Under the Influence: the Four Hornsmen of New Orleans Early Jazz
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1 2 Preface - 1 New Orleans Influence of Louis Armstrong - 5 Introduction to the Four - 4 Buddy Petit - 5 Kid Rena - 8 Chris Kelly -9 Emmett Hardy - 10 Complete Bio On: Kid Rena-11 Chris Kelly-36 Buddy Petit-79 Emmett Hardy-132 Photos - 178 - 199 3 PREFACE Musical creativity is a synthesis of man's conquest of life. His musical concepts and performances are the ultimate symbol of this conquest; the utmost unity a man can achieve. Artistic concepts, forms of expressions and creativity depend on time, place and the temperament of the artist. There are two ways to explain this artistic contribution: 1) in terms of the style he perfects; and 2) the biographical/psychological angle - anecdotes and interpretations as a medium of evaluation. Every great artist is part of his time, but he also helps to create those times. Time is meaningless and empty unless he makes it conceivable by phenomena - like the evolution of jazz. Time is expressed through life, and life is conflict motion within the times. Thus time can never evoke one style only; an individual may dominate his generation - as Louis Armstrong and Bix Beiderbecke did in the late 20s and early 30s - but, if we restrict our view only to the outstanding personalities, we may miss the significance of the whole era and we may fail to put the achievements of those personalities in proper perspective. individual contributions need to be evaluated in terms of those who preceded that person and those who follow him or her. Louis Armstrong's genius is to be understood and appreciated by studying those who preceded and influenced him. The same is true of Beiderbecke. No artist learns and perfects his craft and style in a vacuum. There are conscious and sub-conscious, tangible and intangible influences that shape his primary direction. By examining the individual and following his development without regard for early, primary influences, we jeopardize true understanding of artistic talent. Every period contains within it three elements. The first is the dying past. The second is the flourishing present. The third is the promising future. This book chronicles the lives of four men whose musical development took place within the same time frame - the 4 late 1910s and early 1920s. The artistic growth of these players took jazz from its founders and passed it on to the people they influenced, including Armstrong and Beiderbecke. They were transitional figures, but without them neither Armstrong nor Beiderbecke nor jazz itself would have developed as it did. Real historic understanding always exerts a fertile influence on the present. The music and the influence of these four men has forever shaped the course of jazz music, and this is proven not by the existing materials and opinions about early jazz, but by the role they played in the crucial second wave of jazz. They dominated New Orleans jazz during their era, and those who witnessed the evolution of jazz, recognized the importance and influence of these players and testified to that effect in interviews now housed in the Tulane University Jazz Archives. A jury of their peers has passed judgment on their role and the verdict was that these players were important. A history book that does not seek to arouse a critical enthusiasm in one and a book in which there are no aesthetic judgments to guide the reader does not fulfill its function. In the careers of these four men, I have tried to convey the strong enthusiasm that engulfed me as I came to appreciate the truly important roles these men played in the formation of jazz. I have included judgments, some purely personal, which run counter to conventional wisdom about early jazz history. But, in making these judgments, I have tried to let the facts be my guide. Between 1915 and 1925, these four musicians - Chris Kelly, Henry "Kid" Rena, Buddy Petit, and Emmett Hardy - were, according to Sam Charters in his book Jazz: New Orleans 1885- 1963, "outplaying everyone in New Orleans. They were the strongest and the hottest in New Orleans at this time." Of the four, only Rena and Petit survived the 1920s - Petit barely made it, dying in 1931. On a whole, time has not been kind to the memories of the four. Their stars have faded, their stature diminished. It is my hope that the factual evidence in this book will return these four players to their rightful place in jazz history. I present to 5 you" Christopher Kelly, Henry "Kid" Rena, Buddy Petit, and Emmett Louis Hardy. THE NEW ORLEANS INFLUENCES OF LOUIS ARMSTRONG The object of this book is not to belittle Louis Armstrong and 'Bix' but to shed light on their musical development by searching out their musical influences. Musicians are often times influenced, consciously and subconsciously, by those that teach them, those they perform with and those they hear play. Many influences are subtle, others are obvious. Those influences show themselves in the individual style of each musician and shape those styles. Many musicians recognize their influences and point proudly to them. A musical genius is the musician who combines his or her influences with their own creative talent to create new and unique styles. Louis Armstrong was one such genius and in the following pages we will try to unravel his influences to reveal the people whose style of play contributed to the development of his distinctive horn style. Buddy Petit Perhaps more than any other player in the early days of jazz history, Buddy Petit was recognized by his fellow musicians as the top trumpet player in New Orleans when jazz was evolving. Not Joe Oliver. Not Freddie Keppard. Not Bunk Johnson. And, not Louis Armstrong. Buddy Petit, in fact, was an idol for many of the trumpet players who later went on to be recognized as jazz greats, including Armstrong. Petit was the dominant player in the crucial second generation of jazz - after Buddy Bolden and before Louis Armstrong. 6 "In New Orleans, the king of the trumpets was Buddy Petit," according to Lee Collins, a New Orleans trumpeter who went on to gain a national following. "Buddy was the king here in New Orleans." Alex Bigard said that "In New Orleans, Buddy Petit had a bigger reputation than Louis Armstrong." Sidney Bechet said that Armstrong "used to take his hat off" to Petit in recognition of his talent. The legendary clarinetist George Lewis was profuse in his praise of Petit: "I would say Buddy Petit was the best trumpet player I every heard in New Orleans. I would say it in front of Louis Armstrong. To me, Buddy had better fingering than Louis. Of all the men I've played with Buddy Petit would be the first one I'd put in my all- time All Star Band. His tone was better than the majority and he could do so many things with the horn." Joe Darensbourg said Petit was something of a role model for Armstrong. "Buddy was one of the best trumpet players I heard - and Louis. Those two were good friends. Louis always said Buddy Petit was the most beautiful trumpet player he ever heard." John Casimir spoke of the extent of Petit's influence in his prime "The best barrelhouse trumpet player around when Louis was coming up was Buddy Petit. Anywhere Buddy played was packed and jammed. Then Louis passed all them boys.(Editor: This progression was more prominent in Chicago than when Louis was in New Orleans.) But, they all did praise that old man Petit. All the time praising him." Emile Barnes was emphatic about Petit's influence on Armstrong: "When you hear Louis, you hear Buddy Petit. Louis goes up - Buddy never went up - but when he makes that chromatic in there, that's Buddy over and over." (Editor: 'Chromatic meaning improvising ideas.) Chester Zardis, who played with Armstrong, Petit, Chris Kelly and Kid Rena, said flatly that, "Louis was influenced by Buddy." 7 Louis Gallaud, a piano player who was active in the New Orleans jazz scene of the 1920s, said, "Louis Armstrong admitted to learning plenty from Buddy, who was the older man." Many trumpeters familiar with both Armstrong and Petit recognized the similarities in their playing. Andy Anderson was one such player: "Buddy Petit had a style similar to that of Louis Armstrong, but he did not play high." The playing that drew the spotlight to Armstrong was the second parts he played behind Joe King Oliver's lead when the two began playing together in Chicago during the early 1920s. This second cornet style was developed by Buddy Petit. Rudolph Beaulieu said, "Petit was one of the best for playing second parts behind another man's hot chorus." Ike Robinson had first-hand knowledge of Petit's influence on Armstrong. "Buddy Petit gave Louis a lot of ideas. Buddy was a fine second cornet player. He had plenty of ideas about playing harmony. He gave Armstrong many ideas when Louis was here." (Sic. In New Orleans) Paul Barnes backed Robinson's observations: "Louis Armstrong picked up Buddy Petit's style and added high notes to it. Louis hung around with Buddy Petit. If you would hear Louis' old records, they would sound just like Petit." In an interview for the Jazz Archives at Tulane University, Punch Miller made that exact point on the connection between Petit's style and Armstrong's. Miller played Petit's version of the second cornet part in High Society. He then played a 1923 recording of King Oliver's version of the song with Armstrong playing second cornet.