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Reliable Mine Water Technology” IMWA 2013 Golden CO; USA “Reliable Mine Water Technology” IMWA 2013 Strategic Assessment of Water Resources for the Erongo Uranium Province Christoph Külls¹, Arnold Bittner², Vera Marx² ¹IHF, Fahnenbergplatz, 79098 Freiburg, Germany, [email protected] ²SLR Environmental Consulting (Namibia; Pty) Ltd., 8 General Murtala Muhammed Street, Windhoek, Namibia, [email protected] Abstract The development of uranium mining in the arid Erongo region of central western Namibia has increased pressure on limited water resources. An assessment of available water resources and demand from different stakeholders was carried out. An Integrated Geohydrolog- ical Model (IGHMS) was developed. IGHMS produces time series of key hydrological processes such as channel flow, evapotranspiration, transmission losses, lateral subsurface flow and water level of aquifers in key compartments used by mines and other stakeholders in the region. The model uses an explicit visual modelling approach. This approach facilitates model maintenance and integration of stakeholder actions. IGHMS is a framework model. For important aquifers or aquifer compartments more detailed numerical groundwater models have been developed. IGHMS assures the consistency of boundary conditions. The results of IGHMS have led to a new monitoring and licensing strategy in the uranium province of the Erongo Region. Keywords strategic environmental impact assessment, integrated geohydrological model, aquifer compartment, regional/basin model, water resources allocation, new monitoring and licensing strategy. Introduction A Strategic Environmental Assessment The current and planned mining activities in (SEA), conducted by the Southern African In- the Swakop River Basin and other areas in the stitute of Environmental Assessors (SAIEA) Erongo Region of Namibia will have impacts under the auspices of the Namibian Chamber on the availability and quality of water re- of Mines,has assessed all sector development sources. The Erongo region in the central scenarios in the Namib Uranium Province. western part of Namibia receives 350 to less One part of this SEA was a Water Balance Study than 50 mm of rainfall per year, most of the for the river catchments in the Namib Ura- mining areas are located in the arid part with nium Province which aimed at providing in- rainfall of less than 150 mm per year. Ground- formation on water balance and groundwater water resources in the crystalline basement availability from alluvial aquifers (Külls et al. are scarce and mostly constrained to shallow 2009). Recommendations about abstraction alluvial aquifers. In order to minimize nega- constraints were derived from the SEA to re- tive impacts and to develop environmentally duce the negative impact on ecosystems and sound strategies for social and economic de- existing agricultural users. velopment it is of paramount importance to The Namibian Ministry of Mines and En- understand the distribution of water re- ergy appointed the Institute of Hydrology sources (Benito et al. 2009). The sustainable (Germany) and BIWAC (Namibia) to carry out yield of alluvial aquifers needs to be estimated the hydrogeological specialist study and water as a basis for water allocation to stakeholders balance of both Khan and Swakop river catch- and mines. ments in the Erongo Region. The works pro- Wolkersdorfer, Brown ( Figueroa (Editors) 47 IMWA 2013 “Reliable Mine Water Technology” Golden CO; USA gramme comprised the development of a con- vegetation density were used to determine ceptual model based on field investigations compartment boundaries. Altogether nine (groundwater sampling campaign) and exisit- Swakop River compartments and 10 Khan ing database information, the implementation River compartments were delineated and their of numerical groundwater flow models of se- respective sub-catchments calculated (Tab. 1, lected Swakop- and Khan river compartments Fig. 2). These compartments represent surface (BIWAC 2010) and subsequently an Intergated and groundwater management units defined Geohydrological Model of the Swakop/Khan by natural boundaries. Most of the basin is river catchment as basis for an improved mon- characterized by crystalline bedrock com- itoring, decision support system and licensing posed of schist, granite and amphibolite. The procedure through the regulator. The Inte- fractured basement aquifer has low groundwa- grated GeoHydrological Model of the Swakop ter yields. Most of groundwater resources are basin (IGHMS) integrates hydrological data, found in alluvial aquifers that act as a linear calculates key hydrological processes and state subsurface drainage. Alluvial aquifers are variables and thereby defines hydrological recharged by transmission losses from infre- boundary conditions of recharge, lateral in- quent floods. These alluvial aquifers are char- flow and outflow for compartments in a hy- acterized by a pool-step sequence. Channel drologically consistent manner. Numerical sections of several tens of kilometers are typi- groundwater models can be plugged into cally separated by basement highs where IGHMS for a detailed and numerical modeling aquifer depth decreases from several tens of of specific compartments (BIWAC 2010).Re- meters to few meters and groundwater re-sur- sults of the IGHMS are used to evaluate impact faces. At these steps dense vegetation devel- of water abstraction scenarios on other stake- ops. Compartments are separated by these holders, mines and farmers in terms of steps at their upper and lower boundaries. groundwater levels and groundwater flow. These channel sections were then character- These components form a decision support ized in several ways. Groundwater samples system for water right allocation (Fig. 1). were taken from boreholes in the river allu- vium and adjacent basement aquifers and an- Delineation of river compartments alyzed for major ions, metals and rare ele- Hydrogeological data, remote sensing data ments as well as CFC samples for and information from field campaigns such as characterization of the groundwater residence water level depths, river bed geometry and times of all river sections/compartments in Numerical Abstraction Groundwater Scenarios Flow Models Integrated Groundwater Geohydrological Sampling Model (IGHMS) Decision Campaign Support Fig. 1 Components of a Deci- System sion support sytem with In- tegrated Geohydrological Model stakeholder input 48 Wolkersdorfer, Brown ( Figueroa (Editors) Golden CO; USA “Reliable Mine Water Technology” IMWA 2013 Length of Area of Average width Average Average Compartment compartment compartment compartment depth RWL km km² m m m ͳ ͷ͵ ͺǤ͸ ͳ͸ʹ ͺ ʹ ͳ ʹ͸ ͹Ǥ͹ ʹͻ͸ ͳͲ Ͷ ͵ Ͷʹ ͳͷǤ͹ ͵͹Ͷ ͳ͵ ͸ Ͷ ͵͵ ͳͲǤ͹ ͵ʹͷ ʹ͵ ͹ ͷ ʹ͸ ͳͲǤͶ ͶͲͳ ͳ͹ ͸ ͸ ʹͷ ͷǤ͵ ʹͳʹ ͳ͵ ͷ ͹ ͵͸ ͺǤ͸ ʹͶͲ ͳͺ ͺ ͺ ʹͲ ͹Ǥͷ ͵͹͸ ʹ͵ ͹ ͻ ʹͻ ͳ͵ǤͲ ͶͶͻ ͳͷ ͹ K1 SPES BONA 26 5.9 226 14 10 K2 ONGUATI 17 1.6 92 15 8 K3 GROOT ROOIBERG 8 2.1 262 15 8 K4 KLEIN ROOIBERG 11 1.3 114 15 10 K5 NAOB/USAKOS 30 7.5 250 7 3 Table 1 Information K6 KHANBERGE 31 5.6 182 23 7 K7 VALENCIA 5 0.8 162 12 4 on compartment K8 RIO TINTO 14 1.4 102 18 8 characteristics: K9 ROSSING 25 4.1 164 18 4 Swakop River (S) K10 CONFLUENCE 17 3.6 213 22 14 and Khan river (K) Fig. 2 Delineation of river compartments and sub- catchments as basis for IGHMS the Swakop/Khan catchment within the formation obtained from the models was in- Erongo Region. For several of these compart- corporated in IGHMS. ments specific numerical groundwater models Surface and sub-surface flow from each were developed: Compartments 07 (Valencia) sub-catchment was modeled based on a daily and 08 (Rössing) of the Khan River and 02 rainfall records and catchment parameters. A (Otjimbingwe) and 05 (Langer Heinrich) of the unit runoff map of Namibia developed by Swakop River (BIWAC 2010). For these com- Namwater based on existing runoff data was partments specific hydrogeological investiga- used to convert rainfall into direct runoff. tions using geophysics and available borehole Evaporation was calculated based on climate logs were carried out based on which aquifer data including temperature and relative hu- geometry was defined. The hydrogeological in- midity using an approach specifically devel- Wolkersdorfer, Brown ( Figueroa (Editors) 49 IMWA 2013 “Reliable Mine Water Technology” Golden CO; USA oped for Namibia and calibrated in the study area by Hellwig (1977). Methods IGHMS was developed with the software pack- age SIMILE of Simulistics©. This software has been proposed for explicit environmental modeling, especially for integrating processes of different disciplines. The software allows vi- sualizing the complete program structure. Non-programmers can follow the flow of water Fig. 3 Part of the model structure showing sur- and resources and relate to different modules face runoff, transmission losses, pumping and and compartments or processes of the model. recharge: q=runoff, inC =channel inflow, This was an important aspect as the model will Cout=channel outflow, sr =surface runoff. be used by local stakeholders and decision TL=transmission losses depend on L=length of makers in situations of potential conflict. the compartment (km), ecs=extinction coefficient The model consists of a sequence of com- (m³/s per km) and are limited by storage (S) of partments. For each compartment all inflows the alluvial aquifer (A). The model also takes into and outflows are calculated based on hydro- account spill flow from an upstream reservoir logical processes. Each sub-model (spill), while no, go and
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