convince our labor leaders of that fact. tion of the cheap labor of the American farmer for the labor of the Ponder as I runy, I can find no excuse for the proposed action· Slav or Italian immigrant would tend to weaken the unions and to of the majority, except it be political expedieucy. It i'3 in keep down wages. 'l'he discontinuance of fresh supplies of immigrant labor for the mills tended perhaps to clear the deck, so to speak, aml to relieve and factories of New England would give a new impetus tc the estab the incoming administration, which has blown hot and cold lishment of factories in the South, where there is an abundant supply on this subject, of a vexatious. problem. If the immigt·ation of child labor. and in the rural dish·icts of agricultural States with an bill is disposed of now, assuming that tile Senate would also available supply of cheap labor. The employment of all t hese substitutes for regular wage earners cer pass it. there will be divided responsibility, inasmuch as the tainly has its limitations. Dut there Is in the United States, as in all House is Democratic and the Senate is Republican. This ~ould indu trial countries, a steady flow of labor from rural to urban districts. enable our Democratic friends to wash their hanus of the whole In the absence of immigration of unskilled laborers the depopulation of the rural dlatr1cts would be accelerated. A stimulated movement of business and to ayoid the necessity of assuming the burdt"'ll at labor from tho farm to the factory would check the growth of farm a time when they will hayc full control of nll branches of tile ing; the prices of food tufis would rise in consequence, which would Government. tend to ofl'.set the adyantages to the wage eamers from a possible rise of wa.,.e . It has been argued, and with a greut deal of justification, Stili, should all the substitutes for Immigration prove inadequate, !hat after the people have decided on a change of parties in the it does not necessarily follow that scarcity prices would rule in the Government no more important action should be taken by the American labor market. It must be borne in mind that capital is international. Parnllel with the immigration and emigration of labor old regime; and no one is more zealous in the advocacy of this to and from the United State~, there has been going on an immi view than the gentlemen on tJ1e other siUe of this aisle. In gration of European capital to the United States and an emigration of deference to this contention, our Democratic friends even go American capital abroad. It is estimated that the total amount of Eul'Opean cn8itnl invested in the United States ls approximately so far as to refuse in the other House to confirm presidential 6,G00,000,00 . In other words, European capital came together with appointments such as are regularly and legally made under European labor to assist in the development of American industry. powers conferred upon the Pre ident !Jy the Oonstitution. Should there arise a scarcity of labor In the United States, new invest ments of Eurnpean capital will seek other fields. On the other hand, Under these circumstances, I say, the question certainly billions of American capital arc already Invested in foreign enterprises. arises whether the Republican minority of this House should aidl At present these investments can not compare with the profits of the Democratic majority in what seems to be purely a political ~ American industries annually reinvested at home. If, however, a scarcity of labor were created in the United States, more American game, and whether it would not be right and proper for the capitnl would seek im·estment abroad. Republican minority to refuse this aid when it comes to the 'l'he increased investment of American capital in the industrial de solution of a fundamental problem and the change of a tradi velopment of foreign countries with cheap labor must eventually react upon labor conditions in the United States. Certain of the most impor tional policy of the Government. My own judgment is that the tant American industries depend in part upon the expo.rt trade. A immigration problem should be left to the next Oongress to scarcity of labor in the United States would induce many American solve, a Congress which will come fresh from the people and m:rnufacturers to follow the example of theh' English, French, Belgian, and German competitors who have found It more profitable to establi h which will be controlled by a party that has received a popular factories in foreign countl'ies than to export their products to those mandate to decide such questions, not as we wish to decide countries. Such an emigration of .American capital would materially them but as the newly selected Representatires see fit to solye aiiect the export h·ade of the United States and eventually thrnw out of employment a number of American wage earners dependent upon that them. trade. . There is only one other explanation for the precipitate action It ls evident that while restriction of immigration can limit the sup of the majority in this matter, which, however, I can not quite ply of labor, it is powerless to prevent a corresponding limitation of tho demand for labor. reconcile with my conception of American public spirit. Could A suggestion of the probable effects of a reduced demand for labor it be possible, 1\Ir. Ohairman, that :Members have been intimi can be gained fl'Om the experience of the recent crisis. When the dated by certain secret societies, by organizations which are operations of the steel mills were reduced, a great many men were laid off. The skilled men, however, were offered positions as laborers. Not proscribing people on account of their religion, and are oppos withstanding their high American standard of living, tlleit· efficiency, ing immigration on such un-American grounds? I can hardly, and their high standard of wages, they were glad to turn to unskilled persuade myself that the ·great Democratic Party, which, the occupations at 15 cents, and even at 12 cents, an hour. The distribu tion of the stee! workers into skilled and unskilled would obviously same as the Republican Party, has always stood for freedom have been the same, if, as a result of restriction of immig1·ation, the of conscience and religious liberty, should have fallen to the operating force had never gl'Own beyond the number employed during depth of heeding those who are daily preaching a religious war. the last crisis. The skilled men who were forced down the scale of occupations by the crisis would never lulve risen above the grade of I know this to be an issue in this country at the present time, unskilled labor. although few ham the courage to speak about it. For one, I It must be borne in mind that for eight months during the crisis shall not hesitate to speak out, however, for it bas been my , emigration from the United States exceeded immigrntion, the effect firm con-viction that if the proud temple of our liberties should being the same as if all immigration had been prohibited. No scheme of restriction could be so far-reaching. And yet e.-·en the net emigration eYer crumble to dust it will not be because of those who pub~ of over 100,000 aliens within eight months reduced the number of indus licJy assail it, but it will be because public men, as well as the trial wage earners only about 1 per cent. The literacy test passed by public press, are afraid to discuss and warn the American peo the United States Senate would still let in the vast majority of un skilled laborers, while the exclu ion of the rest would eventually be ple of the hidden dangers which are threatening o-qr liberties. made np for by a cor1·e ponding falling off in the number of returning I speak from my experience during the last campaign. About immigrants. The net result would still be far in excess of the average a month before the adjournment of the last session of Oongress immigration for the decnde 1801-H>OO. Yet the complaint against I received a circular in which certain questions were pro "oversupply" of labor wa then as strono- as to-day1 and restriction of immigTation was urged as a remedy. It is evident that the literacy pounded; among others, whether I favored an educational t est for .immigrants, if adopted, will leave the labor situation un test for immigrants. There was no name giyen. l\Ierely a post changed. o.ffice box was mentioned, to which I was expected to direct my Mi·. BURNETT. Mr. Chairman, I yield five minutes to the answer. gefl:tleman from North Carolina [Mr. SM.A.LL]. I replied courteously that I should be glad to answer all their [l\lr. S::\IALL addressed the committee. See Appendix.] questions, but before doing so must request them to mention at Mr. MOORE of Pennsylnmia. ?!Ir. Ohairman, is the gentle least one name, as I had made it a rule of my official as well man from Alabama [ Ir. BURKETT] ready to go on? as private life never to answer anonymous communications. Mr. BURNETT. I prefer that the gentleman use some of I ne-ver received a reply. Not one member of that organization his time now. was man enough to step to the front and mention his name. Mr. l\IOORE of Pennsylvania. Mr. Chairman~ I yield 12 No sooner had the campaign begun in earne t than an anony minutes to the gentleman from .Missouri [Mr. BARTHOLDT]. mous circular made its appearance and was distributed in hun- I The CHAIRMAN. The gentleman from Missouri [Mr. dreds of thou ands of copies all over my district in which I BARTHOL-OT] is recognized for 12 minute . was blncklisted as a" pro-Romanist," with a footnote to the effect Mr. BARTHOLDT. Mr. Chairman, never before in the history that I had "always voted for pro-Roman immigration." This, of our country has an attempt been ma.d-e to restrict immigration Mr. Ohairman, in spite of the fact that no immigration bill has nt a time of great prosperity and when American labor was fully been -voted on k this House for many years. employed. Thus far such efforts have been confined to periods I am sure the membership of this House will agree with me of industrial depression, when our own labor was unemployed or when I say that if a public man is to be stabbed in the back when an intlu..~ of foreigners would accentuate hard times. with daggers hidden under the cloak of " Americanism " simply Therefore it is inconceivable to me why the fundamental policy because he refuses, in legislating on the subject of immigration, of this Government with respect to immigration should be to make religious distinctions, we are confronted with a prob changed now, when new immigrants are so largely in demand in lem much more serious than is the problem of immigration, nenrly all parts of the country. for if acquiesced in it would signify the death at the hands o.f There is certainly no economic reason for further restriction, a political ma.fin. of religions liberty; and it will also be con nnd the arguments occasionally advanced by the American ceded, I hope, that those who make the assault on him on such 1912. co.l_ TGRESSION AL c CORD- HOUSE. 685 grounds are a danger to American institutions, because they As Bismarck once said, "Immigration does not consist of the are violating the spirit and genius of true Americanism. I am poore. t classes of Europe by any · means." By that the great a Luthe1·ru1. My father and mother were Lutherans. l\ly wife German statesman meant to say that the man who is able to is a Li1theran, and my child was christened in that faith. I raise enough money to defray the expenses of the trip to the believe in a complete separation of church and state, a.nd in Kew World for himself and family is not a pauper in the ense tllls belief go so far as to assert that the daily prayers in this in which we accept that term. He must be a man of some push House, as well as all Sunday laws, are unconstitutional, be and energy; and these, I submit, are the yery qualities which cause they signify a mixing of church and state. These views, count in life and which we welcome to these shores. From my although Lutheran doctrine, I hold not as a Lutheran, but study of the subject, extending over 40 years, I believe I can as an American who reveres the Constitution. As such, truthfully say that even to-day the >ast majority of the inimi too, I believe in religious freedom and religious tolerance. grants come with the idea in their minds of bettering their Therefore, and I say it with utmost deliberation, when I am economic condition. called upon to violate the oath which I have made 10 times We are all agreed, I believe, that immigration has been a in this House to uphold the Constitution, when I am asked to great boon, if not the greatest, to this country, and that of discriminate bet.ween citizen and citizen because of their re all the factors which have contl'ibuted to its wonderful growth ligion and to \Ote to restrict immigration because part of it and development none bas been more important Even to-day happens to come from Catholic countrieN, mther than comply immigrants or the sons of immigrants are performing ha.lf of with such a demand, Ir. Chairman, I would resign my seat in the real bard work of the counh·y and they assimilate so tllls House, take pen in hand, and write editorials against rapidly that the second generation are as good Americans as sucb an infamous proposition. [Applause.] we are. And in the whole history of the country no instance Wh~te•er may be the fate of this bill, whate>er motives or can be cited of any serious trouble caused by lack of assimila rea!ons there may be in your minds for its pas age or defeat, I tion or nonassimilation. There have been labor trouble , yes. sincerely trust that among the l\Iembe1·s who favor it there is but they were alwnya of an economic and not a racial nature not a single one to be found whJ is impelled by fear of an nnd merely proved my contention, often made on this floor, un-American Black Hand in his district such as I have described. that if an ilililligrant finds-and he discovers this soon after I say again, the men who from religious prejudice practice such his arrival-that he bas to pay American prices for American intimidation on political candidates and by implied threats goods, be will also demand American wages. It is my delib and dark-lantern methods exact pledges from them at election erate judgment that if you seriously restrict immigration and time are enemies of our institutions; and a public servant, by this is the avowed purpose of this bill, you do not solrn a nJlowing himself 'o be thus coerced, would be faithless to the problem, but you c:reate a new one, and a problem much more onstitution and to one of the most sublime American ideals. serious than the one you complain of now. But I shall speak [Applause.] of this phase later And now, Mr. Chairman~ permit me briefly to discuss the One of the arguments in f:rrnr of restriction is the possibility merits of this bill. It is needless to say that in dealing with of overcrowding the United States. Let me say a word on that immigration we are dealing with a very grave subject. It means subject. In the United States we now have 25 heads to the to interfere artificially with a natural phenomenon caused by an square mile, figuring the present IJOpulation at 90,000,000. In inherent instinct of humanity-their migration. We are play Germany they support 308 heads to the square mile, and Bel ing not with material interests or dollars but with souls-in gium supports 650 people the square mile. If the United fact, with human lives. One line in an immigration bill might to affect the fate of thousands, and one word might change the life' States should e>er become as densely populated as Belgium is to career of as many human beings. The question of immigration day, we could support a population of 2,342,593,500 people. The is one which, in my judgment. is more talked about and less fact is, hlr. Chairman, that you can move all the people of the understood than almost any other problem before the American United States into the State of Texas, and then Texas would people. As a rule people only see the surface without grasping not be populated as densely as Belgium is to-day; and I claim its deeper significance. Its dark side is systematically paraded that that cpuntry represents the highest type of civilization and its bright side hidden from view. When we have to deal which is able decently to support the la.rgest number of people with a sincere demand for restriction, based upon economical to the square mile. conditions, the problem is perhaps not so difficult to solve, but Of course if we eye immigration askance, if we regard these when, as is undoubtedly the case, a good part of the opposition waves of humanity as a sort of hostile invasion, then all these _ to immigration is based Ul)on what I believe to be innate preju arguments would have no value with us. If those who hold dice, then the difficulties presented become insurmountable, be such views are right, then it would be better and more con cause neither reason nor arguments will be of any avail. sistent to shut the doors of the Republic altogether. But I I am in favor of restricting immigration to the extent it is am one of those who still believe in immigration, because we now restricted; I want to see excluded all the classes now men can not do without it. There is congestion in the large cities, tioned in the laws, but I am opposed to further radical restric true; but that same congestion exists in London, Berlin, Vienna,_ tion, because I think that, under present conditions, particu St. Petersburg, and all other large cities of the Old World, yet larly at this time, it is no longer· the serious problem it was there no attempt has ever been made to exclude foreigners. even a few years ago. Before I go into facts and figures to Last year I was passing through a. part of Gerrrwny where make good that statement, I want to lay down a few fundamen they were building a railroad, and I talked to one of the men, tal propositions: In the first place, we must remember that trying to find out what character of labor they were employing. every immigrant is renlly a valuable addition to the capital of Although I addressed the man in German, he could not under this country. Europe is paying the expense of raising and edu· stand me. He pointed ont the foreman to me, who I found was eating men and women, and then when they become old enough a German, and I asked him what kind of labor he was employ to pay back the outlay to European society these men a.nd ing. He replied they were Italians, every one of them. Says women emigrate to the United States to identify themselves I, "Italians? Can't you find labor in such a densely populated with our institutions, to offer us their brain and brawn for the country as Germany?" "No," he said, "Germans are doing a purpose of aiding us in building up our country. They must better class of work; they will not build railroads; we can not naturally be an asset to us. get them for this purpo e." And he said that the Italians were Another suggestion I should like to make to determine the sober, indush·ious, and reliable, and particularly competent in value of immigration. It is this : Whenever in cities and towns railroad c-onstruction work, a.nd for these reasons t.ney em of this country the census figures show an increase in popula ployed them. There you have a country with 308 people to the tion there is general rejoicing ; in other words, the people r e square mile, and yet not one word of protest is raised on the gard such an increase a.s an evidence of growth and progress part of labor against the employment of these Italians, while and prosperity. And they also hn·rn a right to regard it as indi here, in a country with but 25 people to the squal'c mile, the cating an increase in values, because it is population which cry is persistently kept up that immigration should be stopped makes values. Take half of the people out of the city of New on the ground that it is a serious competition with Americn.n York and the property of that city would be worth but one-half labor. of what it is worth to_:-day. If you would put 10,000,000 people If you will look at the latest bulletin, the October bulletin, into Texas to-day, the value of property in that State would issued by the Department of Commerce and Labor, you will rise from $50 an acre to probably $500 an acre. In other find a very remarkable fact, hlr. Chairman, in relation to the words, population determines >alues. The more people the departures. I am glad the figures are now being girnn in regard higher the value of land and property. to the departures. At the time I was chairman of the Immigra We have not sifted the facts connected with immigration up tion Committee, 18 years ago. we could not get any figures on the to something like 20 years ago. Until that time people came in, departures of emigrants. In this bullet1n you will find that in and the supposition was that the yast majority came for the the year ended June 30, 1911, 155,000 laborers-I only gi\e the purpose of bettering their condition; in other words, they were round numbers--came to this country, and in the same year people imbued with energy and a desire for aiding themselves. 172,000 laborers departed; in other words, 18,000 more laborers 886 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. DECEMBER 14, left our country than came here as immigrants; Now, is not· American democracy and American institutions after having that a \ery important fact? And this strange phenomenon once basked in the sunshine of royal splendor 7 For one I seems permanent. Look at the :figures for the fiscal year 1912. would find less cause for criticism in the longing for home You find in the offic~al reports that of the class of immigrants of the poor fellow who has earned his few dollars in the sweat styled "laborers•· there arrived during the year ended June 3Q, of his face than in the extravagances of the rich nrn.n, who, 1912, 135,726, while in the same period 209,279 departed. In though a native American, forgets his own country in lavishing other words, over 73,000 more left this country than arri yed in his wealth upon European society. that. period of time. I want to discuss this question fully from the standpoint of J These :figures <'ertainly show that immigration is no problem the laboring man, Mr. Chairman, but before doing so let me at this time. The total immigration last year w:is 878,000. say a word about the illiteracy test. The advocates of restric Deduct from that number the 295,000 who returned to their tion know full well that the ability to read is no test of char nati-re countries and we ha\e 582,000 left. Deduct from that acter. They h.11ow that to impose it would admit the anarchist, number the 246,000 women and children, who certainly should the nihilist, the crook, and the man who for some reason or not be counted aB c~mpetitors with .American labor, and there other has to leave his own counfry, while it would bar out the is left a total of only 336,000. I do not believe there is a civilizetl .unfortunate but honest poor man who comes with two sh·ong country on earth that does not get just as many foreigners as arms and a healthy mind and a willin.gness to identify himself that number represents every year. And I go further, and say and his children with our institutions. • there is not a country on e;uth which would not be glad to I regard an illiteracy test not only as a hardship on the recei\e them at the present time. A few years ago at Bremen very men we want and need, but I consider it unwise and one of the captains of industry of that city told me they could unjust besides. In imposing it we are practically punishing a find immediate employment in the city and its surrounding terri lack of opportunity. A man has been raised under conditions in tory for at least 8,000 men. Europe which haye made it impossible for him to acquire the We see them pass through here- faculty of reading. That is his misfortune, of comse, but when He said- he comes to this country and we propose to punish him for his but no inducements of any kind will stop them. They are bent on cm unfortunate ' lack of opportunity by shutting our doors in his b::i.rkin~ for America, although we are offering them high premiums for face, is this not adding injury to his misfortune? This lack of staying with us. opportunity is brought about by conditions over which he hag I now come to the question whether we need this influx of no control. He has been raised in such poor circumstances that laborers or "'hether we can get along without them. Let us see. his parents were unable to send him to schoQ.l; he had to work, I hold in my hand a number of newspaper clippings. A Pitts perhaps, from the time he ,was 8 or 10 years old, and he has ha<.1 burgh dispatch to the New York Times says: no opportunity to learn to read and write. Now, this illiteracy Pittsburgh is experiencing u labor famine so serious that many big rest does not apply to Germans, because I do not think more than industries are advet·tisin~ far and wide to get men. Last week the half of 1 per cent of Germans would be kept out of this country shortage Jn the Connellsv1lle coke region necessitated the blowing out of 1,200 ovens at a time when record prices are being charged for foundry if the test were applied; nor would it affect the Scandinavians, anu furnace sizes. Contractors having big jobs are offering higher Irish, English, and so on; it mainly applies to immigrants wages than have been paid since tbe boom years preceding the panic of from southern and southeastern Europe. I do not believe that 1907. Some concerns in the Pittsburgh district sent agents to accost men walking in tbe streets who appeared to be idle. The employing those who can read would make better Americans, from the agent of one corporntion said be could give work to 7,000 laborers. standpoint which we should consider, than those who can not. The New York Evening Post says: We have, of course, educated classes and &chooled laborers in There is almost universal complaint in tbe iron and steel industry great sufficiency in the U:p.ited States, but it is a question that it is difficult to secure a sufficient supply of labor, and this is true whether the educational test would not keep out the very men / not onlv of the foundries, rolling mills, steel works, and blast furnaces, but of ·tbe coke works as -well. Indeed, according to the Iron Trade "·e need most. It would not apply so much to ~killed laborers; .,. Re>i ew, the scarcity of labor is particularly pronounced in the Connells it would mainly affect unskilled labor, and that, I believe, is tlle ville coke region. very kind we want and need in the United States, namely, men In another :Kew York paper I find the following, under the who will perform work which your son and my son and even th~ headline: son of the German and Irish immigrant will not do-the rough l\"EW YORK :NEEDS 100,000 SERVANTS. and the menial work of the country. ' An exhaustive report on New York employment agencies, which Com It has been well said that the newcomers are lifting upon missioner of Licenses Herman Robinson has prepared. was turned in to Mayor Gaynor yesterday by the commissioner. The servant problem, their shoulders those who had come previously aml enabling which is dealt with in detail, shows that there is a great scarcity of them to secure a better kind of employment. I have always been servants. More than 100,000 of tllem could find employment if they opposed to the .illiteracy test for the reasons I have stated, but were here. one time in my career I was compelled to report a bill which The New York Herald contains, under the headline "All in pro\ided an. illiteracy test. I was outvoted in my committee, dustries need men-Prosperity that is sweeping country causes but as chairman of the committee I was compelled to report enormous demand for labor," the following: that. bill, and I have been sorry for it ever since. That bill From every direction reports continue to come in showin"' that in passed both Houses, but Pr~sident Cleveland vetoed it, and there various industries there is much more labor to be performed than there are men for the jobs, although wage paid to-day are higher and more are many citizens of this country who give Cle\eland credit, attractive than at any other time in the history of th~co y"J::: even to-day, for that message, in which he took the ground that Construction work is suffering from perhaps the est dearth of the anarchist, the agitfl.tor, the man who makes long :fingers, the labor ever experienced; machinery factories, steel m ls, cement works, brickyards, lumber yards, stone quarries, and innumerable other lines man who has c..ertain reasons for wanting to leave the Old World of trade and industry am crying for workmen. The shortage includes would be fully competent to pass this test, while tlie desirable all lines of labor, skilled and unskilled. emigrant, the man who comes, as I ha\e said, to offer us his Mr. Chairmn.n, these are only a few samples of the reports muscle and brawn, would be barred and shut out. to be found in the newspapers of all sections of the country. The New York American says of the pending bill, an;iong Therefore am I not right in saying that the real problem to other things: day is not how to keep out immigrants, but how to get them And its foolish educational te t, which would have kept the mother and fo keep them here? And is it not pure folly to try and of Abraham Lincoln out of the country, is designed to keep out of our restrict immigration at such a time? · country milUons of honest, earnest, sincere men and women that the coon try needs. The advocates of restriction lay great stress on the fact that Fortunateir the bill will not pass. The House retains enough of many of the new ·immigrants do not remain with us, but return honest Americanism to stamp it out of existence by a vote, and if the to their home countries after they have accumulated a little House should fail, the President is compelled to retain his consistency / money. For one, I should not like to criticize what is a natural and self-respect by stamping it out of existence by a veto. impulse of the human heart-the longing for home, the desire I belie-re the illiteracyr test to be hypocritical pretext. What of a man to Tisit again the scenes of his childhood. And from its ad\ocates ha\e in view is not education, but restriction. an economical standpoint the going and coming of certain immi They want to keep out immigration, and as they can not dis grants is even desirable. They go where there is work to do, criminate between the different countries, as it would be a viola- but if the opportunity for employment becomes limited these tion of international comity to say, "We want no more im- · "birds of passage," as they have been called, go back home migrants from Italy," they have resorted to the subterfuge of and lea:ve the field to American labor, only to come again when a test which, if applied early in our history, would have kept times become better. In this manner immigration regulates out of the country some of its very best blood, and probably itself. And as to the money they take to Europe, let us be many of the ancestors of those who are on this floor to-day. If just and remember that they have given. an honest equi"rnlent the Germans and Irish and Scandinavians were still coming in for e\ery dollar they have in their pockets. Why should we large numbers, some other pretext would be devised to keep criticize thoFe poor people when we remain indifferent to the them out, for what is the objection to the Italians? Is it right example of the wealthy nabobs who go to London and Paris to and just to proscribe a whole nation because of the misdeeds of spend their American money and actually_" look with scorn upon a few? Who are the dynamiters, the lynchers, the White Caps, 1912. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. the .moonshiners 7 .A.re they Italians? Not one of them. In fact, doubt it will come-that labor-saving appliances will be so there is not an immigrant among them. They are all .Americans. perfected as to bring about a continuous excess of the worlu's The Tast majority of the immigrants from Sicily and south supply over the world's demand, then the only logical remedy ern Italy are like the immigrants from other countrie -honest, will be a reduction of the hours of labor. But never will I thrifty, and industrious people. Like every other element of belieTe that the voice of labor, of intelligent .American labor, the population they may have occasional fights, yet the police will in seriousness be raised against the downtrodden of the records of the large cities show them on the whole to be good, Old World who knock at our doors begging for the privilege of sober, law-abiding, and hard-working people; and as to their breathing under the sun of a free country. .A.meric:m labor assimllation, I have seen them in the schools of St. Louis when cherishes its constitutional rights of "life, liberty, and the on the Fourth of July they carried aloft the Stars and Stripes pursuit of happiness," and will neTer deny them to others. It and sang .American songs, and I made up my mind then and will never kick shipwrecks, while attempting to board our wen. there that these future citizens of our country would be just as supplied craft, back into the roaring sea. good Americans as I am or anybody else can possibly be. For these reasons, 1\fr. Chairman, and many others which I .; Now, l\Ir-. Chairman, let me say a word about the competition have not time to discuss, let us as a Nation of immigrants ad· ~ of immigration with American labor. You will admit that if here to the great doctrine, tl!e _genuine American doctrine, that restriction is to be resorted to because of such competilion par the man who comes to us with stfong arms and a. stout heart tial restriction would afford but partial protection. In that case and a. determination to better his condition by honest labor is nothing short of total prohibition would cure the evil, and as a a yaluable and welcome addition to our population. and do not friend of the wageworker I should be the first to advocate such let us forget what we owe to immigration; how since 184:0 it rudical legislation. It might be a violation of principle, of good has changed the face of this continent; how it has turned morals, of the spirit of liberty, and of international comity, but deserts into flower gardens, forests into thriving towns; how self-preservation, being the :first law of nature with nations as it has remoTed the line of civilization from the Mississippi to well as with individuals, would justify the closing of the doors the Pacific Ocean; how it has aided by hard, manual work, by of the Republic. But how easy it is to prove the fallacy and energy and untiring effort, to make this Nation the greatest absurdity of these arguments. industrial nation of the world. "The .American of a hundred In the fifties, and more especially under Buchanan's admin years from now," said Rev. De Witt Talmage, "is to be cUf- istration, when the Know-nothing mo-rement was ilt its height, ferent fl-om the American of to-day. German brain, Irish wit,v this co~try witnessed the same outcry, eYen more furi-0us than French civility, Sootch :firmness, English loyalty, Italian resthet- now, ac inst the admission of foreigners, only at that time it ic;s, packed into one man, and he an American ! It is this inter was mor justified because the country passed through a crisis, marriage of nationalities that is going to make the American many fac ories being closed and labor being unemployed. Con Nation the greatest nation of the ages." gre s was asked to stop immigration, which was erroneously re Remember, also, that besides its brain and muscle, which rep .,.arded as the source of the trouble. But the appeal was un- resent untold amounts of capital, immigration brings millions heeded, and how fortunate for the country, for the 50 years upon millions of cash to our shores. and let no one forget that which have since elapsed no one will deny were destined to be the wealth of this country in land, forest. and mountain is the most glorious, the most prosperous period in our history in barely scratched; that where some now thillk we h:rre room for spite of-some will even assert because of-the fact that immi no ruore will in the future be found the l;rnppy homes of mil- gration had practically remained unrestricted. lions of people. [Applause.] • If the influx of foreigners tends to a reduction of W"ages and .Mr. BURNETT. 1\!r. Chairman, I yield fi're minutes to the to an · increase of the number of unemployed and is generally gentleman from Tennessee [Mr. .A.usTIN]. detrimental to the country, why is it that during .the last 50 Mr. AUSTIN. l\Ir. Chairman, I am going to give this bill year8, the period of the largest immigration, wages were higher my support and, in the brief time allowed me, will giye some than ever before, labor more universally employed, and the of my reasons. My only regret is that it does not go far American people more prosperous than at any previous time? enough and include a character test as well as an edt-:.cntionnl Answer these questions in your own mind, and you will irresist test. The Republican Party, 16 years ago, in national con.Ten ably be led to the conclusion that immigration and prosperity tion, when it nominated William McKinley for President, de are corelated factors. Of course, we Republicans know that the clared as folJows: change from hard to good times, wrought in spite of continued For tbe protection of the quality of American citizenship and tlle immigration, was mainly due to a change of our economic policy wages of our workingmen against the fatal competition of !ow-pl"iced from free trade to protection; but this is not what I wisll to labor we demand that the immigration laws be thoroughly enforced and so extended as to exclude from entrance to the United States those discuss here, except in as far as it has a bearing on the pend who can neither read nor write. ing question. Under free trade Europe, of course, manufac Fo1lowing that declaration our leader, the leader of the party tures to a grea.ter extent for the American market, and then the to which I owe my allegiance, the good, wise, and beloved Mc influx of immigrants always decreases, because Europe itself Kinley, sent this message to Congress: furnishes better opportunities for employment, while under the Our naturallzation and imntigration laws should be further im protective system and the consequent better times Europe' idle P_fafe, a better, ~d a higher laborers are naturally attracted hither. This fact, by the way, citizenship. A grave peril to the Republic would be a citizenship too is frequently forged into a weapon against the protective sys ignorant to understand or too vicious to appreciate the great value and beneficence of our institutions and laws, and against all who come tem. We exclude the fabrics, they say, but let the hands that here to war upon them our gates mu t be promptly and tightly closed. make them come in. Suppose this is so. Is it not infinite]~' Illiteracy must be banished from the land if we shall attain that high ! better than if we were to admit the fabrics and leave the hands destiny as the foremost of tbe enlightened nations of tbe world under that make them in Europe to spend their money there? It must Providence we ought to achieve. be remembered-and this most important factor is generally President Roosevelt, in his message to Congress, saicl : I o•erlooked by the restrictionists-that e•ery immigrant is a The second object of a p1110per immigration law ought to be to se cure by careful and not merely perfunctory educational test some I producer nnd a consumer at the same time. Every newcomer ' brings, as Speaker Reed once tersely expressed it, his job with ~~t~;:1~a~~rifiln:.o appreciate American institutions and act sanely him. He needs food, clothing, and shelter, and while he him ,/ The great Republican Pn.rty, in its convention at Chicago self produces he at the same time consumes the products of i.a 1912-this good year-wrote this declaration or pledge : _ others. The vast majority of .the newcomers enter upon their We pledge the Republican Party to the enactment of appropriate life here by performing menial labor; consequently the competi laws to give relief from the constantly growing evil of induced or tion with American skilled labor is ridiculously small. But if undesirable immigration, which is inimical to tbe progress and welfare their coming should result in some competition, is not this of the people of the United States. counterbalanced by the fact that the needs and necessities of an l\Ir. B.A.RTHOLDT. Will the gentleman yield? aduitional half a million people are to be supplied by the Ameri Mr. .AUSTIN. I have only :fiye minutes. H ad I as much time can market? as my genial friend from Missouri, I would gladly yield tv him. /_,, There was a time when workingmen were induced to smash This is not a political question. It is not a religious question. the machines which temporarily threw them out of employ This is a patriotic question in which is invol"red the civilization, ment. To-day they ridicule the idea, because th~y have learned, the progress, a.nd the happiness of the American people. first, tllat hands are required to construct the machines, and, 'Vho demands this legislation? We created n commission second, because all labor-saving inventions have so increased composed of three Senators, three l.\Iembers of the House of the consumption of the articles manufactured by their aid as Representatives, and three leading citizens from private life, to le:rre just as much work to be done as before. It is exactly and they spent a million dollars of the money of the taxpa;i;-ers the same with immigration. The incre::t e of productive power in four long years carefully stu The CHAIRMAN. The i;entleman from Alabama [Ur. BUR ticket or pa1Ssagc is paid for with the money of another, or who is assisted by others to come, unless it is affirmativ0ly and i:;ati>;factoril~· NETT] has 20 minutes, and tlle gentleman frcm Pennsyl'rnuia shown that such person docs not belong to one of the fo1·cgoing excluded [~lr. l\loo1m] 15 minutes. . classes, and tbat said ticket or pasRage was not paid for by any cor poration, association, society, municipality, or foreign go"\""ernmcnt, l\lr. l\lOOREl of Pennsylrnnia. Mr. Chairman, then I will either directly or indirectiy; all children under lG years of age unac ask the gentleman if he inten The SPEAKER. The L"nanimous Consent Calendar, suspen PUBLIC BILLS, RE OLUTIOXS, A1'"D i\JE~IORI..c\.LS. sion of the rules. and the Di ·charge Calenunr will ha·rn the Under clause 3 of Rule XX.II, bills, resolutions, and memo rigllt of way on I onday. rials were introduced and ~eyerally referred as follows : A.DJOURN:ME~T. By l\Ir. FLOOD of Virginia : A bill (H. ·R. 27275) authorizing 1\Ir. BURNETT. Mr. Speaker, I nwve that Uie House do the Secretary of War to douate to the town of Fincastle Va., two cannon or fieldpieces; to the Committee on Military Affairs.. now adjourn. The motion was ngree By Mr. :\IOTT: Petition of the .American Federntion of Labor, 'l'he PRESIDING OFFICER. Tlle entry of illay 13, 1911, will fayoring llie pa~ ·age of the yocational educational bill (S. 3); be read. · to the Coilllllittec on 1\griculture. The SECRET..IBY. Page 23!) of the Journal. The prccecl1iugs in • Al o, petition of the Knights of Labor, Washington D. C., the Co~GREssro~AL RECORD, pnge 1~04, are as follows: f:noring tlrn passage of Senate bill 3175, for the restr~ction of The rnESIDI~G OFEICEu. The Senate ·will proceed to the election of a rresiden t pro tempore. immigration; to the Committee on Immigration and Katuraliza The Chair desil'es to say, before action is taken, that on Thursday tion. last the Senate, by unanimous consent, suspended clause 2 of Rule I, l3y Mr. O'SHAL':XESSY: Petition of the Federation of Jewish which provides thnt the Secretary shall take ilie chair pendin~ the elec tion of a rresident pro tempore, and continned in the chair its present Farmers of America, KeY·/ York, N. Y., fayoring the e tablish occupant. Whether that action was intended to be continuous, coyer rnent of farmers' creclit unions; to the Committee on Banking ing all proceedings connected with the election of a President pro imcl Currency. tempore, or was for that .day only, it is not for tile Chair to detel' U:hlYl3 mine. It is for the Senate to determine that question before we pro By l\lr. RN: Petition of the Pennsylrnnia Wholesale ceed further. ·Liquor Dealers' League, Philadelphia, Pa., protesting against Mr. SIIIVELT. I a , k unanimous consent that clause 2 of Ilule I be the passage of tile amended Kenyon liquor bill ( S. 40-!3) ; to suspended and that the senior enator from Massachusetts [Mt'. LODGE J occupy the chair during the proceedings to elect a rresident pro tem the Committee on the Judiciary. po1'e. By Mr. SPARKl\fA..:.~ : Petition of citizens of nine counties in The rnESIDIXG OFFICETI. The Senator from Indiana mo1es that Florida, fayoring the passage of the Kenyon amended liquor the present occupant of the chair continue to occupy it during the pro bill (S. 4043); to the Committee on the Judiciary. ceedings-- Mr. SIIITELY. If the Chair please, I made no motion. I asked unani .Also, petition of the Board of Trade of Eustis, Fla., fayoring mous consent. the reuncing of letter postage to 1 cent; to the Committee on The PnESIDIXG OFFICER. Tbe Senator from Indiana asks unanimous the Post Office and Post Road'. consent that clause 2 of Rnle 1 be suspended, and that the present occu pant of the chair continue to occupy it during the proceedings connected By Mr. THAYER: Petition of the lien's Brotherhood of with the election of a President pro tempore. Is there objection? The Union Church, Worcester, lass., fayoring the passage of the Chair hears none, and it is so ordereu. (Proceedings of Senate, May Kenyon bill relatiYe to cleaning up of Washington for tlle in 15, Hill.) auguration; to tlle Committee on the District of Columbia. The PRESIDING OFFICER Acting under that resolution, By l\lr. TILSON: Petition of the National Vehicle Associa as the term for which the Senator from Georgia [Mr. BACO::.\'] tion of the United States of America, Chicago, IU., relative to was chosen President pro tempore has expired, the present occu the reorganization of the Consular and Diploma tic Service; to pant of the chair has called the Senate to order for the pur11ose the Committee on Foreign Affairs. of choosing a President pro tempore. Mr. S:\IOOT. On Saturday, D~ernber 14, I offered an order and asked for its immediate consideration-- SENATE. Mr. BRISTOW. 1\Ir. President-- ]\fo_' D.n, The PUESIDING OFFICER. The Secretary will rend the December 16, 1919. resolution submitted by the Senator from Utah. The Senate met at 11 o'clock a . m. 1\fr. BRISTOW. I rise to a point of order. Prayer by the Chaplain, Rev. Ulysses G. B . Pierce, D. D. The PilESIDIKG OFFICER. The Senator from Kani:ns will JoNATIIA " IloUR~E, Jr., and GEORGE E. CHAMBERLAIN, Sena- state it. tors from the State of Oregon, and 'VESLEY L. JoNES, a Senator :Mr. BRISTO\\. There is no business in order except to from the State of Washington, appeared in their seats to-day. proceed by ballot to elect a President pro tempore un