NATIONALISM & SECTIONALISM 1812-1820

THE WAR OF 1812: — Thomas Jefferson’s Embargo of 1807 failed to force the European powers to respect our rights, and severely harmed our own economy, throwing thousands of merchants, shippers and sailors out of work.

— In the Election of 1808, James Madison, a Republican, easily won. While Federalists gained seats in both the Senate and House of Representatives, Congress remained controlled by Republicans.

— When JAMES MADISON entered office in 1809, he found himself facing the same problem Jefferson had with the British. In 1812, Madison asked Congress to declare war on Great Britain.

CAUSES OF THE WAR OF 1812 US Neutrality is threatened Supporters of the War: § Napoleonic War heats up in Europe and US § Land hunger: westerners had eyes on shipping is targeted by the British and French Florida and Canada § US freedom of the seas and neutrality is not being § War Hawks: group of pro-war respected (impressment) Congressmen from the West who called for war against Britain to defend Indian Agitation in the West America’s honor § As Americans move further west, more conflicts occur between Americans and Indians § Tecumseh and The Prophet - rallies Indians to Opposition to the War: resist American encroachment into Ohio § Federalists claimed war with Britain o Battle of Tippecanoe (1811) – General would hurt New England economy and William Henry Harrison destroys help re-elect Madison Tecumseh’s village and breaks Indian unity § Realists believed US was unprepared to § American settlers blame the British for take on the British navy antagonizing the Indians § Britain is not considered an immediate threat, just a nuisance

Treaty of Ghent (1814) o Status quo ante bellum: both sides agree to stop fighting and restore conquered territory (neither side wins or loses) o News of the treaty does not reach America for several weeks (Andrew Jackson – War Hero New Orleans)

Hartford Convention § Secret meeting of New England Federalists § Federalists fear a loss of power by an expanding nation § Threaten to form a New England confederacy and secede from the US § Goal: revise the Constitution to protect the interests of New England and the Federalists o News of Treaty of Ghent and American victory at New Orleans discredits the Federalists o Fewer and fewer Americans willing to support the Federalist party o Republican ideals of democracy and equality spread throughout the country Impacts of the WAR OF 1812 § Andrew Jackson becomes a War hero

§ The Second War for Independence: US proves it could stand up to the British for a second time

§ Nationalism and patriotism soars!

§ End of the Federalist Party

JAMES MADISON In 1820, Monroe is reelected with only one electoral vote opposed à shows a symbol of national unity § Federalist Party is dead

ERA OF GOOD FEELING

§ A period in US history characterized by economic growth, nationalism, and westward expansion

§ American are feeling good about themselves and their nation

AMERICAN SYSTEM: (1) protective tariffs (2) a national bank (3) internal improvements.

Treaties with Britain Rush-Bagot Agreement of 1817: US and Britain agreed to disarm the Great Lakes.

United States and Britain relations continued to improve at the Anglo- American Convention of 1818. The two countries agree to the forty-ninth parallel as the northern boundary of the Louisiana Territory between United States and Canada. They also agreed to joint control of the Oregon Territory, and the United States was granted fishing rights off the coast of New Foundland. Treaties with Spain

Adam-Onis Treaty of 1919: Spain turned

over all of its possessions in Florida

THE MONROE DOCTRINE 1823

Historical circumstances: The restoration of a number of Terms/Effects: monarchies in Europe after the fall of Napoleon in 1815 The Monroe Doctrine proclaimed that produced a backlash against republican movements. Europe should not interfere in affairs Restored monarchies in France, Austria and Prussia, within the United States or in the worked together to suppress liberal elements and development of other countries in the considered helping Spain to return to power in South Western Hemisphere. America, where a number of republics had declared their independence. US leaders declared an interest in The Doctrine was the final step towards protecting North and South America from possible American independence aggression by a European power.

It read, “The American continents…are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers.” In other words, the US warned Europe to stay out of Western Hemisphere and the US agrees not to get involved in European affairs..

US Steps Toward Independence o Declaration of Independence (1776): begins the process of separation o Treaty of Paris (1783): American independence in recognized o Washington’s Proclamation of Neutrality (1793): US will look out for its own best interest o Jay’s Treaty (1795): removes the British from the frontier o Louisiana Purchase (1803): gains control of Mississippi River o War of 1812: ends British hope of regaining control of US o Latin American Revolutions: decrease European influence in Western Hemisphere o Adam-Onis Treaty (1819): clears path to westward expansion o Monroe Doctrine (1823): US left to develop on its own

SECTIONALISM: Strong sense of loyalty to a region instead of to the whole country § The nation was has always been divided by its interests, attitudes, and overall lifestyles. As early as the Revolutionary era, Americans already perceived that the thirteen colonies could be classed into three sectional categories: Southern, Middle, and New England o OLD CAUSES OF SECTIONALISM § Geography § Lack of interaction & communication between regions § Economic differences

o NEW CAUSES OF SECTIONALISM § Rise of political parties § Growing population § Westward expansion and the sale of public lands § Economic development and internal improvements differences NORTH SOUTH Lifestyle o Industry flourished o Cash crop agriculture, large o Urban centers and cities plantations o Immigrant labor o Relied on cheap labor Slavery o Mostly died out, replaced by o Cotton gin leads to a greater demand immigrant labor in factories for slave labor o Against the extension of slavery into o Slavery closely tied to southern the new territories economy and life in the South Protective o Support a high tariff o Against high tariff Tariff o Tariffs support manufacturing o Don’t want Europe to retaliate with a industry, protect the north from British higher tariff competition o End up paying higher prices with the o Revenue would be used toward tariff, believe tariff just favors the internal improvements north

Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin makes Cotton King in the South

In 1819, Missouri requested admission as a state in which slavery would be permitted. At the time, the United States contained twenty-two states, evenly divided between slave and free.

¡ Representative James Tallmadge of NY proposes outlawing slavery in Missouri. “All slaves born in Missouri are to be freed when they reach age 25.” This reignites the issue of slavery in America.

MISSOURI COMPROMISE

1. Missouri enters as a slave state

2. Maine enters as a free state

3. Slavery banned north of 36°30’ line