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Jackson

For her self-titled , see (album). .[2] She has amassed an extensive catalog of hits, with singles such as "Nasty", "", "If", "That’s the Way Love Goes", "Together Again" and "All Janet Damita Jo Jackson (born May 16, 1966) is an American singer, , and actress. Known for for You" among her most distinguished on records chart. She holds the record for the most consecutive top 10 hits a series of sonically innovative, socially conscious and sexually provocative records, as well as elaborate stage on the by a female artist with 18. In Billboard magazine released its list of the Hot 100 shows, television and film roles, she has been a prominent 2008, figure in for over 25 years. The youngest All-Time Top Artists, placing her at number seven, while child of the , she began her career with the in 2010, ranking her fifth among the “Top 50 R&B/Hip- variety television series The Jacksons in 1976 and went on Hop Artists of the Past 25 Years”. One of the world’s to appear in other television shows throughout the 1970s most awarded artists, her longevity, records and achieve- and early , including and Fame. ments reflect her influence in shaping and redefining the scope of . She has been cited as an inspi- After signing a with A&M Records ration among numerous performers. arranged by her father and manager Joseph Jackson in 1982, she became a following the release of her third studio album Control (1986). Her collabora- tions with record producers Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis 1 Life and career incorporated elements of , , , rap, and industrial beats, which led to crossover success 1.1 1966–85: Early life and career begin- in popular music. In addition to receiving recognition nings for the innovation in her records, choreography, music videos, and prominence on radio and MTV, she Janet Jackson was born in Gary, Indiana, the youngest of was acknowledged as a role model for her socially con- ten children, to Katherine Esther (née Scruse) and Joseph scious lyrics. Walter Jackson.[3] The Jacksons were lower-middle class In 1991, she signed the first of two record-breaking, and devout Jehovah’s Witnesses, although Jackson would multimillion-dollar contracts with , estab- later refrain from organized religion.[4] At a young age, lishing her as one of the highest paid artists in the indus- her brothers began performing as . In try. Her debut album under the label, Janet (1993), saw March 1969, the group signed a record deal with , her develop a public image as a sex symbol as she began and soon had their first number-one hit. The family then to explore sexuality in her work. That same year, she ap- moved to the Encino neighborhood of .[3] peared in her first starring film role in Poetic Justice; since Jackson had initially desired to become a horse racing then she has continued to act in feature films. By the end jockey or entertainment lawyer, with plans to support of the , she was named the second most successful herself through acting. Despite this, she was anticipated recording artist of the decade. The release of her seventh to pursue a career in entertainment, and considered the studio album All for You (2001) coincided with a celebra- idea after recording herself in the studio.[3] At age seven, tion of her impact on popular music as the inaugural MTV Jackson performed at the Strip at the MGM Icon. After parting ways with Virgin she released her Casino.[3] A revealed her father, Joseph Jack- tenth studio album Discipline (2008), her first and only son, was emotionally withdrawn, and told her to address album with . In 2015, she partnered with him solely by his first name as a child.[3] She began act- BMG Rights Management to launch her own record la- ing in the The Jacksons in 1976.[3] In 1977, bel, Rhythm Nation Records. She received a nomination she was selected to have a starring role as Penny Gordon for induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame the Woods in the Good Times.[3] She later starred in same year. A New Kind of Family and later got a recurring role on Diff'rent Strokes, portraying Charlene Duprey from Sea- Having sold over 160 million records, she is ranked as one sons 3 to 6.[3] Jackson also played the role of Cleo Hewitt of the best-selling artists in the history of contemporary during the fourth season of Fame, but expressed indiffer- music.[1] The Recording Industry Association of Amer- ence towards the series.[5][6] Jackson states her ethnicity ica (RIAA) lists her as the eleventh best-selling female is African American and Native American.[7] artist in the , with 26 million certified When Jackson was sixteen, her father and manager

1 2 1 LIFE AND CAREER

ers Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis. They set out to achieve crossover pop appeal, while also creating a strong founda- tion within the urban market.[12] Within six weeks, Jack- son and the duo crafted her third studio album, Control, released in February 1986.[13] The album peaked at num- ber one on the , and was certified five- fold platinum by the RIAA, selling over fourteen million copies worldwide.[8][14] Control was declared “remarkably nervy and mature” for a teenage act, also considered “an alternative to the sen- timental balladry” which permeated radio, likening Jack- son to 's position of “unwilling to accept novelty status and taking her own steps to rise above it.”[15][16][17] The album spawned five top five singles, "What Have You Done for Me Lately", "Nasty", "When I of You", "Control", and "Let’s Wait Awhile", and a top fifteen hit with "The Pleasure Principle". “” became her first number one hit on the Hot 100. Control received six Billboard Awards, includ- ing “Top Pop Singles Artist”, and three Grammy nom- inations, most notably “Album of the Year”.[18] It also won four from twelve nomina- tions, an unbroken record.[19][20][21] At this point, Jack- son was successfully “ off the experience of being a shadow Jackson child”, becoming “an artist in her own right”.[22] The album’s lyrical content included several themes of empowerment, inspired by an incident of sexual harass- Jackson (bottom row) in a 1976 CBS photo on the set of The ment, with Jackson recalling “the danger hit home when Jacksons a couple of guys started stalking me on the street ... In- stead of running to Jimmy or Terry for protection, I took a stand. I backed them down. That’s how songs like Joseph Jackson, arranged her a contract with A&M 'Nasty' and 'What Have You Done for Me Lately' were Records.[3] Her debut album, Janet Jackson, was released born, out of a sense of self-defense.”[23] Its innovative in 1982. It was produced by , René fusion of dance-pop and with hip-hop Moore, Bobby Watson of Rufus (band) and Leon F. and R&B undertones influenced the development of III, and overseen by her father Joseph.[3] It peaked genre by bridging the gap between the at number sixty-three on the Billboard 200, and number latter two styles.[24] The album’s music videos became in- six on the publication’s R&B albums chart, receiving lit- famous on MTV, also obtaining a then-unknown Paula tle promotion.[8] Jackson’s second album, Dream Street, Abdul a recording contract for her choreography work was released two years later.[3] Dream Street reached one- with Jackson.[25] Billboard stated "[Jackson’s] accessible hundred forty-seven on the Billboard 200, and number sound and spectacularly choreographed videos were irre- nineteen on the R&B albums chart.[8] The lead single sistible to MTV, and helped the channel evolve from rock "Don't Stand Another Chance" peaked at number nine programming to a broader, beat-driven musical mix.”[13] on Billboard ' s R&B singles chart.[9] Both albums con- sisted primarily of bubblegum .[10] Jackson eloped with singer James DeBarge in 1984, divorcing shortly afterwards, with the marriage annulled the follow- 1.3 1989–92: Janet Jackson’s Rhythm Na- ing year.[11] tion 1814

Jackson released her fourth album, Rhythm Nation 1814, 1.2 1986–88: Control in September 1989. Although her desired a direct sequel to Control, Jackson chose to include a so- After her second album, Jackson terminated business af- cially conscious theme among various musical styles.[26] fairs with her family, commenting “I just wanted to get She stated, “I know an album or a song can't change the out of the house, get out from under my father, which world. I just want my music and my dance to catch the was one of the most difficult things that I had to do.”[6] audience’s attention, and to hold it long enough for them Attempting a third album, Jackson teamed with produc- to listen to the lyrics.”[27] The album’s central theme of 1.4 1993–96: Janet, Poetic Justice, and Design of a Decade 3

unity was developed in response to various crimes and tract under A&M Records fulfilled in 1991, she signed a tragedies reported in the media.[28] multimillion-dollar deal with Virgin Records—estimated between thirty-two to fifty million dollars—making her Peaking at number one on the Billboard 200, the album [44][45] was certified sixfold platinum by the RIAA and sold over the highest paid recording artist at the time. The [8][14] recording contract also established her reputation as the fourteen million copies internationally. [46] observed Jackson’s artistic growth shifted from “personal "Queen of Pop.” In 1992, Jackson provided guest vo- freedom to more universal concerns—injustice, illiter- cals on 's "The Best Things in Life Are acy, crime, drugs—without missing a beat.”[29] The al- Free", becoming a top ten Billboard hit and reaching the top ten internationally.[47] bum was also considered “the exclamation point on her career”, consisting of a “diverse collection of songs flow- ing with the natural talent Jackson possesses”, which 1.4 1993–96: Janet, Poetic Justice, and De- effectively “expanded Janet’s range in every conceiv- sign of a Decade able direction”, being “more credibly feminine, more crucially masculine, more viably adult, more believably childlike.”[30] With singles "", "Rhythm Nation", "Escapade", "Alright", "Come Back to Me", "Black Cat" and "Love Will Never Do (Without You)", it became the only album in history to produce number one hits in three separate calendar years, as well as the only album to achieve seven top five singles on the Hot 100.[31] Famous for its choreography and warehouse set- ting, the “Rhythm Nation” video is considered one of the most iconic and popular in history, with Jackson’s mil- itary ensemble also making her a fashion icon.[32] The video for Love Will Never Do (Without You) is notable for being the first instance of Jackson’s transition into sexual imagery and midriff-baring style, becoming her trademark. Rhythm Nation 1814 became the highest sell- ing album of 1990, winning a record fifteen Billboard Awards.[33][34][35] The long-form “Rhythm Nation” mu- sic video won a Grammy Award.[36] Jackson’s Rhythm Nation World Tour 1990 became the most successful debut tour in history and set a record for the fastest sell-out of ’s Dome.[37] She estab- lished the “Rhythm Nation Scholarship,” donating funds from the tour to various educational programs.[38][39] As Jackson began her tour, she was acknowledged for the Janet Jackson featured on an iconic cover of Rolling Stone with the hands of her then-unknown husband René Elizondo, Jr. cup- cultural impact of her music. Joel Selvin of the San Fran- ping her breasts cisco Chronicle wrote “the 23-year-old has been making smash hit records for four years, becoming a fixture on Jackson’s fifth studio album Janet, stylized as janet. and MTV and a major role model to teenage girls across the read “Janet, period”, was released in May 1993. The country”, and William Allen, then-executive vice pres- record opened at number one on the Billboard 200, mak- ident of the United Negro College Fund, told the Los ing Jackson the first female artist in the Nielsen Sound- Angeles Times, “Jackson is a role model for all young Scan era to do so.[8][48] Certified sixfold platinum by the people to emulate and the message she has gotten to RIAA, it sold over 20 million copies worldwide.[14][49] the young people of this country through the lyrics of Janet spawned five singles and four promotional singles, [40][41] 'Rhythm Nation 1814' is having positive effects.” receiving various certifications worldwide. Lead single She also received a star on the "That’s the Way Love Goes" won the Grammy Award for in recognition of her impact on the recording industry Best R&B Song and topped the Billboard Hot 100 for [42] and philanthropic endeavors. The massive success ex- eight consecutive weeks.[50] "Again" reached number one perienced by Jackson placed her in league with for three weeks, while "If" and "Any Time, Any Place" Jackson, , and for her achievements peaked in the top four. "" and "You Want [43] and influence. Ebony magazine remarked: “No indi- This" charted within the top ten. vidual or group has impacted the world of entertainment as have Michael and Janet Jackson,” arguing that de- The album experimented with a diverse number of gen- spite many imitators, few could surpass Jackson’s “stun- res, including contemporary R&B, deep house, swing ning style and dexterity.”[44] With her recording con- , , rock, and pop, with Billboard describ- ing each as being “delivered with consummate skill and 4 1 LIFE AND CAREER

passion.”[51] Jackson took a larger role in songwriting and It debuted at number five on the Hot 100 singles chart, production than she did on her previous albums, explain- becoming the first song ever to debut within the top five. ing she found it necessary “to write all the lyrics and “Scream” is listed in World Records as the “Most half of the melodies” while also speaking candidly about Expensive Ever Made”, costing $7 million. incorporating her sexuality into the album’s content.[23] The clip won the 1995 Grammy Award for Best Short Rolling Stone wrote "[a]s princess of America’s black Form Music Video.[36] royal family, everything Janet Jackson does is impor- Jackson’s first compilation album, Design of a Decade: tant. Whether proclaiming herself in charge of her life, 1986–1996, was released in 1995. It peaked at number as she did on Control (1986), or commander in chief of a three on the Billboard 200.[8] The lead single, "Runaway", rhythm army dancing to fight society’s problems (Rhythm became the first song by a female artist to debut within Nation 1814, from 1989), she’s influential. And when she the top ten of the Hot 100, reaching number three.[63][64] announces her sexual maturity, as she does on her new al- Design of a Decade 1986/1996 was certified double bum, Janet., it’s a cultural moment.”[52] platinum by the RIAA and sold ten million copies In July 1993, Jackson made her film debut in Poetic worldwide.[14] Jackson’s influence in pop music contin- Justice. While the film was critically panned, her per- ued to garner acclaim, as The Globe remarked “If formance was described as “beguiling” and “believably you're talking about the female power elite in pop, you eccentric.”[53][54] Jackson’s ballad “Again”, which was can't get much higher than Janet Jackson, , written for the film, received Golden Globe and Academy Madonna and . Their collective influence ... is Award nominations for “Best Original Song.”[55][56] In beyond measure. And who could dispute that Janet Jack- September 1993, Jackson appeared topless on the cover son now has more credibility than brother Michael?"[65] of Rolling Stone, with her breasts covered by former hus- Jackson renewed her contract with Virgin Records for band René Elizondo, Jr. The photograph is the origi- a reported $80 million the following year.[66] The con- nal version of the cropped image used on the Janet al- tract established her as the then-highest paid recording bum cover, shot by .[57] The Van- artist in history, surpassing the recording industry’s then- couver Sun reported, “Jackson, 27, remains clearly es- unparalleled $60 million contracts earned by Michael tablished as both role model and sex symbol; the Rolling Jackson and Madonna.[67][68][69] Stone photo of Jackson ... became one of the most recog- nizable, and most lampooned, magazine covers.”[58] The Janet World Tour launched in support of the studio al- 1.5 1997–99: bum garnered criticism for Jackson’s lack of vocal pro- ficiency and spontaneity, but earned critical acclaim for Jackson began suffering from severe depression and anx- her showmanship. It was described as erasing the line iety, leading her to chronicle the experience in her sixth between “stadium-size pop music concerts and full-scale album, The Velvet Rope, released October 1997. Jack- theatrical extravaganzas.”[59] son returned with a dramatic change in image, boast- ing vibrant red hair, nasal piercings, and tattoos.[70] The album is primarily centered on the idea that everyone has an intrinsic need to belong. Aside from encompass- ing lyrics relating to social issues such as same-sex re- lationships, and , it also contains themes of and is considered far more sexually explicit in nature than her previous release, Janet.[6] The record was hailed as “her most daring, elab- orate and accomplished album” by The Times, while Billboard ranked it as “the best American album of the year and the most empowering of her last five.”[71][72] The album debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 and was certified triple platinum, selling over ten million worldwide.[14] Jackson performing during one of the dates of her 1993–95 Janet World Tour Lead single "Got 'til It’s Gone" was released in Au- gust 1997, featuring guest vocals from folk singer Joni During this time, her brother Michael was immersed Mitchell and rapper Q-Tip. The song’s music video, de- in a child sex abuse scandal, of which he denied any picting a pre- celebration, won the Grammy wrongdoing.[60] She provided moral support, defending Award for Best Short Form Music Video.[36] "Together her brother, and denied abuse allegations regarding her Again" became Jackson’s eighth number-one hit on the parents made by her La Toya.[61] She collaborated Billboard Hot 100, placing her on par with , with on "Scream", the lead single from , and .[50] It spent a record his album HIStory, released 1995. The song was writ- forty-six weeks on the Hot 100 and nineteen weeks on ten by both siblings as a response to media scrutiny.[62] the ’s singles chart.[50] It sold six million 1.6 2000–03: Nutty Professor II: The Klumps and All for You 5

copies worldwide, becoming one of the best-selling sin- fitting that the concert program credits her as the show’s gles of all time. "" peaked at number three 'creator and director'.”[79] The tour’s HBO special, The on the Hot 100, and received a Grammy nomination for Velvet Rope: Live in , garnered Best Female R&B Vocal Performance.[73] As Jackson’s more than fifteen million viewers. It surpassed the ratings eighteenth consecutive top ten hit, it made her the only of all four major networks among viewers subscribed to female artist to garner that achievement, surpassed only the channel.[80] The concert won an Emmy Award from by and .[74] Several other singles a total of four nominations.[81] Jackson donated a por- were released, including "" and ballad "Every tion of the tour’s sales to America’s Promise, an organi- Time", which was controversial for the nudity displayed zation founded by to assist disenfranchised in its music video.[75] youth.[82] As the tour concluded, Jackson lent guest vocals to sev- eral collaborations, including ’s "Luv Me, Luv Me", used for the film How Stella Got Her Groove Back, as well as "Girlfriend/Boyfriend" with Teddy Ri- ley's group , and "What’s It Gonna Be?!" with . The latter two music videos are both among the most expensive music videos ever pro- duced, with “What’s It Gonna Be?!" becoming a number- one hit on the Billboard Hip-Hop Singles and Hot Rap Tracks charts, reaching the top three of the Hot 100. Jackson also contributed the ballad “God’s Stepchild” to the soundtrack. Jackson recorded a with Elton John titled “I Know the Truth,” in- cluded on the soundtrack to Elton John and Tim Rice’s . At the 1999 , Jackson re- ceived the Legend Award for “outstanding contribution to the pop industry”.[83] Billboard ranked Jackson as the sec- ond most successful artist of the decade, behind .[84]

1.6 2000–03: Nutty Professor II: The Klumps and All for You

In July 2000, Jackson appeared in her second film, Nutty Jackson performing on August, 1998, as part of her Velvet Rope Professor II: The Klumps, as the role of Professor Denise Tour Gaines, opposite . Director stated “Janet Jackson was a natural fit, and an obvious The album fully established Jackson as a for choice.”[85] The film became her second to open at num- its themes regarding and protesting homo- ber one, grossing an estimated total of nearly $170 mil- phobia. “Together Again”, a “post-Aids pop song”, and lion worldwide.[86][87] Jackson’s single "Doesn't Really “Free Xone”, considered “a paean to homosexuality” and Matter", used for the film’s soundtrack, became her ninth an “anti-homophobia track”, were praised for their lyrical number-one single on the Hot 100. The same year, Jack- context, in addition to Jackson’s lesbian reinterpretation son’s husband Rene Elizondo Jr. filed for divorce, reveal- of 's "Tonight’s the Night".[76][77] The Vel- ing their private marriage to the public. Entertainment vet Rope received an award for “Outstanding Music Al- Weekly reported for eight of the thirteen years she and bum” at the 9th Annual GLAAD Media Awards and was Elizondo had been acquainted, "[they] were married—a honored by the National Black Lesbian and Gay Lead- fact they managed to hide not only from the international ership Forum.[78] A portion of the proceeds from “To- press but from Jackson’s own father.”[88] Elizondo filed gether Again” were donated to the American Foundation a multimillion-dollar lawsuit against her, estimated be- for AIDS Research.[50] tween $10–25 million, which did not reach a settlement [88][89] Jackson embarked on The Velvet Rope World Tour, for three years. traveling to Europe, North America, Asia, Africa, Preceding the release of her seventh album, MTV hon- New Zealand, and Australia. The tour received praise ored Jackson with the network’s inaugural "MTV Icon" for its theatrics, choreography, and Jackson’s vocal ceremony, honoring her “significant contributions to mu- performance.[79] It was likened to “the ambition and sic, music video and pop culture while tremendously im- glamour of a Broadway musical”, and exclaimed as “only pacting the MTV generation.” The event paid tribute 6 1 LIFE AND CAREER

to Jackson’s career and influence, including commen- collaborated with artist for the song tary from , , , and "Feel It ", produced by . , and performances by 'N Sync, Pink, Destiny’s Child, , , and .[90] The American Music Awards also honored Jackson 1.7 2004–05: XXXVIII con- with the Award of Merit for “her finely crafted, criti- troversy and Damita Jo cally acclaimed and socially conscious, multi-platinum [91] albums.” Jackson’s seventh album, All for You, was Main article: Super Bowl XXXVIII released in April 2001. It opened at number one on the controversy Billboard 200 with 605,000 copies sold, the highest first- week sales of her career, and among the highest first-week sales by a female artist in history.[8][92] The album was a Jackson was chosen by the and return to an upbeat dance style, receiving generally pos- MTV to perform at the Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime itive reception. Jackson received praise for indulging in show in February 2004. Jackson performed a medley “textures as dizzying as a new infatuation”, in contrast of “All for You”, “Rhythm Nation”, and an excerpt of to other artists attempting to “match the angularity of “The Knowledge” before performing "" hip-hop” and following trends.[93] All for You was cer- alongside surprise guest . As Timber- tified double platinum by the RIAA and sold nine million lake sang the lyric “I'm gonna have you naked by the copies worldwide.[14][94] end of this song”, he tore open her costume, exposing her right breast to 140 million viewers. Jackson issued The album’s lead single, "All for You", debuted on the an apology after the performance, saying the incident Hot 100 at number fourteen, setting a record for the was accidental and unintended, explaining that Timber- highest debut by a single that was not commercially lake was only meant to pull away a bustier and leave [95] available. Jackson was titled “Queen of Radio” by the red-lace bra intact.[107] She commented, “I am re- MTV as the single made airplay history, being “added ally sorry if I offended anyone. That was truly not my to every pop, and urban radio station” within intention ... MTV, CBS, the NFL had no knowledge of [95] its first week. The song broke the overall airplay de- this whatsoever, and unfortunately, the whole thing went but record with a first week audience of seventy million, wrong in the end.”[108] Timberlake also issued an apol- [96] debuting at number nine on the chart. It ogy, calling the accident a ".”[107] topped the Hot 100 for seven weeks, also reaching the top The incident became the most recorded and replayed mo- [97] ten in eleven countries. The song received a Grammy ment in TiVo history, enticing an estimated 35,000 new [36] Award for Best Dance Recording. "Someone to Call subscribers.[109][110] Regarded as one of the most con- [98] My Lover" peaked at number three on the Hot 100. troversial television events in history, Jackson was later Built around a sample of the iconic 1972 hit "You're So listed in as the “Most Searched Vain" by ,"Son of a Gun (I Betcha Think in Internet History” and the “Most Searched for News This Song Is About You)" featured Simon herself, along Item”.[111] CBS, the NFL, and MTV (CBS’s sister net- with on of the single. work, which produced the halftime show), denied any In July 2001, Jackson embarked on the All for You Tour, knowledge of, and all responsibility for, the incident. The which was also broadcast on a concert special for HBO Federal Communications Commission heavily fined all watched by twelve million viewers.[99] The tour traveled companies involved, and continued an investigation for throughout the United States and Japan, although Euro- eight years, ultimately losing its appeal for a $550,000 pean and Asian dates were required to be canceled fol- fine against CBS.[112] lowing the September 11 terrorist attacks. The Los An- Following the incident, CBS permitted Timberlake to [100] geles Times complimented Jackson’s showmanship. appear at the 46th Grammy Awards ceremony but did Richard Harrington of said Jack- not allow Jackson to attend, forcing her to withdraw af- [101] son’s performance surpassed her contemporaries, but ter being scheduled as a presenter.[113] The controversy Bob Massy of Spin thought her dancers “threw crisper halted plans for Jackson to star in the biographical film moves” and her supporting singers were mixed nearly of singer and activist , which was to be pro- as high, though declared “Janet cast herself as duced by American Broadcasting Company. Although [102] entertainment.” Jackson donated a portion of the Horne was reportedly displeased by the incident, Jack- [103] tour’s proceeds to the Boys & Girls Clubs of America. son’s representatives stated she withdrew from the project The following year, Jackson began receiving media at- willingly.[114] A statue wearing Jackson’s tention for her rumored relationships with Justin Timber- iconic “Rhythm Nation” outfit was mantled at Walt Dis- lake, actor Matthew McConaughey, and ney World theme park the previous year to honor Jack- .[104][105][106] Upon the release of Timber- son’s legacy, but was removed following Jackson’s con- lake’s debut solo album Justified, Jackson provided vocals troversial performance.[115] on "(And She Said) Take Me Now” per Timberlake’s re- Jackson’s eighth studio album Damita Jo, titled after quest, with the song initially planned as a single. Jackson Jackson’s middle name, was released in March 2004. It 1.8 2006–07: 20 Y.O. and Why Did I Get Married? 7

were blacklisted by pop radio—they were also the al- bum’s biggest highlights—the electronic studded "", Motown-influenced "I Want You" and the funky, heavily dance orientated " (Don't Stop)".[125] “I Want You” was certified platinum and re- ceived a Grammy nomination.[126] For the album’s promotion, Jackson appeared as a host on , performing two songs, and was also a guest star on sitcom Will & Grace, portraying herself.[127] Jackson received several career accolades upon the album’s release, including the “Legend Award” at the , “Inspiration Award” from the Japan Video Music Awards, “Lifetime Achievement Award” at the Music Awards, and a nomination for “Favorite Female.” In November 2004, Jackson was honored as a role model by , Inc., presented with the or- ganization’s Artistic Achievement Award saluting “a ca- reer that has gone from success to greater success’.”[128] In response to criticism for honoring Jackson in light of the Super Bowl incident, the organization responded “an individual’s worth can't be judged by a single moment in that person’s life.”[129][130] In June 2005, she was honored with a Humanitarian Award by the Human Rights Cam- Jackson and Timberlake photographed after the Super Bowl paign and AIDS Project Los Angeles as recognition for XXXVIII halftime show incident her involvement in raising money for AIDS charities.[131] debuted at number two on the Billboard 200.[8][116] The 1.8 2006–07: 20 Y.O. and Why Did I Get album received mixed to positive reviews, praising the Married? sonic innovation of selected songs and Jackson’s vocal harmonies, while others criticized its frequent themes of carnality.[117] However, several critics’ reviews fo- cused on the Super Bowl incident, rather than critiquing the album itself.[118] It was certified platinum by the RIAA within a month, and sold over three million copies worldwide.[14][119] The album’s performance was largely affected by pub- lic backlash and the blacklisting from radio and mu- sic channels. Conglomerates involved in the boycott in- clude and CBS, subsidiaries MTV, Clear Chan- nel Communications, and Infinity Broadcasting, the lat- ter two among the largest radio broadcasters.[120][121] The blacklist was placed into effect preceding the release of Damita Jo and continued throughout the course of Jack- Jackson with the winners of the “Design Me” contest held for her son’s following two albums. A senior executive for enter- ninth studio album, 20 Y.O. tainment conglomerate Viacom, which owns MTV, VH1, and many radio formats, commented they were “abso- Jackson began recording her ninth studio album, 20 lutely bailing on the record. The pressure is so great, they Y.O., in 2005. She recorded with producers Dupri, can't align with anything related to Janet. The high-ups Jam and Lewis for several months during the follow- are still pissed at her, and this is a punitive measure.”[122] ing year. The album’s title was a reference to the two Prior to the incident, Damita Jo was expected to out- decades since the release of her breakthrough album Con- sell prior release All for You.[123] Its three singles re- trol, representing the album’s “celebration of the joy- ceived positive reviews, but failed to achieve high chart ful liberation and history-making musical style.”[132] To positions, although each were predicted to perform ex- promote the album, Jackson appeared in various maga- tremely well under different circumstances.[124] Billboard zines, and performed on the Today Show and Billboard reported that Damita Jo “was largely overshadowed by the Awards. Jackson’s cover, revealing her slim Super Bowl fiasco,” saying "[t]he three singles it spawned figure after heavy media focus was placed on her fluctu- 8 1 LIFE AND CAREER

ations in weight, became the magazine’s best-selling is- sue in history.[133] 20 Y.O. was released in September 2006 and debuted at number two on the Billboard 200.[8] The album received mixed reviews, with multiple critics chastising the production and involvement of Jermaine Dupri.[134] Rolling Stone disagreed with the album’s ref- erence to Control, saying “If we were her, we wouldn't make the comparison.”[134] Jackson’s airplay and music channel blacklist remained persistent, massively affecting her chart performance and exposure.[120][135] However, lead single "Call on Me", which featured rapper , peaked at number twenty-five on the Hot 100, number one on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, and number six in the United Kingdom.[73] The video for the album’s second single, "", was directed by and por- trayed Jackson’s clothes disappearing through a com- plex dance routine. 20 Y.O. was certified platinum by the RIAA and sold 1.2 million worldwide, also receiv- ing a Grammy nomination for Best Contemporary R&B Album.[14][136][137] After the album’s release, Dupri was condemened for his production and misguidance of the album, and subsequently was removed from his posi- tion at Virgin Records.[138] Slant Magazine stated, “After promising a return to Janet’s dance-pop origins, [Dupri] Jackson performing during the Rock Witchu Tour opted to aim for urban audiences, a colossal mistake that cost Dupri his job and, probably, Janet her deal with [139] Virgin.” the gay community.[78] The organization’s president com- Jackson was ranked the seventh richest woman in the en- mented, “Ms. Jackson has a tremendous following inside tertainment industry by Forbes, having amassed a fortune the LGBT community and out, and having her stand with of over $150 million.[140] In 2007, she starred opposite us against the defamation that LGBT people still face in as a psychotherapist in the film Why Did I our country is extremely significant.”[78] Get Married?. It became her third consecutive film to Jackson’s fifth , the Rock Witchu Tour, be- open at number one at the box office, grossing $60 mil- gan in September 2008.[148] Jackson parted with Is- [141] lion in total. Jackson’s performance was praised for its land Records through mutual agreement. Billboard dis- “soft authority”, though also described as “charming, yet closed Jackson was dissatisfied with LA Reid's han- [142][143] bland”. In February 2008, Jackson won an Image dling of the album and its promotion, saying “the label Award for “Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Motion agreed to dissolve their relationship with the artist at her [144] Picture” for the role. Jackson was also approached to request.”[149][150] Producer expressed “I [145] record the lead single for the film Rush Hour 3. felt like it wasn't pushed correctly.... She just didn't get her just-do as an artist of that magnitude.”[151] 1.9 2008–09: Discipline and Number Ones In June 2009, Jackson’s brother Michael died at age fifty. She spoke publicly concerning his death at the 2009 BET Jackson signed with Island Records after her contract Awards, stating “I'd just like to say, to you, Michael is with Virgin was fulfilled. She interrupted plans for an icon, to us, Michael is family. And he will forever touring and began recording with various producers, in- live in all of our hearts. On behalf of my family and my- cluding Rodney “Darkchild” Jerkins, , self, thank you for all of your love, thank you for all of and Stargate.[146] Her tenth studio album, Discipline, your support. We miss him so much.”[152] In an inter- was released in February 2008, opening at number view, she revealed she had first learned of his death while one.[8] Despite radio blacklisting, the album’s first sin- filming Why Did I Get Married Too?. Amidst mourning gle "Feedback" peaked at number nineteen on the Hot with her family, she focused on work to deal with the 100 and nine on Pop Songs, her highest charting single grief, avoiding any news coverage of her sibling’s death. since "".[73][147] The second She commented, “it’s still important to face reality, and single, "Rock ", peaked at number four in the not that I'm running, but sometimes you just need to get United Kingdom. Jackson was awarded the Vanguard away for a second.”[153] During this time, she ended her Award at the 19th annual GLAAD Media Awards, hon- seven-year relationship with Jermaine Dupri.[153] Several oring her contributions in promoting equal rights among months later, Jackson performed a tribute to Michael at 1.10 2010–14: Film projects, , concert tour, and philanthropy 9

the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards, performing their performance earned nominations in duet “Scream”.[154] MTV stated “there was no one - the categories of Outstanding Supporting Actress and ter than Janet to anchor it and send a really powerful Outstanding Ensemble.[173] message.”[155] The performance was lauded by critics, with affirming the rendition “as en- ergetic as it was heartfelt”.[156] Jackson’s second hits compilation, Number Ones, was released in November 2009. For promotion, she per- formed a medley of hits at the American Music Awards, Capital FM's at ’s O2 arena, and The X-Factor.[157][158] The album’s promotional single "Make Me", produced with Rodney “Darkchild” Jerkins, debuted in September.[159] It became Jackson’s nine- teenth number one on the Hot chart, making her the first artist to have number-one singles in four separate decades.[160] Later that month, Jackson chaired the inaugural benefit of amfAR, The Foundation for AIDS Research, held in in conjunction with fashion week. The foundation’s CEO stated “We are pro- Jackson performing during the Number Ones, Up Close and Per- foundly grateful to Janet Jackson for joining amfAR as a sonal tour chair of its first event in Milan.... She brings incompara- ble grace and a history of dedication to the fight against Jackson announced plans to embark on her largest world AIDS.”[161] The event raised a total of $1.1 million for tour in support of her second hits collection, Number [174] the nonprofit organization. Ones. The tour, entitled Number Ones, Up Close and Personal, held concerts in thirty-five global cities, selected by fans who submitted suggestions on her offi- cial website.[174][174] During the tour, Jackson performed 1.10 2010–14: Film projects, True You, thirty-five number one hits and dedicated a song to each concert tour, and philanthropy city.[174] released a limited-edition of Jack- son titled “Divinely Janet”, auctioned for over $15,000, In April 2010, Jackson reprised her role in the sequel to with proceeds donated to Project Angel Food.[175] Jack- Why Did I Get Married? titled Why Did I Get Married son released the self-help book True You: A Journey Too?. The film opened at number two, grossing sixty mil- to Finding and Loving Yourself in February 2011, co- lion in total.[162] Jackson’s performance was hailed as “in- written with . It chronicled her struggle with vigorating and oddly funny”, and praised for her “willing- weight and confidence, also publishing letters from fans. ness to be seen at her most disheveled”.[163][164] Her per- It topped ' Best Seller list the follow- formance earned an Image Award for “Outstanding Ac- ing month.[176] Additionally, she signed a film produc- tress in a Motion Picture”.[165] Jackson recorded the film’s tion contract with Lions Gate Entertainment to “select, theme, "Nothing", released as a promotional single.[166] develop and produce a feature film for The song was performed on the ninth season finale of studio.”[177] [167] along with “Again” and “Nasty”. In Jackson became the first female pop singer to per- July, Jackson modeled for the Blackglama clothing line [168] form at the I. M. Pei glass pyramid at the Mu- featuring mink fur. Jackson then helped design a sig- seum, raising contributions for the restoration of iconic nature line of clothing and accessories for Blackglama, [178][179] [169] artwork. Jackson was selected to endorse fash- to be sold at and Bloomingdales. ion line Blackglama for a second year, being the first Universal Music released the hits compilation Icon: Num- celebrity in the line’s history chosen to do so.[180] She ber Ones as the debut of the Icon compilation series. partnered with the label to release a fifteen-piece collec- In November 2010, Jackson starred as Joanna in the tion of luxury products.[181] In 2012, Jackson endorsed drama , the film adaptation of Ntozake Nutrisystem, sponsoring their weight-loss program after Shange's 1975 play For Colored Girls Who Have Consid- struggling with weight fluctuations in the past.[182] With ered Suicide When the Rainbow Is Enuf. Street the program, she donated ten million dollars in meals to Journal stated Jackson “recites verses written by Ntozake the hungry.[182] She was honored by amfAR for her con- Shange, the author of the play that inspired the film tributions to AIDS research when chairing the Cinema ... But instead of offering up a mannered coffeehouse Against AIDS gala during the .[183] reading of the lines, Jackson makes the words sound She also participated in a public service announcement like ordinary—though very eloquent—speech.”[170] Jack- for UNICEF to help starving children.[184] In February son’s portrayal the film was likened to as 2013, Jackson announced she was married to her third in The Devil Wears Prada.[171][172] Her husband, Qatari billionaire Wissam Al Mana, during a 10 2 ARTISTRY

private ceremony the previous year.[185] 2 Artistry

2.1 Music and voice 1.11 2015: Rhythm Nation Records and Unbreakable Jackson has a mezzo-soprano vocal range.[210] Over the course of her career, she has received frequent criti- On May 16, 2015, Jackson announced plans to re- cism for the limits of her vocal capabilities, especially lease a new album and to embark on a world concert [186][187] in comparison to contemporary artists such as Whitney tour. She outlined her intention to release her and Mariah Carey.[211] In comparing her vocal new album in the fall of 2015 under her own record la- technique to Houston and , vocal coach bel, Rhythm Nation Records, distributed by BMG Rights Roger Love states that "[w]hen Janet sings, she allows a Management.[188] The launch of Rhythm Nation estab- tremendous amount of air to come through. She’s obvi- lished Jackson as one of the few African-American fe- ously aiming for a sexy, sultry effect, and on one level male musicians to own a record label.[189] On June 15, that works nicely. But actually, it’s fairly limited.” He 2015, Jackson announced the first set of dates for the [190] adds that while her voice is suitable for studio recording, North American leg of her Unbreakable World Tour. it doesn't translate well to stage because despite having On June 22, the lead single "" was released [191] “great songs, incredible dancing, and her star like pres- from the album. Jackson’s solo version of the single ence, the live show is still magnificent. But debuted on the Hot 100 at number 67, marking her 40th [212] [192] is not the star.” Biographer David Ritz commented, entry on the chart. The song went to number 1 on the “on Janet’s albums—and in her videos and live perfor- Billboard + Trending 140 immediately following [193] mances, which revealed a crisp, athletic dance technique the release. The album version featuring J. Cole en- [...] wasn't the point,” saying emphasis was placed abled it to re-enter the Hot 100 with a new peak position on “her slamming beats, infectious hooks, and impecca- at number 63, while also topping the Adult R&B Songs [47] [194][195] ble production values.” Eric Henderson of Slant mag- chart. azine claimed critics opposing her small voice “some- BET presented Jackson with their inaugural Ultimate how missed the explosive 'gimme a beat' vocal pyrotech- Icon: Music Dance Visual award at the BET Awards nics she unleashes all over 'Nasty' ... Or that they com- 2015, which also featured a dance tribute to her per- pletely dismissed how perfect her tremulous hesitance formed by , and .[196] It was fits into the abstinence anthem 'Let’s Wait Awhile'.”[213] announced she would launch a luxury jewelery line called Classical composer has praised Jack- the “Janet Jackson Unbreakable Diamonds collection,” son for her "rubato, sense of rhythm, sensitivity, and the a joint venture between herself and Paul Raps New childlike quality of her strangely erotic voice.”[214] Sev- York.[197] On August 20, she released a preview of a new eral critics also consider her voice to often be enveloped song “The Great Forever,” while also confirming the ti- within her music’s production. Music critic J. D. Con- tle of her eleventh studio album as Unbreakable.[198][199] sidine noted “on albums, Jackson’s sound isn't defined Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis stated that Jackson’s con- by her voice so much as by the way her voice is framed cept for the album was developed simultaneously with by the lush, propulsive production of Jimmy Jam and the accompanying tour’s production and that its compo- Terry Lewis.”[215] Wendy Robinson of PopMatters said sition will differ from the majority of her catalog. They “the power of Janet Jackson’s voice does not lie in her also stated that the album’s theme reflects “being able to pipes. She doesn't blow, she whispers ... Jackson’s con- be vulnerable and to be able to withstand what comes to fectionary vocals are masterfully complemented by gen- you,” drawing on Jackson’s experiences over the past sev- tle harmonies and balanced out by pulsing rhythms, so eral years.[200] The album’s title track "Unbreakable" was she’s never unpleasant to listen to.”[216] Matthew Perpe- released on September 3, 2015, debuting on Apple Mu- tus of Fluxblog suggested Jackson’s vocal techniques as sic's Beats 1 radio station, hosted by Ebro Darden. The a study for indie , considering it to possess “a album was also made available for pre-order on iTunes somewhat subliminal effect on the listener, guiding and the same day.[201] "Burnitup!" featuring Missy Elliot de- emphasizing dynamic shifts without distracting attention buted on BBC Radio 1 on September 24, 2015.[202] from its primal hooks.” Perpetus added: “Her voice ef- Unbreakable was released on October 2, 2015. It fortlessly transitions from a rhythmic toughness to soulful received largely positive reviews, including those by emoting to a flirty softness without overselling any aspect ,[203] The New York Times,[204] of her performance ... a continuum of emotions and atti- USA Today,[205] ,[206] and The tudes that add up to the impression that we're listening to [207] the expression of a fully-formed human being with con- Guardian. The following week, Jackson received a [217] nomination to be inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall tradictions and complexities.” of Fame.[208] Her album debuted at number one on the Jackson’s music has encompassed a broad range of gen- Billboard 200, becoming her seventh album to top the res. Her records from the 1980s have been described chart in the United States.[209] as being influenced by , as her producers are 2.2 Videos and stage 11

ex-members of The Time.[218] Sal Cinquemani wrote of Born in the USA: The Myth of America in Popular Mu- that in addition to defining Top 40 radio, she “gave sic from Colonial Times to the Present (2007) wrote “It Prince’s sound a distinctly feminine—and, may remind some of prior to There’s a Riot Go- with songs like 'What Have You Done for Me Lately?,' ing On and other African-American artists of the 1970s in 'Nasty,' 'Control,' and 'Let’s Wait Awhile,' a distinctly its tacit assumption that the world imagined by Dr. King feminist—spin.”[219] On Control, Richard J. Ripani docu- is still possible, that the is a dream for mented that she, Jam and Lewis had “crafted a new sound all people.”[231] that fuses the rhythmic elements of funk and disco, along On Janet, Jackson began focusing on sexual themes. with heavy doses of synthesizers, percussion, sound ef- [24] Shayne Lee, author of Erotic Revolutionaries: Black fects, and a rap music sensibility.” Author Rickey Vin- Women, Sexuality, and Popular Culture (2010), wrote cent stated that she has often been credited for redefining that her music over the following decade “brand[ed] her the standard of popular music with the industrial-strength as one of the most sexually stimulating vocalists of the beats of the album.[220] She is considered a trendsetter in 1990s.”[232] In You've Come A Long Way, Baby: Women, pop balladry, with Richard Rischar stating “the black pop Politics, and Popular Culture (1996), Lilly J. Goren ob- ballad of the mid-1980s had been dominated by the vocal served “Jackson’s evolution from politically aware musi- and production style that was smooth and polished, led by cian to sexy diva marked the direction that society and the singers , Janet Jackson, and James In- [221] music industry were encouraging the dance-rock divas gram.” Jackson continued her musical development to pursue.”[229] The Washington Post declared Jackson’s by blending pop and urban music with elements of hip- public image over the course of her career had shifted hop in the nineties. This included a softer representation, “from innocence to experience, inspiring such carnal al- articulated by lush, soulful ballads and up-tempo dance [222] bums as 1993’s 'Janet' and 1997’s 'The Velvet Rope', beats. She has been described as “an artist who has re- the latter of which explored the bonds—figuratively and shaped the sound and image of rhythm and blues” within [233] [223] literally—of love and lust.” The song “Free Xone” the first decade of her career. Critic Karla Peterson from The Velvet Rope, which portrays same-sex rela- remarked that “she is a sharp dancer, an appealing per- tionships in a positive light, is described by sociologist former, and as 'That’s the Way Love Goes’ proves—an [224] Shayne Lee as “a rare incident in which a popular black ace pop-song writer.” Selected material from the fol- vocalist explores romantic or sensual energy outside the lowing decade has been viewed less favorably, as Sal Cin- contours of , making it a significant quemani comments “except for maybe R.E.M., no other song in black sexual politics.”[232] During promotion for former superstar act has been as prolific with such dimin- [219] Janet, she stated “I love feeling deeply sexual—and don't ishing commercial and creative returns.” mind letting the world know. For me, sex has become Jackson has changed her lyrical focus over the years, be- a celebration, a joyful part of the creative process.”[23] coming the subject of analysis in , African Upon the release of Damita Jo, Jackon stated “Begin- American studies, and .[225][226] David Ritz ning with the earlier albums, exploring—and liberating— compared Jackson’s musical style to ’s, stat- my sexuality has been an ongoing discovery and theme,” ing, “like Marvin, autobiography seemed the sole source adding “As an artist, that’s not only my passion, it’s of her music. Her art, also like Marvin’s, floated over my obligation.”[234] Stephen Thomas Erlewine has found a reservoir of secret pain.”[227] Much of her success has Jackson’s consistent inclusion of sex in her music lacking been attributed to “a series of powerful, metallic grooves; ingenuity, especially in comparisons to other artists such her chirpy, multi-tracked vocals; and a lyrical philosophy as Prince, stating “while sex indisputably fuels much great built on pride and self-knowledge.”[228] Ritz also stated, pop music, it isn't an inherently fascinating topic for pop “The mystery is the low flame that burns around the music—as with anything, it all depends on the artist.”[235] perimeters of Janet Jackson’s soul. The flame feeds off the most highly combustible elements: survival and ambi- tion, caution and creativity, supreme confidence and dark 2.2 Videos and stage fear.”[227] During the 1980s, her lyrics embodied self- actualization, feminist principles, and politically driven Jackson drew inspiration for her music videos and per- ideology.[226][229] Gillian G. Gaar, author of She’s a Rebel: formances from musicals she watched in her youth, and The History of Women in Rock & Roll (2002), described was heavily influenced by the choreography of Fred As- Control as “an autobiographical tale about her life with taire and , among others.[236] Throughout her parents, her first marriage, and breaking free.”[12] En- her career, she has worked with and brought numerous cyclopedia of African American Popular Culture (2010) professional choreographers to prominence, such as Tina author Jessie Carney Smith wrote “with that album, she Landon, , and Michael Kidd.[237] Veronica asserted her independence, individuality, and personal Chambers declared, “Her impact on pop music is un- power. She challenged audiences to see her as a trans- deniable and far-reaching,” adding, “A quick glance at formed person, from an ingénue to a grow-up, multi- the Billboard chart reveals any number of artists cast in talented celebrity.”[230] Referring to Rhythm Nation 1814 the Janet Jackson mold.” Chambers observed numerous as an embodiment of hope, Timothy E. Scheurer, author videos which “features not only Ms. Jackson’s dancers 12 2 ARTISTRY

but choreography and sets remarkably like those she has world-class performer.”[248] Chris Willman of Los Ange- used.”[238] Janine Coveney of Billboard observed that les Times stated the “enthralling” choreography of Jack- “Jackson’s musical declaration of independence [Con- son’s Rhythm Nation 1814 Tour “represents the pinnacle trol] launched a string of hits, an indelible production of what can be done in the 'n' locking style— sound, and an enduring image cemented by groundbreak- a rapid-fire mixture of rigidly jerky and gracefully fluid ing video choreography and imagery that pop vocal- movements.”[249] When Jackson was asked “do you un- ists still emulate.”[132] Ben Hogwood of MusicOMH ap- derstand it when people talk about [The Velvet Rope plauded the “huge influence she has become on younger Tour] in terms of Broadway?", she responded, “I'm crazy pretenders to her throne,” most notably Britney Spears, about Broadway ... That’s what I grew up on.”[79] Her Jennifer Lopez and .[239] Qadree EI- “Number Ones: Up Close and Personal” tour deviated Amin remarked that many pop artists “pattern their per- from the full-scale theatrics found in her previous concert formances after Janet’s proven dance-diva persona.”[240] arena settings in favor of smaller venues. Critics noted Beretta E. Smith-Shomade, author of Shaded Lives: being scaled down did not affect the impact of her show- African-American Women and Television (2002), wrote manship, and in some cases, enhanced it. of that “Jackson’s impact on the music video sphere came the wrote, “In past tours, Jackson’s thin largely through music sales successes, which afforded her voice was often swallowed up by the sheer size of her more visual liberties and control. This assuming of con- production ... In the more scaled-down setting, Jackson trol directly impacted the look and content of her music brought a warmth and a passion that wasn't always evi- videos, giving Jackson an agency not assumed by many dent in stadiums ... the best Janet Jackson performance other artists—male or female, .”[241] Par- I've covered in 20-plus years.”[250] allel Lines: Media Representations of Dance (1993) doc- Thor Christensen of The Morning News re- uments that her videos have often been reminiscent of [242] ported Jackson often lip syncs in concert; he wrote: live concerts or elaborate musical theater. However, “Janet Jackson—one of pop’s most notorious onstage in her 30-minute Rhythm Nation 1814 film, Jackson uti- lip-syncers—conceded ... she uses 'some' taped vocals lizes street dancing techniques in contrast to traditional [242] to augment her live vocals. But she refused to say choreography. The group dynamic visually embod- what percentage of her concert 'voice' is taped and how ies a gender neutral equality, with Jackson “performing much is live.”[251] Michael MacCambridge of the Austin asexually and anonymously in front of, but as one of the [243] American-Statesman, who reviewed Jackson’s Rhythm members of the group.” Her music videos have also Nation World Tour, described lip-syncing as a “moot contributed to a higher degree of sexual freedom among point”, stating “Jackson was frequently singing along with young women, as Jean M. Twenge, author of Generation her own pre-recorded vocals, to achieve a sound closer Me: Why Today’s Young Americans are More Confident, to radio versions of singles.”[252] MacCambridge also ob- Assertive, Entitled—and More Miserable Than Ever Be- served “it seemed unlikely that anyone—even a prized fore (2007), wrote "[m]usic videos by female artists have member of the First Family of —could dance contributed to the trend” of young women enganging in like she did for 90 minutes and still provide the sort of oral sex with Jackson “heavily implying male-on-female powerful vocals that the '90s super concerts are expected oral sex in music videos by pushing down on a man’s head to achieve.”[252] Similarly, Chris Willman commented, until he’s in exactly the right position.”[244] However, ac- “even a classically trained vocalist would be hard-pressed cusations of cosmetic surgery, skin lightening, and in- to maintain any sort of level of volume—or, more appro- creasingly hypersexual imagery have led to her being priately, 'Control'—while bounding up and down stairs viewed as conforming to a white, male-dominated view and whipping limbs in unnatural directions at impecca- of sexuality, rather than liberating herself or others.[241] ble, breakneck speed.”[249] Critics observed that in the Jakcson received the MTV Video Vanguard Award for smaller scale of her “Number Ones: Up Close and Per- her contributions to the art form, and became the first re- sonal” tour, she forewent lip-syncing.[253] Chris Richards cipient of the MTV Icon tribute, celebrating her impact of The Washington Post stated “even at its breathiest, that on the music industry as a whole. In 2003, Slant Mag- delicate voice hasn't lost the laserlike precision.”[254] azine named “Rhythm Nation” and “Got 'til It’s Gone” among the 100 Greatest Music Videos of all time, ranked [245] at number 87 and number 10, respectively. In 2011, 2.3 Influences “Rhythm Nation” was voted the tenth best music video of the 1980s by Billboard.[246] Jackson describes Lena Horne as a profound inspiration, The Independent writer Nicholas Barber stated “Janet’s for entertainers of several generations as well as herself. concerts are the pop equivalent of a summer blockbuster Upon Horne’s death, she stated "[Horne] brought much movie, with all the explosions, special effects, ersatz sen- joy into everyone’s lives—even the younger generations, timentality, gratuitous cleavage and emphasis on specta- younger than myself. She was such a great talent. She cle over coherence that the term implies.”[247] Jet mag- opened up such doors for artists like myself.”[255] Simi- azine reported “Janet’s innovative stage performances larly, she considers to be one of her during her world tours have won her a reputation as a idols.[256] Jackson has declared herself “a very big Joni 13

Mitchell fan”, explaining “As a kid I was drawn to records [...] Joni’s songs spoke to me in an in- timate, personal way.”[257][258] She holds reference for Tina Turner, stating “Tina has become a heroic figure for many people, especially women, because of her tremen- dous strength. Personally, Tina doesn't seem to have a beginning or an end in my life. I felt her music was al- ways there, and I feel like it always will be.”[259] She has also named other socially conscious acts, such as , , , and Bob Dy- lan as sources of inspiration.[12][260] In her early career, Jackson credited her brothers Michael and Jermaine as musical influences.[227] According to Rolling Stone, other artists attributed as influences are , , , and Diana Ross.[261] Jackson performing on Number Ones, Up Close and Personal tour

3 Legacy substandard.[267] In Right to Rock: The Black Rock Coali- tion and the Cultural Politics of Race (2004), author See also: List of awards and nominations received by Maureen Mahon states: “In the 1980s, Whitney Hous- Janet Jackson and Janet Jackson as gay icon ton, Michael Jackson, Janet Jackson, and Prince were among the African American artists who crossed over The youngest sister of the “precious Jackson clan”,[262] ... When black artists cross over into pop success they Janet Jackson has striven to distance her professional cease to be black in the industry sense of the word. They career from that of her older brother Michael and the get promoted from racialized black music to universal rest of the Jackson family. Steve Dollar of pop music in an economically driven process of racial wrote that "[s]he projects that home girl-next-door qual- transcendence.”[268] Routledge International Encyclope- ity that belies her place as the youngest sibling in a fam- dia of Women: Global Women’s Issues and Knowledge ily whose inner and outer lives have been as poked at, (2000) documented that Jackson, along with other promi- gossiped about, docudramatized and hard-copied as the nent African-American women, had achieved financial Kennedys.”[263] Phillip McCarthy of The Morning breakthroughs in mainstream popular music, receiving Herald noted that throughout her recording career, one “superstar status” in the process.[43] She, alongside her of her conditions for interviewers has been that contemporaries “offered viable creative, intellectual, and there would be no mention of Michael.[264] Joshua Klein business paths for establishing and maintaining agency, wrote, "[f]or the first half of her recording career, Janet lyrical potency, marketing and ownership.”[269] Her busi- Jackson sounded like an artist with something to prove. ness savvy has been compared to that of Madonna, gain- Emerging in 1982 just as big brother Michael was cast- ing a level of autonomy which enables “creative lati- ing his longest shadow, Jackson filled her albums not so tude and access to financial resources and mass-market much with songs as with declarations, from 'The Pleasure distribution.”[270][271] A model of reinvention, author Principle' to the radical-sounding 'Rhythm Nation' to the Jessie Carney Smith wrote that “Janet has continued to telling statement of purpose, 'Control'.”[233] Steve Huey test the limits of her transformative power”, receiving ac- of Allmusic asserted that despite being born into a fam- colades in music, film and concert tours throughout the ily of entertainers, Janet Jackson has managed to emerge course of her career.[230] a "superstar" in her own right, rivaling not only several Musicologist Richard J. Ripani identified Jackson as a female recording artists including Madonna and Whitney leader in the development of contemporary R&B, as her Houston, but also her brother, while “successfully [shift- music created a unique blend of genre and sound effects ing] her image from a strong, independent young woman [265] which ushered in the use of rap vocals into mainstream to a sexy, mature adult.” By forging her own unique R&B.[24] He also argues her song “Nasty” in- identity through her artistry and her business ventures, she [46][266] fluenced the new jack swing genre developed by Teddy has been esteemed as the “Queen of Pop”. Klein Riley.[24] Leon McDermott of the wrote: argued that “stardom was not too hard to predict, but few “Her million-selling albums in the 1980s helped in- could have foreseen that Janet—, if you're vent contemporary R&B through Jimmy Jam and Terry nasty—would one day replace Michael as true heir to the [233] Lewis’s muscular, lean production; the sinuous grooves Jackson family legacy.”. threaded through 1986’s Control and 1989’s Rhythm Na- She has also been recognized for playing a pivotal role tion 1814 are the foundation upon which today’s hot shot in crossing racial boundaries in the recording indus- producers and singers rely.”[272] In Bring the Noise: 20 try, where black artists were once considered to be Years of Writing About Hip Rock and Hip Hop (2011), 14 4 DISCOGRAPHY

Simon Reynolds described Jackson’s collaborations with Spears,[292] Christina Aguilera,[293] ,[294] her record producers as a reinvention of the dance-pop ,[295] ,[296] and Brazilian singer genre, introducing a new sonic palate.[273] Den Berry, Kelly Key[297] have all named her as one of their biggest Virgin Records CEO and Chairman stated: “Janet is inspirations, while others such as Rozonda “Chilli” the very embodiment of a global superstar. Her artistic Thomas of TLC,[298] Cassie,[299] ,[300] Keri brilliance and personal appeal transcend geographic, cul- Hilson,[301] and DJ/singer ,[302] have all ex- tural and generational boundaries.”[274] In July 1999, she pressed desire to emulate her. Elysa Gardner of USA To- placed at number 77 on VH1's “100 Greatest Women of day wrote: “Jackson claims not to be bothered by the Rock and Roll”.[275] She also placed at number 134 on brigade of barely post-adolescent baby divas who have their list of the “200 Greatest Pop Culture Icons of All been inspired by—and, in some cases, have flagrantly Time”,[276] number seven on the “100 Greatest Women aped—the sharp, animated choreography and girlish but In Music”,[277] and at number two on the “50 Great- decidedly post-feminist feistiness that have long been est Women of the Video Era”, behind Madonna.[278] hallmarks of her performance style.”[303] Those who are In March 2008, Business Wire reported “Janet Jack- considered to have followed in her footsteps have been son is one of the top ten selling artists in the history referred to as “Janet-come-lately’s.”[304][305] Other artists of contemporary music; ranked by Billboard magazine who have drawn comparison to her include Mýa,[306] as the ninth most successful act in rock and roll his- Brandy,[307] ,[308] ,[309] Lady tory, and the second most successful female artist in pop Gaga,[310] ,[311] and BoA.[312] Sociologist music history.”[279] She is the only female artist in the Shayne Lee commented that "[a]s Janet enters the twi- history of the Hot 100 to have 18 consecutive top ten light of her reign as erotic Queen of Pop, Beyoncé hit singles, from “Miss You Much” (1989) to “I Get Knowles emerges as her likely successor.”[232] Joan Mor- Lonely” (1998).[280] The magazine ranked her at num- gan of Essence magazine remarked: “Jackson’s Control, ber seven on their Hot 100 50th Anniversary “All-Time Rhythm Nation 1814 and janet. established the singer- Top Artists”, making her the third most successful fe- dancer imprimatur standard in pop culture we now take male artist in the history of the chart, following Madonna for granted. So when you're thinking of asking Miss Jack- and Mariah Carey.[281] In November 2010, Billboard re- son, 'What have you done for me lately?' remember that leased its “Top 50 R&B / Hip-Hop Artists of the Past 25 Britney, Ciara and Beyoncé live in the house that Janet Years” list and ranked her at number five.[282] She ranks built.”[313] as the top artist on the chart with 15 number ones in the past twenty-five years, garnering 27 top ten hits between 1985 and 2001, and 33 consecutive top 40 hits from 1985 through 2004.[282] The most awarded artist in the history 4 Discography of the with 33 wins, she is one an elite group of musical acts, such as Madonna, , Main article: Janet Jackson discography and , whom Billboard credits for “redefining the landscape of popular music.”[280][283] In November 2014, Jackson was voted 'Queen of Pop' • Janet Jackson (1982) by a poll conducted online by VH1.com.[284] In October, 2015, she received a nomination to be inducted into the • Dream Street (1984) Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.[208] Jackson’s music and choreography have inspired numer- • Control (1986) ous performers. Virgin Records executive Lee Trink ex- pressed: “Janet is an icon and historic figure in our cul- • Janet Jackson’s Rhythm Nation 1814 (1989) ture. She’s one of those gifted artists that people look up to, that people emulate, that people want to believe in • janet. (1993) ... there’s not that many superstars that stand the test of time.”[132] Sarah Rodman of the remarked: • The Velvet Rope (1997) “For every hand-fluttering, overwrought, ad- dict out there aping Mariah’s dog calls, there’s an equal • number trying to match Jackson’s bubbling grooves and All for You (2001) fancy footwork, including Britney, Aaliyah and Destiny’s Child.”[285] Music critic Gene Stout commented she “has • Damita Jo (2004) so broadly influenced a younger generation of performers, from Jennifer Lopez ... to Britney Spears, who has copied • 20 Y.O. (2006) so many of Jackson’s dance moves.”[286] 'N Sync and Usher have credited her for teaching them how to develop • Discipline (2008) stage show into theatrical performance.[287][288] Beyoncé Knowles,[289] ,[290] Aaliyah,[291] Britney • Unbreakable (2015) 15

5 Filmography 9 References

See also: Janet Jackson videography 9.1 Footnotes

[1] August Brown (June 3, 2015). “Janet Jackson will release • Good Times (1977–79) new album via her new record label”. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 3, 2015.

• Diff'rent Strokes (1980–84) [2] Top Selling Artists, Recording Industry Association of America, retrieved September 3, 2008 • Fame (1985) [3] Cornwell, Jane (2002), Janet Jackson, Carlton Books, pp. 2, 10, 24, ISBN 1-84222-464-6 • Poetic Justice (1993) [4] Norment, Lynn (November 2001), “Janet: On her sexual- • Nutty Professor II: The Klumps (2000) ity, spirituality, failed marriages, and lessons learned”, Jet 57 (1): 104, ISSN 0012-9011 • Why Did I Get Married? (2007) [5] Fox, Norman, Indian Summer, tv.com, retrieved Septem- ber 3, 2008 • Why Did I Get Married Too? (2010) [6] Saunders, Michael (October 3, 1996), “The 3 Divas Janet • For Colored Girls (2010) Jackson turns her focus inward”, : D13

[7] Janet Jackson, retrieved July 7, 2010 6 Tours [8] Janet Jackson, Allmusic, 2006, retrieved April 13, 2008 [9] 20, 1984 “Top Hip-Hop and R&B Songs & Singles • Rhythm Nation World Tour 1990 Charts” Check |url= scheme (help). Billboard. Retrieved June 12, 2010.

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[16] “Singer Janet Jackson”, 108 (3), July 21, 1986: 61, ISSN 0028-9604 8 See also [17] Hoerburger, Rob (April 24, 1986), “Janet Jackson: Con- trol: Music Reviews: Rolling Stone”, Rolling Stone, • Honorific nicknames in popular music archived from the original on April 30, 2008, retrieved September 6, 2010 • List of best-selling music artists [18] Billboard - Google Boeken. Books.google.com. Decem- • List of best-selling music artists in the United States ber 27, 1986. Retrieved April 18, 2014. [19] Smith, Kathleen (January 26, 1987), “American Music • List of artists who reached number one in the United Awards tonight to honor Presley posthumously”, St. Pe- States tersburg Times: 7.D 16 9 REFERENCES

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9.2 Sources • Smith, Jessie Carney. Notable Black American Women, Volume 2. Gale, 1996. ISBN 978-0-8103- • Brackett, Nathan. Hoard, Christian David. The 9177-2 New Rolling Stone Album Guide. Simon & Schus- • ter, 2004. ISBN 0-7432-0169-8 Starr, Larry. Waterman, Christopher Alan. Amer- ican Popular Music: The Rock Years. Oxford Uni- • Cornwell, Jane. Janet Jackson. Carlton Books, versity Press, 2006. ISBN 978-0-19-530052-9 2002. ISBN 1-84222-464-6 • Strong, Martin Charles. The Great Rock Discog- • Cullen, Jim. Popular Culture in American History. raphy: Complete Discographies Listing Every Track Blackwell Publishing, 2001. ISBN 0-631-21958-7 Recorded by More Than 1200 Artists. Canongate U.S., 2004. ISBN 1-84195-615-5 • Cutcher, Jenai. Feel the Beat: Dancing in Music Videos. The Rosen Publishing Group, 2003. ISBN • Vincent, Rickey. Clinton, George. Funk: The 0-8239-4558-8 Music, The People, and The Rhythm of The One. • Dean, Maury. Rock-N-Roll Gold Rush. Algora Pub- Macmillan, 1996. ISBN 0-312-13499-1 lishing, 2003. ISBN 0-87586-207-1 • DeCurtis, Anthony. Present tense: rock & roll and 10 Further reading culture. Duke University Press, 1992. ISBN 978-0- 8223-1265-9 • Bronson, Fred. The Billboard Book of Number One • Gaar, Gillian G. She’s a rebel: the history of women Hits. Billboard Books, 2003. ISBN 0-8230-7677-6 in rock & roll. Seal Press, 2002. ISBN 1-58005- 078-6 • Hyatt, Wesley. The Billboard Book of Number One Adult Contemporary Hits. Billboard Books, 1999. • Gates, Henry Louis. Appiah, Anthony. Africana: ISBN 0-8230-7693-8 The Encyclopedia of the African and African Amer- ican. Basic Civitas Books, 1999. ISBN 0-465- • Warner, Jay. On this Day in Black Music History. 00071-1 Hal Leonard, 2006. ISBN 0-634-09926-4 25

11 External links

• Official website

• Janet Jackson at the Internet Movie Database • Janet Jackson at AllMusic 26 12 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

12 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

12.1 Text

• Janet Jackson Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Jackson?oldid=686934140 Contributors: AxelBoldt, Magnus Manske, Mav, MarkAtwood, Deb, William Avery, Stevertigo, Frecklefoot, Patrick, JohnOwens, Michael Hardy, Kalki, Zanimum, Sannse, Karada, Alfio, Goatasaur, Tregoweth, Haakon, Docu, Theresa knott, TUF-KAT, Notheruser, Den fjättrade ankan~enwiki, Emperor, Kingtur- tle, DropDeadGorgias, Andres, Tristanb, Ghewgill, Heidimo, Agtx, Feedmecereal, Popsracer, Timc, DJ Clayworth, Tpbradbury, Kaare, Nv8200pa, Tempshill, Thue, Topbanana, Secretlondon, Carbuncle, Jeffq, Lumos3, MK~enwiki, Robbot, Dale Arnett, Moriori, Chris 73, RedWolf, Moncrief, Psychonaut, Academic Challenger, Timrollpickering, UtherSRG, Kd4ttc, Neferuaten, Lupo, Pengo, Dina, Centrx, DocWatson42, Rossrs, Andrewphelps, Philwelch, AmishThrasher, Tom harrison, Bradeos Graphon, Peruvianllama, Everyking, Curps, Michael Devore, Niteowlneils, Zumbo, Guanaco, Alensha, Golbez, Utcursch, Alexf, Geni, CryptoDerk, Slowking Man, Quadell, Antan- drus, Rdsmith4, Pacian, Secfan, Zerbey, Bodnotbod, Jareha, Sam Hocevar, Sam, Marcus2, Joyous!, Freundlich~enwiki, Karl Dickman, Jiel.B, Shotwell, Dryazan, Ta bu shi da yu, Spiffy sperry, Discospinster, Rich Farmbrough, YUL89YYZ, Narsil, Kooo, Edgarde, Ben- der235, ESkog, Sc147, Fschoenm, Joeconsumer, Violetriga, CanisRufus, Spearhead, Art LaPella, Matteh, The Noodle Incident, TMC1982, Adambro, Drmagic, Bobo192, Liffey, NetBot, John Vandenberg, Duk, Shenme, Kylemacd, R. 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12.2 Images

• File:BlackCatsample.ogg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/34/BlackCatsample.ogg License: Fair use Contributors: 28 12 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Janet Jackson’s Rhythm Nation 1814 Original artist: ? • File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg License: Cc-by- sa-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/ Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work. Based on File:Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart. svg, which is public domain. Original artist: User:Eubulides • File:Jacksonstvshow.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Jacksonstvshow.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: eBay item Original artist: CBS Television • File:Janet_Jackson.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Janet_Jackson.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contrib- utors: Flickr Original artist: Dan Ingram from Chicago, U.S.A • File:Janet_Jackson_&_Justin_Timberlake’{}s_wardrobe_malfunction.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/ 8d/Janet_Jackson_%26_Justin_Timberlake%27s_wardrobe_malfunction.jpg License: Fair use Contributors: Entertainment Weekly Original artist: ? • File:Janet_Jackson_-_All_For_You.ogg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/39/Janet_Jackson_-_All_For_You.ogg License: Fair use Contributors: All for You (Janet Jackson album) Original artist: ? • File:Janet_Jackson_-_Nasty.ogg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/fd/Janet_Jackson_-_Nasty.ogg License: Fair use Contributors: Control (Janet Jackson album) Original artist: ? • File:Janet_Jackson_-_Rhythm_Nation.ogg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/5d/Janet_Jackson_-_Rhythm_ Nation.ogg License: Fair use Contributors: Janet Jackson’s Rhythm Nation 1814 Original artist: ? • File:Janet_Jackson_19.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/Janet_Jackson_19.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: http://flickr.com/photos/agroove/2864202335/sizes/o/ Original artist: Andy Liang • File:Janet_Jackson_1998_concert.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Janet_Jackson_1998_concert. jpg License: CC BY 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Chrishm21 • File:Janet_Number_Ones.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Janet_Number_Ones.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: https://www.flickr.com/photos/28278327@N03/5908046327 Original artist: NO3 • File:Janet_Tour_01.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Janet_Tour_01.jpg License: CC BY 3.0 Contrib- utors: Pete Still Photography Original artist: Pete Still • File:Janet_jackson.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/Janet_jackson.png License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Con- tributors: Own work Original artist: Bahamutskingdom • File:Janetrollingstonecover.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a1/Janetrollingstonecover.jpg License: Fair use Contributors: http://www.rollingstone.com/photos/gallery/5392235/1993_rolling_stone_covers/photo/18/large Original artist: ? • File:Matthew_Zeghibe_Janet_Jackson_Teresa_Scionti.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/ Matthew_Zeghibe_Janet_Jackson_Teresa_Scionti.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons. Original artist: Aladdin82 at English Wikipedia • File:Michael_and_Janet_Jackson_collection.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Michael_and_ Janet_Jackson_collection.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: THE MICHAEL JACKSON & JANET JACKSON COLLECTION CD Original artist: Malcolm Jackson from sorbiers, france • File:Office-book.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Office-book.svg License: Public domain Contribu- tors: This and myself. Original artist: Chris Down/Tango project • File:People_icon.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/People_icon.svg License: CC0 Contributors: Open- Clipart Original artist: OpenClipart • File:Portal-puzzle.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Symbol_book_class2.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg License: CC BY-SA 2.5 Contributors: Mad by Lokal_Profil by combining: Original artist: Lokal_Profil • File:Symbol_template_class.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/5c/Symbol_template_class.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

12.3 Content license

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