Imagining the Ukrainian Body: Everyday Nationalism Everyday Ukrainian Andimaginingbody: the Body Politics Inbody Contemporary Ukraine Supervisor: Professor Hadley Z

CEU eTD Collection

In partialIn fulfillment of the requirements thefor degree of Imagining the Ukrainian Body: Everyday Nationalism Everyday Ukrainian andImaginingBody: the Body Politics inBody Contemporary Ukraine Supervisor: Professor Hadley Z. Renkin Second Reader: Professor Elissa Helms Department ofGender Studies Central European University Budapest, Hungary By RachokDariia Gender Studies Submitted to 2014

Master of Arts Criticalin

CEU eTD Collection in relation thedisciplinary to nationalism, agenda which ishighly ofUkrainian exclusionary people, practices. bodily upon reflected not u xenophobic respondents about not narrative. post its Russia, and position geographical distinctive Ukraine's to due everyday Abstract

- identify as nationalists, nationalists, as identify Soviet past, complex relationship with “the West” and Russia, and its newly built national built newly its and Russia, West”and “the with relationship complex past, Soviet the responde 22 of narratives the of analysis My and gendered of place the examines thesis This I conclude conclude I their views on the im/proper body and their bodily practices are nevertheless constructed nevertheless are practices bodily their and body im/proper the on views their

Ukrainian nationalism: what bodies are thought of as im/proper and why. I argue that argue Iwhy. and im/proper as of thought are bodies what nationalism: Ukrainian issues unsuccessfully tterances the ideas andtolerance. ofinclusiveness with national of that the nation is reproduced daily by performing internalized, mechanical and and mechanical internalized, performing by dailyreproduced is nation the that

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identity is being shaped with regard to the gazes o gazes the to regard with shaped being is identity , pr, euy ad sexuality and beauty, sport, h, they tep t rcnie eit htrnraie hmpoi and homophobic heteronormative, sexist, reconcile to attempt inte

I show that d that show I rnalize and reproduce nationalistic ideas when speaking speaking when ideas nationalistic reproduce and rnalize i

espite different political affiliations of young of affiliations political different espite at nts shows that even though young people do do people young though even that shows nts

the crossroads between “Western Europe” Europe” “Western between crossroads the . I illustrate that in their narratives, my my narratives, their in that illustrate I . sexualized

bodies in the discourse of of discourse the in bodies f several Others: its its Others: several f .

CEU eTD Collection IIway able am wastoproduce andthat thesis. this humanity all thank to want I Generally, activist. and thinker feminist, a as me shaped and research this into engage to me inspired ideas whose scholars, other and gender.I'dmy work whomthis wouldnotbed also respondents, without thankto Kyiv my parent to and myfriends all gratefulto I am critique. insightful with me provided and writing processof their inspiringsuggestions comments, and from professors all to thank to like also I'd unreadable. be would work this help his without critique, and patience attention, his th on comments and suggestions her for Helms Elissa Professor to grateful also am I comments. insightful and inspiring though critical and attention your for thank to want I guidance. and encouragement, patience, his for Acknowledgments - Mohyla Academy, Oleksandr Ivashyna, who carefully guided me through the insights on insights the through me guided carefully who Ivashyna, Oleksandr Academy,Mohyla ial, a gaeu t ihl ocut ereMse al ui, ihe Billig Michael Rubin, Gayle Mosse, George Foucault, Michel to grateful am I Finally, partner my thank to want also I supe my to gratitude express to like would I Firstly, s for their devoted attention Moreover, and theirpatience. devoted s for I myprofessor fromwant thank to

the is work. Moreover, I want to thank Professor John Harbord for for Harbord John Professor thank to want I Moreover, work. is Gender Studies department at Central European University f University European Central at departmentStudiesGender

assigned assigned Ivan, who has been very supportive throughout the the throughout supportive very been has who Ivan, ii

readings. rvisor, Professor Hadley Z. Hadley Professor rvisor,

that I was socialized the socialized was I that one.

Renkin, or or CEU eTD Collection Proper Bodies Nationalism3. Contemporary Ukrainian from Far the 2. “Eastern Europe” between “the West” traditions” “national and thenation/alism1. Mapping Introduction: must “Ukrainianness” bedefended? Contents of Table 3.3.2 Health: corpore mens sana in sano values3.3.1 Christian 3.2.3 Gendering“national traditions” Invented3.2.2 Traditions 3.2.1 Selectively“European” values 1.1.2 Everyday nationalism 1.1.1 a is nation?What 3.3 Healthy body 3.2. Negotiating identity national 3.1 Metamorphoses ofSvoboda Europe? 2.3 Ukrainian nationalcollective narrative and memory: the USSR awayfrom 2.2. From zadruga 2.1 Nationalism“Eastern in the repressed? Europe”: returned of 1.2 Gender oftheand nation/alism sexuality theory in 1. 1Nation and nationalism and practice Thesis structure Limitations Research design

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CEU eTD Collection Bibliography I Appendix Conclusion theim/proper5. Defining 4. Gu 3.3.4 (Inventing) Traditional values Immigration:3.3.3 as minorities a visible menace 5.3 Dirty bodies 5.2 Bad (of and health thenation) habits beauty,5.1. Sport, nationalism traditional orientation” sexual (Vitaliy) 4.2 “It is gender...”middle (Alina) 4.1 “ arding genderarding sexualities binaries, policing for thenation thesakeof Itweseparately,and thatbeforehad women, seems men we and a have now kindof

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CEU eTD Collection 1 one’s body of policing and disciplining implies belonging national that demonstrate I why.Thus, and body im/prope the is what on views people, overall their as well As practices. young bodily everyday their shaping by reproduced unconsciously and internalized are nationalism Ukrainian by c how show I matters. that body physical one's foremost and first is it that and embodied is belonging national that 1957). (Gramsci relations social and institutions ideas, of levels the on reproduced is that s the in hegemonic Ukraine; in hegemonic in nationalism nationalism. banal Ukrainian of discourse the in constructed is Elaborating onMichael Billig’sI banalwhat (1995), of idea kind thebody of explore nationalism nationalistic assumptions about what means it be to a Ukrainian. proper despite I thesis this In society. Ukrainian in existing consensus nationalist and homophobic Comm the but doggy a into deputy shows political TV major the the of of topic oneAssociation the in on Agreement Introduction: must “Ukrainianness” bedefended? http://3s.tv/programs/shuster

ades h ie o Uriines y nurn aot epes da on ideas people's about inquiring by Ukrainianness of idea the address I In said that signing it will result into “a bunch of European homosexuals putting Ukraine putting homosexuals European of bunch “a into result will it signing that said young people do people young December 2013, when commenting when 2013, December

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his remark might be seen as a particular sign of of sign particular a as seen be might remark his on the negotiations between Ukraine and Ukraine between negotiations the on 1

shape and appearance that are inspired inspired are that appearance and shape ense that it is a kind of common sense common of kind a is it that ense

I argue that the discourse of of discourse the that argue I they

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CEU eTD Collection Russia, po Russia, “Europeanness” its asserting of efforts day present and past socialist state Ukraine's with connected is it surprisingly, Not identity. cultural from past. socialist itself distance to tries it thirdly, construction); of process the in still are (that secondly, “the to belonging claims it firstly, identities: cultural contradictory between oscillates is Ukrainiannationalism and moods. co Russia, vs. “Europe” dichotomy perceived from away breaking of mood the However, community. Russia with alliances and past socialist state from away breaking as are described be Ukrainians could protests and the of “Europe” mood the to Overall, “European”. belongs Ukraine that prove to desire people's by marked EU the and Ukraine between Agreement Association the signing the by triggered were protests The nationalism. hegemonic. discou nownationalistic increasing been and popularity Ukraine nationalistic has ideas of in the 2000s of half second the since 2010), Shekhovtsov and Umland 2011, (Shekhovtsov actors post state socialist space be space socialist state aig uh in much Having a exceptional an as seen was Ukraine recently until Though it sitioning it as another Other to fear and escape from. Consequently,from.escape and fear to anotherOther asnational Ukrainian it sitioning

The emphasizes its uniqueness by appealing to its national traditions and heroic history heroic and traditions national its to appealing by uniqueness its emphasizes However Euromaidan protests that unfolded that protests Euromaidan , as recent protests have s have protests recent as , yet common with nationalisms of other post state socialist countries, countries, socialist state post other of nationalisms with common cause there were no powerful nationalistic forces and visible far right far visible and forces nationalistic powerful no were there cause

somehow different. somehow -

Ukraine negotiates its identity with the reference to reference the with identity its negotiates Ukraine ntributed to the strengthening the to ntributed y setn Uries eogn t “European” to belonging Ukraine's asserting by 2

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hown, there is fourth dimension of Ukrainian Ukrainian of dimension fourth is there hown,

other post state socialist countries, Ukrainecountries, socialist state post other

November 201 November of the President to pursue the process of of process the pursue to President the of

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SR n Rsi, s el s the as well as Russia, and USSR Iiily te rtss were protests the Initially, . d aaoia cs o the of case paradoxical nd 3 revealed 3 of nationalist ideas nationalist of

the ubiquity of of ubiquity the the West”; rse is state the CEU eTD Collection GraffRivkin (2009), by described as counterparts European” “East its for common are nationalism Ukrainian of past) ho heterosexism, its (e.g. Europe” “Eastern of concept the use will I region, geographical this naturalizing without Europe” “Eastern of space the on analysis some preserves Europe”“Western and “Eastern” between and state socialist past. its how explore I Verdery1999), 2009; Renkin 2007; Renkin 2012; Partridge 2010; Kulpa 2008; Helms 2006; (Wolff1994). the of consequence uncivilized nation to experience first the was Europe” “Western Enlightenment. of legacy the to much owes also building “Eastern and “Western” between boundary the mapped Enlightenment the where exactly descended century 20th the of curtain” “iron the that WolffLarrynotes (Wolff 1994). century 17th around somewhere crystallize to began that space reconcile to aim that utterances respondents: xenophobia/heterosexism/homophobia with therhetoric oftoleranceand inclusiveness. my by pronounced utterances peculiar tensions these 5, and 4 chapter in demonstrate I As “Europeanness”. identity frequently a implies dose of However, imagining is real in its consequences. its in real is imagining However, I n this work I contextualize Ukraine within the space of “Easte of space the within Ukraine contextualize I work this n

Ukrainian national belonging is gendered and sexualized in relation to “the West”“the to relation in sexualized and gendered is belonging national Ukrainian

Building on the body of texts on ambiguities of “East European” belonging (Graff belonging European” “East of ambiguities on texts of body the on Building - state - Fish (2006), Fish VerderyUkraineas to Irefer others,and 1999) (1996; - ulig n t mp tef u, t rae “atr Europe” “Eastern created it out, itself map to and building mophobia, alliance with religion and distancing from from distancing and religion with alliance mophobia,

“Western” gaze, located somewhere in between Europe and Asia Europe between in somewhere located “Western”gaze, cultural “ but put it in inverted commas. Given commas. inverted in it put but anti 3

- uoe (94. h poes f nation of process The (1994). Europe” Russianism”, Russianism”, In the In of its topicality. To contextualize my contextualize topicality.To its of

21 century the conceptual divide divide conceptual the century 21 anti - state rn Europe” Europe” rn

socialism andsocialism selective oeie rsl into result sometimes

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this this - CEU eTD Collection epcaiiy Mse 989. oevr yug epe r vr iprat o ntoaim as nationalism for important very are people young Moreover, 1988:9). (Mosse middle respectability usually is it as investigate to middle to belong already either students of majority the position. As status and class their advance to people some “Kyiv of University most two respo My respondents. 22 in June and April throughpractices. bodily everyday ritu symbols, certain the at looking from discour everyday identity national analyzing begin should one 2011), (Skey contextual natio about talking of ways and of study the Research design Ukrainian bodya constitutes kindofpatchwork, shaped proper the that illustrate I sexualized. and gendered embodied, is it how show I thesis this In Europe”. “Eastern so (1995:29), identity” nationalist of determinant prime a “is language that claims Billig Being interested in the everyday nationalism and its influence on the ideas about bodies, about ideas the on influence its and nationalism everyday the in interested Being

prestigious universities in Kyi in universities prestigious a national identity “should begin with the search for the common the for search the with begin “should identity national - -

se class or aspire to be included in it, I consider this social group to be imp be to group social this consider I it, in included be to aspire or class July 2013 Iopen conducted July2013 However, the whole picture of Ukrainian national belonging is more complex. complex. more is belonging national Ukrainian of pictureHowever, whole the - – Mohyla als, practices, objects, etc. etc. objects, practices, als,

to understand how it it how understand to ndents were university students university were ndents

cdm” diso to Admission Academy”. always are nationhood to references As (1995:61). nhood” v: Taras Shevchenko National University and National National and University National Shevchenko Taras v: - ls ta i ascae wt ntoait lis to claims nationalist with associated is that class - ended se ended is reproduced and evoked through references to to references through evoked and reproduced is 4

lal, ainl dniy s lo reproduced also is identity national Clearly, mi by several others. a - , doing their Bachelors and Masters in in Masters and Bachelors their doing ,

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I had a chance to observe how students spend their their spend students how observe to chance a had I movements. youth control and organize to e. As my topic of interest is the body and bod and body the is interest of topic my As e. future of the natio the of future 5

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10 of them c them of 10 eisl (Simferopol peninsula - f fmle (oe r es middle less or (more families off - mailed me back, saying that they were interested and wanted to be my my be to wanted and interested were they that saying back, me mailed comments that could possibly help to identify his political position more position political his identify to help possibly could that comments laimed Kyi laimed - mails, as before consenting for the interviews people had the ability to to ability the had people interviews the for consenting before as mails, s oil eort 1 s oils, a lfit n 1 rt i the in wrote 1 and leftist as 1 socialist, as 1 democrat, social as orks (Facebook and Vkontakte) to people from the universities I universities the from people to Vkontakte) and (Facebook orks

v to be their home city, 4 people were from “Western”Ukraine from were people city,4 home their be to v 10 people claimed to be ap be to claimed people 10 ). All respondents identified themselves as coming from from coming as themselves identified respondents All ). - rnis rgos, 7 regions), Frankivsk 6

ls) 1 pol ietfe tesle as themselves identified people 11 class). – o

litical, 7 litical, from “Central” Ukraine (Poltava, (Poltava, Ukraine “Central” from –

to be liberals, 1 person person 1 liberals, be to different parts of the of parts different - believers, 1 1 believers, s I was was I s the the ve ve CEU eTD Collection though there might have been different sources and different accents, the overall picture would picture overall the accents, different and sources different been have might there though m pretty are discourses their so religion, and socialism state from with alliances made (Verdery also narratives had national nationalisms new Both building 1996). distancing with marked are nationalisms Russian and Ukrainian be. might sources their but difference much too of be not would narratives their that hypothesize to possible is it 2), Chapter in more explore I (that sexualities and bodies of questions the on nationalisms Russian and Ukrainian between Ukraine, Limitations certain about made respondents my phenomena ofthese and assumptions. tothe justifications assumptions the to attention particular paid I (2003) With speech. the of form When respondents. by used was that terminology and made, were that references narrative, the of structure expression”, (1999:69). inadequate” is vocabulary n of realm “the signal can words) appropriate find cannot respondent a when (e.g. expression” of “difficulties the that emphasized housework not perceivedas other. Unfortunately, among my respondents there were no people from the “Eastern” region of region “Eastern” the from people no were there respondents Unfortunately,my among about women interviewing of experience her of description the in DeVault Marjorie which

is often thought as being more pro more being as thought often is

analyzing the interviews, I paid particular attention both to content and content to both attention particular paid I interviews, the analyzing

the help of Norman Fairclough’ Norman of help the Thus uch permeated with references to Christianity. Thus, Thus, Christianity. to references with permeated uch I lo ad teto t te dfiute of “difficulties the to attention paid also I , 7

Like - quite - Russian. Still, given the fact of similariti of fact the given Still, Russian. te post other - articulated experience, where standard standard where experience, articulated

s method of critical discourse analysis analysis discourse critical of method s

state socialism nationalisms, nationalisms, socialism state es es

CEU eTD Collection 2 students’narratives of discussion nationalism built. being is identity national whom to contrast in Others, and anxieties sexual) (and national to demonstrate easy relatively is it so belonging, national and nation the of discourse “purified” most the Svoboda because also but ones, reach to easily and visible most are they because only not nationalism of version Svoboda's chose country.I the in discourse nationalistic monopolized Ukrainian self openly that actor political visible most the on focus primarily I theories. above mentioned politics body their and nationalisms socialist state post of peculiarities the discuss and Europe” “Eastern of of aspects sexuality and gender the out lays and nationalism structureThesis stay thesame.

I classify Svoboda as far right following S following right as far classify I Svoboda My thesis is divided into five chapters. Chapter 1 discusses 1 Chapter chapters. five into divided is thesis My

no “vbd” frhr eerd o s vbd) wo o a hl mainly while a for who Svoboda), as to referred (further “Svoboda” Union 2

It and theeveryday ofmy nationalism respondents. ,

Chapters 4 and 5 are based on my ethnographic data and are dedicated to the the to dedicated are and data ethnographic my on based are 5 and 4 Chapters is modes are respectively reactionary and repressive.”(2011:195). repressive.”(2011:195). and respectivelyreactionary are modes respectively we which expression, of populis and forms xenophobic as define predominant two take can that dimension identity negative a (1) dimensions: two on based world, ideological right extreme the of map “conceptual show

also ing

insightful to see the shared a shared the see to insightful

how Ukrainian memory memory Ukrainian how

I continue to explore Ukrainian national narrative in chapter 3, where 3, chapter in narrative national Ukrainian explore to continue I

–

arah Harrison and Michael Bruter's Michael Bruter's and Harrison arah I show how the assumptions reproduce assumptions the how show I t, and (2) an authoritarian dimension, of which the two founding founding two the which of dimension, authoritarian an (2) and t, 8

politics and identity negotiations fit in the the in fit negotiations identity and politics ssumptions between the between ssumptions it

c -

hapter 2 I move to the space space the to move I 2 hapter identifies as nationalist nationalist as identifies the import the d by students fit into into fit students by d

far right version of of version right far ance

of everyday everyday presents presents –

All CEU eTD Collection the proper body type are very strict, I show that Ukrainian national community stays quite quite stays community national exclusive Ukrainian that show I strict, very are type body proper the appe physical nationalism of heavily discourse are the belonging by affected national granted be can body whose and body proper the constitutes ha but nationalists as identify openly not do respondents my though that argue I bodies. of perception respondents' my affects discourse Svoboda by exemplified discourse nationalistic the –

despite claims toopenness. its arance that is the condition of exclusion and inclusion. Given that the demands for for demands the that Given inclusion. and exclusion of condition the is that arance ve different political affiliations, there ideas about what what about ideas there affiliations, political different ve .

This way I show that it is indeed one's body, one's one's body, one's indeed is it that show I way This 9

. Thus, I show how the ubiquity of nationalist of ubiquity the how show I Thus, CEU eTD Collection isie b Elgtnet n eald y h eegne f nutil s industrial of emergence the by enabled and Enlightenment by (inspired movement social a and ideology an is nationalism conceived, Widely theory. encompassing nationalism1. 1Nationand theory in an bodies. and sexualized 3 (chapters In agenda. disciplinary highly with project a is it that showing nationalism, of projects in sexuality and gender of roles the nationalism, of character exclusionary the discuss I literature, existing r the and significance origins, their about aregender, related tothe issues often of and thebody. sexuality shap gives that formation discursive nature,nationalism of realm the in premises its rooting and 1988:16) (Mosse foreigner” and native community.abnormal, and normal woman, and man life, in place “everyonehis Assigning inclus for ground a as behavior im/proper about ideas of set a also is nationalism that fact the is out left is what it on view a such in Still, will. and respectability, thenation/alism1. Mapping order to discuss at length the specificities of Ukrainian nationalism and its body politics politics body its and nationalism Ukrainian of specificities the length at discuss to order hr i hrl ay xasie eiiin ihr f ain r f ainls, r all or nationalism, of or nation of either definition exhaustive any hardly is There out lay I chapter this In Nati - nls i otn huh aot s st f da aot oiaiy lyly morality, loyalty, solidarity, about ideas of set a as about thought often is onalism 5), in this chapter I map out key points in nationalism's intersections with intersections nationalism's in points key out map I chapter this in 5),

the

e to the modern world” (Calhoun 2007:27). These premises premises These 2007:27). (Calhoun world” modern the to e hois f ain n ntoaim lctn mi debates main locating nationalism, and nation of theories easons nationalism is so widespread. Building upon the the upon Building widespread. so is nationalism easons d practice d 10

ion to or exclusion from the from exclusion or to ion ociety) claiming that that claiming ociety) gendered is “ is a - CEU eTD Collection of reproduction moving offrom nationalism, the the of interpretations theoretical state and (e.g.industrialization processes social particular God a naturalor community isnot phenomenon, thatnational and primordia not is nation that arguing by primordialism to objects that book 1983 and 1994) Bourdieu 1992, Hobsbawm 1991, Smith 1983, Gellner of standardization 1994), Bourdieu 1992, (Hobsbawm apparatus bureaucratic the of growth extensive 1991), Smith 1983, (Gellner factors main 1992, Similarly, 1983). Hobsbawm (Gellner nationalism of consequence 1983, a and 1999) Kasianov Gellner 1983, (Anderson modernity by engendered phenomenon conclus and premises and objections questions. raise could definitions broad these even Still, 1983). (Gellner consciousness of laws own its possesses that 1983) (Gellner different to According 1983). (Gellner culturalgroup ofshared social background as might a interpretations, defined bebroadly nation a borders ethnic with coincide should borders state ). I root my perspective on nation/alism in this social constructivist and modernist approach approach modernist and constructivist social this in nation/alism on perspective my root I ). ept the Despite

ht otiue t te mrec ad rwh f ainls: industrialization nationalism: of growth and emergence the to contributed that

ak f osnu aog scholars among consensus of lack ions

n hi views their in

emergence of nation/alism and further link them to the theories the to them link further and nation/alism of emergence a tt lnug ad dctoa sse (eore 1 (Kedourie system educational and language state Fr instance, For . 11

macro

olcie eair Sih 91 ad group and 1991) (Smith behavior collective

to the micro level. , it is possible possible is it , - building). I start from outlining some outlining from start I building). they

ge t rgr a ain s a as nation a regard to agree - given entity but an outcome of outcome given entity butan l and perennial but modern modern but perennial and l to find similar patterns, patterns, similar find to

- rnig ( printing they

agree on the the on agree Anderson Anderson 960, 960, CEU eTD Collection of national society goe society national of creation “the well: as unified was system education the taxation, with Along (1994:4). unifying on imposed was practice this that fact the arguesthat Bourdieu obligation, th for and territory) national a as perceived be would emergenceand stabilization of thestate that the enabled idea nation toemerge. ofthe that argues Bourdieu Pierre instance, For 1983). Gellner 1992, Hobsbawm Bourdieu1994, 1983, (Anderson movements emergencenationalist of enabledthe facilitatedand s of process the that consensus be to seems there However, 2013). (Zaytsev phenomena these for terminology withdistinct comenecessary up different to and is therefore it nationalisms, of kinds nation of nationalisms whether debates also are There nation. a of non qua sine the is state whether nation of terms in think to accustomed state), linguistic and othe divides. territorial presupposes to pointing by nationalism definition ironic This mistake 1.1.1 isanation? What tate - ulig ral cnrbtd o h poes f mgnn te ain n subsequently and nation the imagining of process the to contributed greatly building - tts n saees nati stateless and states Emphasizing the importance of taxation for the creation of a unitary territory (that later later (that territory unitary a of creation the for taxation of importance the Emphasizing th of issue the is nation/alism on debates key the of One common by united people of group a as nation a defined humorously Deutsch Karl

about their past and common hate toward their neighbors (D neighbors their toward hate common and past their about s hand in hand with universal educability: the fact that all individuals are individuals all that fact the educability: universal with hand in hand s klul cpue te xlsoay n boundary and exclusionary the captures skilfully

r symbolic borders the question of borders borders of question the ons could be described in the same terms or whether these are are these whether or terms same the in described be could ons The

usin f borders of question - states, there is a question of stateless nations and a debate a and nations stateless of question a is there states, –

is crucial is crucial 12

osiuns ta dvlpdfo tax from developed that consciousness e for of thescholars nation/alism. –

– s h eitne f n' n one's of existence the as

be it administrative borders (of the the (of borders administrative it be sae huh oa w are we today Though state. e eutsch in Kasianov 1999). 1999). Kasianov in eutsch nearly everybody nearly - rw caatr of character drawn it was precisely the the precisely was it

eighbors

was was CEU eTD Collection some work on already languages. existing homog linguistic and cultural create to order in the However, foster 1992:100) (Hobsbawm to nationalism.” helped of again emergence once state administrative modern the of requirements technical syste unified and standardized the with along homogeneity linguistic and cultural of level unseen hitherto a required that systems the name of national identity.By successfully later were which state), of establishment the to led turn in matters. Thatcultural of homogenization furtherto led education of monopolization and state the ce and Unification (1994:8). rights.” civic their exercise to actively means cultural the with endowed citizens, into them turning of duty the state the gives law the before equal to part and world the in belonging of sense people's “organizes that principle a also is way, nationalism This upon. reflected not and mechanical are that interactions routine the in daily: reproduced nationalism of reproduction the Hence, icular states It was thus the modern state with its internal integration, border integration, internal its with state modern the thus was It inculcates the foundations of a true "civic religion" and more precisely, the the precisely, more and religion" "civic true fundamental ofthe national self presuppositions a school of foundations the the culture, inculcates a national authority) legitimate its as throug of system, constituted limits thus the culture (within dominant inculcating and imposing “universally niy t a ncsay o re to necessary was it eneity .” (Calhoun 2007:27) (Calhoun .” h the teaching of history (and especially the history of literature), of history the especially (and history of teaching the h

m of domestic administration (Calhoun 1997:68). Briefly,1997:68). “the (Calhoun administration domestic of m a certain mode of thinking and classification (produced by (produced classification and thinking of mode certain inter

depends

nalized and nalized 13 - shape already existing cultures and to perform perform to and cultures existing already shape

much

further reproduced, though already under under already though reproduced, further on the state. However, nationalism is also also is However,nationalism state. the on - image.” (1994:7image.” - police, customs and tax and customs police, - 8)

ntralization of ntralization the the CEU eTD Collection national community is an imagined community an national community is changes though various despite stable survive may and that arrangement durable historical a as identity ethnic sees he situational; and instrumental simply cu national of formation the re in decisive is component ethnic extent were what to views different are there However, further that rituals and beliefs existing already and origin broadly Scholars imagining An literates. all upon it impose to and it standardize to fixity, language the give to easy relatively was it technology print of help the beco community proto of element important “an becomes slowly administration state or elite the of languageConsequently, arguesthe Anderson, (1983). open more become to had system education the and standardized be to had language the differentso reach to therefore so cadres, new educate to need a is thereother, that and each with communicate to need cadres that documentation, of process standardized and unitary t argues Anderson 1.1.2 Everyday nationalism The question of (national) language is interconnected with that of (national) culture. culture. (national) of that with interconnected is language (national) of question The state for important so was homogeneity linguistic why question the Answering –

and therefore creating lture. Smith (1991) argues against seeing ethnic identity as either primordial or or primordial either as identity ethnic seeing against argues (1991) Smith lture. mes mes

agree that national cultur national that agree hat growing bureaucratic apparatus of the state demanded that there exist exist there that demanded state the of apparatus bureaucratic growing hat “a model for a larger intercommunicating community” (1983:59 community” intercommunicating larger a for model “a

– -

ainl oein a th as cohesion” national the nation.” (Anderson1983:66).the d shared and standardized language gave “the means of of means “the gave language standardized and shared d e developed on the basis of some ethnic core, ethnic core, ethnic some of basis the on developed e 14 –

but stresses that “in fact, all communities largerall communities “in fact, but stresses that

piay intercommunicating primary e nesn (1983) Anderson .

- signified and reshaped. reshaped. and signified c cial groups cial - am that laims - 62). With 62). building, building, CEU eTD Collection frequently associated with the population of a nation a of population w the with associated frequently modern the in that out points as Billig nations Moreover, established 1995:6). “reproduce (Billig people nations” toolkit this of help the With into. socialized and representat day every nations their reproduce people that emphasizes He nationalism”. “banal terms Billig what is routine of type This habits. everyday the in settings produced mostly are sentiments national by generated solidarity of feeling the and identities national that note to necessary is It self. of sense one's to as well as identities, c to formative 2007), (Calhoun solidarity social of source great a also is it that forget to successfully reproduced. and inculcated mechanism what see to and nationalism banal everyday, of level (2007:62). imp the stresses He (2007:61). claims” other questioning or immediate disputing for unquestioned, basis the as as knowledge, understandings and beliefs certain constitutes tradition which bu traditions, invented upon built is culture national though falsity.arguesthat and Calhoun Likewise,fabrication a as merely (1983:6) imagined.” are they falsity/ge their by not distinguished, be to are Communities face of villages primordial than ortance of reproduction of traditions in the form of “habitus” or orientatio or “habitus” of form the in traditions of reproduction of ortance It would be would It –

they are the outcomes of routine, daily routine, of outcomes the are they ions, etc. ions, Seeing national culture national Seeing

thus –

so called “ideological habits” (Billighabits”1995:6) called“ideological so

a mistake to associate nationalism only with its extreme appearances and and appearances extreme its onlywith nationalism associate to mistake a i i nt rdto pr e ht atr bt ahr te rcs by process “the rather but matters that se per tradition not is it t

He warns that it would be erroneous to see national community community national see to erroneous be would it that warns He – as habitus as -

to in the form of certain practices, assumptions, sets of beliefs, beliefs, of sets assumptions, practices, certain of form the in - ae otc (n pras vn hs) r imagined. are these) even perhaps (and contact face

enables us to move from official nationalism to the to nationalism official from move to us enables 15

repetitions of practices that further turn into turn further that practices of repetitions - state, hence socialization for the great part part great the for socialization hence state, nuineness, but by the style in whi in style the by but nuineness, s enable national culture to be be to culture national enable s –

that they are accustomed to accustomedto are they that n to social action” social to n orld “society” is is “society” orld ollective ollective ch CEU eTD Collection denotational meani denotational 3 N enhances belonging national and nation and habits the because precisely that argues Billig unimportant. are they that mean not does this internalized, and mechanical are upon, reflected not and consciously perceived not are symbols certain of solidari use and practices group and bonding express to people allow forms deixis of use constant the in as well as ‘others’ external and internal to references in ground solid its has conversation everyday people's that out points Skey conscio be maynot bases daily a on use its nation, the of representation of role greatsymbolic S routi becomesso symbols) bearnational instance, For consciously. part of social a that(re)produces wider discourse t form utterances and objects texts, symbols, practices, manifold which in ways “the understand necessaryto is it world” the in exist that 'things' “as(2011:20); nations theorizingof instead thus, in, steps Skey Michael But,nationalism 63). 1995: (Billig, on.” so and control territorial finance, law, fo apparatus institutional primary “the is it as here role grand the plays that state the Certainly,is habits. it national learning means

imilarly, the mere sight of the national flag is not noticed in daily routines. Though a flag bears bears flag a Though routines. daily in noticed not is flag national the of sightimilarly, mere the Deixis is a word or a number of words that can't be understood without additional contect, because their their because contect, without additional understood words can't be ofthat number a word or a Deixisis ationalism is ationalism is ihu dut eeya rmnes f n' ntoa blnig r nt perceived not are belonging national one's of reminders everyday doubt, Without –

a set of ideas related to culture, territory, way of living, etc. etc. living, territory,of culture, way to related ideas of set a thus ng depends on the context (e.g. words like “us”, “there”, “here”, “them” etc.) “them” “here”, “there”, “us”, like words (e.g. theon context depends ng reproduced (2007:62).“habitus” inthe form of

everyday

practices are internalized and routinized, the significance of the the of significance the routinized, and internalized are practices r legitimizing

use of national currencies (when each coin and banknote banknote and coin each (when currencies national of use nized that passes unnotice passes that nized -

as it becomes becomes it as

16 national discourse, through systems of education, education, of systems through discourse, national

he worldworld asa of a part part 3

(Skey 2011:62). These discursive discursive These 2011:62). (Skey ty. However, if these everyday everyday these if However, ty. and parcel of the of parcel and d in daily financial encounters. dailyfinancial in d

nations” –

is always conte always is

(2011:10).

everyday life. everyday xtual

but us.

CEU eTD Collection eraie it. reorganize 1996: (Verdery hero” Romanian that or day, four the anniversaryof this enthronementofor that hundredth the thebirthday this of prince, Year’s,Day,Women’sMay Day by but festivals religious by not punctuated be to was cycle est were periods) certain of end the and beginning to temporality one's and self of sense one's order In (Verdery 1996:54). identity” personal of sense the alter would that punctuations “temporal new a up set to mobilized were different rituals how shows She Romania. Ceausescu's 1983). (Gellner deity the as itself nation the positioning person, the and deity the between mediators all erase to aims nationalism as this, of examples cut clear and transparent most the are rituals Gel From 1983). Gellner in (Durkheim society the whole of life the in participates society the of member of each help symbols the and customs, with ceremonies, that emotions; collective bear to ability the have ceremonies and symbols re collective beh of source ultimate the be to it proclaims and nation), (the object certain sanctifies object sacred nationalism religion, Firstly,like religion. political its to compared frequently been has help nationalism their with nurture to ability the and ceremonies and iin s hi attd toward attitude their is ligion vo ad tis Gnie n Zay in (Gentile ethics and avior

n example An nationalism's of Because

Consequently

f ritualization of pol' sne f ef a atrd s sca sne o sl are self of senses “social as altered was self of sense people's ,

— ability to anchor in the everyday life with the help of symbols symbols of help the with life everyday the in anchor to ability

ifrn crmne. ml Durkhei Émile ceremonies. different and, increasingly, by national ones national increasingly,by and,

sv 03. nte smlrt bten ainls and nationalism between similarity Another 2013). tsev is provided by Katherine Verdery in her discussion of of discussion her in Verdery Katherine by provided is 4. hs mas ogt o sei to sought means These 54). 17 the the

ablished to replace the old one. O one. old the replace to ablished nation lner's point of view, national symbols and symbols nationalview, of point lner's - tt, e rtas ta mre the marked (that rituals new state,

eua ones secular — Romanian independence Romanian ntd ht different that noted m — zure the time and and time the zure for example, New New example, for –

h nation the ne's “annual ne's to tie to –

CEU eTD Collection ifrn ntoa smos Hbbw ad agr 92 Mse 98. pr competitions Sport 1988). Mosse 1992; Ranger to and references (Hobsbawm via symbols national established different was separation this that hypothesize Ranger and Hobsbawm s to managed classes middle “respectability”, others. national symbol. nation the of members all bond and nations represent nation of era the in born were competitions wit them providing symbolic and identity,of ritual sense a collectivity the of members all gives important and cycle life the organizes it functions, has reiteration, on insistence and past the to reference its of im less it make not does inventedis it that fact Still,the presented as as Hobsbawmancient. something anddefine invented Ranger tradition t sense the in traditions and created, was nation the until existed not had they that activities have activity,these of upon kinds incursionscertain in investments temporal with up bound intricately Alternatively, invented tradition may serve a certain group as a means of separation from separation of means a as group certain a serve may Alternatively,tradition invented Invented traditions. invented are ceremonies and rituals these Certainly, By

insisting on their admiration of sport, as well as on the particular life style founded on founded style life particular the on as well as sport, of admiration their on insisting

consequences for how theconsequences forselfexperienced” isconceived and how (Verdery 1996:41). historic past”. (1992:1). suitable a with continuity establish to attempt normally they possible, where fact, norms and values certain behavior inculcate to seek which nature, symbolic or ritual a of and rules accepted tacitly or overtly by governed normally practices, of set “a

a eln o solidarity. of feeling a h

y eeiin hc uoaial mle cniut ih h ps. In past. the with continuity implies automatically which repetition, by

18 o instance, For

- state

eparate themselves from the lower classes. classes. lower the from themselves eparate - - to came individuals or teams building: state together in a fervent support of the the of support fervent a in together state portant or meaningful. Tradition,or becauseportant

Olympic Games

n ohr sport other and –

in the sense sense the in hat they are are they hat of

CEU eTD Collection itnus bten rpr n ipoe tps ih sbeun ecuin f h former the of exclusion subsequent a with types improper and proper between distinguish t linked roles specific but different ascribed are women and men imagery national the in that commonplace a now is It made. been have gap this Mos George from starting Still, 1993). 1.2 Gender thenation/alism of sexuality and root to and people's and alsotheir belongingeveryday language in (Billig settings 1995;Skey 2011). collective their of by sense and the evoke practices to and manages ceremonies nationalism reiteration, new traditions of guise the under establishing by body,about ideas certain inculcating and educating also means sport through feelings national Clearly,inculcating the example ofa ofnational mediumfor sentiments: instillation understand easily very a with us provide notntl, hoiain o ntoaim a be mil gender mainly been has nationalism of theorizations Unfortunately, sxaiy a i rglts eulte ad ois ih h mcaim ta am to aim that mechanisms the with bodies and sexualities regulates it as sexuality, o eleven named people. The individual, even the one who only cheers, becomes a a symbol ofhis nation himself.” 1992:143). (Hobsbawm becomes cheers, only who one the even individual, The people. as named elevenreal more seems millions of community imagined The at. good be persons youngtowanted,has lifein time one at or practicallywants, whateveryman atexcelling by symbolized as nation the with identify can individuals public national e which inculcating with ease for the is males, medium for events all a at feelings, effective uniquely so sport made has “what

health and beauty that I proceed to analyze in the next subchapter.up, Tonext sum the in analyze to proceed I that beauty and health se's classical work (1985), quite a number of efforts to fill to efforts of number a quite (1985), work classical se's able example of everyday nationalism, as well as with as well as nationalism, everyday of example able Myr 00 Yuval 2000; (Mayer

- Davis 1997), 1997), Davis

ven the least political or or political least the ven - ht ainls is nationalism that blind (McClintock (McClintock blind

a team of of team a in CEU eTD Collection oa, ooeul msubtn cid ad aae An Stoler Ann savage, and child, masturbating homosexual, woman, hysterical of categories sexual abnormal constructing by performed was “degeneration”) and “hygiene” of have notions the to central coercion are (that sexualities and bodies and of regulation The employed. regulation control, of mechanisms the Thus, 2008:66). ” species. (Foucault human the and race, the family, the individual, the of degeneration degeneration: hygien was and disease around campaigns the behavior are “there danger: of culture the sexual of making the with followed of Redefinition 2007:220). (Abelove unproductive as redefined were behavior intercourse heterosexual time, that of (2007:220) production” of indices all virtually in rise “dramatic the Henrygiven 1975:25). argues(Foucaultthat Abelove t sex regulating of necessity the but taboo, a of rigor the claims time, that Since (2010:44). Kulpa Robert argues Enlightenment, and capitalism of development the with gender/ethnicity/sexuality bodies proper identifies and practices appropriate 2012:41 (Partridge articulations” gender and normalcy.of lack their of left produces nationalism mechanisms and regulative its of help the With 2013). Sekuler 1990; Peterson 2012; (Partridge e; and then think too of what took place with regard to sexuality and the fear of of fear the and sexuality to regard with place took what of too think then and e; Nationalism emerges around the same time as the separate sphere of sexualityasspheredo theseparateof emergestime sameNationalism the around –

became central di central became Michel Foucault, there emerges a phenomenon of “policing of sex: that is, not is, that sex: of “policing of phenomenon a emerges there Foucault, It –

claims to be a “reassertion of “the natural” in terms of both its racial racial its both of terms in natural” “the of “reassertion a be to claims appropriately. scursive category of sexuality. All other types of sexual encounter sexual of types other sexuality.All of category scursive - over bodies: bodies that are denied belonging on the basis basis the on belonging denied are that bodies bodies: over

20 ) and on behalf of “the natural” prescribes prescribes natural” “the of behalf on and )

–

aig ue ht n i performing is one that sure making hrough useful and public discourses” public and useful hrough –

seen as “productive” sexual sexual “productive” as seen adds (1995). These were were These (1995). adds disciplining disciplining es, along along es,

been been CEU eTD Collection hog te aeois f edr n sxaiy “ainls bcms h language the becomes “nationalism sexuality: and gender of categories the is through membership national to access the limit to ways the of one Indeed, specific. ethnicity and and/or 2006) (Verpatrilineage (Anderson comradeship” “horizontal brotherhood, a as project, male a as also have seena men ideologues nationalist time, in continuitynation's the of source the as family the valuing settings, gender distinctly a been also has Nationalism ethnicities. deviant of prohi carried that one identity,and eroticized an been has identity “national sexualized: and gendered thus is nationalism by proposed things of order self self of idea the upon founded was that respectability of notion its offered that alliance middle Western of hierarchy sexual the r but imagery all sexual this in security, national children,and women family,the itself”Consequently,(1984:97). civilization or safety,and “health to menace a be to assumed is behavior sexual such so (1984:283), threatening cross and transsexuality, fetishism, middle Western of hierarchy the to According hierarchies. sexual produce societies (1984:282) sex” bad and good between line and bodies(Foucaultsexualities 1975;Stoler 1995). anti frightening - disciplining and self and disciplining But nationalism has also been frequently constructed as not only heterosexual project, but but project, heterosexual only not as constructed frequentlybeen also has nationalism But Similarly, - s future martyrs,women s future as (Calhoun mothers.” 2007:71). xmls n otat o hc go ctzn wr rqie t self to required were citizens good which to contrast in examples dery 1996). Consequently, national imagery is always gender and sexuality,and gender Consequently, always race 1996). deryimageryis national Gayle Rubin (1984) claimed that in order “to draw and maintain an imag an maintain and draw “to order in that claimed (1984) Rubin Gayle - restriction; on the idea of necessity of control over one's passions. The The passions. one's over control of necessity of idea the on restriction; eproductive heterosexual encounters are tabooed. Not surprisingly,Not tabooed. encountersare eproductiveheterosexual - class society “promiscuity, homosexuality, sadomasochism, sadomasochism, homosexuality, “promiscuity, society class - eeainl nones ae c are encounters” generational - class society was an outcome of nationalism/morality nationalism/morality of outcome an was society class 21

bitions of deviant sexualities as sharply as as sharply as sexualities deviant of bitions niee uacpal and unacceptable onsidered - biased ideology in many many in ideology biased

- oie their police - masteri through through inary inary ng, ng, CEU eTD Collection their reproduction (see Dwyer 2000, Greenhalgh 1994). localitie certain in nationalism, of pattern general a is reproduction and body female over control though i.e. peculiarities: local account into take to important also is it functioning, of patterns sexualized quality) nation's emphasizes but nation the of size the with less concerned is (that discourse eugenicist power”, as “people of discourse pronatalist control: its and population reproduction, concern that discourses Yuvalreproduction. and sexuality women's of control the with preoccupied often is nationalism imagery, nationalistic for bodies women's of importance the of Because of reproduction through po secured is culture national of reproduction and Survival children. and women between link a establishes nationalism capacities, reproductive women's of Because n in participants active active as difference; national as of signifiers boundaries; symbolic as culture; national national of producers the and transmitters of reproducers as nation; the of reproducers biological are women which in ways five describe Anthias Nira Yuvalrepresentation. symbolic to limited not is nation the in role women's is bodies women's territory,violating national the of borders and women of exclusively, not but (specifically,justified, is homosexuals) and masculine isexpressed and power exercised.” (Mayer 2000). repression and control sexual which pulation. Hence, women are seen as the reproducers of national culture and boundaries. boundaries. and culture national of reproducers the as seen are women Hence, pulation. For instance, nation is usually feminized because women's bodies are se are bodies women's because feminized usually is nation instance, For s women are encouraged to reproduce, whereas in others they might be urged to limit to urged be might they others in whereas reproduce, to encouraged are women s and ,

ational struggles (Yuval struggles ational “Malthu in disco sian re (972) D (1997:29). urse” 22 -

Davis and Anthias in McClintock 1993:62 McClintock in Anthias and Davis

eae t te rjc o ntoaim as nationalism: of project the to related

thus sie eea gnee and gendered general espite violating the nation. However, nation. the violating - Dav - Davis and Floya and Davis is isolates three isolates is en as symbolic symbolic as en

- 63). CEU eTD Collection pillared (Massad 1995). re male of purpose the serves excellence, par institution military, homosocial The (2000). manhood into transition their military to linked intrinsically was Jew” “New the of image the Israel in how shows Mayer Tamarnecessary. if it, for die to and country his defend to man every of duty the is it that claiming move, rhetorical H 2002:77). (Karling culture” national essential an of domain spiritual “the expresses that one the as regarded was one bein West, gender in perceived were masculinity of types competing two Japan Meiji in instance, For femininity. to contrast that are asvalue. exemplified ultimate being ofthe practices behavior of set the exemplifies it as discourse nationalist to constitutive is masculinity s masculine the “adopted modern ( as place nationalism” and time same the about at emerged masculinity Western of form modern masculi Hegemonic it. policing rjcs Cneunl, n o te mrpr ye o co of types improper the of one Consequently, projects. production of gendered meanings and codes of behavior upon which national culture is is culture national which upon behavior of codes and meanings gendered of production Usually, positive values of m of values positive Usually, Clearly Sustaining proper masculinity/femininity division is the sine qua non of many nationalist many of non qua sine the is division masculinity/femininity proper Sustaining g foreign and therefore being imitative and degenerate, whereas the “masculinized” “masculinized” the whereas degenerate, and imitative being therefore and foreign g , nationalism targets men too by promoting the “right” type of masculinity and and masculinity of type “right” the promoting by too men targets nationalism , ae 19) M 1998). Nagel –

- - men treated serving i serving treated men bonding and establishing male (national)solidarity, establishingmale and of purpose bonding the as well as binary way: the “feminized” masculinity was thought of as linked to the the to linked as of thought was masculinity “feminized” the way: binary egemonic masculinity is masculinity egemonic

tereotype as one means of its self its of means one as tereotype suiiy is asculinity iy os ad n h in hand goes nity asculinity are articulated in a binary way way binary a in articulated are asculinity n the military as the only one true consecratory rite in rite consecratory true one only the as military the n

often h hat f vr ntoaim as nationalism, every of heart the 23

linked to the military. the to linked n wt hgmnc nationalism hegemonic with and - representation” (Mosse 1996:7) 1996:7) (Mosse representation” dc imp nduct licated in the national national the in licated This is done through a through done is This –

in relation and and relation in nationalism –

– “the “the

so so CEU eTD Collection

more useful to talk about homonationalism t homonationalism about talk to useful more others of exclusion of when lesbia gays, terms own its on incorporate to able is nationalismTodd Sekuler, that theyare on. based assumption heterosexist the of because reproduction symbolic and biological with preoccupied imagina Puar shows how in the case of the USA national sexual identity has been redrawn with a new new a with redrawn been has identity sexual national USA the of case the in how shows Puar mobilize are headscarf and color skin so features, and renewed been has isfar it reinvented minorities: are visible France in nation the of discourse the cost whose at people that here import Itis 2013). (Sekuler headscarf the coveredwith not but public the to openedbe sexuality The sexuality. was of headscarf type Other an possessing of grounds the on countries Arab from refugees and immigrants exclude to order in norm the as sexuality and body “Western” the taking by However, one has to be careful when speaking of nationalism's heterosexism, because, argues because, heterosexism, nationalism's of speaking when careful be to has one However,

it needs to create a new picture of itself. Certainly, this incorporation comes at the expense the at comes Certainly,incorporation itself. of this picture new a create to needs it y s h voain f h tbo n ooeult. ainlss r excessively are Nationalisms homosexuality. on taboo the of violation the is ry –

as in order to be recognized as a proper body type, certain areas of one's body should should body one's of areas certain type, body proper a as recognized be to order in as

lo ae o gatd eeoeit e/edr id sex/gender heterosexist ”reproduction (Peterson sexism 1999:39). thatunderpin granted for take also but feminists, bydocumented well arenow practicesthat sexist in only engagenot state today’s because nationalism group and life, familyintimacy, sexual bio of dichotomy a on based (ostensibly identities female/feminine and male/masculine pre “Heterosexism mobilized h mobilized - physical features) and denies all but heterosexual coupling as the basis of of basis the as coupling heterosexual but all denies and features) physical

–

Sekuler's study of contemporary France suggests that sometimes it is it sometimes that suggests France contemporary of study Sekuler's ere as a particular a as ere supposes a binary coding of polarized and hierarchical hierarchical and polarized of coding binary a supposes easier o explain how national sexual imagery was reshaped reshaped imagerywas sexual national how explain o

indicator of the absence of Westerness and proper proper Westernessand of absence the of indicator

24 to construct the to

- d as the markers of difference.of markers the as d eti ntoaim (h fcs n hs article) this in focus (the nationalisms centric

reproduction. And heterosexism is key to to key is heterosexism And reproduction. ‘ us/them niis n frs f group of forms and entities

’

divide along the visible along the visible divide ns, transgenders ns, Likewise ant to note note to ant , Jasbir Jasbir , –

CEU eTD Collection

to justify mass sterilization campa sterilization mass justify to rhetoric this use to and nation the of pollution with people Native equate publicly to disdain not did it so people, native American to belonged lands the appropriate to interest the by driven was Smith sterilizations. forced underwent USAwho the in women American of example an provides She procreate. to not encouraged are groups such so nation, the a proper towards politics body USA the on piece the in (2002) Smith Andrea instance, For to. belongs body the gender white, (presumptively national the normative) dare queer: the two notconverge” 2005:126). (Puar of sexuality the and terrorist both) or perverse of fissuring perpetual Muslim) of body other visibly the to foremost and first (as race to reference dealt with, dealt is enemy” “common the as soon as temporary: only is with reconciliation However,this nationalism. equality sexual and/or gender and rights women's for claims instance, for reconcile, to oppressed,it the of movementsother blackexclusion people routinely encounter (2012). Partridge body. one's provides i.e. appearance, physical one's about as inasmuch culture one's about simultaneously are belonging) national of particular, in (and belonging of questions the that Though nationalism usually resists women's movements (Calhoun 2007:71), as well as well as 2007:71), (Calhoun movements women's resists usually nationalism Though wi occupied is nationalism As

Native type, that some social groups are viewed associal 'dirty'andtype, groups therefore arethreatening thatsomeviewed of thehealth readers with the examples from Germany: of both state both of Germany: from examples the with readers nationalism tends to pressure its former allies and to eradicate them. The stories of of stories The them. eradicate to and allies former its pressure to tends nationalism

American women shows that not every woman is considered by the state to be of of be to state the by considered is woman every not that shows women American race from sexuality from race igns against Native women (2002). Similarly, Partridge notes notes Partridge Similarly, (2002). women Native against igns

can sometimes cooperate with movements of such kind andkind such of movementscooperate with sometimes can th the control of bodies, it also matters what race and class class and race what matters also it bodies, of control the th –

the race of the (presumptively sexually repressed, repressed, sexually (presumptively the of race the 25

- sponsored racism and everyday everyday and racism sponsored explains that the state the that explains –

hog “the through Native

CEU eTD Collection

quite easily become a kind of floating sig floating of kind a become easily quite may Health 2010). (Klein lost usually are is it good of kind what of details the good, definitely politicalcategory a but 2010), Adams sexuality, like health, that mention to necessarily is it others orcall for against struggle the in victory nation's celebrate either and uniqueness, and legitimize existence nation's together, people bond they function: their have myths national However, stories. an story the of elements of selectiveness high by gen retrospectively reconstruct to tends nationalism Moreover, respectively. (1993) McClintock VictoriabyBernal documented are nationalism and Afrikaner Front Liberation People's Eritrean of case the in movement women's and nationalism of coupling unhappily such healthy judgment. isamoral 1984). (Rubin nation) the (of health to menace a is it that assuming sex, nonprocreative of persecution or outlawing legitimize to live could alone they ha beautiful; be could normal the and healthy the German “only of nationalism case the in that notes Mosse normalcy. and nature of categories the to reference imagina intern further and naturalized be to tends morality as health of moreover,as moral; are also regarded are as labeled way healthy certainthat practices notion this rmony with nature” (1988:139) nature” with rmony dered histories of “the nation”. “the of histories dered Last but not least, nationalism is quite often connected with the notion of health. Firstly,health. of notion the with connected often quite is nationalism least, not but Last y 'health ry such kind of struggle (forsuch kind instance, incaseofstateless nations). i feunl eutd ih 'beauty' with equated frequently is '

. Such kinds of arguments are frequently used by nationalisms nationalisms by used frequently are arguments of kinds Such .

These Jonathan Metzl argues that l that argues Metzl Jonathan somethingmeans health usuallyisthat . assumedit Though

histories are usually rather biased and are characterized are and biased rather usuallyare histories nifier that may b may that nifier 26

d by peculiar interpretation of the re the of interpretation peculiar by d –

this link is made possible through the the through possible made is link this s not is e mobilized mobilized e alized by people. In nationalism's nationalism's In people. by alized

nurl ocp ( concept neutral a abeling certain daily practices practices daily certain abeling to stand for morality.for stand This to (2001) and Anne (2001)

li 201 Klein - invented invented

in in 0, CEU eTD Collection a powerful rhetoric that structures our sentimen our structures that rhetoric powerful a solidarity, social greatsourceof a is identitynationalismwhereas national of indeed andbonding, One purposes. own its for reshaped though identities ethnic and cultural memory historical and proto unified and taxation of development the of processes its with formation i that standardization, linguistic and educational of because existence into come that standards cultural unified upon pillared is that organization societal new are r utterances what and nationalism banal the in supported are discourse official the from utterances nationalism everyday the to related is it how showing to and bodies) about talks it way describi and analyzing to proceed I occasional(1983). is nationalisms particular of emergence the but tendency a is process social a as nationalism of rise forgetGell to not important is it 2010:44). Therefore, (Kulpa them between eshaped. For sure, neither nationalism nor sexuality is a stable construct, nor is the relationship relationship the is nor construct, stable a is sexuality nor nationalism neither sure, For N ationalism is ationalism

- national culture was a reshaped combination of already existing cultural patterns patterns cultural existing already of combination reshaped a was culture national o yu hat, we wa w ma i nt ht hs esn mi person this that not medical they problem,butthat will”2010:2). (Metzl orweak are lazy of is mean we what when health,” your for bad is say,reflexively “obesity and excessive deem we size body whose someone a smoking someone encounter we whenOryou smoke”. because person bad a are “you is, meanreally see we is ideological “smoking time say, an reflexively every and and cigarette state dichotomy prescribed this a also realize is We it position. but state, desired a is “Health With the help of the outlined above scheme, in further chapters of this work work this chaptersof further in scheme, above outlined Withthe of help the

. S . thus an ideology and ideology an thus imilarl y, unified proto y,unified ng Ukrainian official nationalism (having my focus on the the on focus my (having nationalism official Ukrainian ng a social movement that emerges as an outcome of a of outcome an as emerges that movement social a 27 - ts and loyalties (Calhoun 2007) (Calhoun loyalties and ts national identity was built upon already existing existing already upon built was identity national

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were not congruent as nationalities did not live only within their own national national own their within only live not did nationalities as congruent not were feelings were frequently mobilized by social movements as a source of resistance to to resistance sourceof a as movements bysocial mobilized frequently were feelings 8) Sekn aot h peec o national of presence the about Speaking :86). ty) and political and territorial understanding of a nation (national (national nation a of understanding territorial and political and ty) t elns a b ietfe in identified be can feelings st

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ethnic understanding of a nation (that manifested itself in in itself manifested (that nation a of understanding ethnic son's chances could be affected in a negative way (for way negative a in affected be could chances son's 31

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as the enemy who tried to destroy the nation. Nationalists started started Nationalists nation. the destroy to tried who enemy the as stures of refurnishing and renaming of public spaces constitute “an constitute spaces public of renaming and refurnishing of stures

- free from state socialist past and restoring traditions that were that traditions restoring and past socialist state from free “A ll across the region, local historiographies represented represented historiographies local region, the across ll in Hungary, Emilia Palonen notes Palonen Emilia Hungary, in 32

dcsos i, u te tasomd the transformed they but did, edecessors

to the past, which was driven driven was which past, the to the - 1945 religious statues 1945 religious statues state socialist state

that from 1989 to 1989 from that - alisms backed alisms state socialist socialist state - communist”

past. past. CEU eTD Collection gender/sexuality regime of USSR: “post USSR: of gender/sexualityregime summarized succinctly Slobin As well. as grasped be can processes universal and general more second with world, third and first the on focused mainly theory postcolonial Eastern and “Eastern of space Union Soviet the sexualityin and nationalism of“problems that claims Slobin N. Greta the Europe”, on sexuality/gender and nationalism of field understudied relatively state Post bodies. p determining to approaches peculiar own their therefore and regimes gender 2.2. Fro subchapterInext theimportance focus the state on bodiesfor post space. ofliving socialist the in Thus, politics. socialist state post the for matter bodies dead only not course, Of socialism. me of universes their and environments their in were bodies dead that changes profound the with arguesterms to come to struggle people as politics, postsocialist “animating She (1999:101). sentiments” anticommunist the building in for killed, had partisans communist whom the those “finding of nationalists skeletons for that practices, ritual different with dead these surrounding and d tendency breaking of ifferent social and political groups strove for legitimacy by appealing to different “dead bodies” bodies” different“dead to appealing by legitimacy for strove groups political and ifferentsocial (9226. etil, hs pc hs t on edr n sxaiy specif sexuality and gender own its has space this Certainly, (1992:246). ” n h peiu catr soe ta ntoaim awy pses hi on peculiar own their possess always nationalisms that showed I chapter previous the In m zadruga uoe r rdcly ifrn, o eape fo te sus xlrd n current in explored issues the from example, for different, radically are Europe oils national socialist - state to nation asafamily tonation state - away from state socialism, socialism, fromaway state Verdery Europe” throughout “Eastern notedthat ss f Esen uoe ae o xeto. onig o a to Pointing exception. no are Europe” “Eastern of isms - Revolutionary freedom was succeeded by a Soviet a by succeeded was freedomRevolutionary 33

nn” 19:2 ese atr h fl o state of fall the after ensued (1999:22) aning”

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was

appropriated by nationalists with very few modifications, as both regimes tend regimes both as modifications, few very with nationalists by appropriated - state a “oe wr a e fcs f oiis ie a sedn u the up speeding at aimed policies of focus key a were “women hat o. u i o osdr edr r gender consider to if But ion. –

- the socialist nationalisms object to these profound similarities. similarities. profound these to object nationalisms socialist only difference is the justification. Moreover, both regimes even even regimesMoreover, justification. both the is difference only - - Fish 2006, Yuval ih 20) on ot th out point (2006) Fish - state” state” – ame job, on the other, it emphasized women's role women's emphasized other, it the on job, ame 34

an extended family with Party as a father on th on father a as Party with family extended an

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state socialism, it becomes it socialism, state e CEU eTD Collection uies esaes h as made also who newspapers business mainstream the from leaders community cites She agenda. pronatalist pursue who nationalists Rivkin as Unfortunately, (2006). nation” a of “death supposed the condemned is it jure, de legal be to continuous abortion though and property, (ethno)national as regarded frequently are bodies Rivkin women's Russia, contemporary Russia, in discourses reproduction the at Looking nationalists. women and themtothe “right” topush motherhood. choice of “state a been had (Gal society” socialist sim USSR, the in in approved legally was abortion 1955 since Though2000:264). unacceptable as control) birth to (leading individualism of spirit “reass that campaign media a by celebrated was policy this of introduction The place. in been had policy 1973 since that noted Gal Susan Hungary, in legislation abortion the st well are rule Ceausescu's during abortions illegal of horrors The community. socialist/nationalist greater a of property as them post and women's mereemancipation fiction. is 2010:3 Zimmerman 1996:67, (Verdery industries light and agriculture i heavy gendered: were sectors agrarian and industry point, Verdery and Zimmerman both as However, After the end of state socialism this anti this socialism ofstate After end the Viewedsee becomeseasy it mainpa from to perspective, this - state erted the rationale of national over individual interests and attacked the “unhealthy” the attacked and interests individual over national of rationale the erted - socialism gender regimes. B regimes. gender socialism - acind anti sanctioned dsr ws oiae b mls wie oe wr oerpeetd in overrepresented were women while males, by dominated was ndustry - abortion campaign” (Randall 2011) that aimed to intimidate intimidate to aimed that 2011) (Randall campaign” abortion udied (Kligman 1995; Verdery 1996). Analyzing changes in in changes Analyzing Verdery1996). 1995; (Kligman udied

epii lns ewe ntoa cniut, reproduction, continuity, national between links “explicit oth systems tend to control women bodies and to see to and bodies women control to tend systems oth - 35 abortion discourse was picked up and fos discourse up picked abortion was

by nationalists who blame it for for it blame who nationalists by - Fish mentions, it is not only not is it mentions, Fish tterns of both state socialism state socialism tterns of both - 4 rsrcie abortion restrictive a 74 - 4). Thus, proclaimed proclaimed Thus, 4). - ih rus ht in that argues Fish ultaneously there ultaneously tered by tered by highly

CEU eTD Collection to infiltrate the boundaries of that which is innocent and childlike” (Gr childlike”and innocent is which that of boundaries the infiltrate to pervasion and aggression of schizophrenic a in converge mixture ofseemingly “Eastern” and both “Western” to attributes. seemed discourses these time to time from Still, 2008:98). d and essence, and spirituality in lacking bankrupt, morally was “that world the for stand to came “Europe” other, the within whereas 2008:98); (Helms political area given any in reached be to standard the for shorthand was “Europe” frame this in up, catching of discourse the was one discourses: main two between comple more “Euro and nationalisms European” “East between relationship respectability.the However, and superiority moral of grounds the on it oppose nationalisms European” “East people, LGBT Interpreting sexuality. of issue the to attention of lot a pay also they However,predecessor. their like just bodies, women's control 2009:137). agents treacherous their as well as outsiders, murderous of onslaught the from children (unborn) her shelter to trying mother, heroic a as Poland nation: the but unborn,” “the in conservative most the She among “Europe”. be to known are they that notes Graff Agnieszka Poland, in policies (2006:160). reproduction pool” Analyzing“gene Russian the preserve to need the and nation European” “East Thus, In –

the process of refining Polish national identity, “Europe” was m wasidentity, “Europe” national Polish refining of process the and was often accompanied by references to modernity, civilization, and prosperity” and civilization, modernity, to references by accompanied often was and

x . Regarding “Europe”, many “East European” countries have been oscillating oscillating been have countries European” “East many “Europe”, Regarding . emphasizes that “the object of interest of Poland’s antichoice campaign are not are campaign antichoice Poland’s of interest of object “the that emphasizes –

Polish nationalists tried to present an image of “Europe” “aiming “aiming “Europe” of image an present to tried nationalists Polish “Europe” (the EU) as immoral because of its acceptance of of acceptance its of because immoral as EU) (the “Europe” - states rigidly police the bodies of their citizens and try to to try and citizens their of bodies the police rigidly states 36

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ht itnus hr rm h aeae oit n post and Soviet average the from her distinguish that e, agnlzto ad teps o xld LB pol fo national from people LGBT exclude to attempts and marginalization ses,

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by commemorating Karoly Kertbeny, writer, translator,Kertbeny,writer, Karoly commemorating by 37

ensual or too sexy, it might be interpreted be might sexy, too it or ensual

organization took care about about care took organization - oit oa, whose woman, Soviet - soviet Russia, Brian Russia, soviet - masculine and to to and masculine oman who oman es tactics tactics es CEU eTD Collection nation. Consequently, “East Consequently, nation. as family and motherhood asserting by emancipation women's and equality gender alleged out wipe to aim nationalisms state eradica vicious traditions to and return the secular Proclaiming socialism. and “West” bankrupt morally and secular both from themselves seen as cleanand prop are bodies which about claims making and former the over latter the of value the highlighting simultaneously soul, and body of dichotomy Cartesian nourish to it helps religion nationalism, homopho Polish nourishing for Church Catholic of importance the mentions Graff (1993). agenda misogynistic pursuing in Poland in Church Catholic of role the stress Mansbridge Jane and Haynes Barbara Hauser,Similarly, Ewa (2006). ant and pronatalism promoting in Church Orthodox of role important nationalisms local insta “Easter that argues Szemere Ann culture. national a of heart the as seen often is which religion, by nurtured history,Europe”national “Eastern describedpolitics as stresses above, it the centrality forof bodies national belonging. ( history Hungarian within place its assert to struggles community LGBT local the acts these By summer. every service bility of social environments after the end of state socialism (2000). Religion also enables enables also Religion (2000). socialism state of end the after environments social of bility Forming an an Forming and space public the in LGBT of presence increasing the with even Unfortunately, n

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European” nationalisms are ver are nationalisms European” main values and assigning women the role of reproducers of th of reproducers of role the women assigning and values main remains quite homophobic space. These moods are frequently are moods space.These homophobic quite remains 092) Th 2009:29). 38

is provides a nice illustration of dead bodies bodies dead of illustration nice a provides is

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CEU eTD Collection special pictorial to the song that unites the whole Europe’” (Bolin 2006:195). Eurovision is a a is Eurovision 2006:195). (Bolin Europe’” whole the unites that song the to pictorial special ‘specialprize’a “with winnercongratulate the country:orderto stage host in the ‘a the onto from winner the after that telling Contest Song Eurovision of example the on illustrated be can “Europe” to belonging cultural its assert “Europe”, ( “European” of being meant history Ukrainian the being that to implying history Ukrainian connecting at aimed narrative national new politicians Ukrainian new paradigmUkraine's belonging alsostressesto“Europe”. this Russia, and USSR the of nature vicious the highlighting with along But promoted. of struggle heroic and uniqueness the emphasizes which paradigm, the after Thus, 1998:270). (Hrytsak Russia” by committed distinctiveness the “emphasizes injustices of victim the as Ukraine presents and process historical Ukrainian one the of independence second the whilst history, Russian of parcel and one first compete, history Ukrainian reading of paradigms narrati national Europe? national 2.3 Ukrainian narrative collective memory: and from away USSR the

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Participating in Eurovision in 2004, 2004, in in Eurovision Participating s celebrated was brought to Kyiv to brought was celebrated s - tt (ae 20) Wt ti i mn, t s neetn t lo a Uries oscillation Ukraine's at look to interesting is it mind, in this With 2008). (Baker state Re re of process the spot can one Europeanization of process the with Along - traditionalization is coupled with distancing from the state socialist past, which can can which past, socialist state the from distancing with coupled is traditionalization e transnational and national tensions are resolved in constructing an identity of a a of identity an constructing in resolved are tensions national and transnational e . - T

he song and the whole number alluded to the nature to alluded number wholethe hesong and te etaiy f ohrod nruig ad ae iig o women’s for giving care and nurturing, motherhood, of centrality “the

Ruslana and her team were dressed in allegedly ethnic garments and used used garments and ethnic in allegedly weredressed team Ruslanaher and

by - 1933 in Ukraine in 1933

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as the Eurovision where the unification of Europe Europe of unification the where Eurovision the as 41

(winner of ESC of (winner

d some scholars to regard her performance performance her regard to scholars some d

lements were inserted into otherwise into wereinserted lements –

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the military, fought against the USSR, the against fought military, the iament. Still, under Yushchenko several institutes of memory management were organized. were management memory of institutes Yushchenkoseveral under Still, iament. morating it it morating In 2007, President Viktor Yushchenko posthumously awarded the title of the Hero of of Hero the of title the awarded posthumously Yushchenko Viktor President 2007, In Their emerged. heroes national new dates commemoration new with Along ving members of the OUN and UPA,and OUN the of members ving eiin ae y oit ad t s rud ht t hud e eonzd s n c of act an as recognized be should it that argued is it and Soviet, by made decision at nation isfrequentlyasat patrilineage imagined (1996). nation

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and were members of very radical organizations (that (that organizations radical very of members were and s were more or less young connected whowere more males, wereorless s the USSR USSR 42

but

President Viktor Yushchenko furthered the bill bill the YushchenkoViktorfurthered President

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it was elitist, voluntarist and antidemocratic approach to the the to approach antidemocratic and voluntarist elitist, was it a process of selection of process a 43 ed in the beginning of 20th century, it was OUN OUN was century, it 20th of beginning the in ed

on as the ultimate value, regarding the nation as as nation the regarding value, ultimate the as on

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organizations that are that organizations normal sexuality” as resulting i resulting as sexuality” normal ehavior rules in their hands; for instance, this applied “women who lived legally legally lived who “women applied this instance, for hands; their in rules ehavior –

beginning of 1930s OUN 1930s of beginning rehabilitated ized for these views both then and now. For instance, in instance, now.For and then both views these for ized - UPAas n reproduction. But above the loyalty to men, women women men, to loyalty the above But reproduction. n bilitation of dead bodies is important to nationalism, to important is bodies dead of bilitation - dominated roles as the se the as roles dominated - 45 UPA were criticized by Milena Rudnyts'ka from from Rudnyts'ka Milena by criticized UPAwere shared authoritarian, discriminating, masculinist masculinist discriminating, authoritarian, shared

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CEU eTD Collection xrm pit o cneprr clue oeiy oe t signi to comes obesity culture: contemporary of points extreme the constitute obesity and anorexia that argues (1993) as Bordo unhealthy. therefore themand anorexic labeling bodies, slim” “too denounced also respondents many Interestingly, shape. well be look repro one's (highlighting shape proper to the demonstrate necessary is it femininity of type right the perform to order in Thus, 2001:27). (Bourdieu hairstyle." and clothing of constraints the through recalled continuously is and body the of part an through part most the for imposed is “femininity as important also is appearance the Still, (1993:104). femininity” maternal of form symbolic sha feminine gaze male the please to ability the and reproduction through defined frequently is shape”.Femininity “feminine of be figure”,to “feminine ahave to woman'sbodyhasthe that me very are behaviort femininity. When of idea and the to connected appearance appropriate surprisingly, not woman; a for appropriate things gender appropriate toone's the of out stepping So, gender”. “middle word the under denoted were metrosexuals) then only (and men gay foremost and first that assume I position), this supports she and homosexuality strong Alina's consideration community. into Takingthe national to inclusion refused are they grounds — Nearly all respondents denounced overweight women, highlighting that a woman should should woman a that highlighting women, overweight denounced respondents all Nearly is what of definitions strict rather also are there imaginary national the in Similarly,

- anti make roe n okatrhrbd: itadd prs n re oke ti th in it keep to order in sports do and diet body: her after look and groomed - gay e s h hugas iue wih ua Bro nepes s te ot literal most “the as interprets Bordo Susan which figure, hourglass the is pe - up, hairstyle, up, hairstyle,

position (she said that Catholicism Catholicism that said (she position and clothing

is seen unnatural andnotmoral.is seen unnatural .

alking about women bodies, women about alking 70

unremitting ductive capacities), as capacities), ductive ht h ietfe wt i against is with identifies she that

fy excessive consumption and and consumption excessive fy discipline that conce that discipline

respondents often respondents

well as the proper proper the as well –

so the ideal the so rns every every rns e proper e

told told CEU eTD Collection eoe te oe motn te are they important more the become, practices the habitual and routine more the bodies; their master and police individuals practices self signify to stand they meaning; special make using and dieting sport, as such practices, bodily different Consequently, morality. and health beauty, between correlation of assumption the of because nation (Yuval the of reproduction symbolic and biological of site a as important are Moreover,bodies women's are women as guardi women, as imagined to importance extreme of are nationalism with alongside form that self of standards These 1993:195). (Bordo be” to expected been has one uncivilized the to belonging du as nature/culture a Westof side the “nature” within imagined dominantly is itself body the “as excess: in be to have not does also body the people, by managed be to has nature the asBut (re)naturalized. b aspired the so internalized, was process disciplining this but self to imperative shap bodily one's of equation tacit a of result the was slenderness” of “tyranny century.This 19th the in was slenderness” female“tyranny born thethatannor anorexic, of outcomemodern of bodyis is What consumption. body ideal of the that is negation telling especially the is anorexia side, other the On body. the of ideology modern for important so is which oneself, master and restrain to ability of lack the therefore e with one's inner qualities and capabilities, it has functioned as a social norm along with thealongwith norm social a asfunctioned has it capabilities,and qualities innerone's with e The body - Davis 1997). 1997). Davis Women areand reproduce tosignify it. – -

aaeet cetn bde ta wr nt ny osaty self constantly only not were that bodies creating management, that com that ans of both public and private order and traditional values (Mosse 1988). 1988). (Mosse values traditional and order private and public both of ans es to stand as a signifier of moral qualities qualities ofmoral a signifier tostandas es ality, the more body one has had, the more uncultured and and uncultured more the had, has one body more the ality, shape of contemporary world, this slender, neither obese obese neither slender, this world, contemporary of shape – -

disciplining and self and disciplining s hy tr to start they as 71

osiue vrdy otn ta is that routine everyday constitute - mastering. With the help of these Withthese mastering.of help the odily shape was also constantly constantly also was shape odily -

up become endowed with endowed become up –

is central to nationalism, to nationalism, central is - disciplined, disciplined, - discipline discipline the CEU eTD Collection o ok out” work to can't she why wondered like”. I again, once this, overeatingand moreover life, aretheytheir gluttony; says as activein it means slenderness that me policing body of example enhanced such of help the Moreover,differentbecomesnaturalized.intothedivide) world of (us/them nations division with the and nation the routinized, so are they because constructions, discursive such of help the with bondin express and allow solidarity group produce to people moves discursive unconscious such (2011), Skey to According Ukrainians. signify to “we” deixis of use Nadia's note to important also is beauty.It for responsible genes “Ukrainian” a genes, how to reference the telling, by answer her quitein naturalized is beautiful is as “Ukrainian” It this. in sure be to seemed apolitical) as identifies sociology, studies Yes, genes. and gestures,and clothing, bodysothey shape with aretheinterests inline nation. ofthe manifested is nation a to which of body the of centrality the count important to onthe is differentnationalism, it bodilyand withthe practiceshelp techniques consideration into Taking reflection. without reproduced

idiig vregt epe n baig hm o te ak f oto ad il s an is will and control of lack the for them blaming and people overweight Disdaining behavior their of because both is... it beautiful, very really are girls [Ukrainian] “Our Anna blamed a well a blamed Anna –

becausebecome they installed inthe daily practices. na umd p e ve o te da wmns bod woman's ideal the of view her up summed Anna . genes routinized actions, argues Billig (1995), the nation and national belonging are belonging national and nation the (1995), Billig argues actions, routinized – “do something” “do

e Uriin] ely ae xrml batfl girls”, beautiful extremely have really [Ukrainians] we

one routinely encounters. In her appraisal of slenderness, Nadia told Nadia slenderness, of appraisal her In encounters. routinely one ta tee epe o o et o mc, n I ie t I consider I it, like I and much, too eat not do people these “that - known female TV female known

n rpoue o eeya basis everyday on reproduced and

about that, for example for that, about 72 -

host for having too much fat on her arms; Anna arms; her on fat much too having for host

g. Though they seem to be quite innocent, innocent, quite be to seem they Though g.

“hiring a coach who'd help her her help who'd coach a “hiring ti way: this y –

through policing one's one's policing through s if there were were there if s

fr e the me, “for -

Nadia (20, (20, Nadia

is what is CEU eTD Collection beauty) with the nature often leads to putting additional value on reproductive capacities reproductive value on additional putting to leads often beauty)with the nature female (especially beauty Equating (1988). beauty as something classifying for criteria possible nationalism, of trick successful a is “artificiality” to opposed as “naturalness” the in beauty seeing These that ugly”. claims Mosse's be of cannot us remind natural utterances is “what that saying magic the heard often quite I Overall, n your to stick to better is it and natural not is it saying hair, dyed disapproved make also And artificiality” that one the as body female ideal the (20, described leftist) Zhenia a body.as identifies sociology, male studies the of feature necessary a as evoked hardly was and bodies female was “nature”Interestingly, “nature”. to reference 19th century. the since work at been has that body the of images nationalistic from derived imagesinternalized well of positioning This Mosse. and Bordo by described framework the in fall bodies women's ideal sle of images self to desire the and life of way active one's of signs the as interpreted are they as praised highly arebody. one's shape attempts Theseand control to attempts one's of outcomes control” shape control, “weight herself”. well a is figure female - roe ad well and groomed Another interesting reference that popped up in the speech of many respondents was the the was respondents many of speech the in up popped that reference interesting Another

Vitaliy (23, studies economics, identifies as liberal) said that ideal female body means means body female ideal that said liberal) as identifies economics, studies Vitaliy(23, . She lab She . of exemplary as described and evoked respondents my that figures feminine nder - p n de hair” dyed and up eled “artificial” eled - - roe fgr; t hud e well be should it figure; groomed atrd oe' bde a iel i prily n ucm of outcome an partially is ideals as bodies women's mastered Slendern . . Anita (19, studies sociology, identifies as apolitical) also also apolitical) as identifies sociology, studies (19, Anita . “too many earrings, for instance, piercing, I don't like it. like don't I piercing, instance, for earrings, many “too s ad h asne f a ae osdrd s the as considered are fat of absence the and ess 73

mentioned predominantly in the discussion of of discussion the in predominantly mentioned

when “naturalness” comes to be the only only the be to comes “naturalness” when - roe; oa hs o ok after look to has woman groomed; atural hair color. hair atural - master. The The master. –

“lacks seeing seeing the CEU eTD Collection femininity. 1988:105) (Mosse nation” the nationalism were beauty her and of discoursethe Itrecalls also 1995:58). reproductive(Gilman capacities positive associatedwith woman a of health both when siécle, de fin the of discourses medical pregn the of because beautiful as and body procreation pregnant of Seeing sign fertility. a possibly as pregnancy of fact the highlighted and beauty body's pregnant away. Y you pushing not is her, it on clothes strange some has she nicely,if super dressed not is woman a if Even beautiful. is body pregnant Yes, […] well. as beauty of feature the is “Naturalness Likewis speech. his in obvious quite is beauty and women) of feature natural a as (viewed pregnancy reproduction, between link The life”. new a is it because beautiful is This me. for beauty baby.is a This carries she because but body pregnant a that said liberal) as identifies science, political studies (23, Ihor instance, For body. this inside life” arg even people Some beautiful. therefore and natural as seen was body pregnant a that surprising not is it above, mentioned I what account into Taking body. female pregnant a describe to used respondents only the therefore normal sexuality and natural as heterosexuality seeing means frequently it Consequently, as reproduction a osdrn te oi o “natur of topic the Considering es, it is beautiful, undoubtedly”. beautiful, is it es,

–

as it often grants women the role the women grants often it as ued that it is not sensual beauty that makes it beautiful, but the very fact of “new “new of fact very the but beautiful, it makes that beautysensual not is it that ued –

natural and desired process and the pregnant body as natural and beautiful. beautiful. and natural as body pregnant the and process desired and natural the one that results in procreation. thatresults inprocreation. one the “is very beautiful, but not because of physical of because not but beautiful, very “is –

so motherhood becomes to be the bodily expression of proper of expression bodily the be to becomes motherhood so e, Zhenia described her attitude towards a pregnant body: body: pregnant a towards attitude her described Zhenia e,

Similarly to Ihor, Zhenia downplayed the sensual part of of part sensual the Ihor, downplayed Zheniato Similarly alness”, it is important to mention the rhetoric my my rhetoric the mention to important is it alness”, 74 s of “patron saints and mothers of the family and family the of mothers and saints “patron of s

appearance of the woman, woman, the of appearance ancy recalls racial racial recalls ancy

CEU eTD Collection social democrat) said that said democrat) social a as identifies history, studies (22, Rostyslav equality. gender of claims its of because strange cases is it sensuousness, aforementioned the in Possibly, transcends (1988:11). purpose” higher often a “to passions quite people's redirecting image this that stresses Mosse upholds, nationalism heterosexuali of signifier a as more but body a as not beautiful as perceived is body pregnant A here. downplayed is sensuousness of aspect the Interestingly, beautiful. woman a make that conditions necessary as heterosexu highlighted Again, beauty. child's a of condition a as also but beauty woman's of non qua sine the onlyas not presence father's of necessity the emphasized well” as beautiful be will child a probability that high thereis and birth give will woman soon because it; see to pleasure a is it then her, loves that man a from pregnant is woman that claimed liberal) as philosophy,identifies studies (19, Ostap instance, For beautiful. be eage also were respondents Male response. her in granted for taken is male the on dependence female and coupling Heterosexual said that female that mention

It is not surprising then that feminism was perceived by the respondents as something something as respondents the by perceived was feminism that then surprising not is It to respondents for common quite also was it beauty, and pregnancy about Speaking

the purposea big of family. heterosexual pregnancy, creature.” anugly andpitiful thenitis beautiful, eye be her will she happy, be will she then near.And is child her of father the that know should she nearby; is man a that feel should woman pregnant,“Whena

beauty during pregnancy depends much on the presence of the father.the Alina of presence the on much depends pregnancy during beauty s will shine... She will be even sexy. Obviously, if a woman is alone during during alone is woman a sexy.Obviously,even if be will She shine... will s “ true feminism is feminism in the mines” the in feminism is feminism true r to say that the presence of a man is necessary for a woman to woman a for necessary is man a of presence the that say to r ty and procreation. Arguing about the image of beauty that beauty of image the about Arguing procreation. and ty 75

lt ad a' laig oe are role leading man's and ality

. He meant that if feminists if that meant He . . Ostap . “if a “if a CEU eTD Collection orientation” (Vitaliy)traditional sexual 4.2 “ order of things. existing the jeopardizing means it questioning and 1988) (Mosse nationalism and imperativ modernity the been has distinction Masculinity/femininity heterosexuality. of normalcy gender of foundation anxiety His has.body one the from result tactician) or (strategist abilities mental one's highlightingthat roles, are women and men different naturally how phenomeno social the answer his in Naturalizing physically less strong thanmen” equ overcome can't one that women and men between differences natural some are there that implying work, male do to and mines the to go to have equality,they gender want l oe fr hm s tag. e a spotd y sa, h camd that claimed who Ostap, by supported was He strange. is them for roles al It isreally difficult for me familypeople non thatconsistsof to imagine ahealthy with Gu arding gender binaries is very important for naturalizing heterosexuality and viewing viewing and heterosexuality naturalizing for important very is binaries gender arding is understandable understandable is this.” are like Something tactician. a women is woman a strategist, a that is man a But forbid. saying God dull, not am I women. fewer times some...not many are indeed there professors are there Secondly, point. Somehow. differences. first but the limitations is That own. its each to on so and weak became men roles,that women's perform to aretrying men that to try feminists when rights equal exaggerate, “feminists

- appropriate behavior and consequently of gender binarism and the the and binarism gender of consequently and behavior appropriate –

as undermining the male the undermining as . Further, notedthat Rostyslav

perform men's role men's perform

– 76

both in terms of bodies and in terms of social social of terms in and bodies of terms in both n of the glass ceiling, Rostyslav aimed to prove prove to aimed Rostyslav ceiling, glass the of n

–

this is wonderful, nobody is against that, but that, against is nobody wonderful, is this .. 50% of students are female but among among but female are students of 50% .. – - female role division is undermining the undermining is division role female

then they do not have to be surprised surprised be to have not do they then

thus wmn are “women , demanding demanding , of e - –

CEU eTD Collection Homosexuality is mor is Homosexuality natural”. limit forexample“softly it, more by with contrasting orthodox relationships, more as healthy and necess it find not did he that concluded he Further, Vitaliy claimed that sel very the in even Still, discriminatingLGBTQ legislationand pursuing rights. ha other the On Introduction). in discourse public in homophobia of omnipresence the mentioned briefly and 3 chapterparty in Svoboda farright of statements homophobic mentioned have denounced (I th On faces. Ukraine identity the tensions of result the are perverts as people homosexual labeling straightforwardly from away them keeping and language their shaping correctness political of standards internalized lo to speech their in pauses made frequently They homosexuality. towards attitude their framing when could they as correct as be to tried and polite quite were respondents that seemed It people. homosexual and homosexuality towards attitude they that said respondents lot a quite binarism, gender of importance overall the Given norms. gender transgressed of manifestations possible the of one as homosexuality Caught on this crossroads, the respondents seemed to police their speech on the issue. issue. the on speech their police to seemed respondents the crossroads, this on Caught nd, Ukraine aspires to assert its “European” identity, which means also adopting anti anti adopting also means which identity, “European” its assert to aspires Ukraine nd,

ooeult i nt en y iai a haty n a a aito o te “norm”. the of variation a as and healthy as Vitaliy by seen not is Homosexuality non am I with people of consists that or family healthy a imagine to me reallyfor difficult [homosexuality] is It it towards attitude bad really for society.good notgenerally, is it But homophobic...think bad; I is it that think I a have I say can't “I raisepeople theirkids.” will - traditional sexual orientation and it is difficult for me to imagine how these how imagine to me for difficult is it and orientation sexual traditional

e about deviance. Obviously, heterosexuality is naturalized in his answer his in Obviously,naturalized deviance. is heterosexualityabout e f - censored answers a little homophobia could be traced. For traced. be could homophobia little a answers censored oe ad i te ulc icus hmsxaiy s widely is homosexuality discourse public the in hand, one e

ary to prohibit homosexuality, but rather to rather but homosexuality, prohibit to ary k o te prpit wr. Presumably, word. appropriate the for ok

have a negative negative a have

instance, instance, –

CEU eTD Collection themselves on“us” (2006). racism to similar rhetoric homophobic makes which and representation boyfriend” a has he that shout woman of favor in Iho homosexuality”, of “propaganda criminalizing claims his support To such. as pride LGBT or kissing men two with billboard a treat would he that said he mean, would propaganda what define to homosexuality”. asked When their homophobia, heteronormativity and heterosexism. in instance, For aspects. some in similar very are nationalisms Russian and Ukrainian Russia, politics Ukrainiancountry. Though the of regions several in adopted was that legislation Russian similar from copied were bills Both children”. at aimed homosexuality of propaganda “Criminalizing titled #10290 bill and space)” media safe to Parliament Ukrainian during2011 in registered were that bills homophobic similar two to alluded Alina such to adopted [same practice this “women cri would that legislation support would she isseenit sexuality. as theonly normal More softly, Ihor claimed that he would also support criminali support also would he that claimed Ihor softly, More instance, For said sexualities. Alina regulate to like would who one onlyVitaliy the not is – -

women and man and women they don't go to the streets and shout that they have each other. each someone have would they why that So shout streets the and to go don't they - 2012 kind of a family. It is abnormal. It is unnatural. Man was not created for this.” for created not was Man unnatural. is It abnormal. is family.It a of kind – - visibility are often regarded as an imposition and a request for domination, for request a and imposition an as regarded often are visibility

sex marriages] is legalized... think how it harms child's psyche when they areharmschild'stheypsyche when it how legalized... isthink marriages] sex bill #8711 titled “Amending some legislative acts (considering c (considering acts#8711legislative some “Amending bill titled - man

. As Graff notes, in the case of homosexual people, the issues of of issues the people, homosexual of case the in notes, Graff As . –

it is not natural; they can't have children.have There, can't abroad,theywhere natural; not is it

iaie ooeult ado is “propaganda”: its and/or homosexuality minalize 78

is marked by the attempts to break away from from away break to attempts the by marked is r argued that argued r –

it is thought that “they” want to impose to want “they” that thought is it “a healthy family healthy “a zation of “propaganda of of “propaganda of zation –

a man and a and man a hildren right hildren

CEU eTD Collection as apolitical), said he would not like to live near homosexuals, because they cannot procreate and and becausetheyprocreate cannotlive nearhomosexuals, liketo not would he saidapolitical), as children,”have normal.and healthy as respondents myby seen werechildren with families Heterosexuality, heterosexual child. a adopt to wanted person one only them have to willingness their expressed one but respondents all Interestingly, obligation. an as seen is children having questioned; and doubted not to is procreate need The behavior). appropriate gender of boundaries the transgressing by order existing jeopar as well (as procreate to able being not for blamed often are people homosexual of normals. Certain community the into belonging of sense people's enhance to works homophobia way This an exampleofde as used frequently and medicalized become sexualities about discourses the how shows sexuality well her of one in (1984) Rubin disease. a as unhealthy, as margins the to co main the is 1980) (Rich heterosexuality” “compulsory reproduction, of issue the the to tied stressing and natural as by Seen heterosexuality. of normalcy homosexuals marginalizing with okay be to seem respondents of majority Hand h ne t rglt sxaiy s ut aprn i the in apparent quite is sexuality regulate to need The - in niciiaey ple t idvdas n h bss f hi sxa orientation’’ sexual (1984:280). their of basis the on individuals to applied indiscriminately terminolo of difficulties psycho conflate terms psychological addition, In integration. personality defective of symptoms or diseases mental as vilified are practices sex status “low -

- hand with the issue of heterosexuality goes the issue of reproduction reproduction of issue the goes heterosexuality of issue the with hand ly,claims forquite these often belonging reinforced arenationalistic rhetoric. by

viations: viations: summed summed - dynamic functioning with modes of erotic conduct. [...] These These [...] conduct. erotic of modes with functioning dynamic gical muddles have become powerful stereotypes that are are that stereotypes powerful become have muddles gical

up Ihor.up respondent, ValentinAnother sociology,studies (20, identifies

ndition of being normal, so homosexuality is pushed pushed is homosexuality so normal, being of ndition 79

have children; among those who wanted to wanted who those among children; have “A healthy family is when they canthey when is “Afamily healthy above mentioned answers. The The answers. mentioned above - known articles on on articles known dizing the the dizing –

CEU eTD Collection proc to ability the if As up. them bringing of capable be cannot they children, have cannot they if up. children better” up children bring deviations” rathe homosexuals” would he said Vitaliy manner. correct non of possibility the meant she “different” word the under that argue to possible is it group), focus mini the in of understanding different a develop may relationships”. kid the kid, the affect somehow might it family, sho issue: this on talking when careful very was bills, homophobic support not does and people homosexual cultura does (23, Lilia highlighted. is reproduction and heterosexuality for condition necessary a as binarism gender of importance two have to like would he why is that balance, have – procreation whether asked When important, childrenValentinhaving two is ideal personalown his that and yes,is it that answered children. own his negatively affect can they because

a boy and a girl, because a family consists of two parents of two genders, thus it is necessaryis to it thus genders, two of parentstwo of consists familya girl,because a boyanda l b apoce mr crfly Wl, eas we a hl gos p n homosexual a in up grows child a when because Well, carefully. more approached be uld et ws once t te blt t b a od aet Gaf 20) etos that mentions (2006) Graff parent. good a be to ability the to connected was reate When asked about homosexual people and adoption, many respondents were hesitant. hesitant. were respondents many adoption, and people homosexual about asked When aoto b hmsxas. wl, a nt aig t hud e rhbtd bt it but prohibited, be should it saying not am I well, homosexuals... by “adoption

Presumably and

because because Given the context (Lilia said it in the discussion on homosexual on the discussion in it (LiliacontextsaidGiven the hv a es tog evu system”. nervous strong less a “have - eeoeul eainhp Psil, h wne t fae t aeul, n the in carefully, it frame to wanted she Possibly, relationship. heterosexual cide ta ge u wt hmsxa prns r mr icie to inclined more are parents homosexual with up grew that “children , this view is fueled by the belief that homosexuality is not natural: thus, natural: not is homosexuality that belief the by fueled is view this , suis ietfe a aoiia) wo ad ht h i oa with okay is she that said who apolitical), as identifies studies, l . Somehow,. homosexual people are viewed as less capable of bringing of capable less as viewed are people homosexual 80

support r

children of different genders. Again, the the Again, genders. different of children

He concluded that that concluded He svr lmtn o aoto by adoption of limiting “severe otoo couples “orthodox ity that took placetook itythat is CEU eTD Collection anti the termsrespondents“think before”. abortion thatone had weretheissueof in framing to s it, against was husband future her and unplanned life”. to right the person another deprives freedomand someone's Therefore,else. limits someone she for Similarly,that claimed Nadia consequences. unexpected have to not order in marriage the until wait to necessary was it view hav is abortion towards attitude her that murder.said Anita as to referred and irresponsibility personal of rhetoric the in framed was peo sometimes as prohibited be not the of half About standpoint. their should it that said also they formulate though abortion, against were females) and males (both to respondents able were they still, topic, tricky very a t for question difficult a is it that admitted respondents of majority the Thoughprohibited. or legal be should it think they whether it, toward attitude respondent's is pervertscannot children. who and betrusted people sexual as seen are people homosexual way, This sexuality. of type perverted a as regarded and margins to pushed is homosexuality then nature, with equated Moreover,is heterosexuality when parents improper as seen are homosexual people Thus, sex. about just be to perceived is heterosexuality) (unlike homosexuality ing sex]” sex]” ing - abortion rhetoric that was that rhetoric abortion Nadia's rhetoric that abortion means deciding for someone else is similar to nationalist nationalist to similar is else someone for deciding means abortion that rhetoric Nadia's Discus

Nadia said that she would never go for an abortion, even if her pregnancy was was pregnancy her if even abortion, an for go never would she that said Nadia and that and sing the topic of reproduction, it was difficult to omit the topic of abortion of topic the omit to difficult was it reproduction, of topic the sing

“having sex when you're 16 is not okay and normal”. and okay not is 16 you're when sex “having “when apregnant“when decides toundergo woman

used for some time in state in time some for used asltl negative” “absolutely ple use it because of the medical conditions. Still, abortion Still, conditions. medical the of because it use ple –

eas o te troye f hi hypersexu their of stereotype the of because 81

il se ol ke te ay Generally, baby. the keep would she till, eas people because - socialist Hungary, when abortion was was abortion Hungary, when socialist hem to talk about and that it is it that and about talk to hem sol think “should abortion, she abortion, decides

From her point of point her From

[before –

ality. what what CEU eTD Collection “narrow eyesand aface”. flat for responsible genes to “Chinese” being reducing link, racist a Valentin established uncritically gene to reference the through girls Ukrainian of beauty the naturalized Nadia when before, face”. flat a and eyes narrow have will offspring your all Chinese, with point... because wife, Chinese people” Chinese by populated now introduced, not was politics this if because China, of case in reproduction the said Valentin and Anita nation. the to references century (Mosse 1988). hand going been have that morality and respectability Inspiring to similar sounds thenation) (for thebenefit of of life” anwaywomen ordered “to have to. want don't they if pregnant get not and life” of way “ordered an have properly, vi respondents' individually.of caretaken be can't scalethat national of My question a as and demographiccrisis 3 chapter in discussed attitude nationalism's Ukrainian recall attitudes Denis' and Anita's Nadia's, murder. a be to it claiming and abortion against arguing liberal), as from isalready theit moment conception of ahuman,” person. a as fetus a treat to hesitate not did respondents Interestingly, of majority the 1994). (Gal others of interests the considering not as individualism”, “unhealthy as positioned Conversations about reproduction were frequently permeated with xenophobia and and xenophobia with permeated frequently were reproduction about Conversations The topic of intermarriage helped to reveal xenophobia, stereotyping and the importance the and stereotyping xenophobia, reveal to helped intermarriage of topic The ews on abortion also recall Svoboda's reminders that women should behave behave should women that reminders Svoboda's recall also abortion on ews

– “y

framing abortion as an “attempted murder” and seeing it as a cause of of cause a as it seeing and murder” “attempted an as abortion framing ou can't get away from Chinese genes. Even blacks are better at this this at better are blacks Even genes. Chinese from away get can't ou

. Further, Valentin stressed that he would not like to have a have to like not would he that Valentinstressed Further, . 82

to abortion exemplified in Svoboda's rhetoric rhetoric Svoboda's in exemplified abortion to

said Denis (21, studies history,said Denis (21, studies identifies apeit pltc o rsrcin of restriction of politics appreciate y - in - ad ih ainls sne 19th since nationalism with hand “all Ukraine would be be would Ukraine “all

As in the case the in As “As “As claims to claims to for me, for s, s, CEU eTD Collection hs te se t b fn wt plcn sxaiis and sexualities policing with fine be to seem they Thus, sexuality normal and s and heterosexuality valued respondents my of surprisingly,many Not things. of order sexual and gender existing the jeopardizing as seen are behavior or appearance t nationalities and ethnicities might of“banal beseenas manifestations nationalism”. one and self of sense one's secure to important is it stereotyping, and othering continuous of context Ukrainians,” be should offspringfuture one's for and oneself for importance its and nationality own one's of emphasis an is nationalities different othering of outcome consequent The ethnicities. or nationalities certain to inherent as naturalized are which different narratives, these and/or dangerous In some attributed and public. othered successfully are in nationalities beer drinking and skirts short wearing for abused clai themselves”. between intermarried who the on “produced mentality” another of people with “ because foreigner, a marry never would she said Olga nationalities. as well as belonging, national of asrs gne bnrs. ie te ainls cnet f hi nraie, uh id of kind such narratives, their of context nationalist the Given binarism. gender ransgress s eogn t sm cletvt; hrfr, uh nrtcl eak twrs different towards remarks uncritical such therefore, collectivity; some to belonging 's verbally were girls some when England, in somewhere incidents about heard she that ming “there are many weak people, because they were living in the closed groups and and groups closed the in living were they because people, weak many are “there Thus, my respondents seem to very anxious about the appearance or behavior that that behavior or appearance the about anxious very to seem respondents my Thus, production line, plastic, like hamburgers in McDonalds” in hamburgers like plastic, line, production –

because it results into procreation, which was very important for them. them. for important very was which procreation, into results it because -

lie Io. e i nt a wy n i i nt surprising not is it and why say not did He Ihor. claimed

h prevd omly f kanas n otat o other to contrast in Ukrainians of normalcy perceived the Lilia said she is she said Lilia , drawing an example of Americans who seem to her her to seem who Americans of example an drawing , as well. as “My children... my inner feeling is that that is children... “My feeling inner my 83

“afraid of Muslim countries and countries Muslim of “afraid

oh hi on n ohr people’s other and own their both it is impossible to be open be to impossible is it aw it as the only healthy healthy only the as it aw

and of Jews, among Jews, of and unpleasant features features unpleasant

— Muslims —

yes, they they yes,

n the in ”,

CEU eTD Collection eohba n seetpn, hc cn e en s rcs f hi w their of traces as nationalism. seen be can which stereotyping, with and permeated frequently xenophobia were nationalities other about narratives their as intermarriages to and themselves behavior improper women's of result a as it regarding abortion, towards attitude negative a had generally respondents my procreation, of importance the behavior. Given bodies S . m o te ee si te wud su would they said even them of ome

be moderate. Moreover, in general the respondents were against against were respondents the general in Moreover, moderate. be 84

pr lgsain rmnlzn homosexual criminalizing legislation pport –

as inability to restrain to inability as orldview of banal banal of orldview

CEU eTD Collection 5.1. Sport, beauty,5.1. Sport, nationalism illustrate howof theconnected thehealthis to thatof individual thenation. practices also is body the on light physicalsheds health of category the aboutI argue inquiring that virtues. moral endowedwith proper the that show I people. sporty not or homosexuals minorities, co is body ideal the that argue I them. to reference in imagined is body Ukrainian ideal the how see to order in morality and beauty, healthy body. beaut for sport of necessity the emphasized body the of discussions their in them of many Consequently, respondents. female and male both among popular quite were hero and muscularity value to one only the not is He I When idealhave, ask describe he’d to body the like to Vitaliy says: theim/proper5. Defining n hs hpe I chapter this In ht r togt f s eesr fr icpiig n plcn oes oy Fnly I Finally, body. one’s policing and disciplining for necessary as of thought are that

bodies ofthese people.” well of majority the at look to If this. like muscles, developed physiologically reasonablehealthy and being super not muscularity, adequate complexion, physical Reasonable standard... em. n h egtet cnuy t a te eaou Slmn who Salzmann pedagogue banish the could he was consequence a it as that century hoping eighteenth gymnastics, institutionalized the In terms. mo in propagated been also has movements bodily of effect health the centuries For [...] life. of quality for important is Health consume. to and enjoy work, live, to condition fundamental the is Health value. primary a as health to r people most sport, practice they why people ask you "If Wl.. paig bu iel ae oy I hn i i ti acet Greek ancient this is it think I body, male ideal about speaking “Well...

ef, hn o cn pn er as ih or uce. wud say would I muscles. your with cans beer open can you when beefy, xlr te necnetos ewe te aeois f pr, health, sport, of categories the between interconnections the explore

- nw fl sas h pa hre .. cn a I ie the like I say can I ... heroes play who stars film known nstituted in contrast to the improper bodies of visible visible of bodies improper the to contrast in nstituted

- yemsuiiy epne fti kind this of responses masculinity, type

efer to in their answer answer their in to efer

iful body shape and and shape body iful ral - ethical CEU eTD Collection of living, healthy body, healthy as also beingimplies having healthy mind. pr be would it thinking, of framework her I (19, studiesphilosophy identifies as and apolitical bo the of (1988:11).disciplining individual's Thus, exist.” to cease would order, moral and legal the of foundations “the then do, they if because (1988:11) state” and familysociety, then of demands the “with conflict into come not do desires bodies their police and master individuals that requires nationalism order.that mental notes internal, Mosse of guarantee was person Ahealthy well spiritual and moral the to also but health, physical/physiological the to only not tied interpreted frequently turn in is which n her response a healthy body is connected to “spirituality” to connected is body healthy a response her n When I asked I When many for that interviews the from concluded I she

said t spiritual balance... spiritual need I month, a therefor going not imagine can't I So, me. for important very is the go together,I so God, be in believe I example,extreme. to beFor will it way have other two these think I aspect. spiritual the also And … lot. a walk to And sport. do to certainly, And, on. so and smoking alcohol, drinking other isbodily. Ifwespeakaboutbodil theand life... spiritual Wehere,of is aspects way one two healthy“A isolate can Hilvoorde (van nation." (German) 2001:59). whole a of health the for century fight to able 19th then the the able of made Gymnastics beginning laid gymnastics. the Jahn At Ludwig youth. Friedrich in behavior immoral sexual hat healthy ofliving way isa Anita imagined as not only physically healthy; the physical health was seen as a a as seen was health physical the healthy; physically only not as imagined to

ep hmevs hscly n mrly healthy morally and physically themselves keep to describe what it means to be healthy or to conduct a healthy way way healthy a conduct to or healthy be to means it what describe to ”

as a moral duty. I duty. moral a as beai t iaie pro psesn js the just possessing person a imagine to oblematic

) toldme: dy is the prerequisite of the social order.social the of prerequisite the is dy - foundations for the German practice of of practice German the for foundations oid e ot f niiul, h were who individuals, of out men bodied responde y aspect, it meansy aspect, it n the discussions sport was frequently was sport discussions the n

– nts sport is the signifier of health, health, of signifier the is sport nts

person's mental order. Adopting mental person's

to get rid o to getrid –

o in so, f bad habits: f bad to church, it church,it to dividuals' - being.

Alina 86

CEU eTD Collection r bd o a rne/mkr ht r ascae wt lc o mdrto ad licentious and moderation of lack with behavior. associated are that drinker/smoker a of body a or non a to contrast in qualities moral of signifier a as of thought is body this that and body thatlac a sporty as theproper body isseen discourseUkrainian nationalism, of the in that demonstrated I 3 chapter In (1988). Mosse argues body, proper a of understanding one's for harmful health moral and physical both for important very is sport view, of point respondents' the from Thus, todo nothing health.” then ithas with anything resultdespite this achieve to want I like attitude an thereis if harmful... or beneficial when right not is it that said healthy. Olga not is order internal one's about caring not and body the on just healthy,concentrating not is sport much too sometimes boundary,that upper an is there that ment also respondents the health, for prerequisite a as sport about talking when However, healthy, to easy quite is It “a person who has been doing sports for all th all for sports doing been has who person “a –

as healthy body comes only coupled with healthy (for instance, religious) mind. mind. religious) instance, (for healthy with coupled only comes body healthy as but sport is important when it is practiced moderately. Too little or too much of it is it of much too or little Toomoderately. practiced is it when important is sport but

moderately.” just body your But after relationships...looking people's about caring stop and else everything stop seeing you so body your with love in fall to not is important is what But great. is you but body your love to have “you and religion. Orevenvice versa, comes first religion, then philosophy.” philosophy instance, for is, spiritual the exercises,and morning the of minimum it life, everyday our of context the take to if But physical. plus spiritual is It yoga. iscountry our wasin that developed not lifebut of way healthy such examplesof the of One practices. spiritual and physical both of set a is It practices. of “set

is possible to say that physical side can be jogging, going to the gym or doing or gym the to going jogging, be can side physical that say to possible is health. The ability to be moderate, to restrain oneself is key to the modern modern the to key is oneself restrain to moderate, be to ability The health. ne fo hr epne ht eiin s o nt an Anita for is religion that response her from infer

S imilarly, Anita mentioned that –

yes, it is good, but a but good, is it yes,

eir life stops thinking whether something is is something whether thinking stops life eir have to be moderate. To look after it Toafter moderate. belook to have s I have said, it should be done be should it said, have I s

neet at f being of part inherent ks bad habitsks bad - sporty body body sporty

– ioned

this 87 –

CEU eTD Collection I think that everybody should do some sport. […] Sport is useful for everything. Even if you are you if Even everything. for useful is Sport […] sport. some do should everybody that think I washealth: of signs all bearing as interpreted often was person healthy a body beautiful surprisingly, the body, ideal The versa. Not vice and person beautiful 1993:94). a as regarded consequently (Bordo soul” of state the for symbol order internal personal, of marker a as operate to come has body the of shape inside undoubtedly is person this smiling, and beautiful is person a if body.that person's claimed atThey looking by healthy is person a whether determine can they that said both philosophy,apolitical) as identifies history,studies (22, Rostyslav respondents. identifies of sport, self muscularityand be that stated openly She that: quit respondents health” physical and moral both for moral... for important very that agrees totally she that saying in, stepped apolitical) as sociology, identifies studies

– The existence of the link between beauty and health was not questioned by the the by questioned not was health and beauty between link the of existence The health a about talking finished Anita When

you can always see it on their body”. their on it see always can you healthy. Similarly, Nadia stressed that that stressed healthy.Similarly, Nadia see body isasporty it that time. important. foralong isvery walk And it Yes. body, Beautiful can you if yes, bo her after sporty, is he looks means woman a if Similarly, it thoughts... body, my are Thesestrong. muscular is consequently,he has man a if instance, for body... a “If otn etoe its mentioned often e auty is a sign of health. Her concept of beauty is inspired with the ideas ideas the with inspired is beauty of concept Her health. of sign a is auty dy, if she exercises, then she is... like a mainspring, she can dance or or dancecan she mainspring, a like dy,exercises,is... she she then if - disciplining.

oncin o body to connection

–

well, thenyes,health.”well, of isasign it

Thus, for many of the respondents “the size and size “the respondents the of many for Thus,

y way of life from her perspective, Vita (21, Vita perspective, her from life of way y both physical and mental. and physical both “if something is wrong with the person fromperson the with wrong is something “if as a social democrat) and democrat) studies social (21, a Annaas

n hat. o isac,Aia said Alina instance, For health. and Tlig bu sot, the sports, about Talking .

(or disorder) disorder) (or “Yes,undoubtedly,

“sport is “sport –

as a as 88

CEU eTD Collection more free time, they would practice sport even more. Certainly, the responses to the question the to responses the Certainly, more. even sport practice would they time, free more had they if that said them of Many time. free some have they when sports some do to and life ready torepresent thus a and tobecome hero the nation. body. slender and moderate (Mossehealthy 1988). bodies Thus, N bodies. to decline 1988:13). and (Mosse death.” Sicknessconsequence was crimes nature, anotbecured,lead ofmust against could which ifthey w a entailed Tohealthy sickness. remain and health of matter a became virtue “Viceand sinful. therefore and unhealthy being of grounds the on nation the from people certain exclude to order in mobilized are chain this of dangers The nature. with harmony in living also but beautiful being only this not means of healthy part being Thus, third equation. the as play to comes naturalness beauty, and health of equation the Given natura that claims their up back to order in ugly” be cannot natural is “what saying the used frequently respondents the that showed I 4 chapter In evident. healthy body,” weight pushing and gym to going just Interestingly enough, man enough, Interestingly t and students are respondents My The a tionalisms frequently represent frequently tionalisms equation equation illingness to follow the dictates of nature, which supported the new respectability. new the supported which nature, of dictates the follow to illingness hy cultivate They

restraint. restraint. Vita liy told me. told liy of

healthy healthy hy urge They

n e srnt and strength men in

and y respondents claimed that they try to stick to a healthy way of of way healthy a to stick to try they that claimed respondents y

theyattempt ot t egg it sot n re t hv a elh and healthy a have to order in sport into engage to youth beautiful and vice versa was treated by treated was versa vice and beautiful

– described by Mosse, who shows how this view can be be can view this how shows who Mosse, by described

it is good for your health. Overall, a sound mind in a in mind sound a Overall, health. your for good is it

themselves his category faces extremely strong disciplining of of disciplining strong extremely faces category his

to educate youngto self to educate people muscularity,

through the images of young, sporty and sporty young, of images the through

ns i te yoy fr beauty. for synonym the is lness

as every proper men has to be be to has men proper every as the - discipline, to be tobe discipline, respondents as as respondents 89

CEU eTD Collection that muscularity is seen as a sign of not only physical strength but also of willpower and self and willpower of also but strength physical only not of sign a as seen is muscularity that arg Mosse nation. the of vanguard the as of thought are sporty are who Consequently,those men. Ukrainian in cultivated be to has strength physical foremost and first that insists Svoboda th of one that mentioned In beauty). and and men Ukrainian sporty and healthy educating with preoccupation Svoboda's health, noted I 3 chapter strength, his (implying muscular be should man proper the of body nationalism of component “vital a is manliness manly called are what test also and masculinity,manifestof signsto and visible the produce to tend most which those especially soci modern in sports as such violence, of games masculine the all in investment a first is revenge), of acts in reproductive social or sexual as physical understood "manliness, value that that stresses Bourdieu Similarly, masculinity (2009:15). of dominance” notions naturalizes and reinforces injury, for potential “parti that argues Wellard Ian violence. and detail. more in issue this discuss to like would I nationalism, Ukrainian of discourse the in att arts martial meaning the Given arts. martial and basketball football, mentioned respondents Male dance. and swimming aerobics, gymnastics, mentioned frequently respondents female whic kn() f pr te wud ie o nae no f hy a tm wr vr gendered: very were time had they if into engage to like would they sport of kind(s) h

Social scientists agree that martial arts are tightly connected to the notions of masculinity masculinity of notions the to connected tightly are arts martial that agree scientists Social capacity, but also as the capacity to fight and to exercise violence (especially violence exercise to and fight to capacity the as alsocapacity, but e most cultivated sports in Svoboda's sport camps are martial arts. arts. martial are camps sport Svoboda's in sports cultivated most e d oeot dt. (015) that (2001:51) duty.” a foremost nd virtues, such as combat sports.” combat as such virtues, iain n iln sot, seily hs wt a with those especially sports, violent in cipation and respectability alike” (Mosse 1988:64) (Mosse alike” respectability and

(Bourdieu 2001:51). Moreover, 2001:51). (Bourdieu las o oeie frantic sometimes to “leads eties, and most most and eties, ce to ached –

ues ues the 90 -

CEU eTD Collection culture and ideology of hegemonic masculinity goes hand in hand with the cultur the with hand in hand goes masculinity hegemonic of ideology and culture self of of masculinity, thatthe type right the educate to seek always nationalisms that Given strong. therefore and muscular as imagined be to comes body masculine the thus 1996:50), McGinn and (Mansfield p masculinity” “between connection the emphasize and manliness and muscularity between link the strengthen arts martial like Sports arts. martial doing t on comment to openly as important. stated ones ar martial that added he “ somethingabout was that he thinking said Rostyslav sport. of kind this about thinking him made that arts martial of nature competitive important very was competitiveness that claimed democrat) just he and reactionbody, develop his to allhelps evenlydevelop it to him allows it because boxing learning reason”. main the is it think I limitations. no are there Briefly, sport of kind this that said apolitical) as identifies needed.” (Mosse 1996:109). ready was masculinity of ideal “this Because control. elf in proper form” proper in elf - Given the connection between martial arts and masculinity, it it masculinity, and arts martial between connection the Given go to desire his Explaining control and self and control wn[] o r hmef n h stain f combat” of situation the in himself try to “want[s] he body image/body shape that are that shape image/bodybody he ir ideal is physically strong and violent man that is simultaneously capable capable issimultaneouslyandideal violent man physically that strong is ir - sacrifice in the name of the nation, “it is therefore no surprise that the the that surprise no therefore is “it nation, the of name the in sacrifice . In all these these all In . s r as iprat s hy ec to teach they as important also are ts

n for in responses punching

retl wetig Valentin wrestling, freestyle owerful muscularity and (potentially) violent violent (potentially) and muscularity owerful ”, so he decided to go in for martial arts. Further,arts. martial for go in to decided sohe ”, co “is not limited with old and unnecessary rules. unnecessary and old with limited not “is

mpetitiveness and the desire to combat were were combat to desire the and mpetitiveness communicated through the figure of a person a of figurethe through communicated - made for the kind of discipline the military the discipline of kind the for made

o hm n prs n i ws the was it and sports in him for

“stand up for oneself and keep keep and oneself for up “stand Vitaliy said he is about is he said Vitaliy . Andrii (22, identifies as as identifies (22, Andrii . would be an omission not omission an be would 2, tde sociology, studies (20, e and ideology and e to start start to 91

CEU eTD Collection eeoi ntoaim Mse 96, t s motn fr ainls t cnet its connect to nationalism for important is it 1996), (Mosse nationalism hegemonic with coupled tightly is masculinity hegemonic that fact the Given masculinity. of prerequisite a the about q the reproductionand Caring 2009:22). (Wellard heterosexuality” a by of informed presence masculinity continued hegemonic the “to contributes greatly competitiveness, of value male proper of discourses different with interacting Sport, heterosexuality. is nationalism Ukrainian by imagined is it as masculinity hegemonic of ingredients the of One shaped. are femininities and masculinities of types different where var of site a also is It (Wellard2009:21). attractive” find to women reproduction bodiesensured. andnation is of ofthe theidea theproper to is example whose citizens perfect therefore and bodies perfect as praised are moderation of capable and healthy beautiful, therefore and strong are that bodies to community national the of protection the for used be to resource perfect a are bodies strong and disciplined enemies, internal and external from characte exclusionary the Given body. Ukrainian male proper a of image distilled masculinity, violent potentially and muscular masculinity necessary the performing of means a also but body, masculine hav only not my of means for the are arts that martial respondents argue to possible is it nationalists, Ukrainian by arts) martial of especially (and 1998:248 (Nagel nationalism” hegemonic of be tightly drawn if the nation was to be protected against its enemies” (Mosse 1988:33). The 1988:33). (Mosse enemies” its against protected be to was nation the if drawn tightly be Sport promotes “the ideal form of masculinity, not only for men to aspire to, but for for but to, aspire to men for only not masculinity, of form ideal “the promotes Sport uality of the nation, nationalism frequently proclaims heterosexuality to be heterosexualityfrequentlybe nationalism proclaims to nation, the ualityof r of nationalism and its concern about protection of the nation the of protection about concern its and nationalism of r

sexuality and being perceived as a site where men learn learn men where site a as perceived being and sexuality - 9). Recalling the promotion of health and sports sports and health of promotion the Recalling 9). -

“the line between normal and abnormal had had abnormal and normal between line “the ing a muscular and therefore healthy and and healthy therefore and muscular a ing ious discourses and practices practices and discourses ious be followed. This way the the way This followed. be

- ye hegemonic type: elf to the the to elf 92

CEU eTD Collection combating homosexuality, drin 19 masturbation (Mosse with preoccupied rest” less be to to seem nationalisms thought was perversion sexual all which upon considered century 19th foundation the was “masturbation of abstain: to practice and vice serious nationalisms most the as masturbation emergent instance, For from. abstain to has one ac enlisting also but healthy,become to order in do to has one what prescribing citizen”, habits and thenation) 5.2 Bad (of health masculine (and heterosexual proper of category the within themselves position to move another as seen be might unhealthy, acquaintance his foreign something unknown”, as and it see just I it... to that sayingRostyslav, softly,like more homosexuality,whether denounced also arts martial and homosexua Moreover, (1998:258). men” of rapes attack and women” of rapes heterosexual as “cast often are wars nationalism, military of discourse the in that shows Nagel men). homosexual or women as either (represented nations other conquer to able man heterosexual muscular strong a of image weak Nationalist projects pay a great deal of attention to constructing the image of a “healthy a of image the constructing to attention of deal great a pay projects Nationalist desir the expressed that respondents the all that unexpected thus not is It -

and therefore, unhealthyand(Mosse therefore, 1988). “latent faggot” faggot” “latent

therefore bodies. healthy)

king,using and drugs. smoking ooeult (e catr ) Dsacn tesle from themselves Distancing 4). chapter (see homosexuality n Vtly h as oety lie ta hmsxaiy is homosexuality that claimed overtly also who Vitaliy and

l men are frequently stereotyped frequently are men l

s on enemies are “phrased as homosexual homosexual as “phrased are enemies on s or more directly,more or like Valentin called who

– “not just I have strong aversion strong have I just “not

they appear to concentrate on on concentrate to appear they 83) Contemporary 88:34). e to go in go to e

s feminine as tivities tivities for for 93

CEU eTD Collection eloquent response: eloquent apolitical) as identifies sociology, studies (19, Anita's in up summed be can smoke and drink t her.All for victories important quite were things these that thought she and principle” “on smoking and drinking not was she because life, of way healthy a living was she that said apolitical) sociology,as studies identifies Similarly,(20, Nadia very and holidays on only alcohol consume to have you Also, smoked. never includes it aspects other among and her.for virtue of kind special a is drinking not that impression an got I it, about talking was she way the from drink; life.” of way healthy a and into it sublimate can you that of instead but habits; bad in “ that said habits. Anna bad of absence the presupposed it of of everyday nati practice another as reproduced and internalized becomes others from abstain and things certain good. national and own their both for healthily nation. the of that and health individual are danger and that consequences argued I 3 chapter In

presented Nearly all respondents mentioned the importance of aNearly life.allway respondents theimportancehealthy of mentioned Their definition

as the questions of immediate relevance because of of because relevance immediate of questions the as onalism. Te rmnlzto o incos eair sc a homosexuality, as such family, itself.” orcivilization (Rubin1984:163). behaviors security,safety,and national children, health and to women menaces the as them innocuous of ob prostitution, criminalization “The “health of the nation”. the of “health Talking about healthy way of life, Vitaliy told me that it is very important important very is it that me Vitaliy life, told of way healthy Talking about

ous outcomes of drinking of outcomes ous

Before, she emphasized that unlike some of her friends she does not does she friends her of some unlike that emphasized she Before,

scenity, or recreational drug use, is rationalized by portraying portraying by rationalized is use, drug recreational or scenity, kana ntoait constant nationalists Ukrainian “not having bad habits like smoking. For example, I have have I example, For smoking. like habits bad having “not

Thus, Anita has also never smoked a cigarette and does not does and cigarette a smoked never also has Anita It it

is not surprising that the necessity to practice to necessity the that surprising not is he responses to the question why they do not not do they why question the to responses he

eoe psil t ug pol t behave to people urge to possible becomes and smoking. Activities connected to health health to connected Activities smoking. and

sport activities. I am only for sport sport for only am I activities. sport you invest so much money and time and money much so invest you

y an bu te negative the about warn ly h cnetos between connections the - very moderat very ely”. ely”. 94

CEU eTD Collection heterosexuality). Whereas homosexuality and other improper sexualities are tied to unhealthy unhealthy to tied are sexualities improper other and homosexuality Whereas heterosexuality). signify (to capacities reproductive one's and slender) but anorexic nor overweight neither be (to on of signs bear to has body feminine ideal instance, For framework. Ukrainian peculiar the to relation in modified and through interpreted body “Western”Generally, nationalism. by inspired meanings with endowed also well of slender, valuing terms and in overweight denouncing beauty of standards “Western” adopt to seems Ukraine Though sporty. not just are who people or smokers drinkers, migrants, people, homosexual of bodies the to contrast in musculari and strength men's and capacities reproductive women's sport, to references the through constructed is body healthy nationalism, Ukrainian of discourse the in that highlighted as respondents) my by used and respondents my is it (as health of concept the by regard I above, the Given health. and sport to relation its describeddiscussed as appearance masculinity proper the about mentioned unh asseen transgressinggenderis binaries that showed gender and binarism gender of importance the discussed I 4 chapter In Metzl. claims appearance, person's by defined ultimately is Health from people unhealthy and improper exclude to and themselves individuals the to states mental and bodily people's for responsibility the transfer judgments, moral make to healt bodyas Ination. greatlywas by answer struck a of straightforward such her. sta She all. at drink Metzl (2010) suggests that labeling certain practices healthy and calling certain states of states certain calling and healthy practices certain labeling that suggests (2010) Metzl h is a technology of power and exclusion. Thus, the category of health is being used beingused is health of category the exclusion. Thus, and power of technologya is h ted that girls who did simply aggravated both their own health and that of the the of that and health own their both aggravated simply did who girls that ted

inspired with rhetoric of religiosity and nationalism. In chapter 3 I 3 chapter In nationalism. and religiosity of rhetoric with inspired e's self e's - appropriate behavior for my respondents. I also also I respondents. my for behavior appropriate - - groomed and sleek sleek and groomed management, moderation and self and moderation management, ealthy and immoral; in this chapter Ichapter also in this ealthyimmoral; and

ois tee ois are bodies these bodies, h community. the - standards are standards - discipline discipline ty and ty 95

CEU eTD Collection patriotic feelings. And I think it was my university that pushed me there. I was so disappointed so was I there. me pushed that university my was it think I And feelings. patriotic 5.3 Dirty bodies sociallyreproduction. butcapable productive, of just not is body this that add to like would I 2001:59) Hilvoorde (van productive." socially also fi slender, is person sporty therefore and healthy The [...] slender.or fit being not of terms in indicated are sin of forms "Modern morality. and order mental of signifier a as importantly he sporty (i.e. healthy legislation. Russia from examples certain following means pa socialist state and Russia from distance todesirethe and nationalism of demands the with combined selective“Europeanness” identity of an is identity gender and sexual Ukrainian West”. Thus, “the of elements certain from Ukraine for as seeinghomosexuality Whilst 1999). (McKee consumption alcohol of of way a is present immoral and past USSR from distancing and improper drinkers of bodies the rendering f Presumably, people outside. Ukrainian on imposed something foreign, something as positioned is drinking homosexuality, with along Thus, community. national the from grounds these on excluded are dri of bodies “ is healthy Being hn gt no h uiest, ut fe sho, experienced I school, after just university, the into got I When

nkers/smokers —

crazy minds eoeul oy ihu bd ais i se a batfl n more and beautiful as seen is habits) bad without body terosexual thus –

so these bodies become signifiers of improper deeds or views and and views or deeds improper of signifiers become bodies these so iwd rm h prpcie f eesr self necessary of perspective the from viewed

- day Russia, as both states are known to have high rates rates high have to known are states both as Russia, day st. However, sometimes distancing from “the West” “the from distancing sometimes However, st.

–

for instance, copying its homophobic homophobic its copying instance, for eign helps to distance distance to helps eign two years of intense intense of years two - disciplining disciplining t and t rom rom – 96

CEU eTD Collection enoughreach stayUkrai “Europe”, to in post from people for point transit a as operates frequently it “Europe”, to close relatively situated is that USSR former the (th reproductive and women) “our” for values”) “foreign bring (they cultural simultaneously as seen are that China or non differ visible the to according founded often is divide This polluters. as stigmatized are that bodies 2012), thewallswithin ofacademia. xenophobia of story a was this university, the in year 1st her from story interesting another me 2. chapter in discussed narrative national new a build to Yushchenko'sattempts 2007 years the on fell to referred she years surrounded was she as studying of years two first of moods nationalistic and patriotic her to contributed me told embroiderof elements with but shirt a to similar clothing traditional Ukrainian of piece a is [vyshyvanka vyshyvanka! a have don't I that - white bodies of people from Caucasus region (Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan), Middle East East Middle Azerbaijan), (Georgia,Armenia, region Caucasus from people of bodies white It is widely agreed that nationalism polices bodies producing “leftover bodies” (Partridge bodies” “leftover producing bodies polices nationalism that agreed widely is It . She thought that the university she had been studying in for 5 years had greatly greatly had years 5 for in studying been had she university the that thought She .

by nationalistic rhetoric and people with nationalistic worldview. Two academic academic Two worldview. nationalistic with people and rhetoric nationalistic by ence of ski of ence

ay lc pol suy n h uiest nw. Bt y l cmay for “no company, that old banners my academy” like that”. andsomething with protest But now... a organizing university was the example, in study people black many how know don't I once, just her saw university.I our to accepted was girl black kne I company, old my with out hang still and year first my on was I when but now reallyis don't it “I how know n color n - soviet “Asian” soviet

. I mentioned that in the discourse of Ukrainian nationalism it is it nationalism Ukrainian of discourse the in that mentioned I . ey reproduce too fast) menace fast) too reproduce ey ne. y]” regions

- - 2009 2009

Miroslava ta te wne t rie qeto ta a that question a raise to wanted they that w

and “Middle East”. T East”. “Middle and -

a part of the period marked with President President with marked period the of part a

(23, studies history,studies (23, liberal) as identifies . Since Ukraine is a part of of part a is Ukraine Since . hose who were not lucky lucky not were who hose , health (“they” go (“they” health , o igr i the in niggers to Miroslava told Miroslava 97

CEU eTD Collection our people, if to speak about mentality, are not successful in the business, as a rule. So, if they if So, rule. a as business, the in successful not arementality, about speak to if people, our tol She work could wherepeople that our places, our take and kiosks their hereopen and were against friends her thatmanymigrationUkraine of and to borders. thecross that bodies and borders the policingof intensive of supportive Iliaquite andwere Denis migran male predominantly is it (as responses Ilia's and Denis' t mention to Not region.Caucasus and East Middle from mainlypeople c “those” from people that clear is it metro”, near shaverma “selling into engaged their from inferred be a can information this about, talking were they ethnicities mentioned countries.” those the countries the with proposed Denis viewsIliaLikewise, onimmigration. work, (21, identifiesstudies social that asclaimed liberal) his me explaining when emotional very was liberal), as identifies history, studies (21, Denis not... and aim definite a have should he Ukraine, to going is person nswers rather easily. rather nswers d that she did not share this opinion, opinion, this share not did she that d la od ht rm time from that told Olga a If here... come should Ukraine for useful be could that people those only that think “I

o t sl saem [mdl esen fs fo, eln wih s associated is which selling near migrants] the with metro”. food, fast eastern” [“middle shaverma three sell for to work not for accordi visa job a find a to has gets he time here, this during comes and months he Or work... to him invited that company some of invitation the of because country the enter should person this w Ukraine enter should person “A “smart filtration of migrants. It is relatively cool to live here, if we compare it it compare we if here, live to cool relatively is It migrants. of filtration “smart

huh ete Ii nr ei tl te xc nms f h cutis or countries the of names exact the told Denis nor Ilia neither Though y come from, and I don't want that people in Ukraine live like people from people like live Ukraine in people that want don't I and from, come y Given

that predominantly people from “Asian” post “Asian” from people predominantly that

o ie h hd eae wt hr red o te oi of topic the on friends her with debates had she time to because “it is their talent and they do it good. Still, good. it do they and talent their is “it because

ith a diploma, say, that he's economist and economist he's that say, diploma, a ith “all these come who “all Azerbaijanis t that is imagined as a menace). a as imagined is that t not... try to settle here,” settle to try not... he gender of migration in migration of genderhe ng to his diploma, but diploma, his to ng - Soviet countries are are countries Soviet —

ountries they work”. they

are 98

CEU eTD Collection seriously, they are so much different...”seriously, much areso they is, there tolerance whatever but me, Excuse khachi. for but nationalities all towards attitude like Anita's: utterances peculiar into results oscillation This things. of order heteronormative and homophobic traditional allegedly an establishing and identity ethnic its policing and essentializing imply that traditions” “national between oscillating Ukraine of outcome possible a be can this that mentioned also I words. correct the with indirectly attitude this frame to tried they but it, towards attitude affect this that and correctness political of standards the of were seemed respondents my that 4 chapter in argued I utterances. racist pronouncing from them preclude not did awareness this Still, words. their to were ofbiologicalrooted inthe terrain covered though of culture/mentality. withthe categories assumptions her nature: by produced were they though as talents and mentalities of speaking of indicator biological other any the in Ukrainians from of Azerbaijanis difference or the rooted she otherness, color skin about directly speaking not was Olga that th evident is it 2005:298), (Fuglerud people” among differences cultural unresolvable current about argue groups, racists biological of hierarchy the for arguing than rather that and discourse public her assuming people”, “our deixis sch Though category). under this to belonging denoted she (whom “Ukrainians” of as well as 'unwilling racism' stuff”. sell them let it, in good are The respondents were aware of the importanc the of aware were respondents The at in Ukrainian case, race is still an active concept used for othering. Despite the fact fact the Despite othering. for used concept active an still is race case, Ukrainian in at — ed their speech on the issue of homosexuality.of issue negative the a on have speech to their ed seemed They

because of naturalization of certain abilities of people from other ethnicities other from people of of certain abilities becausenaturalization of “toler sget ht las r Olga's that suggest I

Thus, it is a tolerance for all but some. Clearly, some. but tolerance all for tolerance a is it Thus, olars argue that “in racism “culture” replaced “race” in “race” replaced “culture” racism “in that argue olars ance is very up very is ance e of tolerance and inclusiveness, according inclusiveness, and tolerance of e - to - date and important. I have normal have I important. and date py s poiet xml of example prominent a is eply realm of mentality of realm “the West” and and West” “the 99

–

CEU eTD Collection 37 one's thati body physical is it difference; or sameness one's signal that appearance and color skin one's is it context this in that suggest I incorporated?” be can who decide to is “who and incorporation?” for allowed h arise that questions The “others”. being stop different, being different”much tolerant be to claimed she how telling very is it difference; people's these about anxiety highlight Anita's hate of form a is “khach” word the of use mere the Thus, rhetorictheir in Ukraine'semphasize to Ukrainian nationalists Russia!” save khach, “Kill or khachi!” kill booze, don't drink, “Don't u nationalists Russian demonstrations their on instance, For migrants. for insult an as it) borrowed who rights far Ukrainian later (and groups right far Russian by used widely Rus by used was word the Later Khachik. name first Armenian from originated word The region. Caucasian from person a denote to slur ethnic offensive extremely an is “khach” word very the that say expressridicule their nonacc them andto cultural andethnic identities. de is

Data provided by S provided Data xenophobia/news/racism nied on the grounds that are frequently connected both to people's physical bodies and their their and bodies physical people's to both connected frequently are that grounds the on nied

After Anita said this phrase, she and Lilia imitated these people's accent in order to to order in accent people's these imitated Lilia and she phrase, this said Anita After towards all but some ethnicities, trying to justify her position with the words “theyso wordsare with the justify position trying hersome ethnicities, to but all towards sian neo sian – —

OVA and Information for Center Analysis moreover

she is ready to be tolerant and to grant “others” incorporation if “others” stop “others” if incorporation “others” grant to and tolerant be to ready is she - Nazi groups to denote a person from Caucasus region. The term has been been has term The region. Caucasus from person a denote to groups Nazi - nationalism/2013/11/d28319/

s a ground of one's incorporation. , Ukrainian nation Ukrainian ,

eptance of migrants' difference. of eptance Firstly, to isnecessary it alists borrow ideas from their Russian counterparts. Russian their from ideasborrow alists difference from Russia, there are many are there Russia, difference from

(accessed 25.05.2014) (accessed http://www.sova

- speech. Secondly, it is important to important is it Secondly, speech. ere are “how little of difference is difference of little “how are ere - center.ru/racism

Despite the attempts of attempts the Despite - se slogans like like slogans se

sim ilarities 100

CEU eTD Collection disciplining, moderation and therefore possessing mental order. Mosse (1988) argues that this is is this that argues (1988) order.Mosse mental possessing therefore and moderation disciplining, habits bad any without body heterosexual and is that abnormality of signifiers as simultaneouslyas and seen individual national. used are descriptions these that conclude to possible Romanians.gre Takingaof relationconsideration into in laziness and Russians to relation in drinking excessive highlighting body: of aspects some to normal...” not so them to aretalkingyou when but aspects other some in are theydeveloped was he le any communicateat “ that said Anna abnormal. and similarly,means dirty dirty body mind. the and like looks well being as possesses: one's qualities body physical one's way the between correlation strict a is there answer the to talk to desire any have don't you and them at YouGypsies. look dirty like some arethere and instance, migrants becan different, as said Anna that that ve these appearance of and signifiers body as function people's of aspects certain of description foremost and first is It , eas te ae hs a.. tik hy r utd ad ndqae people” inadequate and untidy are they think I way... this are they because m, Thus, the ideal body (as seen by my respondents) is white, sporty,white, is slend respondents) my by seen (as body ideal the Thus, as nations neighboring also but migrants only not mentioned respondents Some example. another by illustrated further be can important is body physical the that fact The “pissed off by the dullness of Romanians. Really, something is wrong with them. Maybe them. with wrong is something Really,Romanians. of dullness the by off “pissed

Not surprisingly, these negative characteristics were expressed with references with expressed were characteristics negative surprisingly, these Not vel” . She was not joking. Oleh said that last year when he was in Romania in wasyearhe when last that said Olehjoking. not was She . f o gv a ote f ok t a Russian a to vodka of bottle a give you if y epe bomlt ad r ue t simtz te. For them. stigmatize to used are and abnormality people ry - groomed and tidy equals being ade being equals tidy and groomed

–

as only such body is seen as capable of self of capable as seen is body such only as “there arewell adequate ater context of body of context ater - quate (normal) for her her for (normal) quate mind correlation, it is it correlation, mind — —

- they aresooo they groomed migrants hn k yu can you ok, then er,well . In Anna's Anna's In . - groomed,

lazy, 101 -

CEU eTD Collection of inclusion haven't changed, unlike the way of speaking about the improper bodies. bodies. improper the about speaking of way the unlike changed, haven't inclusion of communityexclusionaryDespite attempts, Ukrainiannational these stays quite racism. or homophobia with inclusiveness and tolerance of awareness their reconcile to try they int result these All heteronormative. and homophobic very is which order, sexual and gender "ancient" return to attempts the and traditions" "national to appeal the by complicated further is situation The "Western"of elements certain only so feared, and welcomed simultaneously is which West", "the and issue) the on depth in go to me not allow does space of lack but complex more is Russia with relationship the (though Russia and of gazes the positioning.geographicalof and consequences are They and internalized are behavior and reproduced body proper the of standards the that argued I qualities, en practice don’t who people of bodies the and migrant different const is body ideal 19th the in century set slenderness of standards the internalize we how demonstrates (1993) Bordo demands nationalism that features the precisely lutaig ht h bd i feunl itrrtd s sgiir f esns moral person's of signifier a as interpreted frequently is body the that Illustrating –

the time of nationalism's alliance with morality and respectability. I showed that the the that showed I respectability. and morality with alliance nationalism's of time the unconsciously o the strange narrative about the bodies that I heard from my respondents, when when respondents, my from heard I that bodies the about narrative strange the o utd n otat o h ipoe oe dslyd y h bd o a visibly a of body the by displayed one, improper the to contrast in ructed . The standards for the ideal body are the result of Ukraine's cultural cultural Ukraine's of result the are body ideal the for standards The . culture find their place in the culture of Ukraine. Ukraine. of culture the in place their find culture from the bodies in order to be of the right type. type. right the of be to order in bodies the from ough sport or have bad habits. habits. bad have or sport ough

Ukrainian others: the USSRthe others: Ukrainian –

as the standards as thestandards 102

CEU eTD Collection implications ofthisprocess.implications as research my see for soil the partially was respondents myI analysis, inlength emerge. their waitingEuromaidan to for are still protests protests Though the of narratives the marked partly that “Europe” nationali everyday of mixture The nothing. important and relevant still are June respondents and April (in protests the before months several Despi their Russia. asserting from away for breaking Ukrainians and identity many “European” of desire the and Ukraine in nationalism everyday of flags,internalized, mechanical by performing but andnotreflected or coins using by only not daily reproduced is nation the that claimed I nationalism. Ukrainian b nationalists. inspire and by inspired s on views students' that it. in bodies of place the about inquire non of set a and 2007) and Conclusion odily practices my respondents engage into are simultaneously kindled by and constitutive to constitutive and by kindled simultaneously are into engage respondents my practices odily edrd n sxaie bodies. sexualized and gendered When I was writing the thesis, Euromaidan protests unfolded, proving the omnipresence the proving unfolded, protests Euromaidan thesis, the writing was I When nationalism Ukrainian between interconnections the about ethnography an is thesis This I argued that Ukraine's peculiar geographical position between “Ea between position geographical peculiar Ukraine's that argued I

age ta ntoa blnig s avd pn epes ois ta everyday that bodies, people’s upon carved is belonging national that argued I

contributing to the discussion on Ukraine's identity negotiations and on the the on and negotiations identity Ukraine's on discussion the to contributing -

reflected upon routine practices and rituals (Billig 1995), allowed me to me allowed 1995), (Billig rituals and practices routine upon reflected further nationalism, though the students did not identify themselves as as themselves identify not did students the though nationalism, further uc

qetos s ht osiue haty n/r euiu body beautiful and/or healthy constitutes what as questions h Viewing nationalism nationalism Viewing Focusing on the level of everyday nationalism, I argued I nationalism, everyday of level the on Focusing sm with appeals to broader cultural community of of community cultural broader to appeals with sm –

as Euromaidan protests did not originate from from originate not did protests Euromaidan as - July 2013), the things said by the the by said things the 2013), July as a discursive formation (Calhoun (Calhoun formation discursive a as te my interviews were conducted conducted were interviews my te

upon bodily practices.upon bodily stern” and “Western and stern”

103 are are

CEU eTD Collection rnessoes te ae f h US ad usa. t s lne ad hs s be o self to able (the is strong and sporty,young,muscular is West”).“the It of thus gaze (the moderation and discipline and slender is It Russia). and USSR the of gaze (the drinkers/smokers healthy is It West”). “the of gaze (the existing national very the of the grounds jeopardizes homosexuality because heterosexual is It narrative). national selective non because white ItsbodyOthers.is gazes of of set a of Other.outcome bodythe ideal is its Ukraine, of case Inthe the of features certain of projection the beforetotality its in exists never body the that (1993:75), of projection this through generated is body the of sense very “the Other: the of gaze the of outcome the always is body the arguesthat (1993) Butler traditions". "national Wester"the Rivkin 1996; (Verdery bodies women's control to desire pronatalist and 2008) (Helms threats sexual heterosexi and homophobia colleagues", with ubiquityeveryday of nationalism. marked is which context, Ukrainian specifically from arise that meanings the with endowed are nation Ukrainian the of history specific selectiveand their with narratives national new the bybuilding uniqueness provingone's social state its assert sexualities and bodies on views and Europe” - Ukrainian nationalism proved to have a lot in common with its "Eastern European European "Eastern its with common in lot a have to proved nationalism Ukrainian Fish 2006) in particular. However, it also proved to be different be to proved also it However,particular. in 2006) Fish belonging to the cultural community of “Western of community cultural the to belonging ist past and present and past ist n" bodily standards, attribute them with new meanings and reconcile them with the the with them reconcile and meanings new with them attribute standards, bodily n" its negotiations of cultural of negotiations its - white bod white ies of visible minorities are polluters of the nation (the gaze of a a of gaze (the nation the of polluters are minorities visible of ies . -

day Russia. The picture is further complicated by complicated further is picture The Russia. day “Western” standards of beauty of “Western” standards Ti ve i sae b Uries iutnos attempts simultaneous Ukraine’s by shaped is view This .

, sexual, and national and sexual, , sm (Graff 2006; Graff 2009), fear of "the West" and its West"and "the of fear 2009), Graff 2006; (Graff sm Europe” and Europe”

identity -

slender, well slender,

result into quite peculiar quite into result – – to distance itself from itself distance to ideality and integrity” and ideality

to creatively reshape creatively to nie h bde o bodies the unlike - groomed bodie groomed

its efforts of of efforts its 10

s to 4 – - f

CEU eTD Collection regarded unhealthy is roles gender coded binary the Transgressingmasculinity. perform to has one body, male has gender and binarism gender values highly nationalism Ukrainian sexuality, normal only the as heterosexuality establish to order in that highlighted unhealthyand there the to contrast in and muscularity and strength men's and capacities reproductive women's sport, to references the through constructed is body healthy nationalism, Ukrainian of discourse the in t shape Others of existence the showing (1984), Rubin Gayle and (1988) Mosse George (1975), Foucault Michel of works the in sexualities and bodies and (1995) Billig Michael (1982), Hobsbawm Eric respondents thenation im/proper reproduce andbodies about onan theideas everyday basis. the and Svoboda of discourse the di between similarities the showed I Further, youth. with self openly that actor political visible I sexualities. or bodies about talking when evokes Svoboda themes main the isolating by party Svoboda right far of nation. a procreate to able is Finally, it narrative). national a of gaze scourse of my respondents my of scourse stae m prpcie n ainls in nationalism on perspective my situated I discourse the analyzed I nationalism, Ukrainian of rhetoric the of Toexample the provide

fore immoral bodies of homosexual people, bodiesdrinkers/smokers.I ofhomosexual migrants,fore immoral and –

as endangers andgender it sexual whole national the order. used Svoboda as the example because recently it has been the most most the been has it recently because example the as Svoboda used . I claimed that that claimed I . - identified as nationalist and it has been actively working working actively been has it and nationalist as identified by the routinized mechanical bodily practices my my practices bodily mechanical routinized the by Michael the - appropriate behavior,t assumingappropriate he perception of one's body. I argued that that argued body.I one's of perception he hois f Benedic of theories

Skey (2001) and my approach to the to approach my and (2001) Skey nd to ensure the reproduction of the of reproduction the ensure to nd t Anderson (1983), (1983), Anderson t

hat if one if hat 105 the the

CEU eTD Collection 1 7 6 5 4 3 2 Respondents’ Demographic Data I Appendix

Anita Name Alina Nadia Inna Lilia n Valenti Vita

female female male female female r Gende female female

Academy” Mohyla “Kyiv University National Academy” Mohyla “Kyiv University National University National Shevchenko Taras University National Shevchenko Taras University National Shevchenko Taras University “Kyiv Un National Academy” Mohyla “Kyiv University National iversity - - - -

Sociology Sociology Major y Philosoph Sociology Sociology Studies Cultural Sociology

106

21 19 e Ag 19 20 21 21 20

Apolitical Apolitical Views Political Apolitical Apolitical Liberal Apolitical Apolitical

Agnosticism Christianity Views Religious Catholicism Christianity Orthodox l” “Supernatura the in Believes Agnosticism Christianity Orthodox

a region Zaporizh region Poltava Region Home region Zhytomyr region Vinnytsia Kyiv region Frankivsk Ivano Lutsk region

zhi

CEU eTD Collection 9 8 15 14 13 12 11 10

Rostysl Oleh Zhenia Anton Olga va Mirosla Ostap Nina av

female female male female male male female male

University National Shevchenko Taras Academy” Mohyla “Kyiv University Nationa Academy” Mohyla “Kyiv University National University National Shevchenko Taras University National Shevchenko Taras University National Shevchenko Taras Academy” Mohyla National Shevchenko Taras University National Shevchenko Taras - - l

Journalism History History Sociology Sociology Folklore History y Philosoph

107

20 22 21 20 19 22 24 19

Liberal Democrat Social Apolitical Leftist Socialist Apolitical Liberal l Neolibera

Non Non Chrisrianity Agnosticism Non Agnosticism Christianity Non - - - - believer believer believer believer

Kyiv osk region Dnepropetrv Kyiv Kyiv region Riv Kyiv Kyiv Kyiv ne

CEU eTD Collection 17 16 22 21 20 19 18

Vitaliy Andrii Ihor Denis Ilia y Anatoli Anna

male male male female male male male

National Shevchenko Taras University National Shevchenko Taras Academy” Mohyla “Kyiv University National Academy” Mohyla “Kyiv University National Academy” Moh “Kyiv University National Academy” Mohyla “Kyiv University National University Academy” Mohy “Kyiv University National University yla la la - - - - -

y Philosoph Economics - Science Political History Work Social y Philosoph

108

21 23 22 23 21 21 22

Apolitical Liberal Democrat Liberal Liberal Liberal enemies” to freedom “no

Asatru Christianity Christianity Christianity Christianity Christianity Orthodox Agnosticism

Kyiv Kyiv vsk region Dnipropetro region Uzhgorod region Crimea Kyiv region Kyiv

CEU eTD Collection Development and LiberationVictoria.Bernal,Warriors “From of 2001. Wives:Contradictions to Billig, Michael.2004. Baer,Post Lesbiansin Representing2011. Soul: BrianJames. “Body or national and essentialization Simulation, wolves: dying and dances “Wild 2008. C. Baker, in Salon Beauty The Skin: their Under “Getting Goscilo, Helena and Nadezhda Azhgikhina, 1983. Benedict. Anderson, Non Science, Arbitrating Health? Global “Against 2010. Vincanne. Adams, Henry. Abelove, Written electronic and literaturematerial primary and Bibliography in Eritrea.” StudiesJournal ofLesbian identity Son at the Eurovision Culture W Russian Nationalism 40 Yor New Kirkland. Anna Metzl, M. Jonathan by in Health” through Nonsense eighteenth cent - 59

. Bloomingtom: Indiana. Bloomingtom:1996: 94 University Press, 1989. omen’s Lives.” In Helena Goscilo and Beth Holmgren (eds.), (eds.), Holmgren Beth and Goscilo Helena In Lives.”omen’s Northeast Northeast StudiesAfrican , London: Verso.

Banal Nationalism Banal ury in England”. Inury inEngland”.

“ Some speculations Some mgnd omnte: elcin o te rgn n Sra of Spread and Origin the on Reflections Communities: Imagined

15(3): 284

g Contest” in Against Health: How Health Became the New Morality New the Became Health How Health: Against . London: Sage Publication Genders

on the history of sexual intercourse during the long long the during intercourse sexual of history the on

- 8 (3): 129 298. 109

Popular Communication (6), 125 – 154.

– : e Yr Uiest Pes pp. Press. University York New k: 30.

- 121 s

- Soviet Russian Culture,” Russian Soviet

6(3): 173 Russia, Women, Russia, - Science, and and Science, – 189.

, ed , .

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Interviewing and In Analysis.” Women Routledge. nationalism of theories of understanding an Towards Nation? the is When London: Routledge. London: Routledge. Judith. 1 (March 1 1994), WacquantIn J.D. LoicFarage. Samar by translatedand England: Po University CaliforniaPress. of Journal

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of 1997

Cultural Cultural Studies Pp.40 1994. “Rethinking the State: Genesis and Structure of the Bureaucratic Field” Field” Bureaucratic the Structureof and GenesisState: the “Rethinking 1994. lity Press. . Bodies nerbe egt fmns, etr clue ad h bod the and culture, Western feminism, weight: Unbearable Nationalism ain Mte: iiesi, oiaiy n te ompltn Dream Cosmopolitan the and Solidarity Citizenship, Matter: Nations - 46 - 18. - acln Domination. Masculine

1945, pp234 1945, .

ht atr O te icrie iis f “Sex.” of Limits Discursive the On Matter: that

. Buckingham: Open Universit 9(2): 189

Liberating Method:Liberating Feminism andSocial Research. - 71.

– 206. 110

Translated by Richard Nice. Cambridge, Cambridge, Nice. Richard by Translated Nw e” in Key”, New a Sociological Theory Sociological y Press. -

states” in states” o Fascism How New York and and York New , Vol.No. 12, International y. London: . Berkeley:

Ruled Ruled ,

CEU eTD Collection Gilman,L. Sander 1995. Gellner, Ernst. 1983. 2000. Kligman. Gail and Susan Gal, 1994 Susan. Gal, in Norway” in Identity of “Reorganization 2005. Oivind. Fuglerud, ------Foucault, Michel. 1978. Norman. Fairclough, Dwye Myro Diadiuk, r, Leslie K. 2000. “Spectacular Sexuality: Nationalism, Development and the Politics of of Politics the and Development Nationalism, Sexuality: “Spectacular 2000. K. Leslie r, historical essay historical East European andSocieties Politics Press, 2005. World Postcolonial the in States and Migrants, York: Routledge. edited by Tamar Mayer,25 In Indonesia.” in Planning Family Astroliabiya. women (Ukrainian zaangazhovanistu commitment) national and Galicia.identity Betweengender interwar in movement natsional'nou ta identychnistu gendernou

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