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(Coleoptera: Glaphyridae) of the Aegean: from Morphologυ to Phylogenυ

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(Coleoptera: Glaphyridae) of the Aegean: from Morphologυ to Phylogenυ UNIVERSITY OF THE AEGEAN DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT PYGOPLEURUS (COLEOPTERA: GLAPHYRIDAE) OF THE AEGEAN: FROM MORPHOLOGΥ TO PHYLOGENΥ Vangelis-Loukas Mizerakis Advising professor: Triantaphyllos Akriotis (Department of Environment) Committee Members: Theodora Petanidou (Department of Geography) Konstantinos Theodorou (Department of Environment) Lesvos, March 2016 1 ABSTRACT The genus Pygopleurus belongs to the Glaphyridae family (Coleoptera) and is the main pollinator of the «red anemone guild» flowers. The faunistic composition for these beetles is poorly known for the Aegean islands, as their taxonomy is considered very complex. This study applies some successive research steps in order to clarify the taxonomic, phylogenetic and geographic status of these beetles in the Aegean archipelago. The beetle specimens studied were collected applying the pantrapping and handnetting methods in a systematic collection on 25 Aegean islands including eastern Aegean (from Thasos to Karpathos) and Central Aegean (Cyclades). All collected specimens were sorted into morphospecies using a dissecting microscope. The detected morphological differences were pinpointed, photo-illustrated in detail, and used for the generation of a phylogenetic tree based on a “maximum parsimony” analysis. The above morphology procedure led to the detection of 50 characters that can be used for specimen identification. Based on the generated phylogenetic tree, the 5 pre-sorted Pygopleurus morphospecies were clearly separated by their morphological differences and considered as five distinct species. In addition, the analysis showed further differentiations within the species level. A genetic study may lead to the detection of taxa at finer taxonomic level, as well as an additional species (Pygopleurus sp.3). The analysis of the distribution patterns revealed that the Pygopleurus beetles are only present on the East Aegean islands; Lesvos, with five species was the island with the highest species richness among all islands explored. 2 ABSTRACT (GREEK VERSION) Το γένορ Pygopleurus ανήκει ζηην οικογένεια Glaphyridae (Κολεόπηεπα) και αποηελεί ηον κύπιο επικονιαζηή ηων «κόκκινων διζκοειδών ανθών». H πανιδική ηοςρ ζύνθεζη ζηα νηζιά ηος Αιγαίος είναι ελάσιζηα μελεηημένη, μιαρ και η ηαξινόμηζή ηοςρ είναι δςζσεπήρ. Η ζςγκεκπιμένη μελέηη έσει ζκοπό να ζςνειζθέπει ζηην ηαξινομική, θςλογενεηική και γεωγπαθική γνώζη ηων ζκαθαπιών αςηών ζηο Αιγαίο. Μελεηήθηκαν 136 ένηομα πος ζςλλέσθηκαν ζςζηημαηικά με απόση και πινακοπαγίδερ ζε 25 νηζιά ηος Αιγαίος. Τα ζςλλεσθένηα άηομα διασωπίζηηκαν ζε ομάδερ και διακπίθηκαν ζε μοπθοείδη, ζηη βάζη διακπιηών μοπθολογικών ηοςρ σαπακηήπων πος παπαηηπήθηκαν μέζω ζηεπεοζκοπίος. Οι μοπθολογικοί αςηοί σαπακηήπερ, αθος καηαγπάθηκαν και θωηογπαθήθηκαν λεπηομεπώρ, σπηζιμοποιήθηκαν για ηην δημιοςπγία ενόρ θςλογενεηικού δένηπος «μέγιζηηρ θειδωλόηηηαρ» ηων μοπθοειδών. Η μοπθολογική μελέηη ηων Pygopleurus, οδήγηζε ζηον ενηοπιζμό 50 σαπακηήπων πος μποπούν να σπηζιμοποιηθούν για ηην αναγνώπιζη ηων δειγμάηων ζε επίπεδο είδοςρ ζηο απσιπέλαγορ ηος Αιγαίος. Σηη ζςνέσεια, η καηαζκεςή ηος θςλογενεηικού δένηπος επιβεβαίωζε ηην διάκπιζη ζε πένηε είδη ηος γένοςρ, όπωρ είσαν μοπθολογικά διακπιθεί (5 μοπθο-είδη). Επιπλέον, εμθανίζηηκαν και κάποιερ διαθοποποιήζειρ ενηόρ ηων ειδών, με ενδιαθέποςζα πεπίπηωζη ηο Pygopleurus sp. 3, όπος μια γενεηική ανάλςζη πιθανώρ να οδηγήζει ζηην ςπαπξη ςποείδοςρ, ή και διαθοπεηικού είδοςρ. Ένα ενδιαθέπον ζηοισείο αθοπά ζηον πεπιοπιζμό ηηρ εξάπλωζηρ ηος γένοςρ μόνο ζηα νηζιά ηος αναηολικού Αιγαίος. Η Λέζβορ, με πένηε είδη, διαθέηει ηον μεγαλύηεπο πλούηο ειδών ζε ζσέζη με ηα ςπόλοιπα νηζιά ηος Αιγαίος. Το είδορ Pygopleurus sp. 1 έσει ηην πιο εςπεία εξάπλωζη ζηα νηζιά, ενώ ηο Pygopleurus sp. 2 ηην πιο πεπιοπιζμένη (μόνο ζηην Λέζβο). 3 KEY WORDS Glaphyridae, Pygopleurus, Taxonomy, Morphology, Pollination, Aegean islands 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................................................... 2 ABSTRACT (GREEK VERSION) ........................................................................................................................ 3 KEY WORDS ................................................................................................................................................... 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS ..................................................................................................................................... 5 FIGURES ......................................................................................................................................................... 7 TABLES ........................................................................................................................................................... 7 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................. 8 MATERIAL AND METHODS ............................................................................................................................ 9 Data-set information ................................................................................................................................. 9 Morphological characters ....................................................................................................................... 10 Specimens state evaluation .................................................................................................................... 10 Phylogenetic Analysis .............................................................................................................................. 11 Species distribution map ......................................................................................................................... 11 Species illustration .................................................................................................................................. 11 RESULTS ...................................................................................................................................................... 12 Morphological characters ....................................................................................................................... 12 Specimen information list ....................................................................................................................... 14 Phylogenetic analysis .............................................................................................................................. 18 Species distribution map ......................................................................................................................... 23 DISCUSION .................................................................................................................................................. 24 Morphological characters ....................................................................................................................... 24 Phylogenetic Analysis .............................................................................................................................. 24 Species distribution ................................................................................................................................. 25 Morphospecies to species matching ...................................................................................................... 26 To conclude ............................................................................................................................................. 27 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................................... 28 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................................ 29 APPENDIX 1. ILLUSTRATION OF MORPHOLOGICAL STATES ....................................................................... 30 Body ........................................................................................................................................................ 30 5 Head parts ............................................................................................................................................... 30 Clypeus .................................................................................................................................................... 32 Pronotum ................................................................................................................................................ 35 Elytra ....................................................................................................................................................... 38 Scutellum ................................................................................................................................................ 40 Hairs ........................................................................................................................................................ 40 Legs ......................................................................................................................................................... 46 Abdomen ................................................................................................................................................. 48
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