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Nisan 2010.CDR MANTAR DERGİSİ/The Journal of Fungus Nisan(2010)1(1)9-13 Geliş(Received) :04.01.2010 Kabul(Accepted):31.03.2010 Araştırma Makalesi Türkiye Mikotasına Katkılar Ertuğrul SESLİ* Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi Fatih Eğitim Fakültesi Biyoloji Eğitimi Anabilim Dalı 61335 Söğütlü Trabzon Özet Türkiye mikotası için üç yeni kayıt, Asterophora parasitica (Fr.) Singer ( Lyophyllaceae ), Hygrocybe acutaF.H. Møller ( Hygrophoraceae ) ve H. calyptriformis (Berk.) Fayod var. calyptriformis ( Hygrophoraceae ) tanımlanmış, resmedilmiş ve kısaca tartışılmıştır. Anahtar kelimeler: Asterophora parasitica, Hygrocybe acuta, Hygrocybe calyptriformis var. calyptriformis, Yeni kayıt, Türkiye. Contributions to Turkish Mycota Abstract Three new records for the Turkish mycota,Asterophora parasitica (Fr.) Singer ( Lyophyllaceae ) , Hygrocybe acutaF.H. Møller ( Hygrophoraceae ) and Hygrocybe calyptriformis (Berk.) Fayod var. calyptriformis (Hygrophoraceae ) are described, illustrated, and briefly discussed. Key words: Asterophora parasitica, Hygrocybe acuta, Hygrocybe calyptriformisvar. calyptriformis , New record, Turkey. Giriş arkadaşlarının farklı bir takson saptadıklarını ve Şapkalı mantarlar üzerinde yaşayan çok bir yayın hazırlığı içerisinde olduklarını biliyoruz. sayıda küf olmasına rağmen, bir şapkalı mantarın Hygrocybe (Fr.) P. Kumm. cinsi oldukça diğer bir şapkalı mantar üzerinde yaşadığı zengin bir grup olup günümüzde yaklaşık 570 durumlar ender görülür.Asterophora Ditmar taksonla temsil edilmektedir (URL 1). Sesli & üyeleri genellikleRussula Pers. veya Lactarius Denchev (2010)'e göre Türkiye'de yaklaşık 19 Pers. cinsine ait bireyler üzerinde parazit veya Hygrocybe türü yayılış göstermektedir. çürükçül olarak yaşayan oldukça ilginç bir Bu grup üyelerinin bazidiyokarpları diğer gruptur. Mantar üstünde yaşama bir başka örnek Hygrophoraceae ailesi bireylerinden genellikle Volvariella surrecta (Knapp) Singer'dir. Bu man- göz alıcı renkleri ve dokunulduğu zaman siyaha tarClitocybe nebularis (Batsch) P. Kumm. üze- dönen yapışkan yapıları ile ayırt edilirler. rinde yaşar. Çoğunluğu saprofit olup kirli olmayan çayır Bilindiği gibi mantarlarda bazidiyumlar ekosistemlerinde yayılış gösterirler. Bazıları üzerinde üretilen sporlar eşeyli sporlar olup iki ektomikorizal olarak yaşar. ayrı ataya ait genleri taşırlar. Mantarlar tek atadan Bu yayının hazırlandığı sırada “Türkiye eşeysiz sporlar da meydana getirebilmektedir. cıvık ve makromantar listeleri” 222 cıvık, 144 Asterophora grubu mantarlar hiflerin ucundan askuslu ve 1785 bazidiyumlu olmak üzere toplam veya ortalarından eşeysiz sporlar olan klamido- 2151 tür içermektedir (Sesli & Denchev, 2010). sporları meydana getirebilirler. Klamidosporların Türkiye mikota sayısının hızla artmasında çeşitli oluşumu sırasında hücrelerin protoplazmaları araştırmacıların emeği geçmiştir(Sümer, 1989; büzüşüp çeperleri kalınlaşır. Solak ve Gücin, 1992; Gücin ve Işıloğlu, 1995; Asterophora cinsi küçük bir grup olup Demirel ve Uzun, 1999; Kaşık ve Öztürk, 1999; günümüzde dünya üzerinde yaklaşık 22 taksonla Kaya, 2000; Afyon, 2001; Türkekul, 2003; Sesli, temsil edilmektedir (URL 1). 2007 ve Doğan, 2009). Bu yayının hazırlandığı sırada Türkiye'de Bu çalışmanın amacı Türkiye mikotasına bu cinse ait herhangi bir kayıt bulunmamakla ve mantar saklama yöntemlerine katkı sağlaya- birlikte Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesinden Uzun ve bilmektir. E-mail:[email protected] 9 MANTAR DERGİSİ/The Journal of Fungus Nisan(2010)1(1)9-13 Materyal ve Metot koni şeklinde, yaşlı bireylerde ise genişlemiş Her üç taksona ait örneklerin yetişme yeri veya dalgalıdır.Mantarın eti ince ve beyaz, tadı özellikleri herbaryum numarası verilerek arazi belirgin olmayıp kokusu pek güzel değildir. defterine kaydedilmiş ve makro objektifli bir Lameller beyaz veya gri kahverengi, iyi gelişmiş, fotoğraf makinesi ile renkli fotoğrafları çekilmiştir. sapa bitişik veya bir miktar aşağıya doğru Bazidiyokarpların resmi çekilirken yanlarına yayılmış olup kenarları hafifçe granüllüdür. Sap milimetrik bir cetvel konulmuştur. Laboratuara en fazla 3 cm boyunda ve 3 mm kalınlığında, getirilen materyaller % 10'luk formol içerisinde 5 silindirik, yaşlı bireylerde içi boş ve gri kahverengi dakika tutulduktan sonra kurutma cihazında bir zemin üzerinde beyaz lifler içerir. Klamido- yaklaşık 3 saat tutulmuştur. Mikroskobik çalış- sporlar iğ şeklinde, düz ve şeffaf olup büyük malar için kuru materyallerden kesit alınmış ve damlacıklar içerirler. Büyüklükleri 15-22 x 9-11 potasyum hidroksit çözeltisi yardımı ile incele- mikrondur (Şekil 2).Bazidiyosporlar eliptik, yü- meler tamamlanmıştır. Spor boyutlarını belirle- zeyleri pürüzsüz ve şeffaf olup 4.5-6 x 3-4.2 mek için 20'şer ölçüm yapılarak bunların mikron büyüklüğündedir (Şekil 3). ortalaması alınmıştır.Asterophora örneklerinin lamellerinden preparatlar yapılarak klamido- sporlar gözlenmiş ve boyutları ölçülmüştür. Hygrocybe üyelerine ait 10'ar adet bazidiyum incelenerek mikroskobik ölçümleri yapılmış ve bunların ortalaması alınmıştır. İncelenen bazidiyum, bazidiyospor ve klamidosporlara ait çizimler yapılmıştır. Materyallerin kalan kısmı özel kilitli polietilen torbalara konularak herbaryum dolabına yerleştirilmiştir. Bulgular Arazi çalışmalarında toplanan bazidiyo- karpların makroskopik ve mikroskobik inceleme- Şekil 1.Asterophora parasitica 'nın Lactarius leri sonucunda elde edilen verilerin literatürlerle piperatus üzerinde yetişmiş bazidiyokarpları (Breitenbach & Kränzlin, 1991; May & Fuhrer, (ölçek: 1 cm) 1995 ve Boertmann, 1996) karşılaştırılmaları sonucu Asterophora parasitica, Hygrocybe acuta veHygrocybe calyptriformis var . calyptriformis taksonları teşhis edilmiştir. Yeni kayıtların betimi aşağıdadır. Asterophora parasitica (Fr.) Singer Asterophora parasitica için gerekli mater- yal 29.07.2009 tarihinde Trabzon - Düzköy – Şekil 2.Asterophora parasitica' nın Çayırbağı beldesi ladin - kayın ormanından (40º klamidosporları (ölçek: 10 mikron) 50' 26.15" K ve 39º 21' 02.88" D, yükseklik 970 m) toplanmıştır. Resimden de görüldüğü gibi bu mantarınşapka büyüklüğü 2 santimetre kadar olabilmektedir (Şekil 1). Genç iken beyaz - açık gri bir zemin üzerinde ipeksi zar şeklinde beyaz lifler içerir. Yaşlı bireylerde dıştan içe doğru gri - kahverengidir. Islak iken hafif kaygan olup genç bireylerde içe doğru kıvrıktır. Olgun bireylerde kenarı düz, dalgalı, yırtık ve bazen de yukarıya Şekil 3.Asterophora parasitica' nın doğru kıvrıktır. Genç bireylerde yarı küre veya bazidiyosporları (ölçek: 5 mikron) 10 MANTAR DERGİSİ/The Journal of Fungus Nisan(2010)1(1)9-13 Hygrocybe acuta F.H. Møller Örnekler 24.09.2009 tarihinde Trabzon - Akçaabat – Hıdırnebi yaylasındaki çayırlık alandan (40º 57' 49.82" K ve 39º 26' 00.19" D, yükseklik 1387 m) toplanmıştır. Mantarın şap- kası en büyüğünde 4 cm boyunda, genç birey- lerde koni şeklinde, olgun olanlarında düz ve tepeciklidir (Şekil 4). Üzeri ıslak iken hafif yapış- Şekil 6.Hygrocybe acuta 'nın kan kuru iken ince liflidir. Oldukça parlak olup bazidiyosporları (ölçek: 10 mikron) koyu kırmızıdan portakal kırmızısına veya kırmı- zımsı sarıya kadar değişebilen renklerdedir. Hygrocybe calyptriformis (Berk.) Bazı mantarların şapkaları yer yer veya kenar- Fayod var. calyptriformis larda sarı ve dişlidir.Eti ince, sarımsı, kokusuz Örnekler 24.09.2009 tarihinde Trabzon - olup tadı güzeldir.Lameller açık sarı veya Akçaabat – Hıdırnebi yaylasındaki çayırlık portakal sarısı olup tabana doğru kırmızımsıdır. alandan (40º 57' 49.82" K ve 39º 26' 00.19" D, Sapa hemen hemen hiç bağlı değillerdir. yükseklik 1387 m) toplanmıştır.Şapka 8 cm Kenarları düz açık sarı veya beyazdır.Sap en eninde, genç iken koni şeklinde, yaşlı bireylerde fazla 5.5 cm uzunluğunda ve 8 mm kalınlığında, kenarları yukarıya doğru kalkmış durumdadır bazı bireylerde tabana doğru incelir. Yüzeyi (Şekil 7). Üzerinde sivri bir tepecik bulunur. uzunluğuna lifli, kuru, kırmızı veya portakal Yüzeyi mat, düz, ışınsal lifli ve ıslak iken renginde, tabana doğru sarı olup içerisi boştur. yapışkandır. Gül kırmızısı veya kırmızımsı mor Bazidiyumlar çomak şeklinde 45-55 x 7-10 olup şapka kenarı az çok leylak rengini andırır. mikron olup 4 sterigmalıdır (Şekil 5). Bazidiyo- Olgunlaşınca kahverengimsi pembe olur. sporlar 7.5-10 x 4.5-5 mikron, silindirik veya Kenarı genç bireylerde içe kıvrık, yaşlanma ile fasulye tanesi şeklinde, genellikle düz ve şeffaf düz, dalgalı, yırtık ve yukarıya kalkık bir şekil alır. olup bazıları taneciklidir (Şekil 6). Eti ince, kırılgan, kokusuz, beyaz, dış kısımda pembe olup pek lezzetli değildir.Lameller genç iken gül kırmızısı olup zamanla solar. Sap beyazımsı, 10 cm uzunluğunda 1 cm geniş- liğinde ve silindir şeklindedir. Yüzeyi uzunluğuna narin liflerle kaplı olup içi boş ve kırılgandır. Bazidiyumları çomak şeklinde, 35-45 x 6-8 mikron ve 4 sterigmalıdır (Şekil 8). Bazidiyo- sporları düz, şeffaf, genişçe eliptik olup damla- cıklar içerir. Büyüklükleri 6-9 x 5-6 mikrondur (Şekil 9). Şekil 4.Hygrocybe acuta 'nın bazidiyokarpları (ölçek: 1 cm) Şekil 5.Hygrocybe acuta' nın Şekil 7.H. calyptriformis var. calyptriformis' in bazidiyumları (ölçek: 10 mikron) bazidiyokarbı (ölçek: 1 cm) 11 MANTAR DERGİSİ/The Journal of Fungus Nisan(2010)1(1)9-13 Broome) Herink = Porpoloma calyptriformis (Berk. & Broome) Bresinsky (URL 1). Bu mantarın bazidiyokarpı (SES 2691) çayırlık alanda saptanmıştır. Bu güzel Hygrocybe türü Avrupa'da ve ülkemizde oldukça ender rastlanır. Avrupa birliği mantarları koruma prog- ramı kapsamında koruma altına alınmış bir Şekil 8.Hygrocybe calyptriformis var. calyptriformis'in bazidiyumları (ölçek: 10 mikron) taksondur
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