The History of in xvii

The in Minnesota

Fishing, a Minnesota Tradition Would you like to go fishing? Would you like to Sometime around the year 900, a group of teach others about Minnesota’s resources? Anishinaabeg, or Ojibwe, people began migrating Minnesota, known as the Land of 10,000 Lakes, is from the east of Canada. They traveled along the perfect place to start! Within the state boundaries, the St. Lawrence River, along the shores of what is there are 11,842 lakes larger that ten acres and more now Lake Michigan and the Canadian border, to the than 15,000 miles of streams and rivers. waters of Lake Superior or Gitchi Gummi, as they called it, meaning big water. As you embark on a Minnesota fishing trip, you’ll take part in a tradition that spans thousands of years! The Ojibwe found an abundance of in the area’s waters. Ojibwe fishermen used large birchbark Subsistence Fishing and nets made from twisted and knotted strands of willow bark to catch lake , whitefish, and Minnesota has a rich fishing history. As early as sturgeon. In winter, they used hand-carved wooden 11,500 years ago, people first arrived in present-day decoys as bait and speared fish through holes chopped Minnesota. Not much is known about these ancient in the ice. By the mid-1700s, the Ojibwe people had , but evidence buried beneath earthen mounds settled in what is now central Minnesota. Like the reveals they fished here. Excavations of prehistoric Dakota, they subsisted on what the land and waters sites in and around early settlements have unearthed produced throughout the seasons. thin, inch-long, J-shaped artifacts that appear to have been chipped stone fish hooks. The first Europeans known to travel into Minnesota were French fur traders from Quebec. They began Approximately 3,000 years ago, Dakota tribes that exploring and trading with native peoples in 1655. lived in the Midwest migrated northward through When they returned to Montreal, they told of the what is now Minnesota to the southern and western riches of Minnesota country. They were amazed at areas of Lake Superior. The Dakota fished the area’s the abundance of fish in Minnesota waters. Most of many lakes, streams, and rivers. What they hunted or their early settlements were built on the shores of gathered depended on the season, but fish could be rivers or lakes, not just as a source of water, but also a angled, netted, or speared year-round. readily available source of fish. Fish was a diet staple for many of the settlers who came to Minnesota from . Having brought a rich fishing tradition with them, they readily adapted to fishing in Minnesota waters.

© 2010 Minnesota DNR • MinnAqua • USFWS Sport Fish Restoration xviii The History of Fishing in Minnesota

The La Pointe Treaty of 1854 ceded from the and other species began declining in the late 1970s Ojibwe to the United States the entire Minnesota when health researchers warned that some fish shoreline of Lake Superior. When this treaty was carried contaminants (mercury and PCBs) harmful adopted in September of 1854, dozens of men to human health. Today, anglers are more confident staked claims along the North Shore—primarily in keeping their catch for a meal because point where copper deposits were thought to exist—and at source pollution in our waters has been reduced, the mouths of the larger streams. Some prospectors and the Minnesota Department of Health provides began at several sites on Lake statewide and site-specific guidelines for the safe Superior during this period. The 1857 U. S. census eating of fish. indicates ten commercial fishermen were operating in St. Louis County and 89 in Lake County. Popular Pastime

Commercial Fishing Today, Minnesota is known nationally and internationally for its wonderful sport fishing Commercial fishing on Lake Superior flourished opportunities. How popular is sport fishing in during the early decades of the twentieth century. Minnesota? Consider the following: as many as Norwegian immigrants dominated the industry, two million anglers cast their lines into Minnesota although a number of Swedish and Finnish waters each year. Approximately 29 percent of immigrants also cast their nets into the icy waters. Minnesotans fish. The Minnesota DNR sells as Annual catch rates varied over the years, but the all- many as 1,500,000 fishing licenses each year, with time record occurred in1915, when almost 10,000 the remaining anglers being children under 16 years tons of fish were harvested out of Duluth alone. of age who, under current regulations, don’t require By the 1920s, catches began to decrease as a result fishing licenses. Additionally, the DNR manages of over-harvest and the accidental introduction 5,400 fish lakes, 3,700 miles of trout streams, of the lamprey from the —the 192 lakes for trout, and 15,000 miles of streams sea lamprey feeds parasitically on the blood of lake and rivers. trout. Decreased catches caused many commercial harvesters to find alternate sources of income. Those Rod, reel, , and tackle manufacturers are found that continued fishing caught , lake trout, throughout Minnesota. Indeed, many of today’s chubs, and ciscoes. In ensuing years, populations larger boat, motor, and tackle manufacturers started of the lake’s commercial species steadily declined their operations in Minnesota. due to pollution from lakeshore industry, over- harvesting, and the sea lamprey, all of which upset Managing Our Fisheries Resources the ecosystem of the lake. In 1931, Governor Harold Stassen created the In 2006, 25 commercial fishermen were licensed for Department of Conservation to care for the state’s Lake Superior. They fish mostly herring, which they rich resources. In 1971, the name was changed sell to North Shore restaurants and smokehouses to the Department of Natural Resources. Its during the summer. purpose has always been to care for the state’s rich resources and to preserve them for present and In 1964, approximately 50 commercial harvesters future generations. Management, research, and operated on the Mississippi River and the state’s education are important elements in preserving inland lakes. In 2006, there were approximately the state’s natural heritage. The Minnesota DNR 56 commercial licenses held in Minnesota. “extends” its work force through partnerships Commercial harvesters catch and sell about three with private individuals and hundreds of citizen million pounds of fish each year—a decrease from and stakeholder groups. Their efforts have been the approximately five million pounds taken in the responsible for achievements that mid-1960s. Commercial harvest on the Mississippi would have been impossible otherwise. As physical, River suffered as consumer demand for , , social, economic, and political changes occur in

© 2010 Minnesota DNR • MinnAqua • USFWS Sport Fish Restoration The History of Fishing in Minnesota xix the state, the Minnesota DNR faces constant and The MinnAqua Program Teaches Youth ever-changing challenges. In addition to challenges inherent in natural resource management, reaching In 1989, a needs assessment was completed for the a balance between sustainability of natural resources, development and design of an education and development that may affect those resources program that would educate and promote the increases the management role of the Minnesota importance of Minnesota’s fisheries resource, DNR and the stewardship role of the citizens of management, regulations, and the stewardship roles Minnesota. Although the Minnesota DNR exists of anglers and other users of the resource. With an to conserve and manage the state’s resources, it ever-changing landscape and increasing population, also oversees outdoor opportunities and recreational angling remains a pastime that brings commercial uses of natural resources in a way that friends and families together in Minnesota. The creates a sustainable quality of life. The Minnesota continuing education of users remains a priority for DNR strives to conserve natural systems and the Minnesota DNR. maintain to ensure the needs of current and future generations, and requires sharing the role The MinnAqua Program offers basic instruction in of stewardship with citizens and partners working lake and stream ecology, fish population dynamics, together to address interests that sometimes conflict. water quality, and sport fishing skills, connecting participants to Minnesota’s aquatic resources through To that end, it’s important to remember that the the lifelong activity of fishing. Participants understand fish in Minnesota’s waters are a limited resource. the vital roles that clean water, healthy watersheds, As angler pressure increases, the number of fishing aquatic habitat, and quality fisheries play in their lives, waters remains constant. Fluctuations in seasonal and how their own decisions and activities impact and annual cycles also affect the fish that inhabit water quality, local watersheds and fisheries. They the waters. An environmentally literate citizenry is learn to make informed decisions and develop skills needed to ensure the sustainability of the resource. for using resources in a sustainable way. We all must work together, pooling our awareness, knowledge, and skills to initiate and practice good Would you like to teach others about fishing, but stewardship. don’t know how to begin? TheMinnAqua Leader’s Guide is one resource that will assist you in your A Changing efforts to teach Minnesota citizens about the natural resources of fisheries. Minnesota is currently home to 160 different species of fish, 141 of which are native to our state. The Minnesota’s rich angling heritage also builds bridges Minnesota DNR has introduced some species of to new and culturally diverse communities, which fish to Minnesota waters as a management decision have their own strong fishing traditions and a over the years. In each case, this was done to increase similar appreciation and enthusiasm for the fisheries or provide a recreational fishery where none had resource. Due to the historic and continuing previously existed, but where the environment could importance of fishing to the , economy, and sustain one. Of the 160 fish species, twelve are quality of life in Minnesota, education on fish and considered nuisance exotics. All nuisance exotics were aquatic ecology is relevant and vital to ensure that introduced by people—whether they released a pet we all know how to use and enjoy the resource in goldfish or dumped water from trans-Atlantic a sustainable way. With success in this endeavor, shipping vessels. Additionally, as climate changes many future generations of Minnesotans will have affect the temperatures of Minnesota waters, the the opportunity to value and enjoy our state’s rich number of species present in the state will continue fishing heritage. to change. Although this represents a natural phenomenon, we must diligently protect our waters from future exotic nuisance species introductions and Become part of fishing history and tradition in their rapid impact on native fish populations. Minnesota: take someone fishing!

© 2010 Minnesota DNR • MinnAqua • USFWS Sport Fish Restoration