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Barus Dalam Sejarah: Kawasan Percaturan Politik, Agama Dan Ekonomi Dunia Barus Dalam Sejarah: Kawasan Percaturan Politik, Agama dan Ekonomi Dunia Barus Dalam Sejarah: Kawasan Percaturan Politik, Agama dan Ekonomi Dunia Misri A. Muchsin Guru Besar Sejarah Pemikiran Modern Dalam Islam, Fakultas Adab dan Humaniora, UIN Ar-Raniry Banda Aceh (2007-sekarang); Ketua Masyarakat Sejarawan Indonesia (MSI) Provinsi Aceh (2009-sekarang); dan Ketua Pusat Studi Melayu Aceh (PUSMA) Sejak September 2017-sekarang; dan pernah menjadi Ketua Asosiasi Dosen Ilmu-Ilmu Adab Se-Indonesia selama tiga periode (2008-2017). E-mail: [email protected] Abstract: This paper examines the existence of Barus region as a port city of Muslim trade and its relation to the dynamics of politics, religion and the world economy that has developed since hundreds of years ago. Based on historiography and field research, Barus society have practiced Islamic law in their community life. How- ever, the religious practices of Islam in this region declined during the colonization of Portuguese-Dutch. This colonialization was carried out in a long time and simultaneously with the strength of Christianization until the time of Indonesian independence. Based on this fact, the area of Barus and around Central Tapanuli in the recent times manifest as a minority Muslim. Keywords: Barus; Barus camphor; the spread of Islam; the colonialization of the Portuguese-Dutch Abstrak: Tulisan ini mengkaji keberadaan wilayah Barus sebagai kota pelabuhan dagang muslim dan kai- tannya dengan dinamika politik, agama dan ekonomi dunia yang pernah berkembang sejak ratusan tahun Islam dalam kehidupan masyarakatnya. Namun, praktik keagamaan Islam dalam wilayah ini mengalami lalu. Berdasarkan penelitian historiografi dan lapangan, masyarakat Barus pernah mempraktikann hukum kemunduran saat kolonialisasi Portugis dan Belanda. Kolonialisasi ini dijalankan dalam waktu panjang dan bersamaan pula dengan kuatnya kristenisasi sampai zaman kemerdekaan Indonesia. Berdasarkan fakta inilah, wilayah Barus dan sekitar Tapanuli Tengah pada masa mutakhir berwujud sebagai muslim minoritas. Kata Kunci: Barus; kapur Barus; penyebaran Islam; kolonialisasi Portugis-Belanda Pendahuluan nah menjadi pusat perdagangan dunia-inter- nasional Timur dan Barat atau mancanegara. Barus adalah satu bekas kota tua, Ban- Barus dalam sejarahnya pernah berhubungan dar, dan kota dagang internasional sejak be- intens dengan dua kawasan dari Timur Ten- rabad-abad lalu, terutama dalam rentang abad gah, yaitu Persia pada satu sisi, dan bagian 12-17 M.1 Dalam sejarahnya yang panjang per- Timur Laut Tengah pada sisi lain.2 Dalam se- 1Daniel Perret dan Heddy Surachman (Penyunting), Barus: Masyarakat dan Hubungan 2Claude Guilliot et al., Barus Seribu Tahun yang Luar (Abad ke-12-Pertengahan Abad ke-17, (Jakar- lalu, (Jakarta: Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan ta: KPG (Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia), 2015, Arkeologi Nasional Forum Jakarta-Paris, 2008), hal. 535-539. hal. 57. ADABIYA, Volume 19 No. 1 Februari 2017 1 Misri A Muchsin jarahnya yang panjang juga, Barus telah per- arkeologis, Mckanon, yang mengatakan ula- nah menjadi pengeksport hasil bumi seperti ma yang satu ini lahir, besar, berkembang dan damar, kemenyan, kapur barus, lada, kulit bi- mengembangkan karirnya di Ujung Pancu, natang dan lainnya. Semua hasil bumi dimak- di Aceh Besar. Disebutkan, asal kata Pansuri sud diproduksi dari alam dan wilayah di seki- yang ada di ujung nama Hamzah al-Fansuri, tarnya, seperti dari pedalaman Tanah Karo, kata ahli ini merujuk pada Pancu atau Ujung Simalungun, Toba, Singkil dan pulau-pulau di Pancu itu sendiri. sekitarnya.3 Kemudian, meningkatnya Barus-Pansur Sejak abad 12 M, dan malah ada yang ber- dalam perdagangan skala internasional pada pendapat sejak sebelumnya, Barus sudah men- umumnya, dan dengan wilayah kawasan seki- jadi mitra dagang orang Tamil, Cina, Persia, tar pada khususnya, terkait erat juga dengan Armenia dan orang-orang Nusantara lainnya, kondisi perpolitikan dan ekonomi perdagangan termasuk Marco Polo pernah mendatangi ka- di kawasan Asia Tenggara. Pada abad ke-16 M, wasan dan negeri ini. Hal itu tidak lain kecuali tepatnya pada tahun 1511 M, Melaka yang ter- karena Barus maju pesat sebagai kota dagang kenal sebagai kota dagang internasional umat dunia, sehingga terkenal ke mancanegara dan pannya sendiri melalui satu bunyi syairnya, ada di warga dunia berhasrat mengunjunginya. antara ahli menyebutkan ia lahir di Syahru Nawi, Siam atau Thailand sekarang. Akan tetapi berda- Barus dalam prasasti Tamil dari Lobu Tua sarkan informasi di Singkil sendiri dan tidak kalah yang berasal dari tahun 1088 disebutkan dan kuat argumentasinya pula, bahwa ulama ini lahir di Fansur, Singkil. Hanya saja tanggal dan tahun dikenal dengan situsnya dengan nama . Varocu berapa ia lahir, tidak ada yang mengungkapkan. Situs itu juga memberi gambaran perbedaan Kecuali itu, seperti disebutkan Alwi shihab, seba- antara pemukiman Barus dengan pelabuhann- gaimana perkiraan umumnya penulis bahwa ia hidup antara tahun 1550-1605 M atau ketika ke- ya. Dari itu ada istilah nama lain yang dise- sultanan Aceh dipimpin oleh dan dari masa sul- but-sebut dalam sejarah dan seolah sulit untuk tan Ala’uddin Ri’ayat Syah hingga awal masa pe- dipisahkan yaitu Fansur dan Barus. Menurut merintahan sultan Iskandar Muda (1606-1636). Begitu juga dengan tahun dan tempat meninggal- keterangan satu naskah tua berbahasa Ar- nya, para penulis tidak mendapat informasi yang menia, Pant’chour atau Panchor adalah un- kongkrit, kecuali itu, ada isyarat dan penulis mem- perkirakan ia meninggal dunia pada tahun 1607 tuk menyebut Pansur, dimaksudkan terletak M. Berkenaan dengan tempat ia meninggal dan di Labu Tua.4 Di sanalah dan pada masa jaya sekaligus makam-kuburannya, menurut informasi Barus-Pansur inilah diperkirakan lahir dan masyarakat Aceh Singkil sekarang, adalah di Oboh, dekat Sungai Rondeng Simpang kiri, Subussalam. besar seorang ulama Besar, Hamzah al-Fans- Masyarakat mengkleim salah satu makam yang ada uri,5 dan sekaligus terbantahkan pendapat ahli di sana adalah makam al-Fansuri. Setelah penu- lis mengamati kelihatannya benar bahwa kuburan ulama ini, sebagaimana daerah kelahirannya ada- 3Irini Dewi Wanti dkk., Barus: Sejarah Mari- lah di kawasan Singkil, yang setelah pemekaran tim dan Peninggalannya di Sumatera Utara, (Banda berada di wilayah territorial Kota Subussalam. Lih. Aceh: Balai Kajian Sejarah dan Nilai Tradisional, Panitia Seminar Internasional Hamzah Fansuri, 2006), hal.1-2. Keputusan Seminar, (Singkil: Pemda Singkil, 2002); 4 Daniel Perret dan Heddy Surachman cp. Yusni Saby, “Hamzah Fansuri Aset Nusantara”, (Penyunting), Barus: Masyarakat… hal. 540. Makalah, (Singkil: Panitian Seminar Internasional 5Hamzah al-Fansuri, berdasarkan satu ungka- Hamzah Fansuri, 16-18- Janusiari 2002), hlm. 1-3. ADABIYA, Volume 19 No. 1 Februari 2017 2 Barus Dalam Sejarah: Kawasan Percaturan Politik, Agama dan Ekonomi Dunia Islam, telah jatuh kepada dan dikuasai penuh memfokuskan pada eksistensi Barus sebagai oleh Portugis. Melaka telah dijadikan pusat Kota Pelabuhan Dagang Muslim yang pernah dan benteng sentral Portugis di Asia Tenggara. berjaya dan dengan pedagang-pedagang Mus- lim telah mewarnakan keagamaan penduduk Pasca Melaka jatuh ke Portugis, secara dengan Islam. Akan tetapi bagaimana wilayah perlahan peta perdagangan Asia Tenggara, ini kemudian berlangsungnya kolonialisasi terutama bagi pedagang Islam berubah dan Portugis dan kemudian Belanda melakukan mulailah terpencar dan berbagi konsentrasi kristenisasi, sehingga terakhir ini menjadikan perdagangan mereka ke wilayah-wilayah lain, Islam sebagai minoritas di sana, akan dielab- termasuk ke Sumatra yang terkenal begitu orasi dalam halaman-halaman berikut. banyak pelabuhan dagangnya. Di antara pela- buhan dagang dimaksud mulai Teluk Bayur (Emma Haven) di Sumatra Barat; Natal, Sibol- ga, di Sumatra bagian Timur-Utara; dan pela- Barus Dalam Perdagangan dan Hubun- buhan-pelabuhan yang berada di wilayah ker- gan Ekonomi Dunia ajaan Aceh terutama di wilayah Barat-Selatan Barus sudah dikenal oleh dunia internasi- Aceh, misalnya Trumon, Singkil dan Barus. onal timur dan barat sejak abad ke 7 M, yaitu Dalam perkembangannya, Barus pernah sebagai Bandar pelabuhan ekspor komoditi menunjukkan yang berarti sebagai kota pela- pasar dunia seperti kapur barus, kemenyan, buhan dagang bagi pedagang Islam Nusan- damar, rotan, lada dan hasil hutan lainnya. tara dan Mancanegara sehingga sampai saat Menurut satu informasi dari seorang peda- terakhir masih ditemukan peninggalan arke- gang Cina Barus menjual kapur Barus yang ologisnya di bidang ini berupa sisa pancang paling tinggi mutu dan sifatnya yang murni. dermaga, gudang dan tanggul penahanan ge- Orang-orang Mesir zaman Fir’oun sudah ra- lombang, yang posisi dan kondisi sekarang se- mai datang ke Barus, untuk membeli kemen- bagiannya, sesuai hasil observasi penulis dan yan putih dan kapur barus untuk keperluan rombongan, sudah tertimbun dengan tanah sarana ketika orang meninggal termasuk un- dan sudah berada jauh di daratan serta sudah tuk mengawetkannya guna menjadi mumie di menjadi perkampungan dan persawahan pen- Afrika pada umumnya. Mumie Ramses kedua duduk. dan ketiga yang meninggal di laut merah konon khabarnya dimumiekan dengan kapur Satu hal yang berhubungan langsung den- barus dan rempah-rempah dari Barus, Ophir gan perkembangan ekonomi perdagangan khususnya yang terletak di dekat Natal.6 di kota pelabuhan Barus, ikut berkembang dan mewarnakan keagamaan penduduk se- Dalam sejarahnya yang panjang, Barus tempat dengan Islam, karena para pedagang sebagai
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