Appendix A Research Methods

Domestic violence victims in some domestic courts are now given an opportunity to formally complain about different types of partner abuse and request court protection against these forms of abuse. As part of the Stalking and Violence Project, a new interpersonal domestic violence and stalking protocol was constructed to code self-report data on different forms of domestic violence based on newly filed domestic orders of protection.

Sample

A random sample of 519 newly filed orders of protection (also known as restraining orders or protective orders) was drawn from new domestic court case listings that were published in legal news• papers in two cities (Midwest and West regions) between 1997 and 1999. The sample of orders of protection consisted of 519 self• reported victims and 519 accused persons. Twenty five of the women reported that they were pregnant when they were abused.

Measures

An interpersonal stalking and domestic violence protocol was constructed to code self-report data obtained from a content anal• ysis of the newly filed domestic orders of protection. The protocol

209 210 APPENDIX A was pre-tested using 25 randomly selected new domestic orders of protection. The final protocol consisted of 154 variables. One section of the protocol consisted of 29 residential, demo• graphic, and family variables and 20 census tract measures of so• cioeconomic status for both the self-reported victims and accused individuals. The self-reported victims are the persons who are fil• ing orders of protection to bar the accused persons from contacting them. Socioeconomic status variables for both victims and accused persons could be coded directly from the orders of protection. There• fore, 20 census tract measures of socioeconomic status for both vic• tims and accused individuals were obtained by matching known residential addresses of victims and accused persons with the 1990 U.S. Census Bureau Census Tract database. Information about the incidents or problems that led the alleged victims to file orders of protection against the accused persons is contained in the second part of the protocol. This section contains 89 variables concerning the type of relationship between the victims and the accused individuals, the victims' self-report narrative of what reportedly transpired, and the victims' reasons for filing the orders of protection. Three stalking variables were constructed from the victims' self• report narratives. If the victims' narratives contained allegations that the accused individuals followed or stalked them, kept them un• der surveillance, or lay in wait for them, then these behaviors were coded as positive for the first stalking variable, "stalking." Before filing the orders of protection, victims were notified that stalking is illegal. The first stalking variable under-reports stalking since it may not include other behaviors such as receiving unwanted tele• phone calls and letters at home and at work that also are considered part of the stalking phenomenon. Thus, this variable only measures the victims' perception of stalking as a following or surveillance phenomenon. The second stalking variable, "multiple stalking," was con• structed to be as comprehensive as possible. If the victims' nar• ratives contained allegations about any type of repeated and un• wanted communication and intrusion, e.g., threatening the victims in their homes or at work and making threatening calls to the vic• tims at work, then the data were coded on a scale from 1 (one form of stalking) to 7 (seven forms of stalking). RESEARCH METHODS 211

The third stalking variable, "stalking distance," was con• structed based on data from the multiple stalking variable. The stalking distance variable measures the proximity of stalkers to the victims. Alleged perpetrators who stalked victims were ranked on a scale from 1 (sending a letter-least close) to 7 (being followed• most close). The stalking distance variable, like the multiple stalking variable, does not rely on the victims' perception of stalking. The last section of the protocol consists of 16 variables related to the self-reported victims' request for domestic court protection and the courts' approval or disapproval of their requests. Victims indicated whether they sought court protection for a variety of com• plaints, including physical abuse, stalking, and intimidation of de• pendents. This section also contains information on whether the court approved the victims' request for court protection in these specific problem areas.

Data Analysis

Data entry and cleaning were performed using the Systat com• puter data analysis program. One-way and two-way cross tabu• lations were performed for the variables under investigation. Pear• son Chi-Square procedures tested the statistical significance of these cross-tabulations. A p value of .05 or lower was chosen as the level of statistical significance. It is important to note that some of the statistical analysis involved small sub-samples, and, therefore, the statistical signficance of these results may be suspect. Additional re• search with larger samples of pregnant women should be conducted to corroborate these results. Appendix B Study Results

Characteristics of the Victims of Domestic Violence

Table 1 contains selected Stalking and Violence Project data on the demographic and socioeconomic status characteristics of the vic• tims of all forms of domestic violence. Eighty-three percent of the self-reported victims in the sample were female and 17% male. Sixty• seven percent of the victims in the sample reported that they were married to the accused persons, 2% indicated they were formerly married to the accused individuals, 9% formerly lived with the ac• cused persons, 3% reported currently living with the accused per• sons, 26% indicated that they were dating or have dated the accused individuals, and 8% reported being a relative of the accused persons. Sixty-five percent of the victims indicated that they were the parents of at least one child. Of these victims, 46% reported having 1 child, 40% had 2-3 children and 9% reported having 4 or more children. Forty-one percent of the victims lived in census tracts with less than 20% Whites, 48% of the victims lived in census tracts with less than 20% African-Americans, and 72% of the victims lived in census tracts with less than 20% Hispanics. Forty percent of the victims in the sample resided in census tracts with a median income of less than $20,000, and 50% of the vic• tims resided in census tracts with median income between $20,000 and 39,999. Only 9% of the victims in the sample lived in census tracts with a median income between $40,000 and $59,999, and 1%

213 214 APPENDIX B

Table 1. Characteristics of the Victims of Domestic Violence (N = 519)

Variable Classification %

Gender Female 83 Male 17 Racial/Ethnic White 21 African-American 56 Hispanic 20 Asian and Other 3 Age (unknown) Marital/Relation Status Married 67 Dating 26 Parents of at least 1 Child 53 % Living in Census Tracts with a Median Income: <$20,000 40 $20,000-$39,999 50 $40,000-$59,999 9 $60,000-$79,999 1 lived in census tracts with a median income between $60,000 and $79,999.

Demographic and Socioeconomic Status Characteristics of All Offenders

Demographic and socioeconomic status information on the sample of individuals accused of all forms of domestic violence and stalking are presented in Table 2. Eighty percent of all those accused of domestic violence and stalking were male and 20% were female. Twenty-one percent of the reported perpetrators were White, 53% were African-American, and 20% were Hispanic. Three percent of the alleged offenders were Asian and one percent were members of other ethnic and racial groups. Because of the limited numbers in these two latter groups, they were not used in subsequent analysis. Sixteen percent of the accused were between 18 and 25 years old, 53% were in the 26-40 age group, 23% were in the 41-60 age group, and 2% were over the age of 60. A majority of the offenders (67%) were married and 26% were in a dating relationship. Forty percent of the alleged perpetrators lived in census tracts with a median income of less than $20,000, 52% resided in census STUDY RESULTS 215

Table 2. Characteristics of the Individuals Accused of Domestic Violence (N = 519)

Variable Classification %

Gender Female 20 Male 80 Racial/Ethnic Background White 21 African-American 53 Hispanic 20 Asian and Other 4 Age (unknown) Marital/Relation Status Married 67 Dating 26 % Living in Census Tracts with a Median Income: <$20,000 40 $20,000-$39,999 52 $40,000-$59,999 7 $60,000-$79,999 1 tracts with a median income between $20,000 and $39,999, and 7% lived in census tracts with a median income between $40,000 and $59,999. In addition to the results contained in Table 2, census tract• based income characteristics of different ethnic groups were analyzed. Accused Whites, African-Americans, and Hispanics dif• fered significantly in terms of their census tract-based median income. As in the case of the self-reported victims, alleged His• panic perpetrators lived in census tracts with the lowest median income. Sixty-three percent of the accused Hispanics lived in cen• sus tracts with a median income less than $20,000, compared to 24% of the accused African-Americans and 6% of the accused Whites. Seventy-four percent of the alleged White perpetrators and 48% of the accused African-Americans resided in census tracts with a me• dian income between $20,000 and $39,999.

Demographic and Socioeconomic Status Characteristics of Pregnant and Non-Pregnant Women

In Table 3, the demographic and socioeconomic status char• acteristics of the pregnant (N = 25) and non-pregnant women (N = 399) were presented. A majority of the pregnant (63%) and non-pregnant women (57%) were African-American. Twenty-three 216 APPENDIX B

Table 3. Characteristics of the Pregnant (N = 25) and Non-Pregnant Victims of Domestic Violence (N = 399)

Variable / Classification Pregnant Women Non-Pregnant Women p value'

% % Racial/Ethnic Background N.S. White 14 19 African-American 63 57 Hispanic 23 21 Asian and Other 0 3 Age (unknown) Marital/Relation Status Married 28 30 N.5. Dating 12 28 N.5. Parents of at least 1 Child 48 20 0.001 % Living in Census Tracts N.5. with a Median Income: <$20,000 54 41 $20,000-$39,999 33 50 $40,000-$59,999 13 8 $60,000-$79,999 0 1 "Notes: Pearson Chi-Square test of significance; N.S. = not significant percent of the pregnant and 21% of the non-pregnant women were Hispanic. Fourteen percent of the pregnant women were White and 19% of the non-pregnant women were White. Twenty-eight percent of the pregnant and 30% of the non• pregnant women were married. Twelve percent of the pregnant and 28% of the non-pregnant women were in a dating relationship. Pregnant women (48%) were more than twice as likely to be parents than the non-pregnant women (20%) (Chi-Square = 10.98, df = I, P < .001). A majority of the pregnant (87%) and non-pregnant women (91 %) lived in census tracts with annual household incomes of less than $40,000.

Demographic and Socioeconomic Status Characteristics of Offenders Accused of Abusing Pregnant and Non-Pregnant Women

Demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of the offend• ers accused of abusing pregnant (N = 25) and non-pregnant women STUDY RESULTS 217

Table 4. Characteristics of the Offenders Accused of Abusing Pregnant (N = 25) and Non-Pregnant Victims of Domestic Violence (N = 399)

Variable / Classification Pregnant Women Non-Pregnant Women p value'

Offender Characteristics % % Gender N.5. Male 100 92 Female 0 8 Racial/Ethnic Background N.S. White 9 20 African-American 58 55 Hispanic 29 21 Asian and Other 4 4 Age N.S. 18-25 years old 27 15 26-40 years old 68 55 41---{)0 years old 5 28 60 and older 0 2 Marital/Relation Status Married 28 30 N.S. Dating 12 28 N.5. Parents of at least 1 Child 48 20 0.001 % Living in Census Tracts with a Median Income: N.5. <$20,000 62 41 $20,000-$39,999 28 52 $40,000-$59,999 10 7 $60,000-$79,999 0 0 'Notes: Pearson Chi-Square test of significance; N.S. = not significant

(N = 399) are contained in Table 4. One hundred percent of the in• dividuals abusing pregnant women and 92% of the persons abusing non-pregnant women were male. A majority of offenders abusing pregnant (58%) and non• pregnant women (55%) were African-American. Twenty-nine per• cent of the perpetrators abusing pregnant women were Hispanic and 21 % of those offenders abusing non-pregnant women were His• panic. Nine percent of the offenders abusing pregnant women were White, compared to 20% of the offenders abusing non-pregnant wo• men. Only 4% of the offenders who engaged in domestic violence against either pregnant women or non-pregnant women were Asian. 218 APPENDIX B

A majority of the perpetrators engaged in domestic violence against pregnant women (68%) and non-pregnant women (55%) were in the 26-40 age group. Twenty-seven percent of the offenders in the 18-25 age group abused pregnant women, whereas 15% of the offenders who abused non-pregnant women were in the 18-25 age group. Only 5% percent of the offenders who abused pregnant women were 41 years of age or older, while 30% of the perpetrators who abused non-pregnant women were in the 41 years or older age group. Twenty-eight percent of the persons abusing pregnant women were married, compared to 30% of the offenders abusing non• pregnant women. Twelve percent of the persons abusing pregnant women were in a dating relationship, whereas 28% of the perpetra• tors abusing non-pregnant women were in a dating relationship. Forty-eight percent of the individuals committing violence against pregnant women were parents of at least one child, compared to 20% of the offenders who abused non-pregnant women (Chi-Square = 10.98, df = 1, P < .001). A majority of the persons engaged in violence pregnant (90%) and non-pregnant women (93%) had annual household incomes below $40,000.

Types of Abuse Committed Against Pregnant and Non-Pregnant Women

Table 5 compares the different types of abuse committed against pregnant (N = 25) and non-pregnant women (N = 399). Of• fenders were more like to throw down pregnant women (52%) than non-pregnant women (15%) (Chi-Square = 23.63, df = 1, P < .000). Perpetrators were more likely push pregnant women (60%) than non-pregnant women (30%) (Chi-Square = 9.67, df = 1, P < .002). In addition, offenders were more likely to choke pregnant women (32%) than non-pregnant women (13%) (Chi-Square = 6.71, df = 1, P < .01). There were no statistical differences in other types of abuse committed against pregnant and non-pregnant women, including: hitting the victims, threatening with physical harm, using a weapon against the victims, making death threats, stalking the victims, and vandalizing the victims' property. STUDY RESULTS 219

Table 5. Different Types of abuse Committed Against Pregnant (N = 25) and Non-Pregnant Victims of Domestic Violence (N = 399)

Variable Pregnant Women Non-Pregnant Women p value'

Types of abuse % % Threatened with physical harm 56 49 N.5. Death threat 28 34 N.5. Threatened to kidnap children 8 12 N.S. ()ffender came to job 8 10 N.5. Victim stalked 28 29 N.5. Victim hit by offender 84 70 N.S. Pushed 60 30 0.002 Thrown down 52 15 0.000 Choked 32 13 0.010 Threatened with weapon 8 9 N.S. Weapon used against victim 28 15 N.S. ()bjects thrown at victim 8 6 N.5. ()ffender raped victim 16 8 N.5. Victim's property vandalized by 20 23 N.S. offender ()ffender stole victim's property 20 17 N.S. "Notes: Pearson Chi-Square tests of significance; N.5. = not significant

Causes for the Domestic Violence Committed Against Pregnant and Non-Pregnant Women

Data on various reported causes for the domestic violence com• mitted against pregnant and non-pregnant women are presented in Table 6. Jealousy was more than twice as likely to be the cause for offenders abusing pregnant women (24%), compared to per• petrators abusing non-pregnant women (8%) (Chi-Square = 6.67, df = I, P < .01). There were no statistical differences regarding other causes for abusing pregnant and non-pregnant women, includ• ing: the ending of a relationship, alcohol/illicit drugs, and child custody.

Non-Legal Responses and Outcomes for Abused Pregnant and Non-Pregnant Women

In Table 7, data on the different non-legal responses and out• comes for abused pregnant and non-pregnant women are provided. 220 APPENDIX B

Table 6. Causes for the Domestic Violence Committed Against Pregnant (N = 25) and Non-Pregnant Victims of Domestic Violence (N = 399)

Variable Pregnant Women Non-Pregnant Women p value'

Causes for Domestic Violence % % Jealousy 24 8 0.010 Relationship ended 24 24 N.5. Alcohol/ illicit drugs 19 28 N.S. Child custody 19 19 N.5. Divorce 5 3 N.S. "Notes: Pearson Chi-Square test of significance; N.5. = not significant

Table 7. Non-Legal Responses and Outcomes for Abused Pregnant (N = 25) and Non-Pregnant Victims of Domestic Violence (N = 399)

Variable Pregnant Women Non-Pregnant Women p value'

Non-Legal Responses & % % Outcomes Told offender to go away 4 6 N.5. Victim left home 17 8 N.5. Emergency Room visit 28 10 0.006 Victim went to shelter 14 5 N.5. Victim went into counseling 4 7 N.5. Victim took safety/security 0 7 N.S. precautions Remained in same residence with 12 20 N.5. offender "Notes: Pearson Chi-Square test of significance; N.5. = not significant

Abused pregnant women (28%) were more than twice as likely as non-pregnant women (10%) to have an emergency room visit for their domestic violence-related injuries (Chi-Square = 7.66, df = 1, P < .006). There were no statistical differences in other non-legal responses and outcomes for abused pregnant and non-pregnant women, including: leaving home to escape the abuse and going to a shelter. STUDY RESULTS 221

Table 8. Request for Protective Order (P.O.) and Court Approval for Type of P.O. for Pregnant (N = 25) and Non-Pregnant Victims of Domestic Violence (N = 399)

Variable Pregnant Women Non-Pregnant Women p value'

Type of P.O. Requested/Court % % Approved Requested protection against 100 80 0.013 physical harm Court approved P.O. re: 100 90 N.5. physical harm Requested protection against 100 94 N.S. harassment Court approved P.O. re: 100 96 N.S. harassment Requested protection against 64 61 N.S. loss of liberty Court approved P.O. re: loss 90 83 N.S. of liberty Requested protection of 68 44 0.018 dependents Court approved P.O. re: protection 68 45 0.042 of dependents Requested protection against 12 13 N.5. deprivation Court approved P.O. re: 16 13 N.5. deprivation Requested protection against 24 13 N.S. neglect Court approved P.O. re: 16 10 N.S. neglect Requested protection against 12 18 N.S. exploitation Court approved P.O. re: 16 14 N.S. exploitation Requested protection 60 65 N.S. against stalking Court approved P.O. re: 74 68 N.S. stalking 'Notes: Pearson Chi-Square tests of Significance; N.5. = not significant

Requests for Protective Orders and Court Outcomes for Abused Pregnant and Non-Pregnant Women

Table 8 contains data on the types of protective orders re• quested and court outcomes for pregnant and non-pregnant 222 APPENDIXB

Table 9. Other Criminal Justice Outcomes for the Partners of Pregnant (N = 25) and Non-Pregnant Victims of Domestic Violence (N = 399)

Variable Pregnant Women Non-Pregnant Women p value'

Other Criminal Justice Outcomes % % Police contacted 58 29 0.002 Offender arrested 30 9 0.001 Offender went to jail! prison 13 8 N.5. 'Notes: Pearson Chi-Square tests of significance; N.S. = not significant

women. Abused pregnant women (100%) were more likely than non-pregnant women (80%) to request court protection against physical harm (Chi-Square = 6.17, df = 1, P < .013). In addi• tion, abused pregnant (68%) were more likely to request court protection of dependents, compared to non-pregnant women (44%) (Chi-Square = 5.58, df = 1, P < .018). There were no sta• tistical differences in pregnant and non-pregnant women's re• quests for other types of court protection, including: protec• tion against harassment, stalking, and loss of liberty. Moreover, there were no statistical differences between the courts' ap• proval of protective orders for pregnant and non-pregnant women. The courts tended to approve both pregnant and non-pregnant women's requests for different types of protection with similar frequency.

Other Criminal Justice Outcomes for Partners of Abused Pregnant and Non-Pregnant Women

Table 9 compares other criminal justice outcomes for the part• ners of abused pregnant and non-pregnant women. Partners who committed violence against pregnant women (58%) were more likely than those who abused non-pregnant women (29%) to have police contacts (Chi-Square = 9.32, df = 1, P < .002). Partners who abused pregnant women (30%) were more likely than those who STUDY RESULTS 223

abused non-pregnant women (9%) to be arrested (Chi-Square = 10.31, df = 1, P < .001). There were no statistical differences be• tween partners who went to jail or prison for abusing pregnant women and those who went to jailor prison for abusing non• pregnant women. References

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Dr. Stephen J. Morewitz is President of the medical-legal and ed• ucational consulting firm, Stephen J. Morewitz, Ph.D., & Asso• ciates, Buffalo Grove, IL, and San Francisco and Tarzana, CA, which was established in 1988. He is on the faculty of California State University, Hayward, CA., and Samuel Merritt College, Oakland, CA. Dr. Morewitz is past Chair of the Crime and Delinquency Divi• sion of the Society For the Study of Social Problems. He has been on the faculty or staffs of Michael Reese Hospital and Medical Center, the University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Medicine and School of Public Health, DePaul University, and the California College of Podiatric Medicine. He is author of the award-winning book, Stalk• ing and Violence: New Patterns of Obsession and Trauma (2003), Sexual Harassment and Social Change in American Society (1996), The Medical Malpractice Handbook (1996) (co-author), and more than 60 abstracts and articles. Dr. Morewitz was elected to Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Society, and to Pi Gamma Mu, the International Honor Society in Social Sciences, and is included in Who's Who in Medicine and Healthcare. He earned his B.A. and M.A. degrees from The College of William and Mary and his Ph.D. from The University of Chicago.

249 Author Index

Abramson, L., 79 Brown, P.O., 199 Adams, D., 184-185, 187-188 Bullock, L., 22, 106 Agopian, M.W., 51-54, 57-59, 61, 65 Buzawa, E., 109, 119-123 Ajzen, I, 186 Byrne, C.A, 185 Aldarondo, E., 6 Alpert, E.J., 164, 167 Cadsky, 0., 200-201 Amaro, H., 14,25,32-33,35,72,76,86, Caetano, R, 5, 7 95-96, 144 Campbell, J., 22, 31, 97, 105, 139, 151, 162, Anderson, M., 2 173,182 Augenbraun, M., 155 Campbell, J,c., 7, 70, 77-81, 139, Austin, M.P., 102, 173 157-158 Campbell, R, 87, 139 Bachman, R, 110, 113-115, 121, 123 Capaldi, D.M., 185 Ballard, T.J., 22-23,86 Caralis, P., 161 Bannerman, A., 2 Carlson, M.J., 126 Bates, L., 144 Cascardi, M., 77 Bauer, H.M., 101 Castro, R, 2, 6, 33 Bayley, D.H., 121 Chamberlain, L., 163, 167-168 Bell, D., 120, 122 Champion, J.D., 100 Benedict, M.L 90 Chelmowski, M., 183, 185, 187-189 Berenson, AB., 37, 157 Chescheir, N.C., 152-153, 177 Berk, S.P., 122 Clark, c.L., 5,152-153 Berrios, D.C., 34,105,145,156-157 Cloutier,S., 24 Black, D., 121 Coggins, M., 85-86 Black, M.M., 45 Coid, J., 90, 100 Bohn, OK, 100 Coker, AL., 97, 139 Bootzin, R, 79-80 Cokkinides, V.E., 33, 85, 103 Bowlby, J., 186 Conti, C.T., 178 Bradley, P., 1, 9, 153, 161, 169 Conway, T., 187 Brookoff, 0.,42,110,114-116,119,123,145 Covington, D.L., 36, 76, 154 Brooks, RR, 130 Crosby, RA, 87

251 252 Author Index

Cullinane, P.M., 167, 171 Geffner, R.A., 34, 194 Cunradi, eB., 5, 7 Gelles, RJ., 41,77,131,182 Gerlock, AA, 198 Daly, J.E., 200 Gessner, B.D., 34 Dannenberg, A.L., 28, 30 Gichangi, P., 16 Datner, E.M., 7,11,35,98,146,155-158,184 Gielen, Ae, 16, 33, 137, 162 Davis, J.W., 165-166 Gilbert, L., 70-71, 74, 92-93 Davis, R, 117 Gist, J.H., 108-111, 124 de Lahunta, E.A., 171 Glander, 5.5., 22, 95 Dearwater, S.R, 162 Glass, N., 117, 137 Denham, S.A., 168, 178 Glover, E.K, 2 DiClemente, RJ., 17,93,174 Goldner, V., 193-194 Dolon, R, 121 Gondolf, E.W., 79, 123-124, 141-142, 197-198 Dutton, G., 3, 114, 184, 186-190, 193-198 Goodman, L., 120 Dye, T.D., 20, 22-23, 36, 102, 104, Greif, G.L., 52-55, 61 Grimstad, H., 105, 187 Easton, e, 199-200 Grisso, J.A., 5-6 Eby, KK, 139 Groth, B., 163, 169 Edleson, J.L., 193-194, 197 Grunbaum, J.A, 19, 73 Ellsberg, M.e, 1,9,21,74,173 Guth, A.A., 139, 144, 152 Erickson, M.J., 163, 168-170 Ernst, AA, 164 Hamberger, L., 185 Evins, G., 96 Hamby, S.L., 113-114 Hampton, HL., 133 Fagan, J., 21 Harrell, A., 126, 186, 191 Fanslow, J.L., 181 Harris, M.H., 148 Farr, KA., 30 Harrykissoon, S.D., 19 Feeney, J., 186 Hart, B., 117 Feld, S.L., 197 Hatcher, e, 52-54 Felthous, A.R, 201 Hathaway, J.E., 139 Fernandez, EM., 36, 103 Healey, K, 2-4,9,12,177,189-196 Fernandez--Esquer, M.E., 7 Heath, 1., 102, 131 Ferris, L.E., 189 Hedin, L.W., 15, 20-21, 25, 27, 34, 73, 88, 94, Fildes, J., 27-28, 156 98 Finger, A.L., 14, 16, 21-22, 32, 73,147 Hegar, R.L., 52, 55 Finkelhor, D., 47, 52-54 Hegarty, K.L., 3 Fleury, RE., 109, 114 Heins, H., 179 Flitcraft, AH., 132 Helton, AS., 9, 27, 32-35, 157 Ford, D.A., 121 Hendricks-Matthews, M.K., 164 Forehand, R, 55 Hendrix, M.J., 8 Fountain, J.w., 108 Hillard, P., 33, 86 Frederick, L.M., 133 Holt, v.L., 107, 109, 125 Freeman, J., 132 Holtzworth-Munroe, A, 186 Funk, M., 158 Homant, J.R, 120 Horan, D.L., 151, 153 Ganley, A, 184 Horon, 1.L., 28 Garimella, R, 167 Hotch, D., 181 Gazmararian, j.A, 22-23, 85-86, 92-94, 96, Houry, D., 136 102,155 Humphreys, J., 36, 46, 102, 139 Author Index 253

Husfeldt, C, 94 Martin, S.L., 13,24,70-74,78,98, 101,145 Husni, ME., 145 Matheny, W.P., 165 Hutchison, LW., 42,44,116,121-122 Mattson, S., 37 Hyman, A, 132-135 Maxwell, CD., 129-130 Mayer, L., 152-153, 173-174, 176 Jacobson, N.5., 185 Mazza, D., 169 Jacoby, M, 88, 104 McCabe, KA, 110, 118 Jang, D.L., 134 McClellan, A.C, 186, 195 Janssen, P.A, 101 McDonald, P.L., 179 Janvier, RF., 53-55 McFarlane, J., 20, 22, 25, 28-30, 32, 37, 39, 89, Jasinski, J.L., 6, 22, 39 91,102,141-142,146--147,152-153,155, Jewkes, R, 18,88 158,178-180 Jezierski, M., 148 McGrath, ME., 34, 89, 91, 153-154, 163, Johnson, J.K., 22, 24-25 169-170 Johnson, S.H., 41 McGuigan, W.M., 46 Johnston, J.R, 48-50, 52, 54, 56-57 Mega, L.T., 173 Jonassen, J.A, 165 Meichenbaum, D., 195 Mejia, R, 171 Kantor, G.K, 6--7, 37-39 Meloy, J.R, 3-4, 6, 127-129 Kaufman-Kantor, G., 185 Melzer-Lange, M.D., 35 Keilitz, S.L., 127 Mercer, R, 42 Kendler, KS., 80 Mintz, H.A., 187 Kerker, B.D., 44, 94, 160 Mitchell, RE., 78 Kernic, M.A., 143 Monahan, J., 128-129 Kim, S., 181 Morewitz, S., 11, 14, 20, 27, 60-62, 92, 112 King, E.A., 100 Morrow, CE., 33 Klein, M., 3,126--127 Morse, B.J., 23-24 Koenig, L.J., 99 Muelleman, RL., 24, 147-148 Koziol-McLain, J., 187 Muhajarine, N., 35 Kreiter, S.R., 17, 72 Krulewitch, CJ., 28-29 Naimi, T.S., 29, 74, 85,87 Kumagai, E, 38 Nannini, A, 6 Nasir, K, 5, 21, 85 Langan, P.A, 117 Newberger, E.H., 70, 74-75, 79, 98,101-102, Langford, D.R, 158 156--157 Lemmey, D., 45 Nietzel, M.T., 80 Lemon, S.C, 13, 139, 145, 161 Norbeck, J., 179 Leserman, J., 139 Norton, L.B., 154 Lieberknecht, K, 9 Novaco, R, 190, 195 Linares, L.O., 5, 69 Nurius, P.S., 180

Magdol, L., 184 O'Farrell, T.}., 199 Maheux, B., 170-171 Oriel, KA, 185-187 Maiuro, R, 185 Orloff, L.E., 177 Maker, A.H., 90 Malecha, AT., 137 Pagelow, M.D., 120 Maman, S., 16 Pakieser, RA, 113, 140, 143, 145 Marshall, J., 109 Palmer, CE., 50, 55 Marshall, L.L., 25, 70 Pandya, V., 193, 195 254 Author Index

Parker, B., 3-4, 6, 32, 35, 155, 184 Smikle, CB., 25, 89 Parkinson, G.W., 43,159 Smith, A., 137 Parsons, L.H., 28 Smith, J., 44 Pearlman, M.D., 101-102 Smith, M.D., 186 Petersen, R., 22, 156 Sniffen, M.J., 27 Pierre, N., 72 Sonkin, D., 1, 187 Pizzey, E., 20 Spedding, RL., 98 Poole, G.V., 24 Spinola, c., 182 Purwar, M.B., 6, 21, 33, 146, 157 Stenson, K, 87 Stevens-Simon, C, 88 Quinlivan, J.A., 35, 71, 105 Stewart, D.E., 15,33,35,73,86,147,157 Stosny, S., 195 Reid, SA, 163 Straus, MA, 23, 41, 156, 187, 197 Rennison, CM., 27, 34 Strikis, S., 108 Rezza, G., 74 Stuart, G., 77 Rhodes, KV., 23,154,187-188 Sullivan, CM., 175, 179 Rich-Edwards, L 102 Sutherland, C, 156 Rickert, v.1., 18--19 Rigakos, G.S., 120, 123 Tabak, N., 109 Rigsby, D.C, 88 Taliaffero, E., 184 Roberts, G.L., 69 Tan, C, 179 Rodriguez, M.A., 134-136, 168, 170 Temmerman, M., 16 Romans, S.E., 36 Terr, L.C, 54 Rondeau, G., 200 Thomas, KR, 107 Rothenberg, KH., 16 Thompson, M.P., 13, 70 Roy, M., 10 Tjaden, P., 23 Tolman, RM., 1, 186, 196-197 Sagatun-Edwards, LJ., 49, 52, 54-57 Torres, S., 15, 37, 184, 186 Sahin, H.A., 6, 85 Triandis, H.C, 7 Saltzman, L.E., 4, 6, 10,22,32,85, 151 Tucker, J.T., 108 Samet, J., 174 Tudiver, E, 166 Sammons, L.N., 8-9, 11, 20, 41 Sarason, S., 177 Urbancic, J., 81 Sato, RA., 78 Saunders, D.G., 198 Valladares, E., 102, 104-105 Schetky, D.H., 54 Valois, RE, 17, 72 Schmidt, J.D., 129 Varvaro, EE, 165-166 Schuller, RA., 121 Vilhjalmsson, R, 78 Scott, CJ., 132 Vostanis, P., 45-46 Seng,J.S., 102-103, 163, 173 Sharps, p.w., 30-31 Waaland, P., 120 Sheridan, D.J., 158-159 Wadman, M.C, 145 Sherman, L.W., 129 Walker, L.E., 8,10,20-21,41, 79, 81,173, Short, L.M., 165-166 185 Shumway, J., 104 Wallerstein, J.5., 48 Simon" T.R., 2 Walton-Moss, L 25, 27,34,36, 131, 139, 163, Siegel, RM., 42-43,159-160 174, 182 Silverman, J.G., 17, 76, 80 Webster, L 22, 69, 95, 144 Skolnick, J.H., 121 Weingourt, R, 9 Author Index 25S

Wiemann, C.M., 19-20, 24, 35, 76 Worden, R.E., 121 Wiist, W.H., 110, 113-114,129,140,179 Wright, R.J., 163 Wiley, D.C., 130 Wilson, P., 79, 129 Yoshihama, M., 38, 88, 93-94, 96, Wingood, G.M., 16-17, 70, 93, 99, 101, 155 113 Wisner, c.L., 147 Wolf, M.E., 110, 116, 118 Zierler, S., 100-101 Woloshin, S., 5, 134 Zink,161 Subject Index

Abandonment, 195; see also Attachment Abuse/violence (cont.) theory; Separation/estrangement maternal, vii, ix, 21-39, 46, 66, 69-83; Abdominal, 11, 75, 97-98, 101-102,123,140, 85-106,115-116 155-157,165,184,203; see also Abuse; other family members, 19 Body maps; Detect/detection; physical, vii-x, 1-2, 8-13, 15-39; 41-46, Documentation; Injuries; 65-66,69-83,85-86,88-95,97-98,100, Gastrointestinal problems; Maternal 102,111-112,114-116,119,123-127,129, complications/ outcomes; Trauma 136,139-140,144-145,151-152, Abductions, ix, 10-11, 47-67, 91-92, 112-113, 154-156,158-159,169,173,178, 116-117,140,203 183-189,193,196-197,200,218-219,221 Abortion/pregnancy termination, ix, 22, 82, psychological! emotional, vii-ix, 1-4, 85, 94-96, 102, 104; see also Abuse; 8-11,16,23-27,32,34,41-43,58,66, Pregnancy;Pregnanc~ 69-71, 74, 78, 82-83, 90, 94, 96-97, 111, unplanned/unintended; Reproductive 116,125-127,131,136,144,151-152, decisions 154-155,173-174,178,184-188,193, Abortion, spontaneous, 102, 104; see also 218-219,221 Abuse; Pregnancy; Trauma re-abuse, 22, 24, 32-33,46, 70, 90, 117, 127, Abruptio placentae, 101; see also Abuse, 137,158,174,177-178,187-190,193, Maternal complications/outcomes; 196-198,218-219 Placental damage; Pregnancy; Trauma risk/potential, vii, 13,22,30,34-35,39,41, Abuse/violence 46,69,91,107,115,129,137,142, duration/frequency, 22, 24, 31-63, 66, 79, 151-152,155,157-158,174,176,185, 127,129,158,174,190 187-188,206,218-219 history, 1-3, 8-12, 15-16, 19-25,29-34, serious/severity, vii-viii, 2, 21, 27, 32-34, 37,43-44,57,66-67,76,86-87,89-90, 39,42,44,63,69-70,77,89, 102, 107, 95,99,107,110,115,119,121,157-158, 114-115,120,122-123,129,157-158, 162,167,171,173,187-188,194, 174,187,189-190 218-219 sexual, vii-ix, 1-2, 10,25,32-34,50,60,66, impact on children, vii, 44-46 71-74,88-89,91-95,98,100,136,144, intergenerational, 3 156-158,163,173,178,188,219 management, 182 symbolic, 27, 218-219

257 258 Subject Index

Abuse Assessment Screen, 152, 154; see also Age, 2, 7, 13,19-20,34-36,39,53,59,62-63, Assessment; Detect/ detection 86,88,91-92,100,104,110,113-116,118, Abuse Prevention Act-209A, 127 142,148,154,160,166,169,184,200, Abusers: see Perpetrators/offenders 214-218; see also Abuse; Adolescent; Access, ix, 14,31,56-57, 131, 146, 152, 155, Adulthood; Couples; 158-159,161,171 Demographic/social; Elder abuse; Access to legal services, 56-57 Risk-taking behaviors; Risky sexual Accomplices, 54; see also Abductions; Third behaviors; Spouses parties Aggression: see Abuse/violence Accreditation, 132 Agoraphobia, 75 Acculturation, 37; see also Bilingual; AIDS: see HIV Ethnic/racial; Spanish Alaska Pregnancy Risk Assessment Accusations, 27 Monitoring System, 34 Acquaintances, 87, 121, 140; see also Abuse Alcohol and or drugs/substance abuse, Action plan, 181 viii-ix, 5-7, 13-15, 17,29-31,38-39, Activity, 77 69-74,76,78,87,93-96,118-122,128, Acute stress disorder, 75; see also Abuse; 139,141,155-156,185,187,199-200, Psychosocial distress; Psychosocial 219-220; see also Binge drinking; impact Cognitive problems; Contraceptives; Adaptive responses, 79; see also Cognitive Risk-taking behaviors; Risky sexual theory; Coping; Depression behaviors; Smoking/ tobacco; Adhedonia, 82 Substance abuse treatment Adolescent/adolescence, viii, x; 5, 24-25, 29, Alcoholics anonymous, 141; see also Alcohol 34-36,71-72,87-88,90,93,99,104,154, and or drugs; Substance abuse 184; see also Age treatment Adulthood, vii, x,90, 136, 186, 195, 217; see Alienated, 58-61, 67, 184, 190; see also also Age; Childhood Abductions; Criminal justice system Adultery / cheating/ extramarital sex, 9, 11, Aliens, 134; see also Citizens; Immigrants; 34,88,90,99,101; see also Conflicts; Undocumented; United States Family; Jealousy; Retaliate/revenge; Immigration and Naturalization Sexually transmitted diseases Services Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS), Algorithms, 178 166-167; see also Abuse; Curriculum; Allegiance, 61 Training Alliances, 199; see also Abuse; Husband; Advocates, 56, 131, 148, 167, 171, 177, 179; Program evaluation; Therapist; see also Abuse; Advocacy model; Therapy; Treatment; Wives Community; Criminal justice system; Ambivalence, 94, 175; see also Abortion; Emergency medical care services; Abuse; Attitudes health care providers; Interventions; Ambulance, 145; see also Emergency medical Social services care; Transportation Advocacy model, 179; see also Abuse; Ambulatory, 141, 161; see also Clinics Advocates; Community; Quality of life; American Academy of Pediatrics, 159, 168 Social support American Academy of Pediatrics Affect, 76, 156 Recommendation on Domestic Affection, 75 Violence Screening, 168 African-Americans, 5-6, 14, 29, 37-39, 59, American College of Obstetrics and 61-64,72,93,99-100,110-111,113-114, Gynecology, 151 130-131,147,214-217; see also American Medical Association, 151, 178 Ethnic/racial; Demographic/social; Amphetamines, 71; see also Alcohol and or Socioeconomic status; Census tract data drugs Subject Index 259

Anecdotal, 95 Assault, 23-24, 30-32, 37, 39, 43, 45, 81, Anemia, 155 115-116,118-119,122,126-127,145,174, Anger, 8-9,47-48,76,82-83,86,188,190, 196,198; see also Abuse; Courts; 195-196; see also Abuse; Anger Criminal; Injuries; Police; Rape/sexual management; Assessment; assault; Restraining orders, Trauma Detect/ detection; Health care provider; Assessment, ix, 1, 105, 120-123, 127, Homicide; Perpetrator/offender; 151-171,174,183-201; see also Abuse; Psychosocial Problems; Rage; Suicide; Curriculum; Danger Risk Assessment; Threats Detect/ detection; Documentation; Anger management, 190, 195-196, 200; see Health care providers; HIV; Police; also Abuse; Anger; Counseling; Quality of life; Records; Program evaluation; Therapy; Safety / security; Screening; Treatment Training/education Anglo-American, 37-39, 59, 61-64; see also Assertive, 185 Census tracts; Ethnic/ racial Asthma, 102, 156; see also Abuse; Health Anniversaries, 76 problem; Maternal Anonymity, 43, 82 complications/ outcomes; Pregnancy; Anorexia, 18, 80; see also Eating problems Trauma Antenatal,94, 146 At-risk, 51, 56-57 Antepartum hemorrhage, 101-102; see also Atlanta, Georgia, 193 Abuse; Pregnancy Attachment theory, 186, 195 Anti-social personality, 185, 198-199; see also Attention span, 75 Personality disorders Attitudes, 2, 7, 10,37,39,46,87,120, Anxiety, ix, 14, 55, 69, 75-78, 81-83,155-156, 136-137,162,166-167,171; see also 173, 181, 195; see also Assessment; Abuse; Beliefs; Child abuse; Depression; Detect/ detection; Health Childhood/ children; Mandatory care providers; Mental disorders; reporting; Medical schools; Parents, Psychosocial distress; Psychosocial Perceptions; Policies; Training/ impact education; Values Apathy, 79 Attorney, 56-57, 174; see also Courts; Apology, 109; see also Cycle of violence Criminal justice system; Laws/legal; Appalachian, 178 Mandatory reporting; Resources Appetite, 75, 77, 97; see also Anxiety; Auckland, New Zealand, 181 DepreSSion; Gastrointestinal problems; Australia, 35, 69 Nutrition; Austria, 49 Psychosocial distress; Psychosocial impact Authority: see power / authority Appointments, 159 Automobiles/cars, 28-29, 65-66 Apprehension, 171; see also Attitudes; Fear Autopsy, 28-29; see also Death; Femicide; Arbitrator, 57 Homicide/murder; Records; Suicide Archival, 127 Avoidance, 76, 83, 188; see also Post Argentina, 171 Traumatic Stress Disorder; Treatment Arizona, 37 Avoidant personality, 198 Arousal, 195; see also Anger; Treatment Awareness, 38, 47, 165, 175; see also Abuse; Arrests, 24, 57-58, 65,107,119-124,127-129, Detect/ detection; Disclosure 142,174,190,196,198,206,222-223; see also Abuse; Assaults; Courts; Baby, vii, ix, 11; 19, 24, 41, 47-67, 78, Criminal history; Criminal justice 97-106,115,156,184; see also system Abductions; Abuse; Child abuse; Asian, 118,214-217, ; see also Neonatal complications/ outcomes; Cultures / cultural; Ethnic/ racial Pregnancy 260 Subject Index

Baby-sitting, 165; see also Caregivers Blunt instrument, 28, 101, 158; see also Back, 157; see also Abuse; Body maps; Abuse; Body maps; Club; Injuries; Injuries; Trauma Trauma; Weapons Back pain, 97,156-157,165 Board certification, 166 Bacterial vaginosis, 100 Body maps, 158; see also Abuse; Assessment; Baltimore, MD, 191 Documentation; Health care providers; Barrier methods, 93, 157; see also Injuries; Records; Trauma Contraceptives Borderline personality disorder, 185, 198; see Battered Woman Syndrome, 173; also Personality disorders see also Abuse; Post Traumatic Stress Boston, Massachusetts, 145 Disorder Boyfriends: see Dating Batterers: see Perpetrators/offenders Brainwash, 173 Beck Depression Inventory, 77 Breasts, 157; see also Abuse; Body maps; Behavioral modification, 197; see also Injuries; Trauma; Wounds Program evaluation; Interventions; Brooding, 77 Treatment Bruises, 83, 147, 157; see also Abuse; Body Behavioral problems/disorders, 42, 45, maps, Injuries; Trauma; Wounds 184; see also abuse; Adolescents; Bulimia, 18; see also Eating problems Research methods / measurement; Burns/scalding, 28,158 Risk-taking behaviors; Risky sexual Buttocks, 157; see also Abuse; Body maps; behaviors Injuries Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 117; see also Police reports/contacts; California, 134, 136, 162, 189 Risk factors Calm, 83 Behavioral theories, 128 Canada,47,170-171181 Beliefs, 2, 37-39, 61, 167 see also Abuse; Caregivers, 50, 90; see also Family; Parents; Attitudes; Dominance; Patriarchal; Relatives; Third parties Power / authority; Values Case-control study,S, 18, 24, 28, 30, 88, 97, Belligerent, 121; see also Abuse 105, 136; see also Research Betaendorphins, 102; see also Psychosocial methods / measurement distress Case history, 158; see also Research Betrayal, 48 methods / measurement Bilateral, 157; see also Abuse; Injuries Case management, 174 Bilingual/monolingual, 37,136,141-143; see Case studies, vii-ix, 140; see also Stalking also Communication; Ethnic/racial; and Violence Project (SVP) English; Hispanic; Spanish Catecholamines, 102; see also Psychosocial Bills, unpaid, 194; see also Abuse; Financial; distress Psychosocial distress Causes, 1, 24, 28, 92, 157, 203; see also Abuse; Binge drinking, 72, 87; see also Alcohol and Controlling behaviors; Deaths; or drugs; Adolescents; Risk-taking Etiology; Injuries; Jealousy; behaviors Power / authority; Risk Biological, 80, 184, 195; see also Depression factors / markers; Births: see Delivery /births Separation/ estrangement Birth certificates, 55 Census tracts, 12,59,111, 119,210,213-217; Birth order, 46 see also Community /neighborhood; Black, non-Hispanic, 29; see also Income; Live/reside; Poverty; Ethnic/ racial Socioeconomic status; Stalking and Blame, 16, 191 Violence Project Bleeding, 100, 147; see also Abuse; Body Center for Disease Control, 21-22 maps; Fractures; Injuries; Trauma; Center for Disease Control, Prevention Wounds Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 17 Subject Index 261

Cesarean section, 103; see also Abuse; Chlamydia, 98,100; see also Maternal Maternal complications/outcomes; complications; Sexually transmitted Pregnancy; Trauma diseases Change, 174-176, 183-201; see also Abuse; Choked,26, 126,206,218-219; see also Abuse Stages of Change Chronic, 73-74, 79, 81,97,155-156 Change model, x; see also Stages of Change Cities, 33, 113, 129, 162; see also Chest, 157; see also Abuse; Body maps; Community /neighborhood; States; Injuries; Wounds Urban Chest pain/ discomfort, 75, 155-156 Citizens, 134; see also immigrants; United Chi-square, 26, 61, 92,211,215-223; see also States Immigration and Naturalization Research methods/measurement; Services Statistics Clerkship, 165; see also Assessment; Child abuse (physical and sexual), ix, 3, 31, Curriculum; Detect/detection; Health 36,38, 41-i4, 46, 50, 56, 66, 76,78,81, care providers; Instructional; Trainees; 90,96,99-100,111,116,119,131,135, Training/education 149,156,159-161,164,169,173-174, Clients, 199; see also Counselors; Therapists 181-182,184,189; see also Abuse; Clinging behaviors, 45; see also Behavioral Conflict; Couples; Courts; Criminal problems justice system; Family; Injuries; Clinicians: see Counselors; Health care Observing violence; Parents; providers; Nurses; Physicians; Social Pregnancy; Punishment; Restraining workers; Therapists order; Trauma Clinics, 23, 33-34, 36-37, 89,95,113-114, Child Behavior Checklist, 160 141,144,146--147,161; see also Child-centered, 50 Medical/health care services; Obstetric Child custody, 11, 47-67,116-117,121,133, and Gynecology; Primary care; Public 167, 219-220; see also Abuse; health abductions; Conflict; Courts; Criminal Club, 158; see also Blunt instruments justice system; Divorce; Family; Cocaine, 73, 95; see also Abuse; Alcohol and Restraining order; Trauma or drugs; Marijuana Child discipline, 44; see also Child .:lbuse; Coercion: see Control; Sexual coercion Childhood/ children; Detect/detection; Cognitive problems, 4, 42,74-77,79,195, Family; Fathers; Mothers; Parents 197; see also Abuse; Alcohol and or Child neglect, 47; see also Abuse; Child drugs; Competency; Decision-making; abuse; Courts; Criminal justice Disability; Interventions; Program system; Family; Restraining orders; evaluation; Treatment Trauma Cognitive behavior theory, 4, 9, 79, 192-195, Child protective services, 182; see also 197,199 Abuse; Abuse management; Child Cohabitin~ 23, 88,124 abuse; Detect/detection; Social Cohort, 35, 80, 105, 143, 184; see also services; Social workers; Training Research methods / measurement; Child visitation rights, 47-i9; see also Child Sample/sampling custody Colon, 98; see also Abuse; Anxiety; Childhood/ children, vii, ix, 3-i, 6, 30, 36, Psychosocial distress; Psychosocial 41-67,70,75-76,82-83,90,111-113, impact 116--117,119-120,122,124,131,133, Colorado, 136 156,159-161,173,176,181,184-186, Communication, 38, 136, 174, 177, 185, 191,194-195,200-201,213-214, 191-193; see also Assessment; 216-221; see also Abuse; Abductions; Bilingual/monolingual; Couples Arrests; Child abuse; Dependents; therapy; Detect/detection; Neglect; Parents; Police; Restraining Documentation; Family system; orders Information; Negotiations; Records 262 Subject Index

Community /neighborhood, 4-6, 23, 33, 43, Contraceptives, ix, 18,74,85--87,92-94,96, 45--46,51,57,113,120-121,140, 157; see also Abuse; Alcohol and or 142~-143, 147-149, 177, 179-180,183, drugs; Pregnancy; Unsafe sex; 189, 200, 204, 206-207; see also Cities; Constipation, 80; see also Depression; Organization; Poverty; Quality of life; Gastrointestinal; Psychosocial distress; Socioeconomic status Psychosocial impact Community resources card, 179; see also Control group, 24, 28, 77, 104, 142, 179, 199; Resources see also Experiments; Interventions; Co-morbidity, 200; see also Morbidity Research methods / measurement; Comparative, 127; see also Research Sample/sampling; Statistics methods / measurement Controlling behaviors, 1,4,9,12,31,56,66, Compassion, 195-196; see also Abuse; 69-70,75,79,81-82,86,92,94,134,147, Compassion workshop; Interventions; 155,176,186,188; see also Coercion; Therapy; Treatment Power / authority Compassion workshop, 195; see also Abuse; Controversial, 196 Interventions; Therapy; Treatment Conviction, 190; see also Abuse; Criminal Competency, 70, 74 justice system; Criminals / crime; Compliance, 9, 43, 159, 177, 201 Probation; Prosecution Computer databases, 108, 147, 154, Cook County, Illinois, 27-28 188; see also Abuse; Assessment; Cooperation, 57, 93, 120, 182 Courts; Criminal justice system; Coordination, 182 Medical/health care services; Coping, 42, 70, 78-79, 94,140,143,146, Research methods/measurement; 179-181,205; see also Abuse; Advocacy; Restraining orders; Screening; Child abuse; Family; Fear; Friends; Suspects Interventions; Mental disorders; Condoms, 93; see Contraceptives Perpetrator / offender; Post traumatic Concentration, 75-76, 80; see also Abuse; stress disorder; Pregnancy; Program Attention span evaluation; Psychosocial distress; Conferences, 164; see also Instructional; Psychosocial impact; Quality of life; Medical schools; Residences; Relocation; Safety /security; Safety Training/ education plan/planning; Social support; Confidentiality, 135, 161, 174, 189; see also Survival; Survivorship model; Trauma; Anonymity; Laws/legal; Liability; Victimization/victims Mandatory reporting; Privacy Coping capacity model, 180; see also Conflict, 41, 47, 56-58,75--76,105, 140-141, Coping 185,187-188,191-195,199;seealso Cortisol, 102; see also Psychosocial distress Abuse; Couples; Feminist; Pregnancy; Costs, 147,194; see also Computer databases; Therapy Financial Conflict of interest, 189 Counseling services, ix, 13, 56-57, 82-83, Conflict tactics, 29 128,133,140-143,145-146,148, Conflict Tactics Scale, 23, 187, 197 174-176,183-203,220 Confounders, 104-105; see also Research Counselors, vii, ix-x, 82-83, 85,128,133, methods / measurement; Statistical 140-141,148,174-176,205; see also Confrontation, 188, 190 Counseling; Social services; Therapists; Confused, 54, 76 Treatment Connecticut, 160 Countries, 56,171; see also Developing Consciousness, 98, 192 countries; Immigrants/immigration Consent, 132 County, 163 Continuing medical education, 153; see also County health department, 149 Training/ education Couple system model, 2 Subject Index 263

Couples, 5, 9-10, 31, 38-39, 41-46, 56, 61, 74, Cultures/cultural (cont.) 86,91-95,97-106,108,111,116,124, Ethnic/racial; Hispanic; Norms; 131, 136, 183-201; see also Abuse; Patriarchal; Police; Power/authority; Couples therapy; Cultures/cultural; Sexism; Socialization Danger; Dating; Family; Injuries; Cumulative incidence, 44; see also Abuse; Marriage; Power / authority; Prevalence; Rates; Research Restraining orders; methods/measurement Separation/estrangement; Sex roles; Curriculum, 132, 163-167; see also Abuse; Sexism; Socialization; Trauma Assessment; Dental services/schools; Couples therapy, 56,193-194; see also Abuse; Detect! detection; Health care Conflict; Family-system; Interventions; providers; Instructional; Interventions; Marriage counseling; Therapy; Knowledge; Medical schools; Program Treatment evaluation; Podiatric services/schools; Courts, vii, ix, 7, 44, 49-51, ~, 63, 67, Training/education 107-137,141,149,182,189-190,200, Cycle/stages of violence, vii, 2-3, 10, 109, 203,205-206,209-211,221-223; see also 178; see also Abuse; Pregnancy Restraining orders Court-mandated treatment, 141, 190 Danger/dangerous, 21,29,44,56,107,115, Courtship, 50; see also Dating 151,158,163,173-176,178,183-201;see Co-workers, 76; see also Abuse; Friends; also Abuse; Assessment; Social support; Third parties; Documentation; Health care providers; Workplace/jobs Perceptions; Perpetrator/offender; Credibility, 122 Safety / security Criminals/crime, 3, 5, 27, 48, 57, 107, 110, Danger Assessment form, 178; see also 118-119,127,-128 130, 185, 190; see also Abuse; Anger; Danger risk assessment; Perpetrators/ offenders Documentation; Perpetrator / offender; Criminal custodial interference, 48 Psychosocial distress; Trauma; Criminal history, 107, 110, 119-120, 174, 185, Victimization 200; see also Abuse; Arrests; Danger risk assessment, 29, 158, 183-201; see Community/neighborhood; Criminal also Documentation; Records justice system; Police; Restrain orders Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 16 Criminal justice system, vii-viii, 44, 48, Dating/boyfriend/girlfriend,5, 8, 24, 72, 77, 58-61,63,67,107-137,182,189-190, 82,85-88,93,98, Ill, 119, 184, 187, 197,221-223; see also Abuse; Arrests; 213-218; see also Abuse; Child abuse; Discrimination; Adolescent/adolescence; Ethnic/racial; Police/law enforcement; Communication; Contraceptives; Restraining orders Interactions/ dynamics; Partners; Crisis, 141, 180,201; see also Counseling Relationships; Risk-taking services behaviors; Risky sexual behaviors; Criticism, 75, 96,131,135,175,182,191; see Rape/sexual assault; Sexual coercion; also Controlling behaviors; Criminal Sexually transmitted diseases; justice system; Denigration; Mandatory Socialization reporting; Obsessive; Policies Day care, 53 Cross-sectional study, 17,25,77,99; see also Deans, 164 Research methods/measurement; Deaths, 27-31, 102; see also Autopsy; Sample/sampling; Survey Counselors; Femicide; Health care Crying, 20, 41, 82-83; see also Abuse; Baby providers; Homicide; Medical Cultures/cultural, 3, 6, 37-38, 58, 6(H;1, 63, examiner; Prevention; Records; Suicide; 93,113,120,184,186,192-193,203-204, Therapists 206; see also Asian; Dominance; Deceit, 83, 147 264 Subject Index

Decision-making, 74, 76-77, 85, 94, 113, 116, Deprivation, 111-112, 155, 221; see also 120-122,124,131,174-176,182; see also Abuse; Babies; Children; Couples; Abortions; Abuse; Alcohol and or Courts; Dependents; Fetal drugs; Assessment; Cognitive complications/ outcomes; Marriage; problems; Contraceptives; Counselors; Perpetrator / offender; Pregnancy; Courts; Detect/ detection; Disclosure; Restraining orders Health care providers; Police; Derealization, 75 Risk-taking behaviors; Risky sexual Derogatory, 187; see also Denigrate behaviors; Stages of change; Therapists; Detached, 156; see also Affect Unsafe sex Detect/ detection, ix-x, 1,41,44,46, 103, 133, Decrees, 48 135,151-171,178,181,183-201,206;see Defeat, 70 also Abuse; Assessment; Child abuse; Delay, 155 Curriculum; Danger; Delivery /birth, 33, 87, 90, 103, 106, 184, 203; Diagnosis/identification; Injuries; see also Labor; Pregnancy; Pre-term Instructional; Laws/legal; Mandatory birth/ delivery; Pre-term contractions reporting; Screening; Delusions, 51, 56; see also Mental disorders; Training/ education Psychopathology Developing countries, 21, 85 Demeanor, 121, 206; see also Arrests; Police Developmental delay /issues, viii-ix, 10,42.. Demographic/social, viii, ix, 36, 41, 51-52, 55 58-59,69,73,82, 106, 110, 113, 118, Diabetes, 102, 156; see also Abuse; Health 120-121,124,137,190,193,203,210, problems; Maternal 213-218 complications / outcomes; Pregnancy; Denial,74, 187, 190; see also Abuse; Trauma Disclosure; Minimize; Diagnosis/identification, vii, x, 81, 131, 133, Perpetrator / offender; Treatment 135,143,152-153,183-201; see also Denigrate, 1, 3, 69-70, 75-81, 83, 85, 96,155, Abuse; Detect/ detection; Disclosure; 187; see also Abuse, Criticism Laws/legal Dental services/schools, 163; see also Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Training/ education Disorders, IV, 76 Dependent personality, 199 Diaphragm, 93, 156; see also Contraceptives; Dependents, 62-65,111-112,117,124, Maternal complications/outcomes 221-222; see also Abuse; Abductions; Diarrhea, 98; see also Gastrointestinal Child Abuse; Childhood/ children; problems Couples; Courts; Family; Family Didactic, 195; see also Instructional; Training break-up; Financial; Intimidation; Disability, ix, 14, 74-81, 97, 158; see also Parents; Restraining orders; Threats Abuse; Anxiety; Depression; Impaired Dependency, 80, 83, 112, 134, 176 functioning; Injuries; Medical/health Depersonalization, 75 care services; Psychosocial distress; Deportation, 134; see also Abuse; Psychosocial impact; Sleep disturbance; Undocumented, 134; Immigrants, 134; Social support; Suicide; United States Immigration and Victimization / victims; Workplace /jobs Naturalization Services Disadvantaged, 112; see also Discrimination; Depression, ix, 14,45,55,69,77-82,90,116, Ethnic/racial; Minority 155-156,173,181, 185, 187; see also Discipline, 44, 161; see also Abuse; Child Abuse; Assessment; Counseling; Abuse; Controlling behaviors; Detect/ detection; Health care provider; Punishment Mental disorders; Post Traumatic Stress Disclosure, 23, 74, 105, 113-117, 131, disorder; Psychosocial distress; 134-137,151-171, 175, 177, 183; see also Psychosocial impact; Suicide; Therapy; Abuse; Assessment; Curriculum; Trauma; Treatment Detect! detection; Health care Subject Index 265

Disclosure (cont.) Duluth Domestic Abuse Intervention providers; Instructional; Laws/legal; Project, 191 Mandatory reporting; Policies; Dysfunctional, viii, 2, 36, 56, 80, 90, Pregnancy; Psychosocial distress; 191-192,201; see also Abuse; Couples Psychosocial impact; system model; Family; Mental Training/education; Trauma disorders; Personality disorders; Discrimination, 63, 112, 130-131; see also Psychopathology Courts; Criminal justice system; Ethnic/ racial; Fair/equitable; Gender; Eastern Association for the Surgery of Prejudices Trauma, 167 Diseases, chronic, 19 Eating problems, 81, 83, 102, 155; see also Disenfranchised, 56 Abuse; Gastrointestinal; Displacement, 9; see also Anger; Grieving; Nutritional/diet; Psychosocial Loss; Trust distress; Psychosocial impact; Weight Disrespect, 50; see also Abuse; Alienated; control Criticism; Denigrate; Derogatory Economic: see Financial; Poverty; Dissociation, 75, 156; see also Abuse; Affect; Socioeconomic status Mental disorders; Psychosocial distress; Education/educational level, 6, 30, 35, Psychosocial impact; Trauma; 51, 111, 113, 142, 184, 200; see also Victimization/victims Abuse; Community; Demographic; District attorneys, 123 Schools; Socioeconomic status; Police; District of Columbia, 29, 134 Poverty Distrust, 50 Educational programs, 193; see also Abuse; Divorce, 10,47,53, 60, 67, 220; see also Curriculum; Dental services/schools; Abuse; Childhood/children; Conflict; Feminist; Health care providers; Courts; Family; Family break-up; Instructional; Interventions; Medical Separation/estrangement; Trauma; school; Nurses; Podiatric Victimization/victims services/schools; Social workers; Dizziness, 75, 82 Program evaluation; Documentation, ix, 107, 132-134, 151, 161, Training/education 174; see also Assessment; Danger; Effectiveness, 130 see also Abuse; Detect/ detection; Health care Interventions; Program evaluation; providers; Medical/health care Research methods/measurement; services; Police; Records; Training Theory; Therapy; Treatment Domestic relation personal protection Egalitarian, 193 orders: see Restraining orders Ego,80 Dominance, 2, 38, 61, 190, 193; see also Elder abuse, 135, 164, 182; see also Abuse; Abuse; Attitudes; Cultures/cultural; Training/education Gender; Machismo; Norms; Embarrassed, 114, 147, 162; see also Abuse Patriarchal; Power / authority; Sex roles; Embassy, 55 Sexism; Treatment Emergency medical care, 23-24, 34, 36, 66, Domineering, 185 98,105,113,115,131,136,139,143-148, Dreams, 76; see also Abuse; Sleep 151,155--156,163,165--167,169,178, disturbances/ disorders 181,194; 205,220; see also Abuse; Dropout rates, 196, 198-201; see also Ambulance; Detect/detection; Injuries; Experiments; Interventions; Program Mandatory reporting; Medical/health evaluation; Rates; Research services; Training; Transportation; methods / measurement Trauma Drug overdose, 29; see also Alcohol and or Emotional problems, 42, 193; see also Mental drugs; Deaths; Treatment, substance disorders; Psychosocial Problems; abuse Psychopathology 266 Subject Index

Emotional reactions, 76; see also Abuse; Exploitation, 48, 51, 111-112,221; see also Anniversaries; Psychosocial distress; Abuse; Children; Dependents; Fetal Psychosocial impact; Trauma; complications/ outcomes; Pregnancy; Victimization/ victims Restraining orders Empathy, 176; see also Stages of change Exposure, 153, 160, 167, 171; see also Abuse; Energy, 82; see also Abuse; Fatigue Attitudes; Curriculum; Instructional; England,24 Medical schools; Training/ education English, 37, 134, 136; see also Immigrants Extradition, 58; see also Abductions; Courts; Environment, 73, 75, 77-80, 88, 155, 184, 195, Criminal justice system; 204; see also Perpetrator / offender Environmental stressors: see Abuse; Extremities, 10,83,98,141,157; see also Environment; Locus of control; Abuse; Injuries; Bleeding; Body maps; Psychosocial distress; Psychosocial Fractures; Trauma; impact; Stress/stressors; Trauma; Victimization/ victims; Wounds Victimization/ victims Eye make-up, 9; see also Abuse; Disclosure; Envy, 3 Injuries; Trauma Empathy, 4 Employees, 178; see also Co-workers; Face/neck, 10,98,147,157; see also Abuse; Workplace/job Injuries; Trauma Epidemic, 152; see also Abuse; Prevalence; Factor analysis, 86; see also Research Rates; Research methods/measurement methods/measurement; Statistics Escalation of violence, 91, 158; see also Faculty, 171; see also Abuse; Curriculum; Abuse; Cycle / stages of violence; Health care providers; Instructional; Pregnancy Trainees; Training/education Estate, 141 Failure, 80; see also Abuse; Estrangement: see Separation; Divorce Self-concept/ identity Ethical/moral, 58, 183; see also Fair / equitable, 130; see also Courts; Criminal Confidentiality; Fair/equitable; justice system; Discrimination; Laws/legal; Mandatory Ethnic/racial; Justice; Police; Prejudices reporting; Policies; Privacy; Falls, 28, 98, 103; see also Abuse; Injuries; Professional Stairs; Trauma Ethnic/racial, 5-7,12,14,22,29, Falmouth, Massachusetts, 43 36-40,59-64,72,110-114,118,121, False accusations, 27; see also Abuse; 128,130,147,154,166,184,186,200, Abductions; Child abuse; Child 204, 213-217; see also custody; Conflict; Courts; Criminal Discrimination; Criminal justice justice system; Restraining orders system; Perpetrators/offenders; Family, vii-ix, 6, 9,12,23,41, 47-{i7, 70, 74, Victims 76,80-81,82,88,113,116,120,140,143, Ethnic/ cultural theories, 128 169,174,191-192,210; see also Etiology, 92; see also Abuse; Causes; Risk Abductions; Abuse; Child abuse; factors Children; Conflict; Counseling; Courts; Evidenced-based, 23, 70; see also Criminal justice system; Genetics; Interventions; Prevention; Program Courts; Criminal justice system; Police; evaluation; Research Restraining orders methods / measurement Family break-up, 47-{i7, 92, 109, 117, 155, Expectation, 186 194,204,213-223; see also Abuse; Experiments, 129-130, 148, 179, 196--197; see Abductions; Child abuse; also Interventions; Program evaluation; Childhood/children; Conflict; Courts; Research methods/measurement; Criminal justice system; Family Sample / sampling; Statistics conflicts; Fear; Husbands; Subject Index 267

Family break-up (cant.) Federal,47-49, 108, 132, 134; see also Laws, Incarceration/jail; Restraining orders; legal; Violence Against Women Act Retaliate/revenge; Federal Parental Kidnapping Prevention Separation/estrangement; Trauma; Act,48 Victimization/victims; Wives Feeling abandoned, 195 Family conflicts, 23, 47, 92; see also Abuse; Feeling inadequate, 77 Family break-up; Psychosocial distress; Feeling trapped, 74 Psychosocial impact; Retaliate/ revenge Feelings, 181; see also Abuse Family history, 82; see also Assessment; Felony,49,107 Detect/detection; Female acquiescence, 61; see also Diagnosis/ identification; Disclosure; Marianismo Family break-up; Family conflicts; Femicide, 27-32, 129, 139, 144, 157; see also Health care providers; Health Abuse; Assessment; Conflicts; Couples; problems; Trauma; Documentation; Health care providers; Victimization/victims Homicide; Perpetrators/offenders; Family physicians, 33, 83, 163, 166, 168-170; Records; Threats see also Abuse; Assessment; Feminist, 2, 12, 190-194, 199 Detect/ detection; Disclosure; General Fertility/infertility, 96 practitioners; Health care providers; Fetal complications/outcomes, 102-104, Physicians; Professional/ managerial 123,157-158,173-174,194; see also Family planning, 18 Abuse; Fetal death; Fetus; Homicide; Family practice, 33, 83, 97-98, 16~164, 166, Pregnancy; Threats; Trauma 168-170; see also Clinics; Fetal death, 101-102, 104, 123, 157; see also Detect! detection; Disclosure; Family Abuse; Fetal complications/outcomes; physicians; Health care providers; Fetus; Homicide; Pregnancy; Threats; PhYSician office visits; PhysiCians; Trauma Primary care; Training/ education; Fetal distress, 104; see also Abuse; Fetal Trauma; Victimization/victims complications/ outcomes; Pregnancy; Family Support Scale, 46 Trauma Family system model, 2, 191, 193 Fetal fractures, 102; see also Abuse; Fetal Family therapy, 193 complications, Pregnancy; Trauma Family Violence Prevention Fund, 151 Fetal growth, excessive, 102 Fantasies, 201 Fetal hypoxia, 102; see also Abuse; Fetal Fatal/fatality, 28; see also Death; Femicide; complications/ outcomes; Psychosocial Homicide; Suicide stress; Pregnancy Fathers, 24, 161, 184; see also Abductions; Fetus, vii, 8, 11, 157; see also Abuse; Fetal Abuse; Child abuse; Child custody; complications/ outcomes; Homicide; Childhood/children; Courts; Criminal Neglect; Pregnancy; Threats; Trauma justice system; Family; Family Fights, 19 break-up; Family conflicts; Husbands; Filing fees, 108; see also Violence Against Mothers; Parents Women Act Perpetrators/ offenders; Financial, viii, 7-8, 11-14,27,37,41,70,79, Separation/ estrangement; Spouses 83,88,91,109,117,140,147,176,186, Fatigue, 75-77, 80, 82, 156; see also Sleep 190,194,203,205; see also Abuse; disturbance/ disorders Dependency; Income; Poverty; Fear, 44, 54, 66, 74-75, 86-87,93,109,124, Socioeconomic status 131, 136, 154-155, 170; see also Abuse; Flashbacks, 76 Contraceptives; Death; Family Follow-up, 57, 78, 125, 127, 130, 148, 170, break-up; Homicide; Pregnancy; 179-181,185,191,197-198; see also Threats; Victimization/victims Abuse; Assessment; Detect/detection; 268 Subject Index

Follow-up (cant.) Genitals, 157; see also Abuse; Body maps; Interventions; Program evaluation; Injuries; Trauma Screening Georgia, 193 Food, 70; see also Nutrition/diet Germany, 49 Foreign, 49, 51, 56; see also Abductions; Gestational age, 29, 102, 146; see also Abuse; Abuse; Countries; Criminal justice Fetal complications/outcomes; system; Immigration; Laws/legal; Pregnancy; Trauma Restraining orders Gifts, 75; see also Indulgences Forensic, 133; see also Abuse; Assessment; Gonorrhea, 98; see also Maternal Courts; Criminal justice system; complications; Sexually transmitted Detect/ detection; Documentation; diseases Health care provider; Laws/legal; Government, 47, 134; see also Courts; Liability; Medical care services; Criminal Justice system; Federal; Police Laws/legal; Legislation/legislators; Fractures, 98,102,147,157; see also Abuse; Medical/health care services; Assessment; Bleeding; Body maps; Organizations; Police; Policies; States; Detect/ detection; Documentation; Surveys Extremities; Face/neck; Fetal Greek,48 complications/ outcomes; Injuries; Grief theory, 80-81; see also Abuse; Grieving; Maternal complications/outcomes; Loss; Separation/ estrangement; Theory Trauma; Wounds Grieving, 9, 80-81; see also Abuse; Fretful behaviors, 45; see also Behavioral Depression; Loss; Trauma; problems Psychological impact; Social impact Friends, 54, 65, 74, 113, 116, 143; see also Group intervention/treatment model, 181, Coping 193-194,196-197; see also Abuse; Frustration, 4, 92,170,203; see also Abuse; Conflict; Interventions; Program Anger; Anger management; evaluation; theory Treatment; Detect/ detection; Health care providers Victimization/victims Full-term delivery, 106; see also Pre-term Group process, 193-194; see also Abuse; birth/ delivery Interventions; therapy; Treatment Funding, 132 Guilt, 77, 82-83, 109 Guilty, 58; see also Convictions; Courts; Gastrointestinal problems, 97-98,139,144, Criminal justice system 155-156; see also Abdominal Gynecological problems, 69, 139; see also Gender / gender differences, 7,23,38,49,61, Health problems; 72,76,110,118-120,122,163,166-167, Obstetricians / gynecologists 184, 194, 213-223; see also Attitudes; Gynecological surgery, 101 Abuse; Cultures/ cultural; Guns, 28, 31, 115, 156, 158, 174, 187; see also Demographic/social; Discrimination; Injuries; Rampage; Threats; Trauma; Dominance; Exposure; Fair / equitable; Victimization/ victims; Weapons; Income; Justice; Patriarchal; Wounds Perpetrators/ offenders; Power / authority; Roles; Sex roles; Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of Sexism; Training/ education International Child Abduction, 49 Gender-specific, 194 Harassment, 111, 125-126,221-222; see also General practitioners, 98,153,161,168-171; Abuse; Courts; Psychosocial distress; see also Family practice; Family Psychosocial impact; Restraining practitioners; Health care providers; orders; Sexual harassment Physicians; primary care; Professionals Harmony, 38; see also Cultures/cultural; Genetic, 80 Japan Subject Index 269

Hawaii, 80 HIV/S11)testing, 16, 155 Head/neck/throat trauma, 25, 28, 98, 115, Home, 3, 42, 44, 49, 53, 65, 82, 92,115-116, 146, 157; see also Abuse, physical; 121,126,143,173-174, 17frl77, 184; see Abuse, sexual; Blunt instrument; also Abuse, Injuries; Live/reside; Injuries; Strangulation; Trauma; Observing/witnessing violence; Victimization/victims Perpetrators / offenders; Police; Police Headaches, 97, 155; see also Abuse; reports / contacts; Restraining orders; Migraines; Psychosocial distress; Safety/security; Trauma Psychosocial impact Home visits, 179 Healing, 157; see also Abuse; Bleeding; Body Homecoming, 20 maps; Injuries; Wounds Homeland, 51 HEALS, 196 Homeless, 45-46; see also Shelters Health care providers, vii-x, 31,41,74, 85, Homicide/murder, 8, 10,27-32,61-62,66, 117,131-132,134,137,147,152-153, 115,123,129,131,139,144-145,146, 155,158,169,171,173-176,183-201, 15frl58, 173-174, 176, 189,205; see also 206 Abuse, physical; Abuse, psychological; Health care provider report, 134-135; see Abuse, sexual; Assessment; Deaths; also Mandatory reporting; Laws/legal; Documentation; Femicide; Health care Legislation/legislators; Policies providers; Mortality Ratio; Records; Health maintenance organization, 13fr137, Retaliate/revenge; 147,162; see also Abuse; Assessment; Separation/estrangement; Suicide; Detect/ detection; Organizations; Threats; Trauma; Victimization/victims Protocols; Treatment Honduras, 49 Health problems, 14,20,31,41,69,81,102, Honeymoon period, 10; see also Pregnancy, 139, 175; see also Abuse, physical; time periods Abuse, sexual; Chronic; Assessment; Hopeless, 14, 77, 79; see also Depression; Injuries; Psychosocial distress; Psychosocial impact Psychosocial impact; Trauma; Hormonal, 103; see also Abuse; Post Victimization/victims Traumatic Stress Disorder Health-risk assessment, 187-188; see also Hospital discharge, 144 Abuse; Assessment; Detect/detection; Hospitals, 22-23, 33, 43, 65, 113, 115, Health care providers; 132,144,148,160-161,181,194; Perpetrators/ offenders see also Health care providers; Helplessness, 79, 183; see also Leamed Medical care services; helplessness Training/education Hepatitis, 71 Hospitalizations, 13,22,65,103-104,139, Hispanic, fr7, 29, 37-39, 59-64, 89, 91, 100, 143-144,147,173 m, 113-114, 128-129, 140-143, 147, 180, Hostility, 71, 195; see also Anger; Abuse, 213-217; see also Abuse; Census tracts; Physical, Abuse, psychological; Ethnic/racial, Psychosocial impact Community /neighborhood; Hotlines, 140, 174, 177; see also Abuse; Income; Pregnancy; Socioeconomic Counseling; Organizations; Resources status Houston, Texas, 37 Hit, 2, 26, 83, 152, 218-219; see also Abuse; Humiliation, 96, 173; see also Abuse; Assault; Bleeding; Body maps; Criticism, Denigrate; Shame Emergency medical care; Husbands, 24, 82-83, 86, 98, 183-201; see also Hospitalization; Injuries; Punched; Abuse; Couples; Courts; Criminal Trauma; Wounds justice system; Family; HI\!, ix, 71-72, 74, 98-101, 155, 188,203; see Perpetrators/ offenders; Restraining also Sexually transmitted diseases orders; Spouses; Wives 270 Subject Index

Hypersomnia, 75, 77; see also Abuse; Inequality, 41, 49; see also Abuse; Courts; Psychosocial distress; Psychosocial Criminal justice system; impact; Sleep disturbances/ Discrimination; Ethnic/racial; disorders Fair / equitable; Gender; Justice; Hypertension, 102, 156; see also Abuse; Laws/legal; Prejudice Maternal complications/ outcomes; Infants, 20, 103, 145, 156; see also Abuse; Pregnancy; Trauma Babies; Maternal Hypervigilance, 76; see also Abuse; complications/ outcomes; Neonatal; Psychosocial distress; Psychosocial Neonatal complications/ outcomes; impact Trauma Infections, 35,97, 102, 155; see also Abuse; Idiosyncrasy, 120 HIV; Maternal Illegal, 27; see also Abuse; Criminal justice complications/ outcomes; Pregnancy; system; Criminals/crime; Laws/legal Sexually transmitted diseases; Trauma; Illinois, 27-28, 108 Vaginal infections Illinois State Police, 108 Infertility, 85; see also Abuse; Criticism; Immigrants/immigration, 51, 134, 136; see Denigrate; Humiliate; Pregnancy; also Abductions; Abuse; Countries; Sexual performance Criminal justice system; Foreign; Information, 107, 121, 123; see also United States Immigration and Assessment; Arrests; Courts; Criminal Naturalization Services justice system; Danger; Danger risk Immunity, 135; see also Abuse; Health care assessment; Detect/detection; orders providers; Laws/legal; Mandatory of protection; Police; Referrals; reporting Resources Impaired functioning, 74; see also Abuse; Injuries, 24, 27-31, 33-34, 41, 44, 69, 73, 98, Alcohol and or drugs; 105,114-115,120,122-123,134-136, Decision-making; Mental disorders; 139,144,146-147,152,154,156-158, Psychosocial distress; Psychosocial 162; see also Abuse, physical; Abuse; impact sexual; Assessment; Deaths; Disability; Incarceration/jail, 49, 109, 123, 131, 190, Emergency medical care; Health care 222-223; see also Abuse; Arrest; Assault; providers; Hospitalization; Maternal Courts; Criminal justice system; outcomes/complications; Neonatal Decision-making; Demeanor; outcomes/complications; Screening; Perpl;!trators/ offenders; Police Trauma; Victimization/victims Incidence, viii, 43-44, 62, 105; see also Abuse; Insecure, 195; see also Abuse; Attachment Prevalence; Rates; Research theory; Dysfunctional; Trauma methods / measurement Insomnia, 75-77, 80; see also Abuse; Fatigue; Income, 6, 36, 52, 59, 101, 111, 113, 119, 130, Psychosocial distress; Psychosocial 204,213--218; see also Census tracts; impact; Sleep disturbances/disorders Community /neighborhood; Poverty; Instability, 15, 86 Socioeconomic status Institutional, 132; see also Organizations Index of Spouse Abuse, 29; 79; see also Instructional, 164, 166-167, 171, 195, see also Abuse; Couples Curriculum; Faculty; Health care India, 21, 146, 157 provider; Instructional; Training Indigent, 51; see also Income; Poverty; Instruments, 25, 36, 43; see also Abuse; Socioeconomic status Assessment; Detect/detection; Indigestion, 98; see also Gastrointestinal Instruments; Protocols; Scales; problems Questionnaires; Reliable; Research Individuation, 81 methods / measurement; Indulgences, 75 Training/ education; Validity Subject Index 271

Insult, 162; see also Abuse; Denigrate; Intrauterine growth restrictions, 101-102; Humiliate see also Abuse; Pregnancy Insurance,91,159-160 Intrusive, 76 Intention, 135, 186, 189; see also Pregnancy, Irritability, 76-77; see also Post Traumatic unplanned/ unintended Stress Disorder Interactions/dynamics, ix, 2, 61, 75--76,92, Isolation/Isolating behaviors, ix, 1, 70, 184-185,201,209; see also Abuse; 76-77,155,173; see also Abuse, Conflict; Couples; Dysfunctional; physical; Abuse, psychological; Social Family; Parents; Relationships; Roles; support Spouses; Trauma International, 51; see also Abductions; Japan, 38, 88,94; see also Asian; Courts; Criminal justice system; Ethnic/racial; Cultures/ cultural Foreign; Laws/legal Jason,48 International Parental Kidnapping Act of Jealousy, viii, 1, 3, 8-9, 31, 48,186,203, 1993,48-49 219-220; see also Adultery/cheating Internists, 163, 168, 171; see also Health Jobs: see Workplace/jobs care providers; Primary care; Joint Commission in Accreditation of Physicians Healthcare Organization, 132, 178; see Interracial, 52; see also Ethnic/ racial also Abuse; Policies Interstate, 58 Joys of pregnancy, viii Interventions, vii, ix-x, 1, 6, 46, 56-57, 88, Judges, 49,190; see also Abuse; Convict; 131, 148, 174-201,207; see also Courts; Court-mandated treatment; Curriculum; Experiments; Program Criminal justice system; evaluation; Public health; Research Criminals / crime; methods / measurement; Perpetrator / offender; Police; sample/sampling; Stages of Prosecution; Sentencing; Change; Statistics; Victimization/victims Training/ education Judgment, 93 Interviews, 45, 74, 94, 127, 129, 136-137, Jurisdiction, 48, 55,111,119,122,159; see also 152-153,160,174,183,197; see also Abuse; Abductions; Courts; Criminal Abuse; Denial; Detect/detection; justice system Disclosure; Research Justice, 58, 194 methods / measurement; Juvenile court, 131; see also Courts; Criminal Sample/sampling; Statistics; Surveys; justice system Telephone Intimacy, viii, 34, 58, 62-63, 65, 92, 100, 193, Kansas City, Missouri, Police Department, 203; see also Abuse; Communication; 146 Contraceptives; Couples; Dating; Kentucky, 160 Disclosure; Husbands; Sexual intimacy; Kick, 152, 194; see also Abuse; Injuries; Wives Trauma Intimidation, 62-65, 69-70, 92-94, 112, 157; Kidnapping: see Abductions see also Abuse, physical; Abuse, Abuse, Kidney, 103; see also Abuse; Infections; psychological; Abuse, sexual; Child Maternal complications/outcomes; abuse; Child custody; Conflict; Pregnancy; Trauma Contraceptives; Controlling behaviors; Kill: see Homicide/murder Couples; Courts; Dating; Dependents; King County, Washington, 143 Hostility; Perpetrator / offender; Rage; Knives/ stab, 28; 123, 156, 158, 187; see also Restraining orders Abuse; Emergency medical care; Intoxication, 122; see also Alcohol and or Hospitalization; Injuries; Trauma; drugs; Arrests; Police Weapons 272 Subject Index

Knowledge, 155, 166-169, 183, 206; see also Liability, 135; see also Abuse; Child abuse; Abuse; Assessment; Detect/ detection; Courts; Elder abuse; Laws/legal; Health care providers; Interventions; Legislation; Mandatory reporting; Medical school; Nurses; Practice Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of guidelines; Program evaluation; California; Warn; Screening; Social workers; Liberty, 111, 206, 221-222; see also Abuse; Training/ education Courts; Restraining orders Korea, 181; see also Cultures/cultural; License, 188 Ethnic/ racial Life events, 39, 77, 79-80, 90; see also Abuse; Trauma Labeling, 114; see also Abuse Lifestyle, 15, 73, 201 Law enforcement: see Police Ligaments, 158; see also Abuse; Body maps; Labor, 90; see also; Delivery; Pregnancy Detect/ detection; Injuries; Trauma Lacerations, 115, 141, 157; see also Light-headed, 75, 82 Injuries; Placenta, Placental damage; Literature review, vii Trauma Live/reside, 33, 59, 65, 83, 91, 99,108,111, Laws/legal, vii, ix, 27,44,48,51,57-58, 113,118,122-124,126,134-136,143, 60-61,107,117,126,131-137,140,174, 176-177,210,213-215,220; see also 176, 183, 189,206; see also Arrests; Census tracts; Cohabitation; Assessment; Courts; Criminal justice Community /neighborhood; Couples; system; Documentation; Health care Home; Husbands; providers; Judges, Perpetrators/ offenders; Wives Legislation/legislators; Mandatory Liver, ruptured, 102, 156; see also Abuse; reporting; Police; Policies; Records; Detect/ detection; Maternal Statues complications; outcomes; Pregnancy; Laws, civil, 107; see also Courts; Restraining Trauma orders Locus of control, 15, 79, 93 Laws, criminal, 107; see also Abuse; Arrests; London, UK, 90 Courts; Criminal justice system; Lonely, 36; see also Isolation; Social support Incarceration/jail; Mandatory Longitudinal, 24-25, 35-36,46,77, 129, 180, reporting; Perpetrator/offender 184; see also Research Leadership, 120 methods / measurement; Learned helplessness, 79; see also Depression Sample/ sampling; Statistics Learned helplessness scale, 79 Los Angeles City Attorney, 58; see also Legal: see Courts; Criminal justice; Criminal justice Laws/legal; Mandatory reporting; Los Angeles County District Attorney's Restraining orders Office, 57 Legal guardian, 161 Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department, Legislation/legislators, vii, 109; see also 57, see also Criminal justice Abuse; Courts; Criminal justice Los Angeles Police Department, 57; see also system; Federal; Government; Criminal justice Laws/legal; Mandatory reporting; Losing control/going crazy, 75; see also States; Statues Mental disorders; Nervous breakdown Leon, Nicaragua, 21 Loss, 55, 111, 195,204; see also Abductions; Lethal, 158; see also Abuse; Assessment; Abuse; Family break-up; Fear; Danger; Danger risk assessment; Psychosocial distress; Psychosocial Detect/ detection; Fatal; Femicide; impact; Separation/ estrangement; Homicide; Liability; Prevention; Trauma; Victimization/victims Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of Loss of consciousness, 98 California; Threats; Weapons Loss of interest or pleasure, 77 Subject Index 273

Love, 19, 58, 109, 114; see also Abuse; Baby; Maternal death, 28; see also Femicide; Couples; Cycle of violence; Husbands; Homicide; Maternal Intimacy; Separation/ estrangement; complications/ outcomes; Suicide Wives Maternal weight gain, 102; see also Post Low birth weight, ix, 102, 104-105; see also Traumatic Stress Disorder Abuse; Post Traumatic Stress Disorder; Mauritius, 49 Pregnancy Measures: see Abuse; Protocols; Research methods / measurement; Scales Machismo, 6, 39, 60, 204; see also Medea,48 Cultures / cultural; Dominance; Gender; Media, 38, 47, 192; see also Abuse; Hispanic; Marianismo; Patriarchal Cultures / cultural; Organizations; Sex Male dominance, 2, 38, 60, 190, 193; see also roles Machismo, Patriarchal Mediate, 188 Mandatory arrests; see Arrests Medicaid, 4, 91,103,160; see also Census Mandatory reporting, 134-137, 151, 174, tracts; Community / neighborhood; 183, 189,204, see also Assessment; Income; Poverty; Socioeconomic status Abuse; Detect/detection; Medical examiner, 28-29 Documentation; Health care providers; Medical history, 105, 187-188; see also Laws/legal; Policies Assessment; Detect/detection; Manipulative, 4, 51, 56; see also Controlling Documentation; Health care providers; behaviors; Exploitation Medical/health care services; Marianismo, 6-7, 204; see also Pregnancy; Records; Training Cultures/cultural; Ethnic/racial; Medical/health care services, ix, 7, 13, 31, Machismo 57,70,74-75,82,105,113,134-137, Marital problems; see also Child Custody; 143-149, 152, 181,203,205; see also Courts; Criminal Justice; Family Health care providers; Hospitals; conflicts; Police; Restraining Hospitalization; Training orders Medical/health care system, 135 Marijuana, 73, 95; see also Abuse; Alcohol Medical schools, 132, 153, 163-167, 171; see and or drugs; Coping also Abuse; Curriculum; Instructional; Marital status, 52, 59, 86-87, 111, 119, Faculty; Training/education 142,200; 213-216; see also Dating; Medications, 147 Marriage Memory, 22-23, 75; see also Cognitive Marriage, 43, 52, 56, 58-59, 80, 83, 108, 111, problems; Psychosoocial difficulties; 119-120,140,159,166,191,213-216, Psychosocial distress; Psychosocial 218; see also Abuse; Children; Courts; impact Cultures/ cultural; Divorce; Family Men Stopping Violence Program, 193 conflicts; Husbands; Marital status; Mental disorders, 69, 75, 128, 133, 139, 143, Separation/ estrangement; Spouses; 200; see also Anxiety; Delusions; Restraining orders; Wives Paranoid; Psychosocial difficulties; Marriage counseling, 56, 83; 194, 199; see also Psychosocial impact Counseling; Health care providers; Mental health, 31, 70, l33, 139,200; see also Husbands; Therapy; Wives Counseling; Mental disorders; Maryland, 28 Psychosocial distress; Psychosocial Massachusetts, 29, 108, 117, 119, 145 impact; Social services; Therapy Massachusetts State Police, 108 Mental health facilities/system, 135, 139, Matched, 199; see also Control group 174,181; see also Counseling; Maternal complications/outcomes, ix, 30, Detect/ detection; Mental disorders; 70,88,97-106,139,156,158,194; see also Psychosocial distress; Psychosocial Abuse; Pregnancy; Trauma impact; Therapy; Trauma 274 Subject Index

Mentor mothers, 179 Moral,58 Mercy /Unity hospitals, 148-149 Morbidity, 45-46, 78, 105; see also Abuse; Methadone maintenance treatment, 71,74; Health problems; Maternal see also Alcohol and or drugs; complications/ outcomes; Neonatal Counseling; Counselors; complications/ outcomes; Pregnancy; Detect! detection; Health care Psychiatric; Psychological; providers; Therapists; Treatment; Psychosocial distress; Psychosocial Substance abuse treatment impact; Psychosocial Problems; Methodology, 197; see also Questionnaires; Psychosomatic Research methods/measurement; Mortality: see Deaths; Femicide; Homicide; Sample/ sampling procedures; Suicide Statistics Mortality ratio, 29-30 Mexico, 2, 6; see also Foreign Mothers, ix, 30, 34, 43, 45, 52, 69, 78, 119, Mexican-Americans, 19, 37, 100; see also 159,160-161,179,182,186; see also Cultures/ cultural; Census tracts; Abuse; Children; Family; Parents; Community /neighborhood; Pregnancy Ethnic/racial, Hispanic; Socioeconomic Motives/motivation, 48, 192,200-201; see status also Abuse; Conflict Michigan, 103, 108; see also Restraining Motor vehicle collisions, 28-29; see also orders Abuse; Automobiles/cars; Injuries; Midwest, 209 Trauma Migraines, 97; see also Abuse; Headaches; Multi-center, 35, 105; see also Research Psychosocial distress; Psychosocial methods/ measurement impact Murder: see Death; Femicide; Homicide Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 163 Musculoskeletal disorders, 139, 157; see also Minimize, 185, 187, 190; see also Denial Abuse; Assessment; Detect/detection; Disclosure Medical/health care services; Minneapolis, Minnesota, 147 Psychosocial Distress, Trauma Minneapolis Domestic Violence Motives/motivation, 192,200-201; see also Experiment, 129 Abuse; Conflict Minnesota, 129, 147-148, 191 Mutual, 128; see also Restraining orders Minority, 100; see also Ethnic/racial; Income; Mutuality, 198 Socioeconomic status My ths, 48 Miscarriage, 66, 103; see also Abuse; pregnancy; Maternal Nairobi, Kenya, 16 complications/outcomes; Stalking and Narcissism, 3-4, 185; see also Personality Violence Project; Trauma disorders Misdemeanor, 58, 107; see also Arrests; Narratives, 210; see also Stalking and Courts; Criminal justice; Laws/legal; Violence Project; Research Restraining orders methods/ measurement Misdiagnosis, 170; see also Abuse; National, 39,108; see also Federal; Violence Assessment; Detect/Detection; Against Women Act Referrals National Alcohol and Family Violence Missed appointments, 43, 159; see also Survey, 39 Abuse; Compliance National Conference of Commissioners on Monitor, 174; see also Abuse; Follow-up Uniform State Laws, 109; see also Laws, Monopolization, 75 legal; Legislation; Restraining orders; Mood, 77, 102; see also Anxious, Depression, Statues Disability; Homicide, Mental disorders; National Crime Victimization Survey, Postpartum; Psychosocial distress; 113-114,117 Psychosocial impact; Sad, Suicidal National Health Interview Survey, 14 Subject Index 275

National Violence Against Women Survey, Non-Whites, 7, 136; see also Census tracts; 23 Community/neighborhood; Native Americans, 100; see also Ethnic/ Ethnic/racial; Minority; Socioeconomic racial status Nausea, 75, 156; see also Abdominal; NonconfOrmity, 20 Gastrointestinal Non-judgmental, 176 Needs, 42 Norms, 6, 37,193,204; see also Abuse; Negative attitudes, 185; see also Attitudes Cultures/ cultural; Roles; Sex roles; Neglect, 47, 111-112, 125, 205; see also Abuse, Sexism Babies; Children, Courts; Criminal North Carolina, 28, 72, 98 justice system; Fetal North Carolina Pregnancy Risk Assessment complications/ outcomes; Monitoring System, 145 Perpetrators/ offenders; Pregnancy; Null hypothesis, 61, 92; see also Research Restraining orders methods/ measurement Negligence, 135, 170; see also Abuse; Laws, Nurses, vii, 41,74,139,163,174-175; see also legal; Misdiagnosis Abuse; Assessment; Health care Negotiations, 74, 93, 185; see also Abuse; providers; Professional!managerial; Contraceptives; Fear; Psychosocial Social services; Training/education distress Nurturing environment, 52 Neighborhoods: see Nutrition/diet, 15, 70, 73, 155; see also Eating Community /neighborhood Problem; Lifestyles; Psychosocial Neonatal, ix, 11, 102; see also Baby; distress; Psychosocial impact; Trauma Pregnancy Neonatal birth weight, ix, 102; see also Objective structured clinical examination Abdominal; Abuse; Injuries; (OSCE), 165; see also Abuse; Pregnancy; Post Traumatic Stress Assessment; Detect/detection; Training Disorder; Trauma Observing/witnessing violence, 42-43, 45, Neonatal complications/outcomes, 88, 90, 66,81,116--117,122; see also Assessment; 102-105,139; see also Abuse; Maternal Child abuse; Detect/detection; Health complications/outcomes; Pregnancy; care provider; Home Psychosocial distress; Psychosocial Obsessive, 31, 75,120,194; see also impact; Trauma Controlling behaviors; Mental Neonatal intensive care units, 10~ 104; see disorders; Psychopathology; also Abuse; Alcohol and or drugs; Relationships; Stalking/ obsessive Neonatal complications/outcomes; following; Trauma Networks, 51,179; see also Interventions; Obstetric and gynecologic history, 158 Program evaluation; Social support Obstetricians/Gynecologists, 3~, 82, 89, Neuroendocrine changes, 102-103; see also 91,104,145,153,168--169,171; see also Psychosocial distress; Post Traumatic Health care providers; Stress Disorder; Trauma Training/education Neurotransmitters, 80 Occupational, viii, 51-52; see also Income; Newborn, ix, see also Baby, Neonatal; Socioeconomic status; Unemployment; Neonatal complications / outcomes; Workplace/jobs Pregnancy Ohio, 178 New England, 167 Optimism, 175-176 New Haven, Connecticut, 160 Orders of protection: see Restraining orders New York City, 27-28, 146 Organizations, 31, 132, 134-137, 140, No-drop policies, 120, 122-123, 137; see also 148--149,166; 182; 192; see also Clinics; Abuse; Arrests; Prosecution Community / neighborhood; Courts; No-option policies, 122: see Arrests; Criminal justice system; Health No-drop policies maintenance organization; Hospitals; 276 Subject Index

Organizations (cont.) Pediatricians (cont.) Interventions; Police; Program Baby; Child abuse; evaluation; Shelters; Support groups; Childhood/ children; Curriculum; Treatment Outpatient: see Ambulatory Detect! detection, Health care providers; Instructional; Mothers; Pact, 49 Training/ education Pain, 71; 97, 155; see also Abuse; Bleeding; Penalties, 135; see also Courts; Criminal Body maps; Detect/ detection; justice; Discipline; Laws/legal; Documentation; Health care providers; Punishment Injuries; Medical care services; Records; Pelvic fracture, 102; see also Abuse; Screening; Trauma; Pregnancy; Trauma Victimization/ victims; Wounds Pelvic inflammatory disease, 100 Palpitations, 75; see also Abuse, physical; Pelvic pain, 97 Abuse, psychological; Health problems; Pennsylvania, 136, 144, 162 Panic attacks, 75; see also Abuse; physical; Perceptions, 62-64,115--117,130,167,186; Abuse, psychological; Abuse, sexual; see also Abuse; Assessment; Attitudes; Health problems; Mental disorders; Detect/ detection; Disclosure Psychosocial impact; Psychosocial Perinatal deaths, 101; see also Abuse; problems Femicide; Homicide Pap smears, 145 Perpetrators/offenders, vii, x, 1, 31, 55, Paranoid, 51, 56; see also Abuse; Delusions; 58-63,70,75--76,97,91,118-122,154, Mental disorders; Psychosocial impact; 181,183-201,206,213,215-223 Psychosocial problems Personal protection orders (PPO): see Parental! child/ infant bond, 42 Restraining orders Parental fighting, 36; see also Abuse; Personality disorders, 3, 78,185,191,198; see Conflict also Abuse; Mental disorders; Parental attitudes, 46; see also Attitudes Perpetrators/ offenders; Program Parental rejection, 3 evaluation; Treatment Parenting style, 45 Personality tests, 198 Parents, ix, 24, 46, 55--56, 63, 65, 82, 91-92, Pets, violence toward, 31 112,117,120,159-160,180-181,184, phobia, 75; see also Mental disorders; 213,216-217,221; see also Abductions; Psychosocial distress; Psychosocial Abuse; Child custody; Couples; Family, impact; Psychosocial problems Husbands; Mothers; Restraining Photographs, 158; see also Abuse; Body orders; Wives maps; Detect/detection; Parity, 104 Documentation; Injuries; Laws/legal; Partners, 8, 120; see also Abuse; Couples; Trauma; Wounds Dating; Husbands; Wives Physical strength, 2; see also Abuse; Passive-aggressive personality 9, 185; see Dominance also Personality disorders Physically restrained, 65--66, 114 Passports, 55; see also abductions Physicians, vii, ix, 31, 74, 134, 136, 145, 158, Pathology, 4; see also Abuse; Mental 163,171,174-176; see also Dental disorders; Psychopathology services/schools; Family physicians; Patient consent, 132, 136; see also Family practice; General practitioners; Consent Health care providers; Medical/health Patient-physician communication, 136, care services; 174-176; see also Communication Obstetricians / gynecologists; Patriarchal, 2, 120, 186; see also Attitudes Pediatricians; Podiatric Pediatricians, 41, 43-44,156,159-160,163, services/schools; Primary care; 169, 182; see also Abuse Assessment; Training/ education; Treatment Subject Index 277

Physician office visits, ix, 31, 35, 43, 74, 82, Postpartum, viii, 18-20,22-23,33-34,78, 147,152,158-159,170,174-176; see also 102,153,168,173,178,203-204; see also Detect/ detection; Health care Abuse; Pregnancy providers; Training Postpartum mood disorders, 102; see also Physician-patient relationship, 135 Abuse; Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Physiological: see Biological Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, 13, 42, 69, Pilot study, 148; see also Experiment; 75-76,81102-103,156,173,185,198; see Intervention; Program evaluation; also Abuse, physical, Abuse, Research methods / measurement psychological; Abuse, sexual; Mental Placental damage, 102-103, 141; see also disorders; Psychosocial distress; Abruptio placentae; Abuse; Fetal Psychological impact; Psychosocial complications/ outcomes; Maternal problems complications / outcomes; Placental Poverty /indigent, viii, 4-6, 36,41,56,86,88, lacerations; Pregnancy; Trauma 111, 113, 119,204, 213; see also Abuse; Placental laceration, 103; see also Abuse; Census tract; Fetal complications/ outcomes; Community / neighborhood; Maternal complications/outcomes; Ethnic/racial; Financial; Income; Pregnancy; Trauma Socioeconomic status; Unemployment Pleasure, 77; see also Joy Power / authority, vii, 2, 11,51, 60-61, 66-67, Podiatric services/ schools, 163; see also 78,86,147,186,190,194,203; see also Training Abuse; Controlling behaviors; Courts; Poisoning, 144 Criminal Justice; Machismo; Police/law enforcement, vii, ix, 7, 36, 42, 44, Marianismo; Perpetrators/offenders; 58,63-65,107-137,141,143,146,159, Police 170, 174, 197, 203, 205-206 see also Practice guidelines, 168; see also Health care Assaults; Arrests; Courts; Criminal providers; Policies justice; Victims; Practice styles, 168-170; see also Abuse; Perpetrators/offenders; Witnesses Detect/detection; Health care Police culture, 108, 120 providers; Medical schools; Police reports/contacts, 42,64,113-114,117, Safety / security; Screening 134, 148, 159, 222; see also Abuse; Precautions, 155, 220; see also HIV /STD Arrests; Criminal justice system; testing; Home; Safety/security; Safety Decision-making; Police; Restraining plan/planning orders Preconception period, 87 Policies, 119-120, 122-123, 131-137, 178, 182, Pregnancy, vii-ix, 1, 3, 6, 21-22, 24-26, 29, 36, 206; see also Abuse; Counselors; Courts; 44,65-66,70-73,76-78,82-83,85-106, Criminal justice system; Health care 111-116,118-119,123-124,129,139-147, providers; Laws/legal; 140,144,147,154-156,158,168, Legislation/legislators; Therapists 173-175,178,184,194,203- 207, 209, Polite, 191 215-223; see also Abuse; Couples; Political, 190; see also Abuse; Courts; Criminal justice system; Fear; Cultures/cultural; Policies; Health care providers; Medical/health Power / authority; Roles; Social care services; Negotiation; structure Obstetricians / gynecologists; Population, 23, 80, 86, 103-104; see also Perpetrator / offender; Physicians; Demographic / social; Research Psychosocial distress; Psychosocial methods / measurement; impact; Victimization/victims; Trauma Sample/sampling procedures Pregnancy, adolescent/teenage, 18 Positive, 191 Pregnancy, closely-spaced, 15; see also Possessiveness, 3; see also Controlling Pregnancy, rapid-repeat 278 Subject Index

Pregnancy, ectopic, 102 Prevalence, vii-viii, 21-39, 43, 47, 73, 85, 87, Pregnancy intention, ix, 86-87, 96; see also 89,92,99-100,155,183,193-194, Abuse; Perpetrator / offender 204-205; see also Abuse; Incidence; Pregnancy, rapid-repeat, 88; see also Rates; Research Abuse Methods / measurement Pregnancy, closely-spaced; Prevention, x, 23, 141, 145, 189,207; see also Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring Abuse; Assessment; Curriculum; System, 21, 87 Detect/ detection; Health care Pregnancy, index, 100 providers; Instructional; Program Pregnancy, time periods, viii, 1, 10-11, 22, evaluation; Research 39,73,83,123,147,157-158; see also methods/measurement; Therapy; Gestational age Training/ education; Treatment Pregnancy trimester, 33, 146-147; see also Primary care, 90, 151, 153, 168, 174, 185, 187; Gestational age; Pregnancy, time see also Abuse; Detect/detection; periods Family practice; Physician office visits; Pregnancy, unplanned/unintended, viii, 15, Medical/health care services; Training 72,74,85-88,92-93,96; see also Abuse, Primiparous (1st pregnancy), 20 physical; Abuse, sexual; Private practice, vii, ix Perpetrator / offender Privacy, 135; see also Confidentiality; Laws, Prejudices, 121, 130; see also Attitudes; legal; Liability; Mandatory Reporting; Discrimina tion; Ethnic/ racial; Statutes Fair / equitable; Gender; Stereotypes Probability / risks/ odds, 22, 25, 29, 34, 37, Premature labor, ix, 11, 102-104; see also 61,69,72-73,78,80,86,89,91,94-95, Abuse, physical; Abuse; sexual; Labor, 99,101,112,119,121-123,128-129,142, Pregnancy; Neonatal 154,184-185,199-201; see also Abuse; Premature rupture of membranes, 102; see Arrest; Detect/detection; Health care also Abuse; Maternal providers; Risk factors Complications/outcomes; Pregnancy; Probable cause, 108; see also Arrests; Warrant Premature labor; Trauma Probation, 190; see also Criminal justice Prenatal, 13-14,33,37,70,72,78,95,98,114, system 147,153-155,167-168; see also Abuse; Problem-solving, 79, 188, 191, 193, 197; see Pregnancy also Cognitive; Decision-making Prenatal c1inic/ office visits, 25, 37, 88-89, 95, Productivity, 77; see also Abuse; Anxiety; 141,146-147,153-155,168;seealso Depression; Psychosocial distress; Abuse; Clinics; Detect / detection; Psychosocial impact; Workplace/jobs Health care providers; Physician office Professional/managerial, viii-x, 52, 83, 107, visits; Pregnancy; Prenatal; 128,132,187-188,206; see also Health Training/ education Pregnancy care providers; Socioeconomic status Prenatal education/ classes, 89 Program dropouts, 200; see also Abuse; Prestige, 2 Program evaluation; Pre-term birth/ delivery, 102, 104, 106; see Training/ education; Treatment also Abuse; Maternal Program evaluation, x, 1, 129-130, 148, complications/ outcomes; Neonatal 178-201; see also Abuse; Curriculum; complications/ outcomes Experiments; Hospitals; Instructional; Pre-term contractions, 102-104; see also Post Interventions; Questionnaires; Traumatic Stress Disorder Research methods/measurement; Pre-term labor, 104; see also Abuse; Sample/ sampling procedures; Maternal complications/outcomes; Statistics; Surveys; Training/education Pregnancy Promiscuous, 101; see also Risky sexual Pretext, 53 behaviors Subject Index 279

Prosecution, 57-58, 114, 117, 120, 133, 190; Psychosocial impact, viii, 14,31,41-42,66, see also Courts; Criminal justice; 69-71,74-78,81, 93-94, 97, 112, 133, Laws/legal; Police; Policies; 155, 175; see also Abuse, Alcohol and or Restraining orders; Sentencing; drugs; Anxiety, Child abuse; Threats; Witnesses Depression, Homicide; Medical/health Prospective,20,104-105,141-142,144;see care services; Mental disorders; also Research methods/measurement; Psychosocial distress; Psychosocial Sample/Sampling procedures; Surveys problems; Social support; Social Prostaglandin, 102 isolation; Suicidal; Training Protocols, ix, 43, 93, 132, 153, 170, 178, 181, Psychosocial problems, 35; see also Abuse; 187, 206, 209-211; see also Abuse; Anxiety, Depression, Homicide; Assessment; Curriculum; Danger; Medical/health care services; Mental Danger risk assessment; disorders; Psychosocial distress; Detect/ detection; Health care Psychosocial impact; Social isolation; providers; Hospital; Instructional; Social support; Suicidal; Instruments; Interventions; Laws/legal Training/education Questionnaires; Reliable; Research Psychosomatic, 71, 78; see also Abuse, methods / measurement; Scales; Anxiety; Depression; Health problems; Training/ education; Validity Medical/health care services, Psychiatric, 45--46, 75; see also Mental Psychosocial distress; Psychosocial disorders; Morbidity; Psychological; impact; Psychosocial problems; Psychosocial distress; Psychosocial Training/ education impact Psychostimulants, 69 Psychic conflict, 80 Public, 34, 37-38, 47,120,123,189 Psychoanalytic, 3, 128 Public health, 85, 88, 113-114, 129, 141, 168, Psychodynamic, process, 80-81, 192, 181; see also Interventions; Program 194-195,199 evaluations Psychoeducation, 193; see also Abuse; Puerto Rican, 37; see also Ethnic/racial; Instructional; Theory; Treatment Hispanic Psychological, 49, 78, 92, 203; see also Punched, 25; see also Abuse; Assaulted; Hit Counseling; Disability; Medical/health Punishment, 36,44,92; see also Abuse; Child care services; Mental disorders; abuse; Discipline; Penalties Psychsocial distress; Psychosocial Puerperal, 105; see also Maternal impact; Psychosocial problems; complications / outcomes Psychopathology; Therapy; Pushed/shoved,26,66,83,124,188,205, Training/ education 218-219 Psychological approach, ix, 191-192 Psychologist, vii, ix Qualitative, vii, 81; see also Research Psychomotor skills, 94, 96; see also methods / measurement Contraceptives; Alcohol and or drugs Quality of care, 159; see also Abuse; Psychopathology, 42, 45-46, 75, 128, 133, Detect/ detection; Courts; Disclosure; 139,143,155,185,191; see also Liability; Mandatory reporting; Medical/health care services; Mental Medical/health care services; Policies; disorders; Psychosocial distress; Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of Psychosocial impact; Psychosocial California; Warn problems; Training/education Quality of life, 127, 179; see also Abuse; Psychosis, 128 Advocacy; Assessment; Interventions; Psychosocial distress, viii, 31, 41-42, 66, Program evaluation; Restraining 69-71,74-78,81,93-94,97,112,133, orders; Safety/security; 155, 175,204 Victimization/victims 280 Subject Index

Quantitative, vii; see also Research Re-assault, 196, 198; see also Program methods/measurement; Statistics evaluation; Recidivism; Quebec, Canada, 200 Re-victimization; Treatment Questionnaires, 22, 43, 45,152-153,159-160, Recidivism, 129, 191, 197-198; see also 183, 187; see also Abuse; Abuse; Assault; Re-assault; Detect / detection; Interventions; Re-victimization; Treatment Interviews; Program evaluation; Reciprocal, 201; see also Abuse; Mutual Protocols; Research Recollections, 76 methods / measurement; Reconciliation, 126; see also Abuse; Sample/sampling; Scales; Surveys Restraining orders Quincy, Massachusetts, District Court, 119, Record~24,27-32, 130,133-134,146, 151, 127; see also Abuse; Courts; Criminal 158,161,181,185,196-197; see also justice system Abuse; Assessment; Detect/ detection; Documentation; Courts; Criminal Racial: see Ethnic/racial justice; Interventions; Medical/health Rage, 3, 55, 75, 83; see also Abuse; Anger; care services; Police; Program Health care providers; Hostility; evaluation; Restraining orders Interventions; Medical/health care Referrals, 83, 98,122-123,133,147-148,169; services; Program evaluation; Safety; see also Abuse; Assessment; Training; Victimization/victims Curriculum; Danger; Detect/ detection; Rampage, 115; see also Anger; Guns; Trauma Health care providers; Information; Random samples, 127, 136, 147, 179, 181, Police; Resources; Shelters; Social 200,210; see also Interventions; Program services; Training; Transportation evaluation; Research Regression, logistic, 92; see also Research methods / measurement; methods / measurement; Statistics Sample/sampling; Statistics; Surveys Reject, 65; see also Abuse; Loss; Mental Rape/sexual assault, 17-18, 23, 25-26, 31, disorders; Psychosocial distress; 34,60,72, 81, 87-88,90-92,99, 101, Psychosocial impact; 121-122,126,132-133,146,157,163, Separation/ estrangement 219; see also Abuse, physical; Abuse, Relationships, vii-viii, 10, 12,25, 46, 65, 80, psychological; Abuse, sexual; Child 93, 204; see also Abuse; Anger; Children; abuse; Conflict; Courts; Criminal justice Conflict; Couples; Criminal justice system; Detect/ detection; Health care system; Danger; Dating; providers; Hospitals; Medical/health Detect/ detection; Family; Husbands; care services; Post Traumatic Stress Interactions / dynamics; Parents; Disorder; Psychosocial distress; Sexual Perpetrators/ offenders; Police; coercion; Training; Trauma Psychosocial distress; Psychosocial Rates,S, 22, 27, 29, 38,41, 43-47, 71-73, 77, impact; Restraining orders; 86,99,105,120,128-130,139,142,153, Training/ education; 185,191,196; 198-199, 204; see also Separation/ estrangement; Spouses; Abuse; Child abuse; Homicide; Wives Hospitalization; Incidence; Relatives, 54, 80, 87, 140,213; see also Abuse; Interventions; Mortality ratios; Anger; Caregivers; Conflict; Danger; Prevalence; Program evaluation; Family; Interactions; Psychosocial Research methods/measurement; distress; psychosocial impact; Sample/sampling; Statistics Relationships; Restraining orders Readiness, 200; see also Abuse; Alcohol and Relaxation, 188, 192; see also Abuse; Anger; or drugs; Change; Interventions; Cognitive-behavior; Conflict; Motives/motivation; Program Perpetrator / offender; Treatment; Stress evaluation management Subject Index 281

Reliable, 152, 187, 205; see also Research Restraining orders, violations, 56, 62-63, methods / measurement; Validity 120,125-128; see also Abuse; Assaults Religious/religion, 51, 82140 Retaliate/revenge, vii, 3, 47-48, SO, 58, Relocation, 11,66, 143, 174-177, 201, 220; see 65-66,117,135,142,155,170 also Abuse; Coping; Danger; Divorce; Retrospective, 24, 143; see also Research Home; Live/reside; Resources; Social methods/measurement support; Separation/ estrangement Re-victimization, 90: see also Abuse; Assault; Reorganization, viii; see also Roles Re-assault; Victimization Replication, 129-130; see also Experiment; Ribs, 157; see also Abuse; Chest; Injuries Research methods/measurement Rights, 18 Reproductive decisions, 74; see also Abuse; Risk factors/markers, vii-ix, 1-20, 22, 29-31, Pregnancy 36,38,43,46, 69, 72, 74, 80, 85-87, Requirements, 132 90-92,198,102-104,128, 184-187; see Research methods/measurement, ix, 22-36, also Abuse; Adolescents/adolescence; 86,129-130,179-182,184,187,196-197, Arrests; Assessment; Children; 204-205; see also Questionnaires; Detect/detection; Hormonal; Maternal Sample/sampling procedures; complications/ outcomes; Neonatal Statistics; Surveys complications/ outcomes; Resentful, 54 Perpetrators/offenders Residential mobility, 5-6; see also Census Risk-taking behaviors, viii, 70, 72-74, 87, tract; Community /neighborhood, 99-101,104,125,161; see also Ethnic/racial; Income; Poverty; Adolescents/ adolescence Relocation; Socioeconomic status Risky sexual behaviors, 70, 72-74, 99-102; Residencies, 153, 164, 166; see also Abuse; see also Adolescents/adolescence; Assessment; Curriculum; Sexually transmitted diseases; Detect/ detection; Instructional; Unprotected/unsafe sex Interventions; Medical schools; Roles, viii-ix, 9,12,46,61, 171,186,190; see Program evaluation; also Adolescents/adolescence; Training/education Counselors; Dating, Family, Health care Resocialize, 193; see also Change; providers; Interactions; Physicians; Interventions; Program evaluation; Relatives; Spouses; Therapists Socialization Ruptured uterus, 102; see also Abuse; Resources,51,78-79,113,121,140-143,148, Pregnancy; Trauma 174, 184, 189,207; see also Abuse; Rural,23, 33, 37; see also Community /neighborhood; Community / neighborhood Curriculum; Hotlines; Instructional; Nurses; Organizations; Referrals; Social Sad, 77; see also Depressed, Detection; workers; Training/education Hospitalization; Mood; Suicidal, Respect, 4, 176 Treatment Responsibility, 191, 195 Safety/security, 44, SO, 79, 127, 143, 155, 158, Restless, 14; see also Abuse; Psychosocial 170,173,176-177,179,189,194,198, impact; Psychosocial problem 220; see also Abuse; Danger; Danger risk Restrained/detained, physically, 66, 114, assessment; Home; Protocols; 140, 152 Relocation; Restraining orders, Restraining orders, ix, 5, 44, 62-64, 67, 69, violations; Safety plan/planning 107-137,141,148,177,205-206,209 Safety plan/planning, 142, 158, 173, Restraining orders, civil, 107, 114 175-177,179,189; see also Abuse; Restraining orders, permanent or Advocacy; Coping; Danger; temporary, 107, 110-117, 120, 125-127, Interventions; Perpetrator / offender; 143 Program evaluation 282 Subject Index

Sample/sampling procedure, 22, 31, 36, Separation/ estrangement, viii, 10-11,47, 51, 42-43,61, 63, 90, 125, 128, 130, 147, 53,65,80-81,83,91--92,155,160, 204-205,209,213-218; see also Census 174-176,186,191,194,203-204, tracts; Ethnic/racial; Research 219-220; see also Abuse; Counseling; methods/measurement; Restraining Counselors; Courts; Curriculum; orders Danger; Danger risk assessment; San Francisco, California, 56 Divorce, Family break-up; Grief theory; Satisfaction, 159 Grieving; Health care providers; Scales, 23, 29, 36, 45-46, 77, 79, 187, 197; see Instructional; Loss; Mental disorders; also Abuse; Instruments; Police; Psychosocial distress; Questionnaires; Reliable; Research Psychosocial impact; Relocation; methods / measurement; Validity Restraining order; Stages of change; School attendance, 18 Therapists; Therapy; School environment, 73 Training/ education; Trauma School performance, 18 Sequelae, 199; see also Abuse School vacations, 53; see also Abductions Serostatus, 99; see also HIV Schools, 19, 73,163 Severity of Violence Against Women Scale, Screening, ix; 36, 43, 72,103,151-171, 89; see also Abuse; Research 183--201; see also Abuse; Assessment; methods / measurement Danger; Danger risk assessment; Sexism, 192-193; see also Attitudes; Detect/detection; Health care Cultures/ cultural; Patriarchal; Roles; providers; Hospitals; Hospitalization; Sex roles Perpetrators/ offenders; Physician Sex roles, 61,190,192; see also Abuse; office; Protocols; Questionnaires; Cultures/ cultural; Dating; Family; Referrals; Research Gender / gender differences; methods/measurement; Scales; Marriage; Patriarchal; Roles; Training/ education Socialization Screening, obstacles, 170-171 Sexual assault: see Rape/sexual assault Seasonal variations, 53; see also Sexual abuse: See Abuse, sexual abductions Sexual abuse allegations, 50 Seattle, Washington, 118, 125 Sexual abuse history, 158 Self-blame, 74 Sexual abuse kit, 158 Self- concept/identity, 80-81 Sexual assertiveness, viii Self-centered, 50 Sexual coercion, 17-19,72,74,86-88; see also Self-control, 195 Adolescents; Abuse; Intimidation; Self-criticism, 80, 175 Rape/sexual assault; Sexual initiation Self-defense, 124; see also Abuse; Sexual experience, 18 Safety / security Sexual foreplay, 18 Self-denial, 38 Sexual harassment, 38; see also Abuse; Self-destructive behaviors, 76; see also harassment; Psychosocial distress; Alcohol and or drugs; Suicide; Unsafe Psychosocial impact sex; Homicide Sexual initiation, 88, 100-101; see also Self-esteem, 4, 9, 70, 74, 76, 79-80, 127, Adolescence; Intimidation; Rape; 181 Sexual coercion Self-respect, 9 Sexual intercourse, 17-18,36,86,88,97, Sentencing, 190; see also Abuse; Convict; 100-101,186 Court-mandated treatment; Criminal Sexual intercourse, anal, 100 justice system; Judges; Probation; Sexual intercourse, painful, 97 Restraining orders; Sexual intimacy / intimates, 8, 12, 58, 66, Victimization/ victims 85-86,89; see also Abuse Subject Index 283

Sexual partners, multiple, 101 Social-legal problems, 38 Sexual performance, 85,96; see also Social pressure, 94 Abuse Social problems, 38 Sexually transmitted diseases, ix, 35, 72, 74, Social services, 38, 74,122-123,134,139-140, 97-101,155,157; see also 146,148,171, 181, 196-197; see also Adolescents/ adolescence; Abuse; Counseling; Counselors; Contraceptives; HIV; Intimidation; Curriculum; Health care providers; Precautions; Pregnancy; Rape/sexual Instructional; Resources; Shelters; assault; Reproductive decisions; Social workers; Training/education; Risk-taking behaviors; Risky sexual Victimization/victims behaviors Social skills, 193, 197; see also Abuse; Shaking, 75, 83; see also Abuse; Anxiety; Training/education; Treatment Psychosocial impact Social structure, 206 Shame, 3--4, 74, 109, 114, 117, 147; see also Social support, 14,46,51,70,78,95, Abuse; Humiliation 120, 143, 145, 155, 175, 179; see also Shelter services, ix, 78, 80, 83, 86-87, 99, 114, Abuse; Advocacy; Interventions; 121-123,139-141,145,148,174,179, Isolation; Networks; Program 203, 205, 220; see also Abuse; Police; evaluation Referrals Social workers, vii, 139, 163, 174-176; see also Shortness of breath, 75; see also Abuse; Assessment; Clinicians; Counseling; Anxiety; Health problems; Psychosocial Health care providers; Social services; distress; Psychosocial impact Treatment Sioux Falls, South Dakota, 148 Social system, 2 Situation, 137 Socialization, 80, 193; see also Abuse; Slapped, 44, 83, 152; see also Abuse; Assault; Adulthood; Children/ childhood; Hit Cultures/cultural; Family; Observing Sleep disturbances/disorders, 45, 75-76,80, violence; Re-socialize 82, 156; see also Abuse, Anxiety; health Socioeconomic status (SES), 5-6, 12, 14,25, problems; Disability; Fatigue; Post 36-39,52,56,59,86,88-89,100-101, Traumatic Stress Disorder; Psychosocial 104,106,111,113,119,129-130,184,200, distress; Psychosocial impact 204, 210, 213-218; see also Census tracts; Smoking/tobacco use, 13, 19, 69-70, 72-73, Community/neighborhood; 83, 87, 104; see also Abuse; Alcohol and Demographic; Income; Indigent; or drugs; Pregnancy; Poverty Perpetrator / offender Sociological, 49-50, 92; see also Abuse; Social/ sociological impact, viii-ix, 58, 63; see Conflict; Danger; Detect; Family; Post also Psychosocial; Sociological Traumatic Stress disorder; Psychosocial Social institutions, 2; see also distress; Psychosocial impact; Community / neighborhood; Psychosocial problems; Questionnaires; Institutional; Organizations Research methods/ measurement; Social isolation, ix; see also Abuse; Scales; Social; Social/behavioral Controlling behaviors; scientists Isolation/ isolating behaviors; Sociopathic, 51, 56 Perpetrators / offenders; Soft tissue injuries, 156; see also Abuse; Possessiveness; Social support Injuries; Trauma Social/behavioral scientist, 85; see also Solvents, 71; see also Alcohol and or drugs Psychological; Public health; South Africa, 18 Research methods/measurement; South Carolina, 110, 118; see also Restraining Sociological orders Social learning, 192 Southwestern, 129 284 Subject Index

Spanish,37, 141-143; see also Statistics, 27, 47, 61, 105, 129-130, 211, Bilingual/monolingual; English; 213-223; see also Chi-square; Ethnic/ racial; Hispanic Regression, logistic; Research Spleen, ruptured, 102, 156; see also Abuse; methods / measurement; Injuries; Maternal Sample/sampling complications/ outcomes; Pregnancy; Statutes, 108; see also Laws; Restraining Trauma orders Spouses, 5, 9, 12, 37-39; 61, 82--83, 88--89, Stepchildren, 31; see also Abuse; Children 91-92,119,156,184-185,183-201;see Stereotypes, 121, 154; see also Cultures/ also Abuse; Children; Couples; Courts; cultural; Ethnic/ racial; Prejudices Criminal justice system; Stigma, 117 see also Abuse; Shame Cultures/cultural; Danger; Family; Stockholm Syndrome, 75 Husbands; Injuries; Marriage; Stomach ulcers, 97; see also Abdominal; Patriarchal; Police; Power/authority; Gastrointestinal problems Restraining orders; Roles; Sex roles; Strangers, 47, 87; see also Third parties Socialization; Wives Stranger rape, 133; see also Rape/ sexual St. Paul, Minnesota, 147-148 assault Stages of Change Model, 174-176; see also Strangulation, 28, 58, 156, 158; see also Abuse; Health care providers; Primary Abuse, physical; Choked; Criminal care; Victimization/ victims justice system; Deaths; Homicide; Stairs, 98; see also Abuse; Assault; Injuries; Injuries; Perpetrator / offender Falls; Risk factors Stress/stressors, viii, see also Abuse; Stalking and Violence Project (SVP), vii-ix, Anxiety; Depression; Environment; xiii-xiv, 6, 8-13, 20, 26-27, 44, 58-67, Health problems; Health care 91-92,103,110-116,118-119,123-125, providers; Hospitalization; Life events; 131,140-141,143-144,194,203-206, Mental disorders; Psychopathology; 209-223 Psychosocial distress; Psychosocial Stalking/ obsessional following, 3, 10-11, 20, impact; Stressors, environment; 27,31,65-66,92,111,124,126--127, Training/ education; Trauma 209-211,218- 219, 221-222; see also Stress management, 181; see also Coping; Abuse, physical; Abuse, psychological; Interventions; Program evaluation; Abuse, sexual; Courts; Criminal justice Victimization / victims system; Harassment; Psychosocial Stress testing, 194; see also Abuse; Fetal distress; Psychosocial impact; complications/ outcomes; Maternal Restraining orders; Restraining complications/ outcomes orders, violations Stalking personal Stress theory, 77 protection orders: see Restraining Stressors, environmental, 20, 32, 37, 39, 66, orders 77, 80, 88; see also Abuse; Stammering, 97; see also Abuse; Psychosocial Detect/ detection; Environment; Health distress; Psychosocial impact problems; Mental disorders; Standardize, 130, 165; see also Research Psychosocial distress; Psychosocial methods / measurement; Statistical impact; Psychosocial problems; Standardized patient, 165 Psychosocial impact; Stress/stressors; State police, 108; see also Police/law Training enforcement Subordination, 61 States, 21, 32, 48, 53, 86, 107-110, 132, Substance abuse: see Assessment; Alcohol 134-135, 177; see also Abductions; and or drugs; Contraceptives; Couples; Courts; Federal; Laws; Legislation; Detect/ detection; Injuries; Risk-taking Mandatory reporting; Restraining behaviors; Risky sexual behaviors; orders; Statues Trauma; Unsafe sex Subject Index 285

Substance abuse treatment, 31, 70-71, 74, 78, Symptoms, (cont.) 141; see also Abuse; Alcohol and or Health problems; Post Traumatic Stress drugs; Alcoholics Anonymous; Disorder; ~ychosocial distress; Interventions; Methadone maintenance Psychosocial impact; Screening; treatment; Program evaluation Therapy; Treatment Suburban, 36, 57, 160 see also Census tracts; Community / neighborhood; Tachycardia, 75; see also Abuse; Anxiety; Criminals/crime; Live/reside; Rural; Detect/detection; Health problems; Socioeconomic status; Urban Psychosocial distress; Psychosocial Suicide/suicidal, 14,29,31,70,76-77,81-82, impact 144,156,173-174; see also Abuse; Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of Couples; Criminal justice system; California, 189; see also Counselors; Curriculum; Detect/detection; Family; Health care providers; Liability; Femicide; Health care providers; Therapists; Warn Homicide; Instructional; Psychosocial Team approach, 174 distress; Psychosocial impact; Telephone calls, 8, 65--66, 114, 123, 126-127, Restraining orders; 134, 136, 162; see also Abductions; Training/ education; Trauma Abuse; Courts; Criminal justice system; Support groups, 86; 140; see also Abuse; Femicide; Harassment; Homicide; Counseling; Referrals; Social support; Police; Psychosocial distress; Trauma; Victimization/victims Psychosocial impact; Restraining Surveys,5,14,20,23-25,33,39,42-43,87, orders, Restraining orders, violations; 89,94-95,99,113-114,117,130,136-137, Suicide; Threats; Trauma 145-146,153,157,159,161-164, Tendons, 157; see also Assessment; Abuse; 167-171,181,183; see also Abuse; Body maps; Injuries; Trauma; Wounds Attitudes; Cross-sectional study; Terror, 79, 176; see also Abuse; Harassment; Experiment; Research Psychosocial distress; Psychosocial methods/measurement; Reliability; impact; Trauma Sample/sampling procedures; Texas, 18,37, 124 Statistics; Validity Texas Family Code, Title 4 (1995), 108; see Survival,86, 117, 158; see also Abuse; also Abuse; Restraining orders Coping; Financial impact; Psychosocial Theft/stole, 12-13, 26, 219 distress; Psychosocial impact; Trauma; Theory, 1-7, 63-64, 79-81, 128, 135, 186, Victimization/ victims 191-197; see also Change; Criticism; Survivorship model, 142,205 Depression; Discrimination; Family; Suspected, 151; see also Abuse; Assessment; Interactions; Interventions; Program Detect/ detection; Screening evaluation; Psychological; Suspects, 107; see also Abuse; Social/behavioral sciences; Stages of Perpetrators / offenders Change Model; Theory of Planned Sweating, 75; see also Abuse; Anxiety; Behavior; Treatment Detect/detection; Psychosocial distress; Theory of Planned Behavior, 186 Therapists; Psychosocial impact Treatment; Training Sweden, 18,20,34,49 Therapists, vii, ix-x, 54, 56, 81-83, 85, 128, Symbolic violence, 27 133,194,199; 201, 205-206; see also Symmetrical, 157; see also Abuse; Injuries Abuse; Alliances; Clinicians; Courts; Sympathetic, 188 Criminal; Family; Husbands; Symptoms, 55, 69, 80, 83, 163; see also Abuse; Interventions; Laws; Perpetrators/ Assessment; Anxiety; Injuries; Chronic; offenders; Legal; Tarasoff v. Regents of Depression; Detect/detection; the University of California; Follow-up; Health care providers; Victimization/victims; Wives 286 Subject Index

Therapy, 55, 81-83, 128, 133, 191, 194; see also Transportation, 123, 145, 194; see also Abuse; Abuse; Anxiety, Depression, Health Ambulance; Emergency medical care care provider; Detect / detection; services; Injuries; Police; Pregnancy; Hospital; Hospitalization; Mental Trauma; Victims disorders; Mental health; Psychosocial Trauma, ix, 3, 8, 13, 28, 42, 66, 81, 83, 86, distress; Psychosocial impact; Referral; 101-106,147,155-156,181,184,191;see Treatment also Child abuse; Detect/detection; Third parties, 65, 122; see also Accomplices; Head trauma; Health care providers; Acquaintances; Family; Friends; Injuries; Stress / stressors; Observing/witnesses violence; Police; Training/ education Telephone calls; Witnesses Treatment, vii, x, 1, 13, 23,41,133; 173-201, Threats, 1, 8, 11, 26-27, 30-31,55,58-66, 89, 203,207; see also Alcohol and or drugs; 91-93,112-117,123,126,129,131,155, Therapy 158,173- 174, 176, 180, 189,201,203, Trembling, 75, 82-83; see also Abuse; 205-206,218-219; see also Abuse, Psychosocial distress; Psychosocial physical; Abuse, psychological; Abuse, impact sexual; Abductions; Coping; Detection; Trust, 9,177 Femicide; Homicide; Injuries; Turkey, 6, 85 Prosecution; Psychosocial distress; Twins, 80; see also Depression; Psychosocial impact; Genetic Retaliate/revenge; Suicide; Theft/stole; Therapy; Training; Treatment, Unconscious, 192; see also Vandalism; Witnesses Motives/motivation; Psychological; Threw objects, 27, 124, 140,219; see also Trauma Abuse; Harassment; Injuries; Symbolic Undocumented, 134; see also Abuse; violence; Trauma Immigrants; Violence Against Women Thrown down, 26, 115, 205-206, 218-219; see Act also Abuse; Injuries; Trauma Unemployment, 8, 36, 41, 83, 200-201; see Time, 170; see also Abuse; Gestational age; also Abuse; Pregnancy, closely spaced; Pregnancy, Community /neighborhood; rapid repeat; Pregnancy, time periods; Dependency; Financial impact; Pregnancy trimester Medicaid; Poverty; Psychosocial rraditional, 63, 190; see also Abuse; distress; Psychosocial impact; Risk Cultures/ cultural; Patriarchal; Sex factors; Socioeconomic status; roles; Sexism; Socialization Workplace/jobs Trainees, x, 164, 166-167, 171, 183; Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction Act see also Clerkships; Curriculum; (UCqA), 48; see also Abductions Instructional; Medical schools; Uniform Child-Custody Jurisdiction and Residencies Enforcement Act (UCCJEA), 48; see also Training/education, x, 33,132,153,163-167, Abductions 170-171,183-201,206; see also Abuse; United States, 21 Assessment; Conferences; Criminal United States Bureau of Justice Statistics, 113 justice system; Curriculum; Dental United States Census Bureau, 210; see also services/ schools; Detect/ detection; Census tracts; Documentation; Faculty; Health care Community /neighborhood; Federal; providers; Instructional; Interventions; Demographic/ social; Income; Stalking Laws/legal; Medical schools; Podiatric and Violence Project services/schools; Professional; United States Department of Health and Program evaluation; Records; Human Services, 178; see also Screening; Social skills Federal Subject Index 287

United States Department of Justice, 27; see Victimization/victims (cont.) also Abductions; Criminal justice Coping; Courts; Criminal; Danger; system; Federal Detect/ detection; Emergency medical United States State Department, 49; see also care; Health care providers; Hospitals; Abductions; Criminal justice system; Injuries; Interventions; Laws; Federal Observing/witnessing violence; Police; United States Immigration and Program evaluation; Psychosocial Naturalization Services, 134; see also distress; Psychosocial impact; Quality Abductions; Criminal justice system; of life; Restraining orders; Immigrants / immigration; Federal Safety/security; Therapy; Trauma; United States Supreme Court, 131 Treatment United States Surgeon General, 152 Videotaped, 130 Universal, 151; see also Abuse; Assessment; Vietnam, 185; see also Veterans Screening Violence: see Abuse Unmarried/ single, 15; see also Dating Violence Against Women Act, 108, 134 Unplanned/unintended pregnancy: see Virginia, 164 Pregnancy, unplanned Visitations, child custody, 47-49, 53, 56, 63; Unprotected/unsafe sex, 17, 70, 74, 87, 99, see also Child visitation rights 157 Vulnerable adults, viii, 135; see also Abuse; Urban, 23, 25, 30, 33-34, 88,100,113-114,129, Elder abuse; Risk factors 136,144,148,153; see also Census tracts; Community /neighborhood; Rural Warn, 189; see also Tarasoff v. Regents of the Urgent care, 34, 89, 91, 144, 151, 153; see also University of California Emergency medical care; Warning signs, 195; see also Abuse; Anger; Obstetricians / gynecologists Danger; Risk factors Urinary tract infections, 97 Warrant, 58, 108; see also Arrest; Courts; Uterus, 156; see also Abuse; Pregnancy; Criminal justice system; Police Injuries; Trauma Washington state, 143 Weapons, 19, 26; 31,115,123,156,158,174, Vaginal bleeding, 97, 100 187-188,218-219; see also Guns Vaginal infections, 97; see also Infections Weight control/loss, 18, 75, 81, 83; see also Validity, 152, 187, 205; see also Research Eating problems; Gastrointestinal; methods / measurement Lifestyle; Nutrition/diet; Psychosocial Values, 6, 61; see also Attitudes; Beliefs distress; Psychosocial impact; Vancouver, British Columbia, 101 Trauma Vandalism, 26, 31, 124, 126, 147,218-219; see Well-baby care, 145; see also Babies; Infants; also Courts; Criminal justice system; Neonatal complications/ outcomes Police; Perpetrators / offenders; Threats Well-being, 87 Vasoconstriction, 102; see also Abuse; Fetal Well-child visits, 43, 159-160; see also Abuse; complications / outcomes; Psychosocial Assessment; Detect! detection; Family stress; Pregnancy physicians; Pediatricians Veterans, 185; see also Federal; West,209 Medical/health care services; Post White, Non-Hispanic, 30; see also Traumatic Stress Disorder Ethnic/racial Victim liaisons, 177; see also Advocates; Whites/ Anglo-Americans, 5-7,14,29, Victimization/victims 36--37,61--63,87,110-113,118,121, Victimization/victims, vii-x, 1, 13, 16,45,59, 130-131,147,154,213-217; see also 72,75-76,81,86,92-95,111-114,117, Census tract; Ethnic/racial; 122-123,129,131,145,155,193-194, Community /neighborhood; 205, 213; see also Abuse; Assessment; Socioeconomic status 288 Subject Index

Wisconsin, 163 Workplace/job, 8-9, 27, 51-52, 83, 97, 111, Withdrawal, social, 76-77; see also Anxiety; 116,140,163,219; see also Co-workers; Depression, Isolation/ isolating Friends; Income; Socioeconomic status; behaviors; Psychosocial distress; Third parties; Unemployment; Psychosocial impact; Psychosocial Stalking/ obsessional following problems World Health Organization, 70 Witnesses, 117, 122; see also Abuse; Worthless, 4, 82; see also Abuse; Depression; Arrests; Child abuse; Children; Psychosocial distress; Psychosocial Crimes; Observing/witnessing impact; Psychosocial problems; Suicide violence; Prosecution; Wounds, 28, 156; see also Abuse; Threats Assessment; Bleeding; Body maps; Wives, 86, 185-186, 197, 199; see also Abuse; Detect/ detection; Disclosure; Family; Injuries; Marriage; Emergency medical care; Health care Psychosocial distress; Psychosocial providers; Injuries; Mandatory impact; Sex roles; reporting; Police; Training/ education; Separation/ estrangement; Spouses; Trauma Trauma Women, Infants, and Children Program Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 17, 73; see also (WIC),43, 159 Adolescent! adolescence; Risk-taking Women's movement, 190 behaviors