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Biocontrol Properties of Basidiomycetes: an Overview

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Biocontrol Properties of Basidiomycetes: an Overview Journal of Fungi Review Biocontrol Properties of Basidiomycetes: An Overview Subramaniyan Sivanandhan 1, Ameer Khusro 2, Michael Gabriel Paulraj 1, Savarimuthu Ignacimuthu 1,3,* and Naif Abdullah AL-Dhabi 4 1 Entomology Research Institute, Loyola College, Nungambakkam, Chennai 600034, Tamil Nadu, India; [email protected] (S.S.); [email protected] (M.G.P.) 2 Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Loyola College, Nungambakkam, Chennai 600034, Tamil Nadu, India; [email protected] 3 The International Scientific Partnership Program (ISPP), King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia 4 Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. BOX 2454, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +91-44-2817-8348 Academic Editor: David S. Perlin Received: 27 October 2016; Accepted: 29 December 2016; Published: 10 January 2017 Abstract: In agriculture, there is an urgent need for alternate ecofriendly products to control plant diseases. These alternate products must possess preferable characteristics such as new modes of action, cost effectiveness, biodegradability, and target specificity. In the current scenario, studies on macrofungi have been an area of importance for scientists. Macrofungi grow prolifically and are found in many parts of the world. Basidiomycetes (mushrooms) flourish ubiquitously under warm and humid climates. Basidiomycetes are rich sources of natural antibiotics. The secondary metabolites produced by them possess antimicrobial, antitumor, and antioxidant properties. The present review discusses the potential role of Basidiomycetes as anti-phytofungal, anti-phytobacterial, anti-phytoviral, mosquito larvicidal, and nematicidal agents. Keywords: biocontrol properties; basidiomycetes; anti-phytofungal activity; anti-phytobacterial activity; anti-phytoviral activity; phytonematicidal activity; mosquito larvicidal activity 1. Introduction Synthetic chemicals are extensively used in all countries for controlling agricultural pests and plant pathogens [1]. Currently 15% of global crop production is lost due to crop pests [2]. To counteract this, agrochemicals are used in excessive quantities/volumes; it has become apparent that these chemicals are responsible for causing environmental pollution. They leave their residues in food [3]. Unrestrained application of synthetic chemicals causes pesticide resistance, toxicity to humans, plants, and animals, and therefore they are regarded as ecologically unacceptable [4]. Mosquitoes are the most well-known vectors of disease causing pathogens which affect millions of people every year [5]. In India, major diseases are caused by mainly three types of mosquitoes [6], namely Aedes aegypti L., Anopheles stephensi (Liston), and Culex quinquefasciatus (Say). Ae. aegypti is a known vector for dengue and chikungunya virus. The malarial parasite is transmitted by An. stephensi and the filarial nematode is transmitted by Cx. quinquefasciatus. Prevention of mosquito borne diseases is important in order to improve public health, and it is primarily achieved by controlling the vector mosquito population. In recent years, mosquito control programs have encountered failures due to the rapid development of pesticide resistance in mosquitoes [7]. Nematodes have been present for nearly a billion years and are known to cause severe losses to farmers [8]. They feed on many, if not all plants [9]. This pathogen is predominantly part of class J. Fungi 2017, 3, 2; doi:10.3390/jof3010002 www.mdpi.com/journal/jof J. Fungi 2017, 3, 2 2 of 14 J. Fungi 2017, 3, 2 2 of 14 Chromodorea, order Rhabdihida [10]. Due to chemical contamination of soil caused by commercial Chromodorea, order Rhabdihida [10]. Due to chemical contamination of soil caused by commercial nematicides, newer sources of eco-friendly biomolecules are required in the future. nematicides, newer sources of eco-friendly biomolecules are required in the future. Pest and pathogen diversities are continuously expanding and new strains are continuously Pest and pathogen diversities are continuously expanding and new strains are continuously evolving over time [11]. Scientists are looking for safe and more potent alternate products for evolving over time [11]. Scientists are looking for safe and more potent alternate products for controlling plant pathogens and pests. The use of natural products for pest control is ideal for controlling plant pathogens and pests. The use of natural products for pest control is ideal for sustainable agricultural production with minimum damage to the environment [12]. Basidiomycetes sustainable agricultural production with minimum damage to the environment [12]. Basidiomycetes are the fruiting bodies of higher fungi [13]. Several compounds have been isolated from wild are the fruiting bodies of higher fungi [13]. Several compounds have been isolated from wild Basidiomycetes (Figure1) which showed growth inhibition of bacteria, virus, and fungi (Table1) Basidiomycetes (Figure 1) which showed growth inhibition of bacteria, virus, and fungi (Table 1) and recorded nematicidal and insecticidal properties [14–27]. In the last few years, Basidiomycetes and recorded nematicidal and insecticidal properties [14–27]. In the last few years, Basidiomycetes have received great attention due to their medicinal values, easy availability, and lower side effects have received great attention due to their medicinal values, easy availability, and lower side effects and toxicity on non-target organisms [28]. There are nearly 140,000 Basidiomycetes species reported and toxicity on non-target organisms [28]. There are nearly 140,000 Basidiomycetes species reported among which about 660 species possess medicinal properties [29]. A number of pharmaceutical among which about 660 species possess medicinal properties [29]. A number of pharmaceutical substances with potent and unique characteristics have been extracted from Basidiomycetes [30]. substances with potent and unique characteristics have been extracted from Basidiomycetes [30]. Higher Basidiomycetes contain active polysaccharides in their fruiting bodies, cultured mycelia, Higher Basidiomycetes contain active polysaccharides in their fruiting bodies, cultured mycelia, and and cultured broth [31]. The present review focused on anti-phytofungal, anti-phytobacterial, cultured broth [31]. The present review focused on anti-phytofungal, anti-phytobacterial, anti-phytoviral, phytonematicidal, and mosquito larvicidal activity of Basidiomycetes. anti-phytoviral, phytonematicidal, and mosquito larvicidal activity of Basidiomycetes. Figure 1. Some of the biocontrol propertiesproperties of Basidiomycetes compounds. Plant Fungal Diseases Fungi may cause catastrophic plant diseases, because many fungi sporulate prolificallyprolifically and the spores provideprovide copiouscopious inoculums inoculums which which may may infect infect further further plants. plants. The The time time between between infection infection and and the productionthe production of further of further infectious infectious propagules propagules (usually (usually spores) mayspores) be onlymay abe few only days a [32few]. Thedays spores, [32]. ifThe they spores, are wettable, if they are may wettable, be spread may as be high-density spread as high-density inoculums in inoculums surface water in surface or in dropletswater or byin rain-splashdroplets by [33rain-splash]. They may [33]. produce They may phytotoxic produce compounds phytotoxic [34 compounds]. Pathogens [34]. may Pathogens draw nutrients may awaydraw fromnutrients the plantaway by from the production the plant or by induction the producti of growthon regulatorsor induction [32 ].ofColletotrichum growth regulators gloeosporioides [32]. (anamorph)Colletotrichum or gloeosporioidesGlomerella cingulata (anamorph)(teleomorph) or Glomerella causes cingulata anthracnoses (teleomorph) in many tropicalcauses anthracnoses and subtropical in cropsmany [tropical35]. Considerable and subtropical variation crops occurs [35]. inConsiderable culture and hostvariation range, occurs with somein culture strains and able host to range, attack manywith some host speciesstrains whereasable to attack others, many such host as those spec infectingies whereas mango, others, are confinedsuch as those to asingle infecting species mango, [36]. Molecularare confined approaches to a single demonstrated species [36]. that MolecularC. gloeosporioides approachesinfecting demonstratedStylosanthes thatin Australia C. gloeosporioides consisted ofinfecting two clone Stylosanthes populations in Australia that did not consisted combine of readily two clone in the popu fieldlations which that had did resulted not combine from two readily separate in introductionsthe field which into had the resulted country from [37 ].two Some separate strains intr ofoductionsC. gloeosporioides into thepresent country a [37]. considerable Some strains threat of C. to cropsgloeosporioides growing present in countries a considerable where there threat is no to fallow crops period growing corresponding in countries to where the winter there ofis temperateno fallow climatesperiod corresponding [38]. Rice is second to the winter only to of maize temperate in global climat productiones [38]. Rice [39 is]. second It is more only important to maize sincein global it is theproduction staple food [39]. for It aboutis more half important of the world’s since populations. it is the staple It is food attacked for byabout
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