READ INSIDE: NORTHERN HEART «LESSONS WE OF VIKRAMADITYA LEARNED...» Phases of an unprecedented Frigates for India: experience project to overcome difficulties

FEATURE ONE: FACING INDIA

1(9) 2012

On March, 1988, state company “Sudoexport”is founded on the basis of the foreign trade arm of the Shipbuilding Industry Ministry of the USSR established in 1968 (Minsudprom). In accordance with Presidential Order No. 696 of June 9, 2010 “On the development of “United Shipbuilding Corporation’’, “Sudoexport” is integrated in United Shipbuilding Corporation. The order specifies that foreign trade operations on exporting and importing ships and other vessels, ship and other equipment, parts and materials, and leasing, are designated as priority areas. “Sudoexport” acts as a middleman for the Russian shipbuilding industry working with foreign clients and works on importing equipment and parts for shipbuilding enterprises, as well as implementing in Russia advanced foreign and domestic technologies for the shipbuilding industry. In its many years of experience, “Sudoexport” has earned a reputation as a reliable partner for many successful shipbuilding and repair factories, as well as for shipping companies from India, Germany, Norway, Bulgaria, Vietnam, Egypt, and other countries. We aim to maintain harmonious relations with our clients, keeping them as transparent and as reliable as possible.

11, Sadovaya-Kudrinskaya 123242, Moscow, Russia Tel.: +7 (495) 727 30 52 Fax: +7 (495) 727 30 53 E-mail: info sudoexport.ru @ www.sudoexport.com Dear readers!

This issue of the corporate magazine of the United Ship- building Corporation (USC) is mostly focused on the themes of Russian-Indian cooperation in the naval sphere. It is symbolic that it is issued on the eve of an important event — 50th anni- versary of the beginning of the military and technical coopera- tion between India and the USSR — which throughout decades became a major factor of not only the world arms market, but also of the global politics. Fruitful military and technical cooperation of our countries that had time and again played an important role in preventing threats and effective resolution of armed conflicts acquired a new quality in early ХХI century. A high degree of mutual un- derstanding that had formed during years of close partnership, on the working level, too, and mutual trust allow Russia and India to change the previous cooperation in the format buyer- seller, customer-manufacturer in favour of joint development of advanced weapons and military equipment. This particular format of modern privileged partnership gives our countries the synergy able to provide a breakthrough to the leading positions in a number of areas of military and technical cooperation, including joint design and production of effective naval hardware, in order to meet the requirements of the national armed forces, as well as for successful competition on the world market. We at USC are sure that further development of the strategic partnership relations between our nations, including the naval shipbuilding sphere, will make it possible to protect the national sovereignty and implement national interests of India and Rus- sia in the ХХI century in the most efficient and mutually ben- eficially manner.

Roman Trotsenko President, United Shipbuilding Corporation CONTENT

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4_NEWS 27_FORECAST: NO CALM 48_THUNDERBOLTS FOR THE COUNTRY 10_SHARING THE SAME GOALS 34_NORTHERN HEART OF GODS OF VIKRAMADITYA 14_INDISSOLUBLE UNION 52_LOOKING DEEP 37_SCHOOL 20_«LESSONS WE LEARNED...» OF THE SEA WOLF

26_SUDOEXPORT — INDIA: 40_PARTNERSHIP reliable partnership FOR FRIENDSHIP’S SAKE

«USC. STRENGTH Address e-mail: [email protected] AND POWER AT SEA» magazine 11/1 Sadovaya-Kudrinskaya, website: www.oaoosk.ru №1(9) 2012 Moscow,123242 Russia Published by USC JSС Tel.: +7 (495) 617-33 00 Fax: +7 (495) 617-34 00 President Roman Trotsenko NEWS

USC AND MMK SPAIN LOBBYING St. Petersburg, the following documents were signed in the this involved their license construction at one of the domes- BECAME PARTNERS WARSHIP DELIVERY presence of Prime Minister Vladimir Putin: tic shipyards. The details of the signed contract have not yet been dis- MOSCOW, 29 November 2011. JSC United Shipbuilding TO BRAZIL — a contract to build a 25-MW ice-breaker (completion date: closed. Corporation (USC) and JSC Magnitogorsk Iron & Steel 29 November 2011 (CAWAT). Executive director of Spanish October 2015); The delivery of the frigates is the biggest joint project be- Works (MMK) signed a memorandum of strategic shipbuilder Navantia Louis Cacho completed his visit to Bra- — contracts to build three 16-MW ice-breakers (completion tween Russia and Vietnam in the segment of major surface cooperation. zil, during which he held talks with the Ministry of Defense, dates: May, August and October 2015); ships. In 2006, Rosoboronexport signed a US$ 350 million Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Navy and defense industry of- — a subcontract to build a 25-MW ice-breaker with the contract with the Vietnamese Navy to supply two Project The parties agreed to cooperate in ficials of the largest South American state to support the pro- completion date set at October 2015; 11661 Gepard-3.9 frigates. The developer of the project is the science and technology on the existing posal in the framework of PROSUPER (Programa de Obtencao — an agreement on preparations for the construction of a Zelenodolsk PKB Design Bureau, while the manufacturing and new types of products in ship- de Meios de Superficie) program. series of 60-MW nuclear-powered ice-breakers; contractor is JSC Zelenodolsk Shipyard. building, as well as optimize the chains — an agreement on the use of Baltic Shipyard’s capacities to The modified version of the Project 11661 Gepard-3.9 has de- to supply steel products from the MMK In addition, the CEO of Navantia met with the Spanish Ambas- build the floating hull parts for two Mistral assault landing rived from the Tatarstan patrol ship. The Vietnamese Gepard site to USC enterprises. sador to Brazil to coordinate the efforts supporting the com- ships. ship incorporates stealth technology. It is armed with the «As you know, the shipbuilding indus- pany’s proposals with the diplomatic mission. Palma-SU missile/gun air defense system with a new elec- try is perhaps the most metal-intensive It should be recalled that in the first phase of the PROSUPER tro-optical guidance system and the Uran missile system. sector. In this regard, the United Ship- program, Brazil seeking to increase the capabilities to protect RUSSIAN-BUILT FRIGATE By now, both the Project 11661 Gepard-3.9 frigates have been building Corporation believes that the its offshore oil fields plans to acquire 11 combatant ships — FOR INDIAN NAVY delivered to the Vietnamese Navy. strategic cooperation between Russian shipbuilders and the five 6000-ton frigates, five 1800-ton offshore patrol vessels and Magnitogorsk Iron & Steel Works will promote healthy com- one replenishment oiler (AOR) to be built by the winner of the COMPLETED TRIALS petition in the domestic ship’s steel market, which is espe- tender in the country in conjunction with Brazilian companies. MOSCOW, 7 December 2011 (RIA Novosti). The first of the cially important in conditions when shipbuilding orders have According to Navantia, its proposal features two major ben- three frigates ordered by the Indian Navy has successfully been steadily growing in Russia,» - said Roman Trotsenko, efits: the availability of proven projects for the three classes passed the final trials before its handover to the Indian side. President of the United Shipbuilding Corporation. In turn, of ships (frigate, POV and AOR ship) required for the Brazilian Boris Dubrovsky, Director General of Magnitogorsk Iron & Navy, as well as vast experience in transfer of the construc- «In fact, the final testing phase of the Project 11356 frigate Teg Steel Works, said, «Possessing the most modern plate roll- tion technologies to a number of countries, including Australia, (Saber) has finished. Next, the process of delivery and accept- ing processes at its Mill 5000 facility, MMK intends to devel- India and Norway. ance of the first of three frigates by the Indian side will be- op the delivery market for shipbuilders. Such an opportunity Navantia has already secured the full support of the project gin,»- said Sergei Mikhailov, spokesman for the Yantar Baltic is available now, and we are pleased with the agreements from Spain’s Government, Ministry of Defense, and Navy. The Shipyard. According to him, the frigate is to be handed over to reached with USC. MMK is able to fully meet the needs of obligations of the parties were fixed in the Memorandum of the Indian Navy in April next year. the Russian shipbuilding industry, which will soon become Understanding signed in December 2010 by the Brazilian and The contract to build the second batch of the three frigates the locomotive of the domestic economy.” Spanish Ministries of Defense. was signed on 14 July 2007 in New Delhi. Under the first con- Project 11661 frigates are designed to search, detect tract signed in 1997, frigates Tabar (Hatchet), Trishul (Trident) and destroy surface, underwater and air targets, as well and Talvar (Sword) were constructed and handed over to the as handle escort and patrol missions. INDIA: A NEW STAGE Indian Navy. The displacement of the ships is 2100 tons, speed — 28 IN SHIPBUILDING The frigates under construction at Yantar will almost not dif- knots, sea crossing endurance — 20 days. Their arma- fer in their basic characteristics from those received by India ment suite includes two Uran-E quad ASM launchers, a DEVELOPMENT earlier. Only the armament mix of the ships was modified. In 76mm AK-176M artillery gun, two 30mm AK-630M CIWS NEW DELHI, 30 November 2011 (ARMS-TASS). India is particular, they will be armed with the Brahmos supersonic systems and 533mm torpedo tubes. Ka-28 or Ka-31 heli- considering the development of an air-independent propul- cruise missile with a range of 300 kilometers. copters can be based on the frigate. sion (AIP) unit for conventional submarines (SSK). VIETNAM WILL GET The proposal to develop an AIP unit was initiated by the ANOTHER Defense Research and Development Organization (DRDO) as part of the efforts to look for technologies reducing vul- TWO GEPARDS nerability of the Indian Navy’s SSK fleet. 7 December 2011 (CAWAT). The Naval Material Research Laboratory, which is part of Vietnam will take delivery of DRDO, is working on the technology demonstration project additional two Project Gepard «Ground AIP Prototype Development» for the main power 3.9 frigates, according to Sergei plant of the SSK. Rudenko, Deputy Director for Ex- The vulnerability of the SSK can be reduced through extend- port Activities at the Zelenodolsk ing the periods when the boat stays submerged. Electric Shipyard named after Gorky. As diesel generators of the SSK use the storage batteries to BALTIC SHIPYARD to armaments for the two new drive the propulsion system in submerged mode. To charge TO OPERATE frigates, the emphasis will be the batteries, a boat needs to surface. In case of AIP, the placed on ASW capabilities. batteries can be charged without surfacing. IN FULL FORCE The Vietnamese side has long The ground AIP prototype may be demonstrated in India 2 December 2011 (RF Prime Minister’s website). Following expressed its intention to ac- by 2015. a meeting held at the Baltic Shipyard (Baltiysky Zavod) in quire two more similar ships, and

4 USC №1(9), 2012 USC №1(9), 2012 5 news

CHINEESE NAVY’S RUSSIA’S ARMS EXPORTS AIRCRAFT CARRIER REACHED US$ 12 BILLION REFITTED FROM VARYAG 25 January 2012 (Lenta.Ru). Russia’s arms exports in 2011 BEGAN TRIALS amounted to around US$ 12 billion, according to Rostekh- nologii State Corporation Director General Sergei Chemezov. USC HONG KONG, 22 December 2011 (ARMS-TASS). He said that defense deliveries effected through Rosoboro- AND ARCTIC A Chinese aircraft carrier, built around the ex-Soviet heavy nexport last year amounted to US$ 10.7 billion. «The figure UNIVERSITY aircraft-carrying cruiser Varyag, headed out to the Yellow for this year will be over 12 billion. This is definitely,»- said TO SET UP Sea for a third nine-day test voyage. Chemezov, adding that such a forecast helps determine the A NEW INSTITUTE current amount of the export portfolio. 12 December 2011 (REGNUM). The Northern (Arctic) Federal At present, the book of export orders for Russian military University (NArFU) and the equipment is estimated at US$ 30-35 billion. «We have ac- United Shipbuilding Corporation cumulated a sufficient reserve and it actually does not (USC) have signed an agreement decrease. There are some variations: it usually decreases to establish the Shipbuilding at the end of the year and increases again in the beginning and Arctic Marine Engineering of the year. But in general the trend is positive,»- said Chem- Institute. ezov. Russia currently ranks second in the world arms export sales According to NArFU’s press behind the United States. The US DOD Defense Security Co- service, the new higher operation Agency (DSCA) announced in early December 2011 educational institute will be that the US arms exports in 2011 totaled US$ 34.8 billion. set up in Severodvinsk on the basis of Sevmashvtuz Technical College, which will join the THAILAND IS READY NARFU by May 2012. TO BUY SSK SUBMARINES USC will establish three training classes on shipbuilding 26 January 2012 (CAWAT). A new Thai defense minister, Air specialties on the basis of Chief Marshal Sukumpol Suwanatat, announced his inten- the NArFU. The agreement tion to continue discussions with the Government on the provides for several areas of need to purchase submarines. cooperation - in particular, establishing a system for AUSTRALIA TO SPEND Speaking in his office on 24 January, the minister said he monitoring USC enterprises’ 30 YEARS TO DEVELOP plans to resume a number of unrealized projects, including needs in personnel training, the purchase of diesel-electric submarines (SSK). Accord- retraining and professional NEW SUBMARINES ing to foreign media, Navy Commander Admiral Surasak development; developing a 14 December 2011 (Lenta.Ru). Australia’s Department of Defense has Runroengrom will deliver a new request to the Government vocational guidance system for announced a tender for the development and delivery of 12 new sub- during the next month. He will insist on the purchase of youth, including the promotion marines. Invitations to bid were sent to French company DCNS, which diesel-electric submarines in connection with an increased of shipbuilding specialties, produces Scorpene type submarines, Spanish Navantia manufactur- number of submarines in service with the Southeast Asian establishing technical creativity ing Type S-80 ships, and German HDW, which has developed Type 212 Navies. In particular, in December 2011, Indonesia signed circles, holding contests on and Type 214 submarines. The estimated project period is 30 years. a contract to buy three Type 209 SSKs from the Republic shipbuilding topics; developing of Korea. Neighboring Cambodia, too, has announced its a targeted personnel contract The specific parameters of the new submarine program for the Royal intention to acquire submarines. training and retraining system; Australian Navy have not yet been determined. According to Jason The previous testing phase lasted from 29 November to 11 De- The Royal Thai Navy Command has been seeking to adopt educational program updating Clare, the Minister responsible for material support of the Australian cember. According to sources, that voyage included training submarines over the past 15 years, but the program has not yet and development; NArFU armed forces, the project will involve hundreds of companies and exercises involving J-15 (Jian-15) fighters. They practiced been implemented, due to lack of necessary funds. The Gov- training facilities development; thousands of workers. «Foreign companies possess some important interaction with the aircraft carrier, but did not have the tech- ernment first approved the ac- developing a system of the know how, while other knowledge we need to get ourselves. It is time nical ability to land on the deck due to lack of arresters. Design quisition of SSKs worth US$ 800 NArFU’s basic chairs and to develop a plan that will allow us to acquire the necessary skills to and production of this component is a very challenging task, million in 1995. The Navy chose training centers at USC design and build submarines,» — said Clare. while, according to reports, China’s attempts to purchase the Gotland class submarines from enterprises. Currently, six Collins-class diesel-electric submarines are in service arresting gears abroad, including in Russia, have failed. Swedish Kokums, but the project with the Royal Australian Navy. They entered service between 1996 This first aircraft carrier in China was built on the basis of was canceled in 1996 due to the and 2003. the Varyag heavy aircraft-carrying cruiser purchased from Asian economic crisis. In 2009, Australia launched a large-scale rearmament program esti- Ukraine in 1998 at a price of scrap metal. This ship will be sup- In early 2011 the Thai Navy Com- mated at US$ 70 billion. These funds will be spent in the next 20 years to posedly used by the Chinese Navy primarily for testing and mand announced its plans to ac- build and purchase new equipment for land, air and naval forces. naval pilot training. quire six Type 206A submarines

6 USC №1(9), 2012 USC №1(9), 2012 7 news PROJECT VIEW

from the German Navy. The cost of the delivery is estimated At present, DCNS and Mazagon Dock Ltd. are certificating at 5.5-7.7 billion baht, according to different sources. The other Indian companies for supplying equipment needed for procurement of submarines from a foreign Navy, according to construction of the conventional submarines. the Thai naval officials, is the most rational solution. However, these plans did not receive government support. Later, the Navy added their request by including information about the INDONESIAN NAVY WILLING planned timing and operating cost of submarines, their support TO BUY F-2000 FRIGATES opportunities, as well as the comparative costs when buying new SSKs from South Korea and France. REJECTED BY BRUNEI 01 March 2012. (TsAMTO). The Indonesian Navy has request- ed approval by the parliament’s lower house for acquisition DCNS INDIA DELIVERS FIRST of three Brunei-type F-2000 light frigates built by BAE Systems INDIAN-MADE EQUIPMENT TO FIT for the Bruneian Navy but rejected by the customer. SCORPENE CONVENTIONAL The request was submitted to the parliament by Malaysian PROPULSION SUBMARINE CNO Adm. Soeparno on 29 February. The ships have been of- 01 March 2012 (TsAMTO). DCNS has announced that the fered to the Indonesia Navy at €296 million (about $380 million), delivery of onboard equipment to fit submarines being built which is reasonable enough compared to their initial price. under the Project 75 programme has been performed by the Another interested customer is Malaysia. DCNS India company on schedule. The contract for three frigates for the Bruneian Navy was signed in Mazagon Dock Ltd. has taken the delivery. The mainstay of the F-2000 January 1998. The three ships worth The Indian government and French and Indian companies frigate’s weapons suite is £750 million ($1.5 billion) were slated signed initial contracts for six Scorpene-type conventional- eight MM-40 Block II Exocet for delivery on 2004. However, the propulsion submarines, valued at a total of 187.98 billion ru- antiship missiles with a range Bruneian government refused to pees, in October 2005. of 70 km, 16 Sea Wolf surface- field them and contracted the Lurs- The submarines are being built by Mazagon Dock Ltd. with to-air missiles, an OTO Melara sen company to sell them to some- DCNS’s participation under a technology transfer agreement. 76-mm Super Rapid automatic body else. In June 2011, DCNS India awarded Flash Forge India Pvt. Ltd. gun, two 30-mm REMSIG rapid- The ships were mothballed at Bar- a contract providing for the transfer of know-how and provi- fire guns and two 324-mm row, the UK, about five years ago. sion of technical assistance in manufacturing equipment triple-tube torpedo launchers. The media used to speculate that the designed to equip Scorpene submarines. Algerian or UAE navies could buy them, but their guesswork proved not to be the fact later on. British firm James Fisher Defence landed a contract for main- taining the mothballed ships. Rotating crews would take them out of the dock periodically to keep their propulsion plants in good running order.

The programme, providing for the annual deliveries of a non-nuclear submarine to the Indian Navy starting from 2012, is almost three years behind schedule. According to Defence Minister A.K. Antony, the reason for the slip- page behind schedule is the complexity of the technol- ogy transfer, the need of beefing up the Mazagon Dock Ltd. shipyard’s infrastructure and problems with certain material and equipment. Mazagon Dock Ltd will be able to male more than one conventional-propulsion submarine a year in the future owing to the modernisation of the infrastructure. According to current estimates, the first Scorpene sub- marine will enter service with the Indian Navy in 2015, with the rest to follow suit between 2016 and 2018.

Multipurpose patrol ship (corvette), 8 USC №1(9), 2012 project 20382 «Тigr» PRIORITIES

USC is offering India a revolutionary diesel submarine Amur 1650, which ranks second to none in the world as far as some most critical characteristics are concerned

fighter jets, helicopters, main battle tanks, air de- the development of the combat information and fense systems, artillery systems, naval and other control system for Project 17. This is entirely a new- The largest nation in South hardware. generation system, enabling the operator to exercise Speaking about naval technologies, the coopera- full command and control of not only one ship, but Asia, India has always tion can be traced back to the middle of the past the whole battle group. been one of Russia’s key century. Our relations were never static: the part- Russian shipyard services remain highly in partners as far as military nership was developing dynamically from ordinary demand, too. For instance, the United Shipbuild- technology is concerned. supplies of single pieces of equipment at the begin- ing Corporation’s JSC PO Sevmash is in the final Igor PONOMARYOV, the ning through technology transfer to joint ship de- phase of the overhaul and reconstruction pro- director for foreign economic velopment and production at India’s shipyards. The ject of the Vikramaditya aircraft carrier, while cooperation flourished in 1970s, when the USSR JSC Shipyard Yantar is building three Project activities at JSC United supplied its cutting-edge and reliable Project 205 11356 frigates for the Indian customer. At the Shipbuilding Corporation, guided missile boats, Project 159 frigates and Pro- same time, JSC SC Zvyozdochka is involved in the comments on current affairs ject 641 submarines, which became the mainstay of upgrade of the Project 877 EKM diesel submarine and company’s plans of joint the Indian Navy’s combat power. upgrade. research, development and The golden age of our cooperation was 1980s. construction of combat ships Back then the Soviet Union delivered Project 1234 — What can USC offer to the Indian Navy in and Project 1241 Molniya (Nato Tarantul class) future? for the Indian Navy. corvettes, and Project 61 large ASW destroyers. The latter is what I would like to call unique, for — Many things. The first is a joint venture to it was the first time ever that Russia developed provide maintenance of already shipped naval and built a warship displacing over 5,000 tons for equipment through the whole lifecycle. Secondly, a foreign customer. This signaled the start of a UCS is willing to engage in joint development and new phase in the military technical cooperation of production of new combat and auxiliary ships. SHARING THE SAME GOALS Russia with other nations, its main idea being to Noteworthy, there are lots of plans for a few years Indo-Russian cooperation in naval equipment: offer customized solutions to defense technology to come, with active efforts aimed at the participa- past, present, future partners. tion in new tenders. We also have plans to expand our partnership r. Ponomaryov, would you repeatedly emphasized the advantages of dealing — Is it all same as that now? on submarines. We also bid with our latest project characterize Indo-Russian with Russia on defense technologies, which, apart Amur 1650 in the Indian Navy competition for the defense technology partnership from being superb in terms of performance in — More than that. Our partnership evolved to a construction of six Project 75 (I) subs. Our sub- as fruitful? combat and reliability in adverse climatic condi- new quality level in conjunction with the evolution mersible has a real formidable, but well-balanced tions, are offered at most luring price. In addition, of the Indian shipbuilding industry and the estab- set of weapons, which includes antiship missiles -M— Indeed, the Soviet military technologies our Indian partners admire the high level of Rus- lishment of Indian production and research and with salvo launch capability. Importantly, the offered to India used to be the backbone of the sian weapons’ adjustability to technical require- development sites with broad participation of the submarine is deadly effective in attacking ground South Asian country’s national defense, and the ments of their country, and praise Russia for its Russian military industrial complex. targets and installations by long-range cruise mis- relations did not become less fruitful after the willingness to share its sensitive technologies and The first to break the ice of Indo-Russian coop- siles - an entirely new mission for a non-nuclear USSR disintegration. The truth is that India has launch joint ventures in the area of military tech- eration in technology transfer was the St. Peters- sub. Apart from that, the central design bureau for never lodged any claims or complaints about the nologies. burg-based design bureau Almaz, whose specialists marine engineering Rubin has developed and is quality of Russian military hardware, but always were at the roots of the first-in-the-batch Vibhuti finishing the bench trials of a state-of-the-art air- admitted its reliability. Importantly, speaking at — What are the main phases of this speedboat produced at Mazagon Dock Ltd in Bom- independent power plant with diesel fuel reform- the 8th plenary meeting of the Russian-Indian cooperation? And what joint projects would bay, controlling all key stages of its production and ing, which may eventually be selected to propel intergovernmental commission for military- you call unique? sea tests. Shortly thereafter, the Severnoye design Amur-1650. It is not ruled out that the engine technical cooperation, India’s Defense Minister bureau joined efforts with Indian shipbuilders over program could go well in India, with Russian spe- Arackaparambil Kurian Antony hailed the long- — For forty years of partnership Russia pro- Project 15 and Project 25, thus offering invaluable cialists involved. term friendship and business partnership with vided India’s military arms and services with the experience to Indian partners, who used it properly Russia. Moreover, country’s military experts have best of the best weapons and materiel, including in fulfillment of other priority national programs In summary, I would like to say that today, de- later on. spite the changes on the global geopolitical arena, Presently Russian shipbuilders are involved in a Russian-Indian relationship is developing in a con- 1980s saw the start of a new phase in the military technical number of India’s Projects. A positive result of the structive way, and, I am sure, will move further on cooperation of Russia with other nations, its main idea being to offer cooperation with Indian shipbuilders consists in in the interests of both nations. customized solutions to defense technology partners

10 USC №1(9), 2012 USC №1(9), 2012 11 THE ENTERPRISES INTEGRATED INTO THE UNITED SHIPBUILDING CORPORATION ARE ENTERPRISES LOCATED AT ALL BIG PORTS AND TRANSPORTATION HUBS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION -– FROM KALININGRAD TO VLADIVOSTOK, FROM SEVERODVINSK TO ASTRAKHAN OF THE UNITED SHIPBUILDING CORPORATION

. NEVSKOYE DESIGN BUREAU . SEVERNOYE DESIGN BUREAU . MALACHITE DESIGN BUREAU . ICEBERG DESIGN BUREAU . RUBIN DESIGN BUREAU . ALMAZ DESIGN BUREAU . 35 SHIP REPAIR YARD . SREDNE-NEVSKY . 10 SHIP REPAIR YARD SHIPBUILDING PLANT . 82 SHIP REPAIR YARD . KRONDSHTADSKY . BASE FOR FLEET TECHNICAL . NORTH-EASTERN MARINE PLANT MAINTENANCE REPAIR CENTER . ADMIRALTY SHIPYARDS . SEVERNAYA VERF . NIKOLAEVSK-on-AMUR SHIPYARD SHIPYARD VILYUCHINSK . BALTIYSKY SHIPBUILDING . PLANT . RUBIN-SEVER DESIGN BUREAU AMUR SHIPBUILDING PLANT . PROLETARSKY PLANT . ONEGA R&D TECHNOLOGICAL AND DESIGN BUREAU NIKOLAEVSK-on-AMUR . ZVYOZDOCHKA SHIP REPAIR CENTER KOMSOMOLSK-on-AMUR . . NERPA SHIP REPAIR YARD PO SEVMASH . . 179 SHIP REPAIR YARD KHABAROVSK NORTHERN PRODUCTION . SAMUSKY SHIPBUILDING . KHABAROVSK SHIPBUILDING SNEZNOGORSK ASSOCIATION ARKTIKA AND SHIP REPAIR YARD YARD . KHABAROVSK YARD MURMANSK n.a. A.M.GORKIY . ALEXEEV CENTRAL BOLSHOY KAMEN HYDROFOIL DESIGN BUREAU VLADIVOSTOK SEVERODVINSK TOMSK . DESIGN BUREAU «VYMPEL» ARKHANGELSK . KRASNOYE SORMOVO SHIPYARD . . BEREG RESEARCH INSTITUTE ZVEZDA . ZNT YARD FAR-EASTERN YARD . 176 SHIP REPAIR YARD . FAR-EASTERN DESIGN . INSTITUTE ZVEZDA-DSME VOSTOKPROEKTVERF ZELENODOLSK . VOSTOK-RAFFLES . ZELENODOLSK DESIGN BUREAU NIZHNIY . SAINT-PETERSBURG 178 SHIP REPAIR YARD . NOVGOROD SVETLOVSKOYE . 92 SHIP REPAIR YARD ENTERPRISE ERA . KRIUSHINSKY SHIPBUILDING MOSCOW . AND SHIP REPAIR YARD 30 SHIP REPAIR YARD ULYANOVSK

. NPO VINT . YANTAR SHIPYARD . MOSCOW SHIPBUILDING . DESIGN BUREAU «ASTRAMARIN» AND SHIP REPAIR YARD . LOTOS SHIPYARD . KALININGRAD KARL MARX SHIPYARD SVETLY . ASTRAKHAN SHIP REPAIR YARD ASTRAKHAN BALTIYSK . ASTRAKHAN SHIPBUILDING PRODUCTION ASSOCIATION . NOVOROSSIYSK SHIP REPAIR YARD DESIGN BUREAUS . 33 SHIP REPAIR YARD NOVOROSSIYSK ENTERPRISES TEMRYUK SEVASTOPOL TUAPSE . DESIGN BUREAU «CORALL» . TUAPSINSKY SHIP . 5 SHIP REPAIR YARD REPAIR YARD IN CONTACT

Nikolaev. Leading ship named Rajput was handed over to Indian Navy in 1980, while the ultimate one, Ranjivey – in 1988. Easy to repair and maintain, ships of that series have at the same time high service properties both in terms of sea worthiness and combat potential. Leading ship Rajput was highly appreciated by In- dian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi who visited the frigate in 1981. Still serving in Indian Navy, frigates of project Ship of project 25 61ME mainly discharge HQ ship functions. At present, the destroyers undergo upgrading that in- volves their fitting with Indian-Russian anti-surface Since 1999, the Design Bureau jointly with Indi- system BrahMos and the latest antiaircraft missile an specialists had participated in designing a ship of system. project 17. In particular, the Northern PKB design- Besides, some time ago, at the request of the ers had prepared and approved a list of Russian ar- Indian Government and at the direction of the mament for the ship. In 2002, the Northern Bureau Council of Ministers of the USSR, the Northern drafted design documentation and handed that PKB jointly with the Navy representatives had over to the Customer, and in 2007 supplemented specified a list of Soviet armament and military that with turnover documentation and service re- equipment to be installed aboard ships designed in cords related to weapon systems and equipment of India. During 1984-1986, specialists of the North- Russian origin. On April 21, 2010, Mazagon Dock ern PKB and certain contractors were sent to Delhi shipyard in Mumbai hosted a ceremony of handing to jointly participate in making basic and detail over leading frigate Shivalik built under national designs of projects 15 and 25 for Indian Navy. project 17 with the use of Stealth technology to In- Visit of Indian Prime Minister dian Navy. Indira Ghandi to leading ship Later, the Northern PKB designers took part in of project 61ME Rajput. the assembly, adjustment and trials of the Soviet- At the left — V.M.Stavitski, handover representative made armaments and military equipment installed of Shipyard named after aboard such ships. In 1997, the Navy included in its 61 Communard, at the right — Building the ships of Project 61ME A.D.Shishkin, Chief Designer, 1981 г. inventory a leading ship of project 15 Delhi. Dur- ing the recent years, the Customer’s shipyards i.e. Mazagon Dock (Mumbai) and Garden Reach (Cal- Russian Laid down Launched In- Handed Indian name commission over to name Military-technical cutta) with active technical assistance of the Rus- Indian Navy cooperation between sian side have built ships of projects 15, 16, 16A, Nadyozhny 11.09.1976 17.09.1977 30.11.1979 04.05.1980 Rajput 25 and 25A, and handed them over to the Navy. At Gubitelny 29.11.1976 27.09.1978 30.09.1981 10.02.1982 Rana present, frigates of projects 15, 16 and 25 built with JSC Northern PKB Lovky 29.06.1977 16.06.1979 20.07.1983 24.11.1983 Ranjit the help of the Northern PKB specialists by the and the Republic of India Tvyordy 24.10.1981 12.03.1983 30.12.1985 21.04.1986 Ranvir INDISSOLUBLE Indian shipyards successfully discharge their duties has long-standing as part of Indian Navy. Tolkovy 19.03.1982 01.02.1986 15.10.1987 24.02.1988 Ranjivey traditions

Ship of project 61ME Nearly forty-year-long cooperation with the Asian nation gathers momentum and evolves: The Petersburg-based Design Bureau takes active part in designing marine equipment and armaments for Indian Navy establishing contacts with UNIONprivate ship builders to expand the cooperation scope. s far back as in 1974-1976 on the basis times very complicated and controversial) of its of domestic project 61М, the Northern foreign partners. PKB had designed a frigate of project Ships of project 61ME were fitted with strike and 61ME for India. It was a sign of the times: antiaircraft missiles, 76.2 mm and 40 mm artillery the Soviet Union had for the first time mounts, rocket-assisted bomb launchers and five- designedА and built heavy-tonnage (ca 5,000 t) com- tube launchers. The ships carried a sonar system with batant ships for its foreign customer. An era of the under-keel and trailing wire antennas, a helicopter multilateral military-technical cooperation with for- with a shed in the main hull, as well as radioelectronic eign countries had begun: the USSR had confirmed weapons and the latest communication facilities. its preparedness not only to sell finished ships, but Five ships of the project were built by Ship- to build those to meet specific requirements (some- yard named after 61 Communards in the city of

14 USC №1(9), 2012 USC №1(9), 2012 15 IN CONTACT

India has nominated Shivalik frigates as basic ships of its Navy for the first half of XXI century. They will be made in series, ten such ships as a whole shall be launched. Expected presently is building series 2 comprising seven frigates. For the time being, undergoing various stages of building and trials are two other ships of that type i.e. Sat- pura and Sahyadri that in the nearest future will join Indian Navy. Full load displacement of Shivalik frigates is 5,300 tons. The ships are capable to reach cruising speed under 30 knots. Weapons aboard the ships consist of anti-surface missile system Club-N, AA missile systems Stil-1 and Barak, 76 mm artillery mount Oto Melara, two 30 mm artillery mounts AK-630M, two three-tube torpedo launchers, two missile-bomb launchers RBU-6000. The frigates’ air group could include two helicopters Dhruv or Sea In late nineties, on request of Indian Navy, the V.Ye.Yukhnin King. Besides, the ships carry local area network. Bureau had been entrusted with drafting docu- and Indian Frigate of project representatives 11356 Their radioelectronic weapons are represented by ments for a frigate of project 11356. Taken as model negotiating frigate radar Frigate-M2EM, 3Ts-25E. was the Bureau-designed guard-ship of project of project 11356 11351 series-built in the eighties to order of the cruise missiles 3M-54E having supersonic war- ur successful cooperation is well KGB border guard naval forces. head detachable on the terminal phase and capa- exemplified by the joint development The frigate had standard displacement of ble of destroying heavily protected targets within Building ships of project 11356 of a radically new combat command 3,830 t and full displacement of 4,035 t. A dis- a range of under 200 km. Developed by specialists information system for project 17 tinctive aspect of her has become the upgraded of Yekaterinburg-based Design Bureau Nova- Serial Indian Russian Laid down Launched Handed over capable of controlling weapons weapons accepted and tested jointly with the ship. tor, Club-N is the first domestic ship-born strike No. name name to Indian Navy operated not only by a single ship, but by a whole The new anti-surface missile system Club-N was system with vertical firing. The frigate of project 01301 Talwar Metch 10.03.1999 12.05.2000 18.06.2003 О 01302 Trishul Trezubets 24.09.1999 24.11.2000 25.06.2003 naval force. designed as a multi-purpose vertical launcher of 11356 has acquired another first-rate armament i.e. artillery mount A-190 with fire control system 01303 Tabar Sekira 25.05.2000 25.05.2001 19.04.2004 Puma, and AA intermediate-range missile system Since 1999, the Bureau jointly with Indian specialists has (no Russian warship has carried such a system participated in designing ship of national project 17. Shivalik before). AA missile and artillery system Kashtan is he issue of building the second trio of frigates built under that project were nominated by India as basic designed to protect the ship against aerial threat frigates for Indian Navy was addressed ships for its Navy in the first half of XXI century within close-in and immediate zones. as soon as the Talwar building has Apart from strike and antiaircraft weapons, the started. The Customer’s representatives frigate is fitted with ASW weapons consisting of have more than once expressed their two sonar stations (i.e. towed one plus another in desireТ to extend the series, should the experience of the bulb pod), two torpedo launcher and one bomb operating the first ships prove positive. In August launcher. The ASW system is supplemented with a 2005, JSC Rosoboronexport received an official -or continuously stationed helicopter. der for supplying three other ships of project 11356 Main propulsion machinery plant aboard the to Indian Navy with proposals on their performance ships of such project has its distinctive features improvement. too. The plant consists of two cruising and two A month later, the Northern PKB provided the afterburning gas turbines. Noteworthy is that at Customer with contract specifications, and on Sep- slow speed, both screw shafts could be powered by tember 26 the first negotiations took place. Weap- a single turbine, which substantially saves fuel and ons modifications primarily apply to strike and an- service life of the main propulsion machinery plant. tiaircraft systems. Club-N was replaced with missile The frigate’s full speed is 30 knots. system BrahMos of Indian-Russian manufacture, The ship’s hull looks slightly unusual. It was while AA missile and artillery system Kashtan – designed to meet requirements for lower radar sig- with 30 mm automatic guns AK-630M. Apart from nature, and therefore her main deck superstructure this, the upgraded project involved various develop- having wide wall tumblehome angles smoothly ex- ments of hull and improvement of creature com- tends to the main hull. forts conditions. Under project 11356, the Saint-Petersburg-based The decision on the approval of technical design Baltiyski Zavod had built three frigates – Talwar 253/5/5771 had been made on December 20, 2007; (Sword), Trishul (Trident) and Tabar (Axe). In by that time the leading ship of the series had al- 2003-2004, following the trials, the ships were ready been laid down at the Baltic shipyard Yantar Shivalik class frigate handed over to the Indian side. in Kaliningrad.

16 USC №1(9), 2012 USC №1(9), 2012 17 IN CONTACT

In mid September 2009, the Indian side gave the new ships official names i.e. Teg, Tarkash and Building ships of project 11356 Trikand. The first two frigates will be handed over to In- Serial No Indian Russian Laid down Launched dian Navy in 2012, the third one in 2013. name name In late 2008, the Northern PKB under the auspic- 01354 Teg Sablya 27.07.2007 27.11.2009 es of JSC Rosoboronexport had begun to establish 01355 Tarkash Luk 11.06.2008 24.06.2010 contacts with private Indian shipyards within the 01356 Trikand Kolchan 27.11.2008 framework of the Indian Navy advanced develop- ment program. Recently, the Bureau jointly with Pipavav Defence and Offshore Engineering Compa- Such spectrum of directions cannot be success- ny Ltd. has taken part in designing NOPV maritime fully implemented without long-term planning, zone patrol ships for Indian Navy. which calls for a wide range of scientific research For the time being, the Northern PKB studies including market research. the following potential directions of its military- Positive history of military-technical cooperation technical cooperation with other countries: between Russia and other nations provides strong > design (joint design included) of armament evidence in favor of the fact that domestic weapon and military equipment in the interests of the developers and manufacturers are capable to coop- Customer; erate with and compete head-to-head against the > joint research and development efforts; leading international makers of combat equipment. > setting up joint ventures to develop, manufac- Events shaking our turbulent world entail essen- ture and export modern weapons; tial changes in military markets. The Northern PKB > participation in tenders held to choose ad- ship builders are prepared to successfully handle vanced armament and military equipment for the changes because they possess adequate skill and national armed forces. expertise to meet challenges of the world’s naval arms market on a real time basis. High scientific and technical potential, modern production base and well-established relations with leading research In late 2008, the Northern PKB has started and development centers and ship-building compa- establishing contacts with private Indian nies enable the Northern PKB to create high-tech, shipyards within the framework of the science-intensive and competitive projects of war- Indian Navy advanced development ships, to promptly respond to dictates of the time program and requirements of Russian sea power and naval forces of other nations.

The first frigate, Teg (Saber), on berth of Yantar Shipyard as on the 18 USC №1(9), 2012 launching day of November 27, 2009 AN IMPORTANT ORDER

ndian frigates have been laid down on — When had the building started? By the the slip of Yantar shipyard in 2007-2008. way, what had made the State doubt about Now, their building is almost over, the you? first ship will soon be handed over to the Customer. A representative of our maga- — The case is that our sub-series of frigate had zine’sI editorial board interviewed the 11356 Project to be fitted with a lot more of western and Indian Manager Boris KRUTIA to cover particulars of im- equipment as compared to the first trio, and what’s In view of the shipyard’s wide plementing such a significant order. the most important – with BrahMos missile system. That system then gave rise to sharp debates. Under experience and its long-standing debate was Yantar’s very ability to fit new ships with unblemished reputation, in 2006 — Boris Sergeyevich, how long had the such armament, as well as our readiness for build- Yantar Shipyard was entrusted again shipyard cooperated with India? ing similar ships at all… Eventually, following ap- with an important national task. The propriate inspections and discussions, our industry ‘Indian series’ simply revived the — All in all, since sixties of the past century. At superiors decided in favor of Yantar, and on July shipyard: following a hard period of that time, our shipyard was building three guard- 14, 2006 the contract was signed. Official date of ships of project 159AE doing this as for our own the building start coincided with October 30, 2006, production stagnation, the shipyard navy, being simply aware that the ships were for when the first advance payment was effected. found itself again on the frontline of India. Building organization system that time was Russian shipbuilding industry, and entirely different. The Customer took no part in — Had the Indian order somehow changed did its best to successfully execute the building, while finished ships, once handed state of affairs at your shipyard? the order. over to our state commission, were presented by our side to Indian specialists in Baltiysk and Riga. — You bet. It is impossible to overestimate its Their very strict requirements for products quality effect. The order has literally recovered the shipyard are still fresh in our memory. We had for the first to life. Well aware of the fact that the implementa- time realized the meaning of tropicalized rubber, tion of the new project requires renovation of the various coatings resistant to tropical heat etc. shipyard’s production facilities, we had done our best to make provisions in the contract cost for an — When had the work under project 11356 amount needed to develop the shipyard. This had started? After all, your shipyard was suffering a enabled us to renew the shipyard to a certain ex- «LESSONS tent: Yantar had purchased state-of-the-art fabrica- grave crisis. tion facilities, machines, computers, new software. — On the very 2006 Christmas eve, we were Thank heaven that despite of poor workload during informed that Rossudostroenie Corporation and the previous years, our shipyard had retained its WEA special milestone LEARNED...» in the history of the Baltic Federal Service for Military-Technical Cooperation top-notch specialists. Once given that order, the Shipyard Yantar is building of three 11356 nominated Yantar as the best fit shipyard to build shipyard had succeeded to regain those who left the second trio of such ships. us in the nineties, I mean the people really able to project frigates for Indian Navy Yes, you are right, at that time our shipyard’s build ships. Their experience proved very valuable, situation left much to be desired: its workload was and no doubt stood us in good stead when we kept poor, only 1800 workmen were employed. We were on working under the project. mainly making ships under state-guaranteed orders continuing 11540 project line. Putting it mildly, the — Newness of the project had surely caused State’s approach to building ship at our shipyard difficulties. How had you handled them? was not all that enthusiastic, our portfolio was lean. Many people questioned Yantar’s ability to execute — We were not afraid of hardware, and en- that order. Nevertheless, in early 2006, in the capac- countered no problems with hull manufacture. At ity of the shipyard’s chief engineer I was invited to the first stage, one of the most challenging issues negotiate this contract in India. To us, this was terra was the requirement of the designer i.e. Northern incognita, but I had already been well aware of pro- Planning and Design Bureau for making electronic ject 1135, and what’s more, since 2003 our shipyard drawings. We had set up a nowadays primitive net- was used for fitting-out a 11356 project frigate built work adequate at that time to share the designer’s by Baltiyski Zavod. All of us were visiting the ship, system, and found ourselves able to decently com- helping her builders with docking, painting and municate with it. However, in all sincerity, the other work. designer had proved unable to bite off more than it could chew, and most of the spaces had received manually drafted schematics. At the end, we have Once given that order, the shipyard had had something midway between electronic and succeeded to regain those who left us in the paper design documentation. A year before the In- nineties, i.e. the people really able to build ships dian contract, the shipyard lost the best specialists in mold loft production preparation. It was a bad

20 USC №1(9), 2012 USC №1(9), 2012 21 AN IMPORTANT ORDER

tives. However, against all odds, we have managed to build good relations with the specialists of the We had succeeded in establishing Buyer’s observation team, and we highly appreciate the closest human and professional their attitude. The Indians are willing to establish contact with the Indians close human and professional contact with the shipyard personnel. Now I can describe our contact with them as full. claims against us. Believe me, the ships proved re- ally great. No makeover is needed. During the latest — Two-way exchange of experience? project review meeting, we recorded deadlines for handing over all the three frigates. We will stick to — Definitely. The Indians are our students in such deadlines. As for now, I am pleased that the terms of engineering and shipbuilding production. shipyard is committed to these deadlines and to But as concerns the organization of building process, successful completion of the project. logistics and records management, it’s our turn to blunder of ours to let them leave. Therefore, we had follow their suit. The Indians would never lose any — Had such large-scale project influenced on to order lofting to Saint-Petersburg-based TsNIITS Twice a year, the ship building process is discussed document, and if required, would find it in no time. with the representatives of the Indian Navy Joint the development of the Russian shipbuilding and other entities who used unable to meet dead- In my view, their most important advantage we have industry as a whole? lines. This had caused delays in the Indian contract Headquarters. All the production-related aspects to copy is their staff turnover system: they continu- schedule at the very initial work stage. Besides, are significant – technical, financial, coordinating ously shuffle their personnel to leave no one linger in — No doubt, this order had a very beneficial ef- SPKB had strongly recommended to fabricate more and political ones one place so that to prevent cronyism. All members fect on the industry development. Such factories than 45 mm diameter pipes based on electronic of the initial Buyer’s observation team were substi- as Avrora, Meridian, Almaz-Antei supplied us with drawings, which we had managed using our own tuted over the two years. What a wonder, no one has equipment for the ships, and our orders definitely resources. However, the design had revealed errors our Indian partners as very competent specialists, noticed this: the system of working relations has re- enabled them to develop. The contract caused a thus resulting in rejecting 10% of pipes for the In- which equally applied to our guests. All of them mained intact, no failure in the building process has jump in production of almost all supplier enter- dian contract, which had led to considerable losses were navy officers perfectly cognizant of our equip- occurred. This is what we have to learn. prises. Besides, we engaged their specialist to the of funds and time. To overcome all these difficulties ment. They asked expert questions, and to us it work, which seriously revived our relationship. and discrepancies, our shipyard’s specialists paid was hard to defend our viewpoint. As a whole, we — What is happening now? Apart from this, if the first trio of the ships was great efforts of both brain and brawn. hosted 15 Indian specialists with their families. built by the Baltiyski Zavod out of the former Soviet Unlike the Baltiyski Zavod, where the first trio was — Today, the three ships already exist and are leftovers, and equipment installed aboard them — Why had the shipyard failed to comply attended by 4 persons, we took over more charges. set afloat. In early February, the first one having was frequently taken from production reserves of with the initial building schedule? But to pay a tribute to our shipyard management, finished performance trial, undergoes preparations the nineties, then, to build our ships the Customer we proved to be good hosts having made both living to be handed over to the Customer. The second ship required equipment made after 2006. And the sup- — In my view, there are two major reasons for and working conditions quite comfortable. Eventu- has been taken over by an excellent and responsible plier started making this. In my view, it indicates failure to meet deadlines i.e. technological back- ally, everyone enjoyed. builder who competently uses experience gained real positive changes in the development of the wardness of the shipyard and short funding of We used to hold regular meetings with the In- with the first ship. All technology-related discrep- shipyards as such, and the whole system of the in- contractors. Want of funds had in general heavily dian party: twice a week with the Buyer’s observa- ancies with designer have been entirely eliminated, dustrial cooperation. affected the building schedule. I am more than cer- tion team and twice a year at the level of the Indian due to which the second ship looks far better than tain: had the shipyard formerly accepted to properly Navy Joint Headquarters. The meetings address the first one, and is more neatly built. Now she — As you have mentioned, the frigates pay its specialists and contractors, we would have all particulars of the ship building process paying undergoes basin trials, and in April is expected proved great. Doesn’t Russian Navy need such completed building much earlier. This is because attention to technical, financial, coordination, po- to be taken out for performance trial in the Baltic super-ships? that the shipyard had a team having a perfect litical and other aspects. This is envisaged in our Sea. The third ship’s situation has seriously been knowledge of how to build. But given no decent sal- contract. Having discussed all the issues, we make aggravated by shortage of workers. Her building — As it turned out, it does. Owing to the In- ary they asked for, they left. To help our own work- joint decisions. Our cooperation has another higher practically maintains schedule, but she is acutely dian project, we were given an order for a series of ers build ship hulls, we hired other 120 scaffolders, level: an inter-governmental panel has been formed short of pipe fitters, which delays pipelining. All the similar ships for Russian Navy, which is jolly good. but our failure to adequately remunerate them had to deal with shipbuilding-related subjects including equipment has been installed a long ago, the ship is The experience gained opens wide prospects to us reduced their number to no more than 40 people. our project through working meetings. In my view, afloat, but no pipelines have been laid so far. This is laying a firm basis for our further success. Defi- Bitter experience taught us to economically moti- this is a very reasonable and efficient format of a common problem in Russia: long downtime and nitely, under the Russian project we have another vate our workers, nowadays management pursues a business-like partnership. low remunerations made skilled pipe fitters quit, customer, the relationship with whom we will have more realistic politics in this respect. But it is obvi- while no new ones were trained, then shipbuilding to fine-tune. I believe that the customer’s approach ous that the then situation proved in my view one of — How you like the Indians in purely human industry faced a real boom, which turned pipe fit- to the order, and clarity of specifications will pri- the major factors responsible for delays. sense? ters worth their weight in gold with no one available marily determine the whole building progress of the and nowhere to recruit from… Russian series. For example, I am confident that the — How does your shipyard assess Indian — I had already mentioned superior educational successful implementation of the domestic contract representatives? level of Indian specialists. Apart from this, the fact — Will you succeed in handing over the needs formation of the highest-level coordinating that they make their best to entirely justify their frigates by the deadline? council with the customer’s participation on the — The Yantar shipyard received the first mem- salaries paid by the State, inspires great respect. Un- model of the council making now practical deci- bers of the Buyer’s observation team in late 2007. fortunately, we often lack this property along with — I think we will. We certainly have failed to sions in respect to ships for Indian Navy. Frankly speaking, at first we were afraid of them. diplomacy, self-control and ability to properly com- comply with the contract milestones, but in terms /The interview is prepared with the participation During my first business trips to India, I knew municate with the foreign customer’s representa- of the ships building quality, the Customer has no of JSC Yantar Press Service/

22 USC №1(9), 2012 USC №1(9), 2012 23 PROJECT VIEW

Diesel-electric submarine, project 677Е «Аmur 1650» partnership POLITICS AND MARKET

Naval forces of the Asian region build up power

th Countries of South-East Asia and 18 meeting of the shipbuilding sub-group Oceania are now very active on under Russian-Indian FORECAST: Intergovernmental Panel the market of naval equipment on military-technical cooperation compensating for the general SUDOEXPORT — INDIA: decrease of new orders and reduction in the number of NATO combatant ships caused by the reliable partnershipstop even during the time of hardships experienced economic crisis NO CALM Russia and India have for many by the Russian economy late in the 80s and early in decades been developing diversified the 90s. Moreover, “Sudoexport” renders technical The first is auxiliary support vessels. As most experts note, striving of the partnership based on profound assistance in shipbuilding abroad in accordance with rowing competition in this Interest to them is caused by the desire region’s countries for strengthening community of interests of our the Russian license, organizes technical support in segment of armaments and to have a capability of operational their naval component provokes, in the countries. Since 1960 we have design, building and modernization of shipbuilding military equipment related deployment of the own armed forces first place, ambitious plans and rapid been enjoying military-technical and ship repair yards, and also coastal infrastructure. to the second wave of sales while conducting territorial operations. development of the Navy of the People’s cooperation which is traditionally Our interaction includes deputation to India of Rus- of the used ships by tradi- The second direction (its develop- Liberation Army (PLA) of China. sian specialists to render consultations and technical tional sea powers did not prevent the ment is particularly active) is connected of a large scale character. G assistance in installation, setting-to-work and com- general growth of the world export of with the combatant surface ships of the PLA NAVY Igor Ivashin missioning of the supplied equipment within the the naval hardware. In 2011 it reached main class and patrol and escort ships. Among the most combat efficient General Director of «Sudoexport» contracts concluded between «Rosoboronexport» approximately $6.15 bn, this year, ac- Recent years saw a rapidly growing de- ships of China’s Navy are the modern and India. cording to the forecast made by the mand for ships of the corvette type with destroyers of the Luoyang-2 class and hese efforts gave rise to a shipbuilding Our working relationshipsuccessfully developed dur- Center for Analysis of the World Arms the displacement of 1000-3000 t armed the Russian-built destroyers Hangzhau, sub-group under Russian-Indian Inter- ing the Soviet period and keeps on strengthening Trade (CAWAT), it will grow to $7.3 bn, with strike missiles. Fuzhou (project 956E), as well as more governmental Panel on military-technical nowadays. Our countries adopted a long-term pro- while in 2013 to $8.4 bn. As the profile The third direction is focused on advanced Taizhou and Ninbo (project cooperation, the meetings of which has gramme on military-technical cooperation 2011-2020 market within the framework of NATO increasing the volume of acquisitions 956EM). Their striking power is provid- already been held for more than a decade. which covers almost all spheres of partnership of and North America is degrading, this of conventional submarines. In this seg- ed by supersonic anti-ship missiles with Traditionally,Т FSUE Sudoexport representatives have defense industrial complexes of our countries. It’s no moderate, but steady growth will be ment countries of the Asian region are in a range up to 200 km. Besides, in 2007 been part of the Commission’s working group since doubt that experience of our fruitful mutual relations provided, to a great extent, by the sales the lead. China adopted the all-purpose landing its establishment. will considerably contribute to the implementation of naval equipment in the interests of The remaining two directions are re- ship Houizhau in addition to the already The principal sphere of cooperation between «Su- of the targets of this programme. Cooperation with South-East Asia and Oceania. lated to conversion by a number of Af- operational 27 big amphibious ships of doexport» and the Indian partners is export of ship’s India was and remains to be a priority for «Sudoex- According to the journal Zarubezh- rican, Asian and Latin American coun- new classes. spares and general industrial application itemsfor port». noe voennoe obozrenie (Foreign Military tries from modernization of the main In May 2008 the Chinese Navy con- the Indian shipyards such asMazagon Dock Ltd., Guided by our common experience and expertise we Review), the world market of naval sea-going forces to reinforcing the coast ducted trials in the Yellow Sea of the Goa Shipyard Ltd.and Garden Reach Shipbuilders are happy to maintain our partnership and make it equipment in the immediate future (up guard capability, as well as to a buoyant submarine ballistic missile Julang-2 & Engineers (projects 15, 1241 and others). Partner- more active in implementing new promising proj- to 2015) will develop in the five main demand for leasing auxiliary vessels and (range 8,000 km) designed for use on ship of our company with the Indian shipyards didn’t ects. directions. patrol boats. board the new nuclear ballistic missile

26 USC №1(9), 2012 USC №1(9), 2012 27 POLITICS AND MARKET

based MIG-29K aircraft (29 pcs.). All in all, India plans to buy from Russia about 50 such aircraft. Till the end of 2013 the Indians will get three frigates of Project 11356. India was and remains one of Rus- sia’s main strategic allies. According to the C AWAT data, before the end of 2000s India was second in Russian arms supplies: $9.874 bn (22.5% of the entire Russian export for the period 2002-2009). The peak of Russia’s export to India (as a share ratio) was in 2003— 35.8% ($1.539 bn). A drop took place in 2004-2006 (the minimal volume of sup- plies was recorded in 2005 — $570 mln, 13.7%). In the three years to follow the Diesel electric submarine share of India started to increase and Sindhugosh (Kilo class) reached 24.7% ($1.784 bn) in 2009. Now the republic is certainly No.1 in the list of buyers of Russian arms and military equipment. Destroyer Taizhou (project 965EM) India’s Navy now has a single aircraft- rier Vishal fitted with catapults with the carrier Viraat (formerly a British ship displacement over 60 thousand tons. JAPAN MARITIME submarines of the Jin class. In early made by the Commander-in-Chief of the economic development, outside the re- Hermes) with an air group consisting of Therefore, the air-capable component of DEFENSE FORCE (NAVY) 2010 mass media reported tentatively PLA Navy WuShengli, during 3 years gion, too. Sea Harrier aircraft. In this connection the Indian Navy will turn from a purely In assessing Japan’s Navy experts that China has five strategic missile the combatant ships of China’s Navy one of the most important projects is the symbolic one (1 obsolete ship) into one of note their complex development with carriers. Multi-purpose nuclear-pow- carried out 409 missions in the Gulf of INDIA’S NAVY acquisition from Russia of the aircraft the most formidable force in the world (3 the use of a new element base and with ered submarines are represented by Aden escorting 4411 Chinese and for- India has all the pre-requisites to carrier Vikramaditya, as well as an air modern conventional aircraft carriers). emphasis on classes of ships not built the latest boats of the Shang class. Ac- eign ships. The military commander become one of the great sea powers in group for the latter. By the end of 2020 In 2010 India signed a contract on the before according to the updated strategic cording to the US Defense Department, said that in different periods PLA sent to the immediate future and project its in- India also plans to build the aircraft car- supply of the second batch of the deck- guidelines. by 2010 the number of such nuclear the region 25 ships and vessels, 22 heli- fluence far beyond the boundaries of its submarines may be from three to eight. copters and more than 8400 servicemen own territorial waters. Among China’s most advanced diesel in 10 detachments. For example, back in June last year electric submarines are the boats of Now the PLA Navy actively enhances there were reports from Delhi that the India has all the pre-requisites to the Yuan class fitted with unique air- the complex of naval bases. The biggest Indian Navy intends to be present in become one of the great sea p independent propulsion systems and naval base is being built on the island South China Sea seriously and for long. owers in the immediate future and armed with torpedoes and underwater- of Hainan, it is well protected and can According to the official version of the project its influence far beyond the launched anti-ship missiles with a provide basing and calls of several government, ‘by the accomplishment of boundaries of its own territorial waters range up to 120 km. nuclear ballistic missile submarines this mission the Indian Navy will play a International military press now ac- and nuclear-powered submarines, as more prominent role in South-East Asia tively discusses China’s building of the well as large surface ships, including through which strategic shipping lines aircraft-carrying ships. Beijing has several air-capable ships. The base is fitted are passing.’ written-off or incompletely built aircraft with underground facilities invisible The Indian program of naval devel- carriers. One of them, the air-capable to surveillance from space from which opment designed for the nearest 20 years cruiser Varyag, bought in Ukraine in underwater tunnels are laid towards is one of the most ambitious plans in the 1998, was converted successfully and the sea to provide access of submarines world. All in all, India plans to spend al- already underwent first trials. According to the vital sea communications. In most $50 bn to build a hundred of ships. to some data, the country’s military com- the opinion of The Japan Times, such a The government believes that one of the mand took a decision to build two more system can provide not only a high level essential conditions for the development ships of this type with the displacement of survivability and combat stability of of the Navy is the refusal to make large- up to 60-65 thousand tons which will be submarines, but also makes it possible scale acquisitions of the naval hardware able to carry up to 50 aircraft. These may to deploy a strike force of submarines abroad in favor of developing its own become operational by 2020 and the pro- in the South China Sea stealthily. ship-building industry. pulsion system may be nuclear. In perspective China’s influence in As of today, 49 ships and submarines China’s Navy gradually expands the the Asia-Pacific Region (APR) will grow are being built for the Navy (45 at the region of its presence. According to the and one of the main tools for enhanc- Indian shipyards and 4 more abroad), information from the Xinhua agency ing its combat potential will be the PLA these will be enter the Navy’s inventory Aircraft carrier Viraat containing a reference to a statement Navy capable of providing security and within the nearest 5 years. of the Indian Navy

28 USC №1(9), 2012 USC №1(9), 2012 29 POLITICS AND MARKET

ern. These were built using the advanced Along with the building of the under- Japanese helicopter-carrying ‘leaf coil’ design, the hull is coated with sea fleet Vietnam got down to the mod- destroyer the radar-and-sound-absorbing material ernization of combatant surface ships of of the Hyuga class and works as a sensor. The naval com- the main type, as well as boats of various mand also attaches great importance to class and purpose. The lion’s share of the the ships of the Soryu class fitted with an main programs on the modernization of air-independent propulsion system, with Vietnam’s Navy in the sphere of combat- greater displacement and with a cross- ant surface ships of the main type and shaped tailpiece. Perspective require- boats also falls on Russia. ments of the Navy are estimated at 20 of In 2007 the Zelenodolsk shipyard such boats. started to implement a contract signed Japan increases the pace of imple- in December 2006 on building two frig- menting shipbuilding programs which ates Gepard-3.9 for Vietnam. The first indicates the strengthening of its naval frigate was sent to the customer in July power. 2011, the second one in August 2011. The export version of the escort ship REPUBLIC OF KOREA’S Gepard-3.9 was developed on the plat- Submarine Type-214 Son Von-il form of project 11661 and is designed NAVY at the port of Pusan (nearby is the At the establishment phase the Ko- US aircraft carrier Nimitz) to fight surface, underwater and air rean Navy was armed only with obsolete targets independently and as part of American ships and submarines, but the naval group, as well as to carry out from the second half of the 80-s Seoul KDX II and KDX III. The KDX-II type likely candidate to join the elite ‘aircraft- convoy operations, accomplish patrol The most advanced and powerful pected for the world public opinion. charted a course towards enhancing the ship is the Admiral Lee Sun Shin. De- carrying club.’ duties, guard the sea frontier and the combatant ships of the Japanese Navy The new ship which entered service in combat capabilities of the Navy. stroyers of this type are able to destroy economic zone. The modernized Ge- are the destroyers of the Congo and March 2009 is a light aircraft-carrier Lately Korea began building diesel surface targets at a range of 120 km, air VIETNAM’S NAVY pard for Vietnam employed the stealth Atago classes with the multi-functional (or an amphibious helicopter-carrying submarines which are an export modifi- targets at 120 km, underwater targets at In an effort to modernize its Navy rad- technology, is armed with an anti- weapons control system Aegis. ship). She can carry up to 11 aircraft, cation of the latest German boat of pro- 20 km. Radio and electronic equipment ically Vietnam became one of the biggest aircraft missile system Palma-SU with a Under the national shipbuilding pro- including amphibious assault heli- ject 212. The first of the three was built is represented by the modern American buyers of the Russian naval equipment. new optronic guidance system and the gram, by 2015 five destroyers and by copters and fire support helicopters, in 2007 by the Korean shipbuilding systems. So far the inventory includes 6 The total volume of Vietnam’s orders on missile system Uran. The project pro- 2020 ten new destroyers of a lesser size and transport a landing party with enterprises and was named Son Won ships and the same number is expected the supply of naval hardware from Russia vides for outfitting the ship with deck will enter service. These will be built the strength up to 500 men. A similar Il. The U-boat is armed with torpedoes, to be built in 2016-2017. The prototype is comparable in cost to the current con- helicopters Ka-28. with a wide application of the ‘stealth’ ship – ISE – was transferred to the mines, anti-ship missiles. She features of more sophisticated destroyers KDX- tracts being implemented for India. In the first half of December last year technologies. Armament will include Navy in March 2011, by 2020 fours an air-independent propulsion system, III was the US ship of the Arleigh Burke Presently, the structure of Vietnam’s the Zelenodolsk shipyard officially re- anti-aircraft missiles of the medium and ships of this class are planned to be put as well as a special coating enhancing class. The leader of the series is the Navy has an obvious disproportion ported its intention to supply Vietnam long range, anti-ship and anti-submarine in the inventory of the Japan Maritime the hydro-and-radar stealth. Before the King Sejong the Great. The ship entered because quite recently much less atten- with two more frigates of the Gepard 3.9 missiles. The fire control system is the Defense Force. Besides, in the period year 2020 nine submarines will enter service at the end of 2008. By 2020 the tion was paid to the development of the so-called ‘mini Aegis.’ from 1998 to 2003 Japan’s Navy will service. In 2007 Korea began to design republic’s Navy will receive six ships of submarine fleet than to surface ships. Officially (according to the Consti- receive three tank landing ships of the a new, larger boat, under the KSS III this project. The main feature of this However, at the end of 2009 a contract The majority of programs tution) Japan is not building aircraft Osumi class. program, a series of 9 diesel electric class is the Aegis system. The ships are was signed for the supply of six diesel on refurbishment and carriers. So the appearance of the first The underwater component of the submarines of this class will be adopted capable of destroying surface and air electric submarines of the project 636 modernization of Vietnam’s helicopter-carrying destroyer of the Japanese Navy is represented by 18 die- before 2030. targets at a range over 150 km, under- Kilo, and soon negotiations commenced Navy are connected with Hyuga class (project 16DDH) in the sel submarines of which 11 submarines The main strike force of the surface water targets at 20 km; besides, these on building a base for submarines and Russia Navy’ composition was quite unex- of the Oyashio class are the most mod- fleet is the destroyers of the projects can be armed with the Hyunmu cruise the respective infrastructure. missiles. The amphibious forces are repre- Destroyer DD-177 Atago One of the most sented by the amphibious helicopter- Missile boat, project 1241RE advanced destroyers of carrying dock ship Dokdo. The ship’s (by NATO classification Tarantula) the Korean Navy King Sejong the Great air group may include up to 15 aircraft (helicopters, Harrier aircraft and, pos- sibly, F-35). Dokdo is the biggest ship in the Korean Navy. The first helo-carrier became operational in 2008, the second and third ones are slated to be commis- sioned in 2012 and 2016, respectively. The ship is capable of landing on an un- prepared coast, participating in the long- range seagoing operations. Since Korea has such a powerful ship it is worth looking at this Asian country as the most

30 USC №1(9), 2012 USC №1(9), 2012 31 POLITICS AND MARKET

project. As for armament for the new to the Indonesian Navy by June 2018. mained in Sweden to train Singaporean Diesel electric submarine ships, emphasis will be placed on the Singapore’s Navy has all Displacement of each boat will be 1400, crews and were transferred to the Navy of the Australian Navy anti-submarine capability. the chances to take a length 61.3 m, complement 40 men, ar- by mid-2004. HMAS Collins In January 2003 the Almaz shipyard prominent position among mament 8 torpedo tubes. In 2007 the guided missile frigate of Saint-Petersburg transferred to the fleets of the region’s The new submarines will come to Formidable entered service with RSN Vietnam’s Navy two patrol boats of countries replace the two obsolete diesel electric (the first in the series of 6 built ones). In the project 1041.2, class Svetlyak submarines of the class 209/1300 bought 2008 RSN adopted Intrepid, Steadfast (‘Firefly’). Boats of this class are from Germany in 1981, which today and Tenacious, and quite recently the designed to protect the sea frontier, an earliest date. Vietnam became the constitute the submarine fleet of Indo- last two ships of this series – Stalwart coastal communications and to fight first customer to order Bastion by sign- nesia. and Supreme. The ships were made un- poachers. Armament includes two ing a contract in 2006 for the supply of der the French project Lafayette by the artillery gun mounts AK-306 and the two sets of mobile coastal defense mis- SINGAPORE’S NAVY (RSN) companies DCNS and Singaporean ST Igla-1M system to fight air targets. In sile systems. According to ARMS-TASS, on Marine. All ships of the flotilla outfitted October last year Vietnam received Now Vietnam closely cooperates December 5 last year a ceremony with the advanced weapons systems, two more boats of this class. The whole with the Republic of India. The Vietnam- was held at the Changi naval base to combat control systems, surveillance series built by Almaz and Vladivostok ese side provides naval bases at Nha adopt the first of the two conventional and communications systems are the Vostochnaya shipyards consists of 10- Trang and Halong for calls by the Indian submarines of the Archer class ear- main strike force of the Republic’s Navy. 12 patrol boats Svetlyak. combatant ships. In its turn, India of- lier belonging to Sweden’s Navy and These are capable of accomplishing a The program of building missile boats fers Vietnam help in enhancing its naval modernized by the Swedish company wide range of missions on the sea thea- Molniya (‘Lightning’) was also contin- power through building ships and train- Kockums. The said submarines are tre, including fighting air and surface ued. In the 1990-s Vietnam’s Navy took ing of navy men. fitted with an air-independent propul- targets, as well as enemy submarines. In delivery of 4 boats, project 1241RE, with sion system, a compartment for combat 2009 the Navy replaced all obsolete mis- the Termit (‘Termite’) missile system. In INDONESIA’S NAVY divers, a new climate control system sile boats Sea Wolf with modern frigates 1993 Vietnam bought a license to build The Indonesian Navy is also devel- and an advanced combat information of the Formidable class and declared full missile boats of the project 1241.8 Mol- oping very dynamically. In April-May and control system. These are the most readiness to accomplish combat mis- niya fitted with the Uran system. Now 2012 this small Asian state will receive sophisticated boats within Singapore’s sions. work is underway on the license contract the first of the ordered stealth trimarans Navy and will remain in service for the One more large-scale program of ROYAL AUSTRALIAN NAVY and the German HDW developing sub- for the supply of ten Molniya boats es- X3K with the displacement about 130 nearest 15-20 years. Besides, the divi- Singapore is the project of enhancing One of the APR’s most developed na- marines of the projects Type 212 and timated for the period to 2016. Besides, t with missiles, three more boats of the sion includes four diesel electric sub- the division of mine sweepers. The tions, Australia, following its neighbors Type 214. The estimated duration of the Vietnam made an official enquiry about a series will enter service by 2014. marines of the Challenger class (Sjöör- French Thales in 2009 received an in the region, began thinking about the project is 30 years. possibility of technical cooperation on the Indonesia’ submarine fleet will also men, project A 12) built by Sweden in order to modernize four RSN sweepers combat efficiency of its fleet. To accom- Currently, the Australian Navy con- joint design of speed patrol boats with the undergo serious modernization. A con- 1968–1969 (Kockums shipyard). Two of the Bedok class. The main task of plish this task the Australian Navy in- sists of 6 diesel electric submarines of displacement from 100 to 400 tons. tract for building three diesel electric of them — Conqueror and Chieftain — the project is to replace the obsolete tends to engage shipbuilding capabilities the Collins class. These are expected to The Russian side plans to hand over submarines was recently awarded to the were handed over to Singapore after components and systems, to enhance of other countries. be in service at least until 2020. The new to Vietnam mobile coastal defense mis- South-Korean company DSME. Diesel modernization in 2000 and in 2001, the effectiveness of mine-sweeping According to ARMS-EXPO.RU, early submarines will replace the obsolete sile systems K-300P Bastion-P slated at electric submarines will be transferred the Challenger and the Centurion re- operations and to extend the service last year the helicopter-carrying am- Collins boats at least in 2025 or after life of the ships. Besides the division phibious dock ship Canberra with the and will remain in service up to the year of mine sweepers, the coastal defense displacement of 28 thousand tons was 2070.

Trimaran boat X3K Frigate Formidable at the International command includes two divisions of launched in the Spanish city of Ferrol. According to ARMS-EXPO.RU, the will soon become Maritime Exhibition in China patrol ships of the Fearless class and Upon completion of construction she is other day Australia announced the crea- operational in the Indonesian Navy a division of patrol boats of the PB intended to become the biggest ship of tion of new radar absorbent material class. RSN includes 8 amphibious ships the Australian Navy. As is known, Aus- designed for use on the diesel electric (four heavy amphibious ships of the tralia intends to acquire the total of two submarine of the Collins class. Experts Endurance class and four RPL small such helicopter-capable ships. In the im- believe that the use of the new radar amphibious ships of the LCU class), mediate future Canberra’s twin Adelaide absorbent material will reduce the range as well as a division of special purpose will be launched. Both ships were built at which surface ships or anti-submarine speedboats. at the shipyards of the Spanish company warfare aircraft can detect Australian The main trend in the development Navantia. The main strike force of each submarines. of the RSN is the implementation of helo-carrier will be 24 Seahawk helicop- a program to build a third generation ters. The buildup of naval forces by the naval force having extensive capabilities Besides, as is reported by Defense countries of Asia and Oceania implies to accomplish tactical and operational News, at the end of the last year the extensive possibilities for cooperation, tasks. The successful implementation Australian Ministry of Defense (MoD) both political and economic. The vol- of the program for modernization of announced a tender for the design and ume of naval hardware acquisitions will the national Navy whose major task is supply of 12 new submarines. Invited to grow annually intensifying competition to enhance combat performance to a participate in the tender were the French on the world arms market. maximum will allow RSN in the future company DCNS producing submarines /Based on the materials to occupy a prominent position among of the Scorpion class, the Spanish Na- of Russian and foreign the fleets of the region’s countries. vantia making ships of the S-80 project mass media/

32 USC №1(9), 2012 USC №1(9), 2012 33 DEAL OF THE CENTURY

The Vikramaditya will be rolled out for sea trials in just three months in preparation for the acceptance by the Indian Navy later in 2012. Meanwhile, Over cuts were500 made in the ship body Indian officers and their families live in Severodvinsk to oversee the and superstructure to take away Gorshkov refit. It looks like the several years of coexistence allowed the old equipment. shipbuilding factory and the city in general to build fruitful relations and reach total understanding with the foreign guests. Over , kilometers2 of 000old cables were removed from the ship, with new wiring harness of

NORTHERN HEART almost , km long reinstalled.2400 The estimated labor intensity OF VIKRAMADITYA exceeded One of the largest projects ever in the history Foreman Malukhin’s of Indo-Russian military-technical cooperation, team at Workshop 55 20 million man-hours. the overhaul and refurbishment of the aircraft carrier really the first time in the company’s mechanisms. Many old superstructure Admiral Gorshkov is nearing end history that we were extending and elements were pulled down entirely. expanding the deck of such a large The hull was then sand blasted to dis- By Anastasia Nikitinskaya ship. The conditions, in which we pose of the old painting and rust. It ap- installation of flight deck sections, were handling heavy and bulky peared that some of the ship’s integral sponsons and the ski-jump ramp, he heavy aircraft carrying cruiser equipment, constructing passages systems and cabling, which were to which also had to be cleaned, rust- Admiral Gorshkov was built by the inside the ship and making special remain intact, were actually good for protected and painted. Work was also Black Sea shipbuilding factory in trolleys to carry parts and accessories, nothing. Finally, eight fuel oil burning in full swing inside the ship, where Nikolayev, Ukraine for the Soviet were very tight,” Sevmash’s deputy steam boilers of the power plant were bulkheads and floors were replaced, Navy back in 1987. It was in service director for export products Georgy replaced by diesel ones at the request new carrying structures installed, as withТ the Northern Fleet, but stayed at the berth Zhukov says. of the customer. The boilers were de- well as other accessories and fittings to for more than a decade until July 1999, when it Underwater cutting was used to signed by a dedicated design bureau, accommodate cabling and piping. And was tugged to Severodvinsk to undergo refur- dismantle the sonar dome and get hold and built by JSC Baltyisky Zavod. The finally was the flight deck finished with bishment before it is handed over to the Indian of other oversize equipment, includ- latter produced one extra boiler for the ramp and the bulb-shaped nose Navy. ing turbines, the turbogear assembly, tests, which was later used at the com- fairing, and the main shaft, propeller After five years of extended talks, the ship reduction gears, shafts, boilers, etc. pany’s training site to train Indian and and steering accessories installed. With was transferred to India free-of-charge, but on to further send them to Sevmash’s own specialists. all renovations in place, the ship began condition that it would be upgraded and ret- workshops or OEM units for repairs. Workers pulled out more than 2,000 to look streamlined but formidable, rofitted at Sevmash. The deal signed, the work Then flaw detection started in all of km of old cabling from the ship bowels, while its total displacement increased started immediately, with the Russian official more than 2,500 ship’s compartments. and deployed a new wiring harness of to 45,000 tons. arms trader JSC Rosoboronexport and later JSC More than 500 cuts were made in the more than 2,400 km long. The estimated It goes without saying that not only United Shipbuilding Corporation sparing no hull and superstructure to dismantle labor intensity of the repair and refit the outside appearance of the ship efforts to launch an aircraft carrier, which any all what could be dismantled from the program amounted to more than 20 mil- changed, but her interior, too. All elec- modern fleet can be proud of. ship using cranes and other handling lion man-hours. tronic equipment was now based on Russian shipbuilders had no experience of While the work was in progress on state-of-the-art elements. The Vikrama- transforming a cruiser into an aircraft carrier. the ship, additional adjustments were ditya received advanced navigation, Actually no country has. “Our technologists also made in the wet-dock. For instance, radar, communications and air traffic and designers developed specialized rigging Primary specifications the loadout area and the cribbing were control systems. To make a long story for assembling large parts of the hull. The Max length 283.5 m reinforced. When pontoons were in- short, Sevmash has built a real new factory did not have handling mechanisms stalled in December 2005, the ship was ship. The sailors of the Russian crew say Max width athwartships 59.8 m to deal with such heavy parts, because it was finally put to the dock in what can be they are jealous of their Indian counter- Displacement called a uniquely precise operation, as parts, who will enjoy an opportunity to standard 34,200 t full 45,300 t the gap between the walls of the wet- serve and live on this powerful modern dock and the ship hull did not exceed aircraft carrier. Presently Vikramaditya Full speed 29 knots is a large workshop, where half a meter. Aircraft arrestors were tested at a almost 3,000 people work every day Aircraft capacity 30 The ship got encased in a huge specialized facility in the Ukrainian town in two shifts Crew 1,924 psnl. construction of scaffolds and rigs. A of Saki, with all three of them proved inc. air team 763 psnl. lot of work was in store, including the effective in real operation.

34 USC №1(9), 2012 USC №1(9), 2012 35 DEAL OF THE CENTURY

JSC Sevmash CEO Andrei Diachkov congratulating head of Indian Navy oversight team Kudravilli Shrinivas on the Day of the Indian Republic

The docking phase of the program It has become a tradition that Indian luck! – just slipped out of the memory ended in autumn 2008. After the scaf- songs are heard at every celebration at of the Indian officer. The long queue folds were dismantled, the aircraft car- the factory, while colorful costumes and was on the verge of unrest, as the buyer rier made its first public appearance to breathtaking dancing performances are and the seller did not understand each Russian shipbuilders and Indian sailors. adored not only by factory workers, but other and nobody could help. Luckily, Observing the national tradition, Indian all people of Severodvinsk. Locals are no the resourceful Indian sailor found a officers broke a coconut on the bow of longer surprised at seeing Indians with way out: he showed a cockscomb with the ship during the official launching skies, heading for the winter stadium on his hand and started cockadoodledoing ceremony, and the ship was released weekends, and have got used to their hot out loud! from the dock on December 4, the of- spices in shop windows. In fact, some Several casts of the oversight ficial Day of the Indian Navy. spices, which are not known to most of team have changed since 2004, as In addition to repairing At the present time the Vikramaditya Russians, are brought to the city special their contracts last for two or three and refitting a Project 11430 reminds one of a large workshop, where for the foreign guests. years, and then a new group of Indian more than 3,000 people work every day Learning to live in Russia was not a officers comes to supervise the work surface ship, Sevmash in two shifts. The finishing phase is in piece of cake for Indian specialists at on the aircraft carrier in Severodvinsk. SCHOOL has organized theoretical and full swing, and the berth tests of key first, but all hardships were overcome Sevmash’s Deputy CEO for foreign practical training for the Indian mechanisms and systems have been in fast owing to resourcefulness, keen economic activities Sergey Novoselov progress since March 2011. Oversee- sense of humor and joint sympathy of thinks that the factory has managed crew of the aircraft carrier in ing the process are representatives of both nations. Mr. Shrinivas, who heads to establish very productive relations OF THE SEA accordance with the previously Rosoboronexport and Indian officers of the oversight team, is even going to and reach full understanding with the approved programs the Navy Staff. publish a book of funny situations that inspectors. “The Indian officers are all occurred with him and his colleagues experiences specialists, who know what WOLFJustifying its title of leader cooperation by the scale of concept. participation in commissioning trials) he Indian officers and their in the northern capital of Russian ship- shipbuilding and repairing are. They The project involves not only develop- and will last one to four months. In the families live in Severodvinsk, builders. learn from us, and we learn from them. of the Russian shipbuilding ing a high-tech weapon system, which third and final training phase, the crew where two apartment houses For example, once an Indian officer They are scrupulous and demanding: industry, Sevmash solves is new for the post-Soviet period, but will master the ground and maritime were specially redesigned came to a shop to buy some potatoes, they spare no efforts to get into details, complex nationwide tasks, also meeting other, equally unique chal- ship practice courses aboard the aircraft for them. Russian builders but mixed up words and asked the and insist on explaining each and every many of which have no lenges – like integration of naval and air carrier and this will take a total of 61 madeТ entrance halls, staircases and shop assistant to weight a kilogram of point they do not understand. What parallel in world practice. equipment, as well as training of all the calendar days. rooms large and bright in a bid to help pencils. Stunned as she was at first, the is important, we settle all disputes sailors and officers of the aircraft carrier Nikolai Zhirkov, foreign guests, who are used to lots of shop assistant assured the foreign sailor without conflicts, in a constructive in different training areas and courses Theory sun in their native land, to feel at home that the food shop would never have and calm atmosphere. We are doing training team leader, within a short time. Training of the first stream of in Russia. The Skazka kindergarten so much stationary on offer. But the the same job, and it helps make our MTC production, The crew training program is divided Indian specialists (152 people) began has become international, with many strange visitor insisted. The stalemate positions closer, as both Russian and JSC PO Sevmash into three phases. The first phase is a at the educational institutions of the dark skinned boys and girls playing and ended in laughing, when the buyer bent Indian participants in the project share theoretical high school course, which Naval Training and Research Center learning together with their Russian over the counter and pointed at the the same goal: to make the aircraft he international project for will be held in St. Petersburg until the (Admiral of the Fleet Kuznetsov Naval light-skinned friends during musical vegetables he needed. On some other carrier the flagship and the pride of the upgrading the Vikramaditya end of this year and will take one to Academy) on 14 March 2011. The classes. Teachers and nurses pay a bit occasion, the shop assistant showed all Indian Navy,” he said. aircraft carrier for India has five months. The second phase pro- Indian specialists of the second stream more attention to foreigners, observing products on counters consecutively, but already entered into the his- vides for practical training of sailors in (112 people) sat down at school desks the rules of hospitality! missed eggs, and the word – oh, bad Т tory of military-technical Severodvinsk (with the preparation for on 1 September 2011. Training of the 36 USC №1(9), 2012 USC №1(9), 2012 37 DEAL OF THE CENTURY

All of the Vikramaditya crew members without exception (1401 servicemen) will undergo training in 2011-2012

training from the Russia’s MoD Naval Academy.

General practice Phased training of the crew mem- bers directly aboard the upgraded aircraft carrier will be carried out since May 2011 till the end of this year. All of the 632 Indian sailors who will com- plete the theoretical course will also undergo a practical course. Sevmash will also arrange 15 streams for short- term training (lasting 14 to 28 days) on the basics of ship design, organiza- tion and damage control for 732 crew members. In total, 53 groups of foreign custom- er specialists (1401 people) will undergo the theoretical and practical training in 2011-2012. The first stream of Indian sailors has program agreed with the Indian side. On their training entirely by 30 March 2012. The third and final stream of Indian already passed the entire training pro- 1 September 2011, once the order was The practical part of training is con- specialists which are part of the ship’s gram between 14 March and 4 Novem- issued, training of the second stream ducted by military instructors of the St. crew will undergo the theoretical ber 2011 — 13 groups consisting mainly of carrier crew members consisting of Petersburg Naval Academy with the as- and practical training from 15 March of engineering department specialists (a seven groups began. To date, all of 112 sistance of the specialists from Sevmash to 4 November 2012. It will include total of 152 people) received the certifi- sailors and officers of this stream have and counterparty organizations; the 44 groups, consisting mainly of cates. finished the theory course at the Naval programs were preliminarily agreed with aircraft carrier commanding officers For a while, Sevmash had to wait for Engineering Institute and will complete the Indian side. and electronic specialists totaling 405 third stream (374 people) will begin an order from the Russian Government people. tentatively in April 2012. The date is authorizing the transfer of information Specialists undergoing theoretical being agreed with the Indian side. Upon classified as state secret to foreign cus- training at NTRC educational Ship practice institutions — Strength completion of training, all the graduates tomer: without it, it would be impossible ccording to a contract additional funding of the ship upgrade The course will be carried out in two will receive the certificates of advanced to complete the theoretical training phases after completion of the theoreti- Commanding officers, signed in January 2004 in work was needed. In March 2010 the including air unit officers 27 people New Delhi, the hull of the Parties signed an agreement on the cal and practical training of all foreign customer’s specialists being part of the Officer engineers 23 people Russian aircraft carrier Ad- revised cost of the Vikramaditya air- miral Gorshkov was trans- craft carrier repair and refurbishment ship’s crew. It is divided into two parts – Officer electricians 15 people ground training (it will last 39 working ferredА to the Indian side free of charge and its delivery date set for 4 Decem- NBC protection specialists 12 people on condition that its modernization ber 2012 days) and maritime training (14 days). The ship practice will involve the entire Auxiliary sailors will be conducted at Sevmash and The first sea going is scheduled for and warrants 118 people it will be equipped with a Russian- May 2012, handover of the aircraft car- aircraft carrier crew personnel (1401 servicemen). Sailor mechanics 280 people made air group. In addition, Russia rier to the Indian Navy — for December committed to train the Indian crew of this year. The successful implementation of Specialists in maintenance such a bold and ambitious shipbuilding of engineering department’s the aircraft carrier and build an infra- electrical and automation structure for ship basing in the Indian The aircraft-carrying cruiser project will undoubtedly strengthen equipment 157 people the long-term fruitful relationship with Ocean. Refitting the ship into a full- Admiral Gorshkov (formerly Baku) Total 632 people fledged aircraft carrier was scheduled was commissioned by the Republic of India, a leading arm to be completed in 2008. However, the Northern Fleet in 1987. importer in the world, and will allow the contract deadlines slipped: the Its length is 283 m, Russia to remain the largest partner of Russian side stated that the scope of width - 51 m, the South Asian state in the defense work had been underestimated and displacement - over 45,000 tons. cooperation area in the coming years and beyond.

38 USC №1(9), 2012 USC №1(9), 2012 39 MARK OF QUALITY

The north of Russia, the mouth of the Northern Dvina River. Here, three centuries ago, Peter for one and a half decades. During this period, Zvezdochka was able to consolidate its status as a the Great laid the foundation of the Russian Empire’s fleet, while in the middle of the 20th leading contractor for the repair and upgrade of century the nuclear submarine fleet of the Soviet Union was established. Project 877EKM diesel-electric submarines (SSK) Today, Severodvinsk, a town of shipbuilders, continues the glorious shipbuilding tradition of the famous Kilo class. The first Indian subma- of the past by embodying vast historical experience and innovation drive. rine, INS Sindhuvir, came to us for interim over- haul as early as 1997. This was a special order, be- cause since its foundation Severodvinsk had been a closed town even for most nationals, let alone foreigners. The first export contract «shook» us really and opened Zvezdochka the way to the world arms market. Since 1997, the Ship Repair Center has already returned four retrofitted Kilo- class boats to the Indian Navy. High quality and PARTNERSHIP FOR timely execution of contracts favorably affected Zvezdochka’s international and domestic stand- ing: it received the right to independently operate in the external market (without a state media- tor) as regards services and supplies of military FRIENDSHIP’SThe Zvezdochka Ship Repair Center sets itself theSAKE equipment and weapons to foreign customers. global goal — to strengthen the combat capabilities The shipyard concluded a contract for repair and upgrade of the fifth Indian submarine already in- Director General of India’s submarine fleet. of JSC Zvezdochka dependently. Vladimir Nikitin he ancient monastric lands now accom- General Vladimir Nikitin told the magazine about modate docks, workshops and slipway the past and prospects for international cooperation. — Does such an «independent status» sites of the Zvezdochka Ship Repair Cent- facilitate your operation in the Indian market? er — Russia’s leading shipyard special- — Mr Nikitin, how important are the Indian izing in repair, upgrade and retrofitting orders for the shipyard? — First of all, it is very obliging for us. We can- ofT submarines and surface ships of various classes. not afford to dwell on our laurels - we need to Today, the Indian Navy can justly be called Zvez- — We have been maintaining and develop- INS Sundhuvidjay’s strive for excellence, develop new manufacturing dochka’s major foreign partner. Zvezdochka Director ing partnership relations with the Indian Navy crew at the dry-dock technologies. launching ceremony for the ship after its The Ship Repair Center has now the right to repair and upgrade secure contracts with foreign customers on more than two dozen projects for surface ships and submarines. As for India, this primarily involves the repair and modernization of the diesel-electric submarines, including the installation of advanced missile systems. We have contracts also for other types of work: they provide for the supply of spare parts, equipment and materials for repair of sub- marines and surface ships, development and trans- fer of maintenance documentation as well as train- ing of foreign specialists in the repair organization and procedures. Our shipyard is capable of fabricating unique, technologically sophisticated products. For exam- ple, in 2001, we carried out the installation of a large cavitation tunnel at Visakhapatnam intended

At present, military-technical cooperation between Zvezdochka and the Indian Navy is carried out in several areas — from ship repair and modernization to the supply of spare parts and maintenance documentation INS Sundhuvidjay on sea trials in the White Sea

40 USC №1(9), 2012 USC №1(9), 2012 41 MARK OF QUALITY

Zvezdochka. Why has your shipyard become another several systems, among them Indian- the major partner of the Indian Navy? made ones. As to INS Sindhurakshak, which is undergoing repair, we are installing already twelve — I think the main reason is not the duration various Indian-made systems on it. Note that each of cooperation, but the timeliness and high quality new contract for the repair of these submarines of contract performance. When working with our suggests the increasing capabilities of the Indian customers, we pay very close attention to these fac- national shipbuilding industry, and Zvezdochka tors. Moreover, Zvezdochka has gained vast experi- is making a considerable contribution to its ence in interim overhauls, upgrades and refitting of strengthening, because the increase in combat submarines of various classes - not only the Indian power of the Indian submarine forces is our com- Kilo-class boats, but also a number of domestic mon cause. submarines. Moreover, the shipyard possesses ex- I shall give some details about current contracts. tensive repair production and stand facilities. For Zvezdochka is now conducting the interim over- many years we have established effective coopera- haul and upgrade of INS Sindhurakshak, the fifth tion between subcontractors. We have also intro- Kilo-class Indian submarine. The ship arrived to duced a modern quality control system that meets Severodvinsk in August 2010. The refitted subma- international standards. Bearing all these benefits in rine will feature the Club-S missile system, Ushus mind, the Indian side’s choice can hardly be consid- sonar, upgraded cooling systems, CCS-MK-II com- ered accidental. munications system, Porpoise radar and some other Numerous contracts fulfilled by Zvezdochka for systems. the Indian Navy in the last years suggest the impor- INS Sindhurakshak’s tance of our relationship. At present, our shipyard officers during a is carrying out military-technical cooperation with working meeting chaired by the the Indian Navy in several areas — from ship over- Zvezdochka Director Flag raising haul and modernization to the delivery of spare General ceremony on parts and maintenance documentation. Independence Day of India, Severodvinsk, August 2011 — How many contracts has Zvezdochka fulfilled within Russian-Indian military-technical cooperation? The Indian shipbuilding industry has been steadily growing and the Ship Repair Center makes a major — Believe me, a lot. It would take a lot of time contribution to its strengthening to enumerate them, so I shall mention the most important ones. In 1999, the Ship Repair Center completed the interim overhaul of its first foreign ship, INS Sindhuvir and handed over it to the for the hydrodynamic tests of advanced ship and Indian Navy. In 2002, Zvezdochka returned INS submarine models. Zvezdochka, together with a Sindhuratna to service — we conducted pilot work state intermediary, JSC Rosoboronexport, is cur- on the installation of the Club-S missile system on rently involved in the efforts to establish the in- it. Three years later, INS Sindhughosh sailed from frastructure for the repair of foreign ships at their Severodvinsk to its native shores. In addition to home bases. the Club-S, we fitted it with Indian-made systems, INS Sundhuvidjay returned from namely the Ushus sonar and the CCS communi- sea trials. The cations system. INS Sindhuvijay, delivered to the boat officers and — There are companies in Russia which have Zvezdochka’s trial operated on the Indian market much earlier than customer in 2008, was additionally furnished with crew members

The Zvezdocka Ship Repair Center was set up Indian Navy’s submarines > INS Sindhugosh: interim overhaul of Indian- and foreign-made systems, to repair, upgrade and refit naval ships. Con- that have undergone repairs and upgrade with installation of the including Ushus sonar, CCS commu- struction of the shipyard began in 1946 and and upgrades at the Zvezdochka Club-S missile system and a number nications system and Sirs radiation it started operations in 1954. During its half Ship Repair Center of Indian-made systems — Ushus monitoring system, Porpoise radar, century history, Zvezdochka has repaired 121 sonar, CCS communications system MCA remote antenna, York series submarines and 87 surface ships, built 236 vari- > INS Sindhuvir: interim overhaul (1997- and Sirs radiation monitoring system refrigerating machines, Sulzer HP air ous vessels. Some of the ships have undergone 1999) (2002-2005) compressor(2005-2008) unique refitting, replacement of nuclear power > INS Sindhuratna: interim overhaul and > INS Sundhuvidjay: interim overhaul > INS Sindhurakshak: interim overhaul plants, weapon systems, and upgrades of ship upgrade with installation of the Club-S and upgrade with installation of the and upgrade (since August 2010 to systems. missile system (2000-2002) Club-S missile system and a number date)

42 USC №1(9), 2012 USC №1(9), 2012 43 MARK OF QUALITY

Dock operation for INS Sindhurakshak while taking in the ship for repair MARK OF QUALITY

The prospect for the second yard repair of Indian submarines together with a significant extension of their service life is extremely important

of their service life. And we are ready to transfer Long-term cooperation with the Indian Navy our entire experience to the major foreign partner, and its further growth require very close coordina- including the introduction of monitoring and fault tion. So we are setting up a representative office of diagnosis procedures for equipment and a ship as a the Zvezdochka Ship Repair Center in India. whole, among them nondestructive testing meth- ods. The implementation of our proposals for the — When the contracts are being fulfilled, second interim overhauls of Kilo-class submarines the shipyard is definitely attended by Indian will help the Indian Navy maintain operational Navy’s representatives. Tell me honestly do readiness of the submarine fleet for a long time at conflicts occur? After all, there are differences in relatively low costs. mentality, traditions...

In addition, we have already submitted our pro- — We have no conflicts. Indeed, fifty to three posals for establishing a ship after-sales and service hundred Indian citizens are in Severodvinsk during system to the Indian Navy Command. Zvezdochka the submarine repair period. Some of them work Ship Repair Center is currently the only contrac- here on a permanent basis; others come here for a tor providing engineering supervision and service short time. These are officers and employees work- maintenance of more than three hundred Russian ing in the supervision team, ship crew members, Navy ships. I believe that our experience accumu- and specialists in installation and adjustment of lated in this area should be of interest to our Indian Indian-made systems, together with their wives partners. and children. The children attend kindergarten, go Finally, Zvezdochka will continue to strengthen to our schools together with the Russian children, its standing in the Indian naval arms market by ex- and participate in sports and creative circles. Adults panding the range of spare part supply and provid- also willingly participate in the sporting and cul- ing other military-technical services. tural life of the town. The Indian Navy is our number one partner and Last summer, an agreement on cooperation in the shipyard has concentrated their best efforts on the social and cultural spheres was signed between the execution of its orders. Starting with the first the Indian ship crews and the municipal authorities. Indian ship we received for repair, the shipyard has The ceremony was attended by the Indian Ambas- In addition, Zvezdochka has been selected as that placing such an order with Zvezdochka is Zvezdochka engaged its most qualified engineers and workers sador to Russia Mr Ajai Malhotra. We are doing INS Sindhurakshak prime contractor for upgrading five Kilo-class the best choice for the Indian Navy in terms has repaired Commander Rajesh on these projects, regardless of where the work is our best to make our Indian friends feel in Russia, submarines, involving the installation of the Club- of maintaining combat readiness of the Indian Ramkumar taking the done – in Severodvinsk or in India, at the home if not at home, at least as comfortable as possible. bread and salt from S missile system and the Apassionata-EKM.1 im- submarine fleet. If our Indian partners take Zvezdochka base. Unfortunately, we cannot control our harsh north- proved navigation system. All work is done by our this decision, this would logically complete the 121 ern winters but we are trying to offset submarines specialists in India, where the ships are based. cycle of first yard repairs of Indian Kilo-class these climatic inconveniences by our I shall add that dozens of contracts for the sup- submarines. warmth and traditional Russian hos- ply of spare parts, tools and accessories, equipment Of considerable interest for Zvezdochka is and pitality surface ships,87 and materials for maintaining ships and repair of also the prospect for carrying out the second A common cause brings people to- built submarines at Indian shipyards have been fulfilled yard repairs of these submarines with extend- gether. The Indians are tough and de- or are being implemented since 2003. ing their service life. The point is that the manding partners. However, outside Indian Navy has a large Kilo-class submarine the yard they usually establish good various 236 vessels — How do you assess the prospects for fleet and, with a reasonable approach to the friendly relations with our employees. further cooperation with the Indian Navy? repair and upgrade issues, all these ships will Our Indian friends together with their remain in service for at least thirty-five years, families regularly take part in our fes- — I’m sure that vast experience we have accu- while maintaining their performance and high tivities organized by Zvezdochka and mulated with our partners in repairing Kilo-class combat qualities. Moreover, the Indian sailors are always glad to see Russian col- submarines should be used also to further improve will gain valuable experience in operating ships leagues on their holidays. the Indian submarine fleet. Zvezdochka is ready to beyond their design lives and will be able to ap- I am confident that our joint work quickly and efficiently repair and upgrade the next ply their new knowledge to submarines of other is the key to friendship and mutu- boat, INS Sindhushastra. Meanwhile, the service projects. ally beneficial cooperation not only life of this ship raises a question of the need for its Zvezdochka is now is the sole Russian shipyard between Zvezdochka and the Indian interim overhaul and we’ve already submitted the that has experience in carrying out interim over- Navy, but also between our great na- appropriate proposals to the Indian side. We believe hauls of submarines together with the extension tions.

46 USC №1(9), 2012 USC №1(9), 2012 47 TESTED BY TIME

Missile boat K86 Ninat Missile boat K94 Chapal THUNDERBOLTS of project 205 of project 205ER Combatant craft of Soviet origin had three 1234E project small-size missile Military-technical cooperation between Service lives of project not only supplemented Indian Navy with ships carrying missile systems P-20M FOR THE COUNTRYRussia and India has semicentennial 205ER missile boats in Indian Navy crucially new capabilities to fight hostile built in Leningrad-based Primorski ship- Commis- De- surface ships and beach installations, but yard. To be converted to project 1234E, history dating back to the past century sioning commissioning what is particularly significant, had be- Soviet Navy handed over its unfinished OF GODS date date come an excellent school for generations ships: Hurricane (Indian version - — K90 Prachand 17.02.1976 29.12.1999 Cooperation between the two nations in the sphere of naval engineering was of seamen. Suffice it to say that many K71 Vijay Durg), Surf (K72 Sindhu Durg) K91 Pralaya 17.02.1976 08.06.2001 Indian admirals used to serve aboard and Tide (K73 Hos Durg). launched by the Soviet-Indian agreement signed in 1965. K92 Pratap 17.02.1976 17.05.1996 “two hundred fives”. Within less than a decade, Indian Saint-Petersburg — based Almaz Central Design Bureau for Marine Engineering K93 Prabal 17.02.1976 29.12.1999 High quality and reliability of the Navy, one of the first navies in the world had cooperated with Indian Navy for more than forty years, which evidences in K94 Chapal 04.11.1976 05.05.2005 equipment supplied to our Indian part- to acquire anti-surface cruise missiles, K95 Chamak 04.11.1976 05.05.2005 ners are confirmed by long service life of entered a new stage of its development. favor of the high confidence gained by Russian designers. Indian sailors worthily K96 Chatak 09.02.1977 05.05.2003 the missile boats. Experienced in operating combatant assessed superior quality and reliability of ships built to Almaz projects. K97 Charag 17.10.1977 17.05.1996 The fact that India had monumental- craft and missile corvettes designed by ized the “two hundred five” is another TsMKB Almaz, Indian sailors were ca- A.V.Shliakhtenko, Heavy pressure on missile boats, and telling example of the nation’s respect to- pable to master larger surface ships with General Director — Principal Designer need for reinforcing naval strike forces Boats of projects 205 — wards ships of the Russian manufacture. strike missile weapons. of Almaz Central Design Bureau for Marine had soon after required augmentation K82 Vir, K83 Vudut, Friendly relationship between the Engineering (TzMKB Almaz). and replacement of the existing ships. K84 Vijeta, K85 Vinash, two states and their navies had led to the n 1979 Almaz developed an In 1976-1977 India acquired eight mis- K86 Ninat, K87 Nashat, then unprecedented step in the develop- export variant of Molniya TsMKB Almaz gained its first experi- sile boats of project 205ER with missile K88 Nirbik and K89 Nirgat ment of the military-technical coop- (Thunderbolt) i.e. project ence of joint work with the Indian Navy system P-20. had become the first ships eration, when India acquired the latest 1241RE with missile system in early 1971, when eight missile boats of carrying strike missile weapon combatant ships serial-built at that time P-20 and radar target des- project 205 were supplied to India. to be accepted for service for the Soviet Navy. Once adopted for ignationI system Harpoon-E. Rybinsk- in Indian Navy Carrying anti-ship missile system K94 Chapal now serving service in India, Ovod-type small-size based shipyard had started building P-15, boats of such project known as as a monument missile ships ranked in the West among ships of such project in 1980, and a few K82 Vir, K83 Vudut, K84 Vijeta, K85 at Karwar Naval Base missile corvettes, proved a painful sur- years later Indian Navy acquired five ad- Vinash, K86 Ninat, K87 Nashat, K88 prise to the USA and NATO navies. In vanced missile corvettes. Nirbik and K89 Nirgat became the first 1977-1978, our Indian allies acquired Such type of ships is known in Indian platforms with strike missiles to join Navy by the name of their leader i.e. K40 Indian Navy. In late 1971, such boats Veer handed over in March 1987. She took part in military operations against Small-size missile ship was followed by K41 Nirbhik, K42 Nirat, of project 1234E Pakistan. K43 Nishank, K44 Nirghat. Performance of Indian sailors was Indian sailors had highly appreciated highly appreciated by the USSR Navy the new ships, and therefore when mak- Commander-in-Chief Sergey Gorshkov, ing its decision on setting up licensed while high combat efficiency of Almaz- production of small-size striking ships designed ships gave confidence to cham- at national shipyards, Indian Navy had pions of military-technical cooperation chosen the proven project of TsMKB in this sphere. Almaz.

48 USC №1(9), 2012 USC №1(9), 2012 49 TESTED BY TIME

against hostile submarines. During 2 20 thousand hp, rate of sailing – 28-30 years as from 1989, India purchased four knots. The ships were built by the Yaro- vessels of project 1241PE i.e. the ASW slavl-based shipyard. version of “Thunderbolt” with diesel propulsion plant. n 1999, at the request of the Apart from artillery armament and Indian Defense Ministry, anti-aircraft missiles, such ships having Almaz design bureau had full load displacement of 495 t (major developed technical design dimensions – 57.5 x 10.4) carry lethal of updating a boat of project anti-submarine weapon such as two 1241RE,I which involved the replace- 533 mm coupled ASW torpedo tubes ment of system P-20 with system Uran- designed to fire target-seeking electric E, installation of radar Pozitiv-E, and torpedoes, and two five-barreled rocket partial replacement of Russian equip- launchers guided by a sonar system with ment with the Indian counterparts or under-keel and submersible antennas. those made in other countries. Unfor- The ships were fitted with the then most tunately, having ordered the technical advanced general-purpose radars and design of updating, India had taken up electronic warfare aids. Output of the the issue of working and service docu- Missile corvette R46 Vipul of project 1241RE main propulsion machinery plant con- mentation, which had later created seri- at naval parade in 2011 Missile corvette K91 sisting of two geared diesel engines was ous problems for building, testing and Pralaya of project 1241REM commissioning of the boats. In 1985, the USSR and India entered Two boats of the project were simul- into a contract for drawing up license Small-size ASW taneously built by Mazagon Dock Ltd. abroad. With this in mind, Almaz de- gas-turbine engine GTU-12 plus two ship of project documentation to build boats of project 1241PE and Goa Shipyard Ltd. Russian special- signers had proposed to mount the diesel engines). The main propulsion 1241RE at Indian shipyards. The con- ists were entrusted with both building system aboard ships being converted machinery plant provides full speed of tract provided for rendering technical and commissioning of the boats prior and designed. 33 and 40 knots respectively, and cruis- assistance during building and tests. to builders sea trials. The Russian arma- One of promising ships carrying ing endurance nearly 2 thousand miles. In charge of building and handover ment was handed over in 2003-2004 in an anti-ship missile system BrahMos/ The boat’s basic armament includes were two Almaz work teams headed by the vicinity of Mumbai. Noteworthy is Sapphire as her primary armament is four missiles positioned vertically in Yu.V.Arsenyev and A.V.Shliakhtenko. that one of the boats named Pralaya built missile boat (light corvette) Scorpion launcher-containers, 100 mm artillery All in all, prior to 2000, Bombay-based by Goa shipyard had successfully per- of project 12300. The ship is intended system Universal-Puma (А-190-5P- shipyard Mazagon Dock Ltd. and Goa formed volley fire with system Uran-E to engage hostile combatant surface 10E). The boat is protected against hos- Shipyard Ltd. in the city of Goa had built despite of surging sea. vessels, boats and convoys both on her tile aircraft by means of an antiaircraft six boats. The manufacture of BrahMos cruise own and in cooperation with naval gun-missile integrated weapon system According to such an authoritative missiles by BrahMos Aerospase Ltd joint striking forces. Kashtan. There are three options of the source as International Defense Review, venture is considered to be the largest Project of the ca 460 t displacement boat’s electronic warfare aids i.e. active despite of the fact that the cost of build- joint project of the recent years. boat suggests two versions of main pro- radar Pozitiv-ME.1, radar target desig- ing Vipul in India approximated 940 Successfully tested aboard In- pulsion machinery plant i.e. diesel plant nation systems Monument-E, Mineral- M Rupees (USD 35 M), which by far dian ships, the ship-board version of two engines MTU 16V1163TB93) and ME or Furke-E. The boat could also exceeds the cost of building the same the system is known to be delivered diesel-gas-turbine plant (CODAG – a carry electronic warfare system MP- boats at Russian shipyard in Rybinsk, 405-1E, jamming system PK-10, combat “India had gained an invaluable experi- command information system Sigma-E, ence”. as well as the latest navigation and radio Among projects of combatant ves- communication facilities. sels designed by Almaz, Indian Navy The Design Bureau is prepared to had also expressed its interest in mine offer the Indian party a project of con- countermeasures vessels as extremely verting Molniya-type missile corvettes necessary to the national defense. Even- to carry system BrahMos with the tually, over the period of 1978 – 1988, maximum potential utilization of the mine clearing forces of Indian Navy had existing spaces and combat post, as well acquired twelve sea-going minesweep- as the equipment of the main propul- ers of project 266ME, and in 1983-1984 sion machinery plant, electric power – six harbor minesweepers of project systems and other systems and mecha- Small-size ASW ship P33 Abhay 1258E. of project 1241PE nisms. Once familiarized with missile- Confident of its strength and capabili- carrying Molniya boats, the Indian party Combatant craft of Soviet The Indian vision of a missile ties, TsMKB Almaz is prepared to con- had no longer hesitated to choose the corvette carrying BrahMos tinue its cooperation with Indian Navy origin had become an excellent school system (the model is displayed ship destined to protect inshore waters for many generations of sailors at the BrahMos Aerospace in the sphere of developing advanced and zones of responsibility of naval bases stand) marine fighting equipment.

50 USC №1(9), 2012 USC №1(9), 2012 51 OUR BRAND

missile, thus opening way for a new class of manned deep submergence research vehicles, as underwater weapon systems, the ballistic well as numerous test benches. missile submarines. The Soviet Union started exploring deep blue Malakhit has seas in the middle of the last century, partly for been Russia’s > K-3 Project 627, the first Russian nuclear the reasons of national defense, and partly be- powered submarine (The Leninsky cause of purely economic needs to increase the leading developer Komsomol), was built at Sevmash and output of seafood, to produce more mineral re- LOOKING of deep commissioned in 1958. sources on the sea shelf and to verify the results submergence of fundamental research at sea. By late 1960s, the > Project 661 nuclear propulsion submarine, Soviet shipbuilding industry eventually set up a vehicles for years the world’s first high-speed U-boat, separate branch to develop and build deep sub- attaining a top speed of over 44 kts. mergence vehicles (DSV) with limited endurance The sub carries Ametist cruise missiles, and range. All DSV projects that had been under featuring underwater launch capability and way by that time were consolidated and handed has the body, cast of titanium alloys for over to Malakhit, which was eventually named the the first time in the history of submarine prime contractor in this segment of the shipbuild- DEEP production in Russia. ing business. > Project 645 nuclear propulsion submarine, the Soviet Union’s first project with the Primary specifications liquid metal fuelled reactor. of DSV Sever-2 Description Unit of Value > Project 705 (705K), the world’s first measurement titanium alloy submarine with an Standard m3 37.9 automated missile and torpedo carousel displacement launcher. Max length m 12.05 Max width athwartships m 2.64 Soviet and Russian shipyards built lots of mul- Max height m 4.05 tipurpose nuclear propulsion submarines of the Max submergence m 2,000 second and third generations from 1967 to 2001, in- depth cluding Projects 671, 671РТ, 671РТM, 971). Project Underwater Kts/(m/s) 2.5/(0.8) 885, the nuclear propulsion submarine of the fourth speed: level/vertical generation, is undergoing a series of tests now. Bu- Self propelled Underwater range miles 16.3 manned deep reau’s other products that are worth mentioning are submergence small-size and mini submarines of Piranha, Triton Endurance hrs 72 vehicle Konsul and Siren class. Crew psnl. 3-4 For years of work Malakhit carried out more Power plant battery The World Ocean keeps lots of secrets and mysteries, hiding huge stocks of mineral deposits at than 150 large-scale research and development pro- jects, giving birth to more than 300 submarines and its bottom. The world’s greatest powers are spending tremendous resources to explore the deep blue seas. Russia has earned a rightful place among the leading developers of manned deep submergence vehicles. By late 1960s the Soviet shipbuilding By V. Yu. Dorofeev industry launched an independent Chief Executive Officer of JSC SPMBM Malakhit business to develop and produce manned deep submergence vehicles he St. Petersburg maritime bureau of machine engineering, Malakhit was founded back in 1948 for research and development of submarines with air-in- dependent power plants as well as other deepТ submergence vehicles to carry advanced types of weapons. Company’s designers were at the roots of a whole bunch of subs, including the ones that be- Self propelled manned deep submergence came Russian Navy’s pride and glory. vehicle Sever-2

> B-67 submarine (Project V611), the first in the world to launch a ballistic

52 USC №1(9), 2012 OUR BRAND

Malakhit started the work on deep submer- cialized chairs depending on the task they are gence projects with the upgrade of a self-propelled performing. The main control and monitoring Primary specifications manned submersible Sever-2, developed by the of DSV Poisk-6: accessories are concentrated on the control pan- Rubin central design bureau of maritime vehicles Description Unit of Value el, placed in front of the crew. The payload equip- in 1968 and built by the Novo-Admiralty Works measurement ment is specially designed to be carried outside for the Ministry of Fisheries. They altogether Standard m3 355 the main hull. undertook to develop a prototype of a new DSV, displacement The hull, the ballast cisterns and the carry- called Sever-2bis. The vehicles were delivered to Max length m 29 ing elements of the external hull are of welded the state client after successful sea trials in 1975 Max width athwartships m 6.5 titanium alloy. The spherical pressure hull with and 1976. Max height m 8.2 the internal diameter of 2,100 mm, features an What particular kind of a deep submergence ve- Max submergence depth m 6,000 entrance hatch, three illuminators in the bow and hicle was Sever? Its cylindrical pressure hull was in- two reinforced weld-ins for power conductors. Underwater Kts/(m/s) 2.8/(0.5) built into a streamlined outer hull, with two vertical speed: Spheroplasts were used broadly to reduce the propellers for vertical and one for level maneuvers. level/vertical displacement and ensure additional buoyancy. They were necessary to effectively move in water Underwater miles 15 Indeed, it is next to impossible to reach the maxi- and bypass obstacles. The DSV could follow the sea range mal depth without introducing this material: the bottom on the move and sort of hover at a constant Endurance hrs 72 buoyancy of the pressure hull and other displac- distance from the seafloor at halt. Crew psnl. 3 ing elements of the vehicle was not enough to Sever-2 was used to make a precise map of the Power plant battery compensate their weight in water. Black Sea bottom, and measure water saltiness The bathyscaphe submerges with the help of Manned deep and temperature. Moreover, a series of important submergence a specialized system that consists of balance cis- research of various kinds of fish was held in the Primary specifications vehicle Poisk-2 terns and a bunker with cast iron pellets. When- of DSV Poisk-2: Pacific and Atlantic oceans with the help of this ever necessary, the submersible could stop sub- Description Unit of Value submersible. measurement merging and hover in water simply by disposing of excessive pellets, or continue the dive by taking in Standard m3 65 alakhit’s next project was Poisk-2, displacement surrounding water into the balance cisterns. The built in 1975. It was designed for Max length m 16.33 DSV can emerge even with the full load of water hydrographic and hydrologic opera- in the cisterns, if all pellets are thrown away. This Max width athwartships m 2.5 tions, including seafloor sounding method requires the minimum consumption of Max height m 5.1 and measuring of depths, tempera- electric power, which is necessary only to control ture, sea current speed, conductivity, saltiness, Max submergence m 2,000 the valves of the balance cisterns and the electro- М depth transparency, light intensity, biological lumines- magnetic latch of the pellet bunker. Underwater Kts/(m/s) 3/(0.6) cence, and sound speed changes in water. The speed: Provided that the main requirement was to en- DSV also made some geophysical experiments level/vertical sure the smallest displacement, it was decided to possible, including gravimetric and magnetic map- Underwater miles 25 dispose of payload systems as much as possible, to ping and magnetic field measuring. Poisk-2 was range exclude the consumers of transformed power, and equipped with a navigation set, a sonar log, an Endurance hrs 72 to make a lightweight filler. automatic control system, a data recorder, some Crew psnl. 3 The bathyscaphe maneuvers with the help of research and electronic systems and underwater Power plant battery three rotary steering posts in the aft, two verti- television. It could take stereo photography and Manned deep analogs, thus being superior in terms of amount cal thrusters in the pressure point, and a lateral submergence video of some parts of the seafloor, lift cargoes up vehicle Poisk-6 of information obtained per one dive, they had thruster in the bow. Depending on the task, joint to 400 kg on a sling, and take seafloor samples with significantly bigger displacement and weight, or individual operation of motion system ele- the help of a manipulator from the maximum sub- scaphe for research and technological operations which determined the need for carrier vessels ments allows for sustained movement and maneu- mergence depth. at a depth of 6,000 meters in the interests of hydro- with bigger deadweight, i.e. considerably higher vering of the vehicle in a broad variety of direc- The system was employed at the Burun-Tabyisk graphic and SAR branches of the Soviet Navy. The financial resources. In other words, the operation tions. Steering is both manual and automatic. canyon (down to 402 m), Chokhorsk canyon (142 vehicle was built at the Admiralty Shipyards in 1985 of a huge carrier vessel and a submersible was far In addition to the main equipment, Rus and m), Rioni canyon (313 m) and Supsa canyon (192 and received a designation Poisk-6. from cost-effective. Konsul have manipulators for underwater opera- m) in the eastern part of the Black Sea. It was used On August 20, 1985 the submersible success- Understanding this, Malakhit developed a tions with replaceable tools, as well as a sling ar- to reveal the causes of shore erosion in the Cauca- fully dove to 6,015 meters at the Kuril-Kamchatka new class manned DSVs, represented by Rus and rangement to handle cargoes up to 200 kg. There sus, which made it possible to recommend ways to trench. Konsul. are also provisions to attach a TV guided tethered protect the sea coasts. Poisk-6 was the last in the first-generation unmanned vehicle, used whenever it is necessary In parallel with the Poisk-2 development, series of DSVs. Despite the fact that Soviet bathy- he self-sustaining manned deep submer- to explore and study hard-to-access and danger- Malakhit was working on the country’s first bathy- scaphes had higher payloads than existing foreign gence vehicle of the second generation, ous objects. Rus was built by the Admiralty Shipyards The fleet of deep submergence vehicles was in 2000 for research and technical opera- reinforced by the Konsul bathyscaphe, also devel- On August 20, 1985 Poisk-6 submerged to 6,015 m tions at depths down to 6,000 m in the oped by Malakhit and built by Admiralty Ship- into the Kuril-Kamchatka trench for the first time in interestsТ of the Navy SAR branch. yards. the history of the Russian Navy The pressure hull can accommodate two or It was the first example of the third generation three crewmembers, who either sit or lie in spe- DSV made in Russia. Unlike its predecessor, Konsul

54 USC №1(9), 2012 USC №1(9), 2012 55 OUR BRAND

For years of work, the St. Petersburg design bureau Malakhit carried out

more than large-scale research 150 and development projects, giving birth to more than 300 submarines and manned deep submergence research vehicles, as well as numerous test benches.

ore than that, unlike other deep sub- mergence vehicles of both Russian and foreign origin, Konsul can deploy transponder beacons on the seafloor Self-propelled to designate underwater objects for manned deep submergence Primary specifications further exploration without wasting time for re- vehicle Rus М of DSV Rus: peated search. Description Unit of Value measurement The scope of functions that can be performed Standard m3 24.6 with the help of the submersible is really impressive, displacement and includes: Max length m 8.4 > underwater technical and search and Max width m 3.9 rescue operations; athwartships > operations on sunk or seafloor objects Max height m 3.85 at depth of 6,000 m; Pressure hull m 2.1 > transponder beacon emplacement for diameter object identification; Max submergence m 6,000 detection and examination of small-size depth >  objects on seafloor; Underwater speed: Kts/(m/s) 3/(0.7) level/vertical > handling of external payloads up to 200 Endurance hrs 72 kg on sling to and from 6,000-m depths; > taking samples of seafloor, water, Crew psnl. 2-3  concretions and seafloor objects Power plant battery including archeological finds; Design life yr 20 > sling securing on underwater objects using the manipulator for further lifting by a carrier vessel; has far-reaching systems of communication, com- > visual examination of underwater mand and control, which include: obstacles, as well as TV, photo and > a small-size navigation and sonar system video shooting. offering precise measurement of course, coordinates, roll and pitch; The official trials of the Konsul deep submer- > a stable underwater voice communication gence vehicle were successfully ended on May 14, system, effective at ranges, several times 2011, when the bathyscaphe submerged to the longer than that of existing rivals; depth of 6,270 m in the Northern Atlantic. > a cutting edge digital movement and For decades of work the St. Petersburg design accessory control system with seafloor bureau Malakhit fostered a cancellation of Russian following feature, and fully automatic DSV developers in close cooperation and part- visual and instrumental search and nership with other research organizations of the surveillance; shipbuilding industry. High professionalism of engi- > a digital television system for monitoring neers, factory workers and suppliers of spare parts vehicle operations at all depth including and accessories made it possible to produce unique the maximum one. underwater vehicles, which seem to become more and more in demand as far as the exploration of the World Ocean is concerned.

56 USC №1(9), 2012