U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service July 2015 1
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Volume II: Draft Revised Recovery Plan for the Wintering Range of the Northern Great Plains Piping Plover and Comprehensive Conservation Strategy for the Piping Plover in its Coastal Migration and Wintering Range in the Continental United States U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service July 2015 1 Cover graphic: Judy Fieth Cover photos: Foraging piping plover - Sidney Maddock Piping plover in flight - Melissa Bimbi, USFWS Roosting piping plover - Patrick Leary Sign - Melissa Bimbi, USFWS 2 INTER-REGIONAL PIPING PLOVER TEAM U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE Melissa Bimbi Region 4, Charleston, South Carolina Robyn Cobb Region 2, Corpus Christi, Texas Patty Kelly Region 4, Panama City, Florida Carol Aron Region 6, Bismarck, North Dakota Jack Dingledine/Vince Cavalieri Region 3, East Lansing, Michigan Anne Hecht Region 5, Sudbury, Massachusetts Comprehensive Conservation Strategy Prepared by Terwilliger Consulting, Inc. Karen Terwilliger, Harmony Jump, Tracy M. Rice, Stephanie Egger Amy V. Mallette, David Bearinger, Robert K. Rose, and Haydon Rochester, Jr. 3 PURPOSE AND GEOGRAPHIC SCOPE OF THE COMPREHENSIVE CONSERVATION STRATEGY FOR THE PIPING PLOVER (CHARADRIUS MELODUS) IN ITS COASTAL MIGRATION AND WINTERING RANGE IN THE CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES AND DRAFT REVISED RECOVERY PLAN FOR THE WINTERING RANGE OF THE NORTHERN GREAT PLAINS POPULATION This document synthesizes conservation needs across the shared coastal migration and wintering ranges of the federally listed Great Lakes (endangered), Atlantic Coast (threatened), and Northern Great Plains (threatened) piping plover (Charadrius melodus) populations. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service’s 2009 5-Year Review recommended development of a Comprehensive Conservation Strategy (CCS) to enhance collaboration among recovery partners and address widespread habitat loss and degradation, increasing human disturbance, and other threats in the piping plover’s coastal migration and wintering range. The 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill further increased concerns regarding piping plover conservation in the non- breeding portion of the range. This CCS provides a unified summary of the biology, habitat, and threats to non-breeding piping plovers. It also identifies the planning, coordination, protection, and research actions needed to reduce threats to non-breeding piping plovers and their habitat. With the incorporation of delisting criteria that address the recovery of the Northern Great Plains population (see pages 8-9 of the Executive Summary and pages 69-72 for a discussion of the winter criteria) and an Implementation Schedule, this CCS also becomes the wintering portion of the revised Northern Great Plains Piping Plover Recovery Plan. It is maintained as a separate volume, however, in order to serve as a unified resource for biologists, land managers, regulators, and others seeking to conserve all non-breeding piping plovers. The primary geographic focus of this CCS is the United States (U.S.) coastal non-breeding range of the piping plover from North Carolina to Texas. While we recognize that piping plover protection in Mexico and the Caribbean is very important, this document only provides cursory information about the non-U.S. wintering range. Piping plover conservation actions in other countries are strongly encouraged, and parallel planning documents may be warranted. Current information indicates that piping plovers do not concentrate in large numbers or make extended stopovers at inland migration sites outside of their breeding range. Although conservation planning for inland migration habitats, currently considered a lower priority due to the low numbers of birds concentrating at specific sites, numerous wind energy projects have been proposed throughout the migration corridor. Given the unknown level of risk to piping plovers associated with wind farms, or if other existing or foreseeable threats during inland migration are identified, assessment of threats during migration can be re-evaluated. 1 VOLUME II: Draft Revised Recovery Plan for the Wintering Range of the Northern Great Plains Piping Plover (Charadrius melodus) and Comprehensive Conservation Strategy for the Piping Plover in its Coastal Migration and Wintering Range in the Continental United States RELATIONSHIP OF THIS DOCUMENT TO THE GREAT LAKES AND ATLANTIC COAST RECOVERY PLANS Implementation of actions described in this CCS will support attainment of relevant reclassification and delisting criteria contained in the approved USFWS piping plover recovery plans for the Great Lakes and Atlantic Coast populations (USFWS 1996; 2003). The pertinent tasks in those recovery plans are cross-referenced in Appendix 4W. 2 VOLUME II: Draft Revised Recovery Plan for the Wintering Range of the Northern Great Plains Piping Plover (Charadrius melodus) and Comprehensive Conservation Strategy for the Piping Plover in its Coastal Migration and Wintering Range in the Continental United States ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Hundreds of biologists from all levels of government, non-governmental organizations, and academic institutions, as well as unaffiliated individuals have provided important information reflected in this conservation strategy. Although they are too many to name individually, we cannot overstate the value of their generous contributions. We also recognize the collective on- going efforts to conserve piping plovers throughout their range. * * * DISCLAIMER: This document describes actions to address threats and conservation needs for piping plovers. It does not obligate any party to undertake specific actions and may not represent the views or the official positions or approval of any individuals or agencies involved in piping plover recovery. NOTICE OF COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL: Permission to use copyrighted images in this document has been granted by the copyright holders. These images are not placed in the public domain by their appearance herein. They may not be copied or otherwise reproduced, except in their printed context within this document, without the written consent of the copyright holder. 3 VOLUME II: Draft Revised Recovery Plan for the Wintering Range of the Northern Great Plains Piping Plover (Charadrius melodus) and Comprehensive Conservation Strategy for the Piping Plover in its Coastal Migration and Wintering Range in the Continental United States Recommended citation: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2015. Recovery Plan for the Northern Great Plains piping plover (Charadrius melodus) in two volumes. Volume I: Draft breeding recovery plan for the Northern Great Plains piping plover (Charadrius melodus) and Volume II: Draft revised recovery plan for the wintering range of the Northern Great Plains piping plover (Charadrius melodus) and Comprehensive conservation strategy for the piping plover (Charadrius melodus) in its coastal migration and wintering range in the continental United States. Denver, Colorado. 166 pp. An electronic copy of this document is available at: http://www.fws.gov/endangered/species/recovery-plans.html 4 VOLUME II: Draft Revised Recovery Plan for the Wintering Range of the Northern Great Plains Piping Plover (Charadrius melodus) and Comprehensive Conservation Strategy for the Piping Plover in its Coastal Migration and Wintering Range in the Continental United States TABLE OF CONTENTS RELATIONSHIP OF THIS DOCUMENT TO THE GREAT LAKES AND ATLANTIC COAST RECOVERY PLANS ............................................................................................... 2 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................................ 3 DISCLAIMER............................................................................................................................... 3 NOTICE OF COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL ............................................................................ 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................. 5 PART I: INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 9 Description ....................................................................................................................................... 12 Temporal and Spatial Distribution ................................................................................................... 12 Survival ............................................................................................................................................ 16 Habitat Use ....................................................................................................................................... 18 Winter Site Fidelity .......................................................................................................................... 20 Intra- and Inter-specific Interactions ................................................................................................ 21 KEY THREATS TO PIPING PLOVERS IN THEIR COASTAL MIGRATION AND WINTERING RANGE ... 22 Development and Construction ........................................................................................................ 24 Dredging and Sand Mining .............................................................................................................. 28 Inlet Stabilization and Relocation .................................................................................................... 31 Groins ..............................................................................................................................................