TRANSACTIONS ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY opud blnig o hs ru hv ehbtd rne f ilgcl ciiis uh as such activities biological of range a exhibited have group this to belonging compounds oxygen diseases venereal al. and fevers malaria, consideredare to be important in colic skin and diseases and alsoasanthelmintic (Purushothaman asthma, eczema, cholelithiasis as well as 1992), leprosy, (Govindachari, of treatment anthelmintics, management in terms India. Southern in species tree planted extensively at India East North 1984 and Ghats Eastern Ghats, 1,500 Western of altitudes Central and South of forest evergreen programs world The identified conditions. climatic and edaphic diverse in adaptability wide p very is wood its because Neem Malabar ( India genus well and important commercially INTRODUCTION Original © Received KEYWORDS: of capable renderingare health benefits, thereby demonstrating that extracts leaf the in present contents Phytochemicals pesticides. synthetic to comparable origin botanical activity. antioxidant dubia M. ac scavenging radical peroxide Hydrogen Assay, Power Reducing Total Assay, Scavenging Radical ABTS as such antioxidants of determination the for C the semi and deciduous moist tropical ABSTRACT Methanolic a Evaluation of Transactions on Science and Technology Vol. Transactions on Science and Technology and on Science Transactions 18) I i wl kon s ih n vlal suc o bocie limonoids bioactive of source valuable and rich as known well is It 1984). , nd Anti Every part of the the of part Every dubia Melia producingmany trees tropicalof mainly family, large a is (Magnoliopsida:Sapindales)Meliaceae hikkaballapura (MDL1) and Bengaluru (MDL2) region were screened for the detection of phytochemical contents and phytochemical contents detectionof the for screened wereregion (MDL2) Bengaluru and(MDL1)hikkaballapura ).
20 September 2020 20 September
A Melia ut, 1993 Gupta, M rticle Centre for Applied G ated, modified terpenoids and have recently attracted attention attracted recently have and terpenoids modified ated,
eeld ht h peec o sgiiat ln scnay eaoie cnrbts o t anti its to contributes metabolites secondary plant significant of presence the that revealed . .
M Melia dubia Melia dubia
, four of them such as such them of four , Antioxidants .
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dubia, M dubia, Corresponding a is a sub canopy tree species naturally found in the tropical moist deciduous and semianddeciduous moisttropicalthe in naturallyfound species canopytree sub a is
Revised Thus, s lre eiuu ad aie re pce t Ida ltl oe f h most the of one lately India, to species tree native and deciduous large a is - - ,0 . t s iey auaie in naturalized widely is It m. 1,800 microbial Activities .Aog these, Among ).
enetics,
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Cav. is a native species of tree to India and a sub canopy tree species naturally found in the in found naturally species tree canopy sub a and India to tree of species native a is Cav. M ; of secondary plant chemistry. .
Anti .
. dubia M. toosendan, M toosendan, Leaf
uthor. dubia Department of Studies in Zoology, tivity and their evaluation of anti of evaluation their and tivity - B. Dinesh, P. Ma B. Dinesh, P. m Dinesh 7 E - icrobial activity , No. t evergreen forest of south Indian region. The leaves of leaves The region. Indian south of forest evergreen - Mail can can
Accepted Accepted he Phytochemical, Antioxidant
4 et et al. :
189 be used as a potential source for development of potential anti potential of development for source potential a as used be - Extracts ln i big sd s rdtoa hra mdcns uh as such medicines herbal traditional as used being is plant known choice hardwoods ( hardwoods choice known , M
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compacta dubia . .
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Transactions on Science and Technology. 20 dubia ;
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opular in southern states of India for its fast growth and growth fast its for India of states southern in opular ,
M. dubia M
Bangalore University, In press In press , acariasis and pain (Kokwaro, 1976). Fruits of Fruits 1976). (Kokwaro, pain and acariasis , erir nw as known (earlier . and hesh, M. Shanthala, V. Shalini, V. M. hesh, Shanthala, azadirach, M azadirach, 3 November 2020 2020 3 November
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are found in found are with - irba and microbial Mabberley, c - t 00 nr has entre
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TRANSACTIONS ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY formula asgiven below: Halliwell by followed (1999). Assay Power Reducing al. Anti techniques (Harborne Phytochemical analysis extract of paper filter Whatmana through it passing by collected was filtrate final then and cloth, muslin of layer single a through 3h. for groun and days soakedofmethanolmaterial wereatin kepttemperatureand 100ml room at shaker keptand 12h for 14 for dried shade P then debris, adhered other and region. (MDL2) Sample C METHODOLOGY microbial present the designedwas studyinvestigate to acomprehensive phytochemical insects and pest to toxic be to reported (Nagalakshmi monoterpenes and (Purushothaman Tetranortriterpenoids principle active the is toosendan contain allelochemicalfraction this the from and instars larval insect and pest many on activities H5N1 virus of synthesis the for precursor Susheela insecticidal feedant, (Gerige pathogens skin of 88% camphenemonoterpene (Khadse drug glycaemic as effective most 2002; (Nakagawa humans on inse activities pharmacological other forest of number the a and antiviral anticancer, of antimalarial, antifungal, antibacterial, some as well as on insects on activity especially regulating antifeedant insect and insecticidal owdered materials were stored in air tight container until the time of use. 50g of this powdered this of 50g use. of time the until container tight air in stored were materials owdered , ABTS Radical Scavenging Assay is performed using the standard method followed by Auddy by followed method standard the using performed is Assay Scavenging Radical ABTS M of leaves The bark and twigs from extracts Methanol F (2003). ruit of ruit - oxidant Assay .
Koul dubia Hydrogen Peroxide Radical Scavenging Activity is implemented using the standard method standard the using implemented is Activity Scavenging Radical Peroxide Hydrogen S amples were filtered and u and filtered were amples ollection et al., et
M. dubia profiling of
et et al.,
P the plant is bitter and is considered anti considered is and bitter is plant the in in
ret niiin n te IC the and inhibition ercent ape wr sree pyohmcl using phytochemicals screened were samples plant
2008; and Malarvannanand 2008; % inhibition =
Plant l Plant
2004 and . dubia M.
an was obtained (Arekemase
leaf extract (Raghavendra ,
Methanolic Leaf Extract ).
anti anti , M. dubia
no. eaves were washed thoroughly in running tap water to remove soil particles soil remove to water tap running in thoroughly washed were eaves 1992; Sofowara et al., et
(Nagalakshmi s efre uig h sadr mto floe b Bni ad Strain and Benzie by followed method standard the using performed is - - & ba mice on tested when agent diabetic
1 Dinesh
plants Kakde, 2014). Kakde, in a funnel. The filtrate was evaporated to dryness and thus, and dryness to evaporated was filtrate The funnel. a in
tra, anti cterial, (1987). . Tami flu Tami Absorbance (control)
et et al. & ee olce fo te hkaalpr ML) n Bengaluru and (MDL1) Chikkaballapur the from collected were ,
t al., et
20 ajnyl, 07. h la ad ak extract bark and leaf The 2007). Ramjaneyulu, sed for phytochemical screening and excess filtrate was filtered was filtrate excess and screening phytochemical for sed P 20 , retg niiino yrxl aiasi calculat is radicals hydroxyl of inhibition ercentage .
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ansactions on Science and Technology. larvae (Opender larvae ia ad anti and viral 01 ae t mjrcnttet rsn i teetat and extract the in present constituents major its are 2001) 50 Plant
ion aus r cluae b uig rp pd prism. pad Graph using by calculated are values Absorbance (control)
2009). Presence of shikimic acid in the oil forms the key the forms oil the in acidshikimic of Presence 2009). et et al., 2001) of -
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, 2011; Selvamangai and 2009). s given below in - – helminthic. Total fruit extracts are found to be to found are extracts fruit Total helminthic.
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2000). Considering all of these facts, these of all Considering 2000). for the the 7
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ed by the by ed the crude the a volatile a and
t al., et 1984)
Total anti anti ed 190 et - - -
TRANSACTIONS ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY phenolics. The active principles ofmany drugs plantsfound in are (MD extract leaf whereas 2), (Table tannins and flavonoids, phenolics, alkaloids, of presence the revealed Phytochemical analysis RESULT DISCUSSIONAND plates. agar on wells 5mm on i impregnated were 0.1mg/mL) (25µl, on ciprofloxacin inoculated were cultures t Inoculum100µlautoclaved.of and water distilled of 100ml in dissolvedandaccurately weighed bean (Soya agar digest casein bean soya of gram Four dissolved and weighed was 10mg Meuller coli Escherichia methods. Evaluation of Anti content using standard techniques 1. Table ncubated @35 Q A Sl. No. Sl. aiaie siain f h pyohmcl cnutd on conducted phytochemicals the of estimation ualitative nti 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
-
- microbial activity for bacteria was determined was bacteria for activity microbial
Hinton agar were seeded using cotton swab with 24h (old) culture of the microbial strains. microbial the of culture (old) 24h with swab cotton using seeded were agar Hinton
cenn o te ehnlc ef xrcs of extracts leaf methanolic the of Screening
A nti Phenols Mucilage Protein Flavonoids Saponins Steroid Glycosides Terpenoids Tannins Carbohydrates Alkaloids Phytochemicals 0 - C for 24 irba atvt o te ef xrcs namely, extracts leaf the of activity microbial and and -
s microbial activity of M. dubia 2 rvae te rsne f laod, ann, epnis faaod and flavanoids terpenoids, tannins, alkaloids, of presence the revealed L2)
tetccu mutans Streptococcus
- 48h and48h observe for zone ofinhibition around the we
Dinesh m o auos xrc + m o dsild ae + a + water fewdrops of 10% aqueous ferric distilledchloride solution of ml 2 + extract aqueous of 1ml allowedto try. e of 0.2ml ml 0.2 of extract + ml 0.2 Conc.H hydroxide sodium dilute + solution+ diluted hydrochloric acid extract plant of ml 0.2 shaken vigorously shake + w frothingThen water froth. distilled persistent stable of a for ml observe 5 and vigorously + extract of g 0.5 of ml 0.2 + Conc.H chloroform of ml 0.2 + sample of ml 0.2 H of 0.2ml + chloroform Conc.then, and on ofice cooled Mixture was acid. acetic ml 0.2 + sample of ml 0.2 H Conc. + chloroform of ml 0.2 + extract plant of ml 0.2 ferricchloride was added filtratetothe andobserved Then min. 10 for bath water on heated and water of ml 2 + extract plant of ml 0.2 sidesof the testtube H Conc. of ml 0.2 + alcohol) in napthol (α reagent Molisch’s drops few a + sample of 0.2ml 0.2mlof sample + 0.2mlof HCl + Dragendoff’sreagent
2 2 SO SO
et et al. this 4 4
addedcarefully addedcarefully to form a layer
, (Harborne, 1992; Sofowara, 1993) 2 20 SO n 0µ o ehnl o e afnl ocnrto o 100mg/ml. of concentration final a get to methanol of 100µl in
xtract + 0.2ml of absolute alcohol and then and alcohol absolute of 0.2ml + xtract 20 4 iet gr lts 9m) Ts cmons 2µ) and (25µl), compounds Test (90mm). plates agar digest .
Tr ISSN ISSN 2289
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er pae (ih imtr f 0m cnann 20mL containing 90mm) of diameter (with plates Petri
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mixture was filtered and filtered was mixture 2
SO by using the well the using by
ei dubia Melia 4 - . casein digest agar mainly for bacteria) was bacteria) for mainly agar digest casein
2 SO 4
along the along
7 D1 n ML wr tse on tested were MDL2 and MDL1 ( 4
), known
189
ape fr h phytochemicals the for samples M -
- .
e ylo peiiae which precipitate yellow white get of appearance boiledextractwastheprecipitate, to the After indicate presencethe of flavonoids. solution la colourless turn yellow which of Observation an of emulsion formation the for Observe the in lowerlayer of chloroform colour red of Appearance of presence steroidalnucleus the indicating green Colour fromchange violettoblue to interfacethe a colourbrownreddish Presenceof Indicationof darkgreen solution red Appearance ofa purple colourring or orange precipitate of Appearance indicatesthe presenceof phenols. gree or blue of Formation then occurs mucilagepresent. is precipitation the If indicatesthe presenceof proteins. 197 dubia
d
for for iffusion ll.
secondary metabolites. ef xrcs (MDL1) extracts leaf
Inference
t
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e would ter ae were lates colour n . dubia M.
c ulture
t est 191
TRANSACTIONS ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY oaig nixdn i te xrc t saegn te BS aia cto compare cation radical ABTS the scavenging to extract the in antioxidant donating oxyg singlet of properties redox their to (Sudha species oxygen for beverages and food drugs, herbal screen to 5.96μg/ml. way rapid and be easy an offer to anions radical superoxide found was quercetin standard of radicals synthetic IC showed MDL2 and μg/ml 3) (Table Quercetin standard to compared as H and DPPH ABTS Anti M Compound Name Compound in vitro in ethanol Quercitin Control MDL2 MDL1
- antioxidant activity.antioxidantAntioxidants oxid Table 3. c leaf ic 2
O
ant Assayant
n (Rice en 2
Table 2. models.
xrc of extract
ABTS radical scavenging activity ofthe methanol extract of Concentration (µg/ ml) (µg/ Concentration
et al., et
-
Evans
and MD Phytochemical analysis the of methanol extract of Sl. No. Sl. Dinesh
100.0000 100.0000 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 2011). 50.0000 25.0000 12.5000 50.0000 25.0000 12.5000 20.0000 10.0000 L 6.2500 3.1250 6.2500 3.1250 5.0000 2.5000 1.2500 0.6250 0.3125 0.0000
allow them to act as reducing agents, hydrogen donor and quenchers and donor hydrogen agents, reducing as act to them allow dubia M. 1 and 1
50
et et al. t al., et
aus f 52μ/l IC 55.20μg/ml. of values ,
20 Tannins Tannins Carbohydrates Alkaloids Phenolics Mucilages Proteins Flavanoids Saponins Steroids Glycosides Terpenoids A
Phyt
20 MDL2 ntioxidant activity of phenolic compounds is mainly attributed mainly is compoundsphenolic of activity ntioxidant
.
97 Meda 1997, Tr ISSN ISSN 2289 eeeautdfr nixdn atvt b uig h ABTS, the using by activity antioxidant for evaluated were ansactions on Science and Technology. ochemicals
exhibited potent antioxidants in ABTS free radical assay radical free ABTS in antioxidants potent exhibited
can play a prot a play can
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Absorbance Absorbance In ABTS assay, MDL1 exhibited IC exhibited MDL1 assay, ABTS In http://tost.unise.org/
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+ _ _ + _ _ _ _ + _ + Plant samples Plant 2005).
(590 nm) (590 50 ective role to inactivateharmfulreactiveto role ective
re aia saegn asy using assays scavenging radical Free
7 ( t elcs h aiiy f hydrogen of ability the reflects It 4 ),
MDL2 189 + _ _ + _ _ _ + + _ + Inhibition
-
197
B
13.12 02.1 01.44 00.00 88.68 73.99 41.45 20.33 18.04 08.07 62.99 44.90 18.57 17.55 07.79 02.73 90.80 89.30 43.26 35.48 ooia rdcl sc as such radicals iological M.dubia 3
(%) M. dubia
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ih ht of that with 50
116.40 55.20 05.96
(µg/ ml) (µg/ -
192 0
TRANSACTIONS ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (Gordon abstracting process, peroxidation lipid of initiators cytotoxicity and mutation carcinogenesis, to contributes cells. has and system biological quercetin standard H diamagnetic molecule accept (IC quercetin positive IC concentration. sample the a as of DPPH function of disappearance percentage the plotting by graphically determined was sample each (Porto antioxidants ability. natural donating of potential scavenging S radical free the evaluating itconcentration, low at compoundnatural detect to enoughsensitive is assay standardand Vitamin C Table 4. goodhave antioxidant activity when compared to standard.the 148.38 and 254.06 high 4). at power reducing its However, power. (Table reducing samples the of power C. Vitamin standard reference antioxidant Total Reducing Power Assay functions stressoxidativewith related quercitin aegn atvt o etat cud e eae t te aue f hnlc ad hi hydrogen their and phenolics of nature the to related be could extracts of activity cavenging 2 O D1 n MDL2 and MDL1 F T
ree radical scavenging potential of the extract was determined by DPPH assay. Since the DPPH the Since assay. DPPH by determined was extract the of potential scavenging radical ree 2 he amount of iron reduced and can be expressed as µmolar Fe µmolar as expressed be can and reduced iron of amount he
Anti These radicals These ing Compound Name Compound
, Ferric reducing antioxidant power act
1990) - suggest ( oxidant Assay Puertas n lcrn r yrgn radical hydrogen or electron an C Vitamin Control MDL2 MDL1 .
ing µg Vitamin C/g equivalent to standard respectively. Overall, all the tested samplestested the all Overall,respectively. standard to equivalentC/g Vitamin µg A
et et al.,
toiat ciiy f D1ws h was MDL1 of activity ntioxidant
(Table (Table have the capacity to join nucleotides in DNA and cause strand breakage, whichbreakage, strand cause and DNA in nucleotides join to capacity the have
that the the that
50 ( xiie ptn atoiat i H in antioxidants potent exhibited Blios
2005 = Concentration (µg/ ml) (µg/ Concentration 5.96μg/ml).
Dinesh enhanced 5 , .
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1958 This
tested H
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Soares
20 50 00 D1 n MDL2 and MDL1 20
ape my rvn the prevent may samples
as highly damaged to almost every molecule found in l in found molecule every almost to damaged highly as
. Thus,
Tr ISSN ISSN 2289 ansactions on Science and Technology. et al., 50
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yrgn tm fo unsaturated from atoms hydrogen est concentration at 1mg/ml is 1mg/ml at concentration est igher than that of MDL2. The IC The MDL2. of that than igher 0.40 0.28 0.19 0.58 0.43 0.29 0.12 concentration showed extracts 0.28 0.20 0.17 0.56 and , 2 (700 nm) (700 O
2
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2+
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197
equival forma Total reducing power power reducing Total
, hydrogen (mgVC/g) tion i
s ents or relative to an to relative or ents 254.06 148.38
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- 392.69, 288.19, 392.69,
donating t al., et vely used for used vely
- 50
dependent membrane at acids fatty
au for value
2000).
iving
and 193
TRANSACTIONS ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY as them anti results. standard the from deviating of growth the MDL2, and level of containingplate the comparedto when inhibited, mutans Evaluation of Anti compounds such asQuercetin and Vitamin C. methanolic of reagent. Nash with treatment by radicals formaldehyde, yield to sulfoxide aci ascorbic MDL1 and MDL2 5. Table Standard (Gallic acid) (Gallic Standard W using radicals hydroxyl the generating by assessed was activity scavenging radicals Hydroxy
- Standard name Standard irba efcc o mtao etat s trbtd o t pyohmcl resources phytochemical its to attributed is extract methanol of efficacy microbial hen the standard test compound Ciprof compound test standard the hen
Control inhibition (Table hwd ihr oe f niiin ih vle f 25.00 of value a with inhibition of zone higher showed MDL2 MDL1 potential biocidal efficacy.
yrgnprxd sa fsadr alcai n ehnlc efetat of extract leaf methanolic and acid gallic standard of assay peroxide Hydrogen Test compounds Test d Ciproflaxacin - rn DA Te yrx rdcl fre b te xdto, ecs ih dimethyl with reacts oxidation, the by formed radicals hydroxy The EDTA. iron
leaf MDL2 MDL1 -
m
Table 6. icrobial activity plantof extracts xrc of extract
Concentration (µg/ ml) (µg/ Concentration
6
and Figureand 1 Dinesh
. coli E. Inhibitory activity of test compounds against bacteria
. dubia M.
et et al. Concentrati 320 160 320 160 320 160 10 00 80 40 20 10 80 40 20 10 80 40 20
and
,
a ihbtd o getr xet hn oprd to compared when extent greater a to inhibited was
20
20 Hence, MDL1 has more anti more has MDL1 Hence,
.
provides a convenient method convenient a provides Tr ISSN ISSN 2289 ). When). bacteria the were treated with the leaf extracts MDL1 wt rsls oprbe ihr o hs o te standard the of those to higher comparable results with , ansactions on Science and Technology. 25 (100) 25 (100) 25 25 (0.1) 25 Hence, t Hence, on µl (mg/ ml) (mg/ µl on
- containing plate the media, the in used was laxacin
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http://tost.unise.org/ E. coli E. his study affirms the affirms study his 00.28 00.33 00.41 00.48 00.52 00.56 00.25 0 00.40 00.47 00.51 00.55 63.11 58.99 51.55 39.86 18.83 08.10 00.59 0.37
with a value of 23.00±0.0mm showinglesser23.00±0.0mmof value a with
532
nm) 07.00 ± 0.0 ± 07.00 0.0 ± 09.00 0.0 ± 23.00
7 Zone of inhibition (mm) of inhibition Zone E. coli E. - ( 4 micr 00m is rwh en highly being growth its ±0.0mm, ),
189
- obial activity than MDL2. than activity obial
Inhibition
for the for 197 in vitro in
52.54 44.07 30.51 18.64 11.86 05.08 57.63 37.29 32.20 20.34 13.56 06.78 63.11 58.99 51.55 39.86 18.83 08.10 00.00
detect
06.00 ± 0.0 ± 06.00 0.0 ± 07.00 0.0 ± 25.00 S. mutans S. potentialantioxidant
(%)
ion of ion
IC
50 . mutans, S.
180.80 unveiling 29.63 20.54 hydroxyl
(µg/ (µg/ . dubia M.
ml)
The 194 S.
TRANSACTIONS ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY [2] [1] REFERENCES of desired experiments and providing the laboratory facilities for this work. Limited,ShailaSriComplex, Private Bramara thSrigandadhaBengaluru Kaval,091for 560 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS synt today. to complement a as replaced essentially and thatdemonstrating thereby also, benefits health rendering of capable are extracts leaf the in present contents Phytochemicals pesticides. synthetic to comparable Th treatment. drugs herbal metabolites secondary CONCLUSION demonstrat of
M. dubia M. We thank Dr. S. Yogesha, Director and Dr. Ananda, Technical Staff of the Skanda Life Sciences Life Skanda the of Staff Technical Ananda, Dr. and Director Yogesha, S. Dr. thank We of extract leaf of analysis Phytochemical analysiscompletephytochemical,ofclaimsstudy antioxidantspresent the andThe uhre, . 03 Sreig f nixdn atvt o Tre nin eiia plants medicinal Indian Three Ethnopharmacol of activity antioxidant of tra Screening 2003. B. Mukherjee, &T. Seal, P.C., Tripathi, F., andDajas, Arredondo,F., L., Lafon, F., Blasina, M., Ferreira, B., Auddy, activity Antimicrobial 2011. E. A. Int Ajiboye, of & O. analysis M. phytochemical R. Kayode, O., M. Arekemase, Fig
iinly sd o te aaeet f erdgnrtv diseases. neurodegenerative of management the for used ditionally ernationa ure
es in the the in
1
us, bandfo te plants the from obtained that .
Inhibitory activity oftest sample against bacteria and
l l J M. dubia M. M. dubia f S =Standard (Ciproflaxacin), C=Control, 1 = MDL1, 2=MDL2. ournal of ig ogy, ure of
84 1, and could be utilized to rendering healt rendering to utilized be could and 1,
can be used as a source for development of potential anti potential of development for source a as used be can
Dinesh plant
,
can be apotential medicinal plant for human mankind. Biol 131
ogy, et et al. - s 138.
cont ,
arpa curcas Jatropha
20 3
20 (3) . iue t is anti its to ributes
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ln aant oe selected some against plant ei anti hetic
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M. dubia M. - irba aet aalbe n market in available agents microbial
7 ( 4 ), 189 h benefits also benefits h
Summary of the findings.
-
is a potential medicinal plant, medicinal potential a is 197
.
microorganisms. T - microbial d microbial hus
anti , this study this , J - unl of ournal e conduct e microbial
Thus,
rug 195
TRANSACTIONS ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY [20] [19] [18] [17] [16] [15] [14] [13] [12] [11] [10] [9] [8] [7] [6] [5] [4] [3]
peninsular India. of constituents M. Nagalakshmi, Chem frugiperda Spodoptera K. Mikolajczak, scave radical their as well as honey, Fasan Burkina in contents proline and flavonoid phenolic, total C. Lamien, A., Meda, 2 against plants traditional few of extracts crude of Malarvannan,S.,Giridharan, Sekar, S.,R.,Prabavathy, Sudha, Ovicidal V.R. N. activity 2009. & 49 D. Mabberley, 409 syst multicomponent a in role of mode G. Singh, O., Koul, Press, 157 J. Kokwaro, Sciences, differ their Khadse, C. Chapman and Hall Publication J. Harborne. Biochemistry assay tube J. Gutteridge, B., Halliwell, Oxford, 588. R. Gupta, tree).neem T. Govindachari, antioxidants Gordon, M. 168. pathogens. skin against compound camphene S. Gerige, Citrus. of culture cell J suspension in & metabolism S. limonoid of Hasegawa, Modification R., Matsumoto, 2002. T., M. Hidaka, Omura, T., Moriguchi, T., Shimada, M., Kita, T., Endo, 1200. Concentration. M. Blios, Acid Ascorbic and Power Enzymol Antioxidant Total of B Measurement of Activity antioxidant Total F. Benzie, from A. C. Lim, K., Awang, ournal of (1) -
H. 64. – ,
416. 6471.
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