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Chemistry on Plant Growth Regulators: an Overview

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Chemistry on Plant Growth Regulators: an Overview 68 ISSN: 2347-7881 Review Article Chemistry on Plant Growth Regulators: An overview Donthineni Kalyan1*, V. Sravanthi2, Mayure vijay kumar2 1Department of pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vikas College of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2Department of pharmaceutical chemistry, Maheshwara College of Pharmacy Rayanigudem. Suryapet, Nalgonda District. Andhra Pradesh. INDIA *[email protected] ABSTRACT A natural substance that acts to control plant activities are Plant growth regulators and often called phytohormones to regulate growth, development and responses to stimuli. Which includes hormones and non-nutrient chemicals not found naturally in plants that when applied in plants, influence their growth and development. Changes in phytohormone levels result in gene activation shifts. This paper accomplishes the review article on chemistry of the novel plant growth regulators according to their medications, and has been discussed according to the types of plant growth regulators. Keywords: Plant Growth Regulators, Anti-Auxins, Cytokinins, Defoliants, Ethylene Inhibitors INTRODUCTION Both the groups regulate: Plant growth regulators/plant hormones are · Cell division chemicals which are related to the growth of · Cell differential the plant are known as 'plant growth · Root and shoot growth substances'. Low concentrated signal molecules · Plant aging are produced in the plant were the hormone cells regulate the cells locally and moved to The following are the classification of Plant other locations [1,2]. Two types of plant growth Growth Regulators: regulators are used in the nature named as · Auxins Natural and Synthetic types: · Gibberilins · Cytokinenins Natural PGH= generated by the plant · Abscisic acid Synthetic PGH= Development done by the · Ethylene humans The following are the chemistry of the classified plant growth regulators: ANTI-AUXINS Clofibric acid: 2,3,5-tri-iodobenzoic acid: 4-CPA:4-chlorophenoxy acetic It is the form of herbicide, It is an inhibitor of polar auxin acid related to the plant growth it is transport and more commonly Synthetic pesticide similar to a metabolite of the cholesterol- known as TIBA. Uses : plant chemicals in a group of plant lowering pharmaceutical. And growth regulator and controller. hormones called reduce the level of VLDL. It can It suppresses somatic embryo auxins Esterized with dimethylet How to cite this article: K Donthineni, V Sravanthi, VK Mayure; Chemistry on Plant Growth Regulators: An overview; PharmaTutor; 2014; 2(9); 68-80 PharmaTutor Magazine | Vol. 2, Issue 9 | magazine.pharmatutor.org 69 ISSN: 2347-7881 increase the level of HDL as formation and postembryonic hanolamine (DMAE) well[3]. shoot / root development in it forms centrophenoxine[5]. Eleutherococcus senticosus[4]. 2-(4-chlorophenoxy)-2- 2-(4-Chlorophenoxy)acetic acid methylpropanoic acid 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid 2,4-D: Dichloro phenoxy acetic 2,4-DB: 2,4-DEP: acid selective systemic phenoxy Herbicides, plant growth It is a synthetic auxin (plant herbicide used to control regulator [8]. hormone), and as such it is many annual and perennial often used in laboratories for broadleaf plant research and as a weeds in alfalfa, peanuts, soybe supplement in plant cell ans, and other crops. Its culture media such as MS active metabolite,2,4-D, inhibits medium[6]. growth at the tips of stems and roots[7]. tris[2-(2,4- dichlorophenoxy)ethyl]phosphite 4-(2,4- (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic dichlorophenoxy)butanoic acid Acid Dichlorprop: Fenoprop IAA: chlorophenoxy herbicide simila used as an herbicide for control IAA is also produced from r in structure to 2,4-D that is of woody plants and broadleaf tryptophan through indole-3- used to kill annual and weeds[10]. acetaldoxime in Arabidopsis. perennial broadleaf weeds. It is treatment with IAA and analog a component of many common 1(methyl)-IAA resulted in weedkillers[9]. significantly decreased brain sizes[11]. 2-(2,4,5- Trichlorophenoxy)propionic acid R)-2-(2,4- dichlorophenoxy)propanoic 2-(1H-indol-3-yl)acetic acid acid 1-naphthalene acetamide: α-naphthaleneacetic acids: 1-Naphthol: Synthetic auxin that acts as The hormone NAA does not They are precursors to a variety a rooting hormone. occur naturally. NAA can be of useful compounds. Naphthols PharmaTutor Magazine | Vol. 2, Issue 9 | magazine.pharmatutor.org 70 ISSN: 2347-7881 It can be found in commercial detected by HPLC-tandem mass (both 1 and 2 isomers) are used products such as Rootone. spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) [12]. as biomarkers for livestock and humans exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 2-Naphthalen-1-ylacetamide 2-(1-Naphthyl)acetic acid 1-Hydroxynaphthalene; 1- Naphthalenol; alpha-Naphthol Naphthoxyacetic acids : 2,4,5-T: chlorophenoxy acetic “naphthyloxyacetic acids” is acid herbicide used given as an alternative[13]. to defoliate broad-leafed plants [14]. (1-naphthyloxy)acetic acid and/or (2-naphthyloxy)acetic (2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid acid CYTOKININS 2iP: plant growth regulators 6-Benzylaminopurine: It is 4-hydroxyphenethyl alcohol: an inhibitor of respiratory plant growth regulators. kinase in plants[15]. 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)phenol N-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)-7H-purin-6- N-(Phenylmethyl)-7H-purin-6- amine amine Kinetin: Zeatin: Ability to inducecell division, It promotes growth of lateral provided that auxin was present in buds and when sprayed the medium. Kinetin is often used on meristems stimulates cell in plant tissue culture for inducing division to produce bushier formation of callus [16]. plants. (E)-2-methyl-4-(7H-purin-6- N6-furfuryladenine ylamino)but-2-en-1-ol PharmaTutor Magazine | Vol. 2, Issue 9 | magazine.pharmatutor.org 71 ISSN: 2347-7881 DEFOLIANTS Calcium cyanamide: Dimethipin: group of sulfones Endothal is a chemical CaCN2 is a calcium compound used and dithiins .It is used as a compound from the group as fertilizer[17] defoliant for cotton , vines and g of dicarboxylic acids , as um trees , also as a growth the herbicide can be used. regulator[18] Ethephon: sprayed on mature-green pineapple Metoxuron : fruits to degreen them to meet Merphos: plant growth herbicides (phenylurea produce marketing requirements. regulators, tributyl herbicides) There can be some detrimental phosphorotrithioite plant growth regulators effect on fruit quality[19]. (defoliants) 2-Chloroethylphosphonic acid 3-(3-Chloro-4- methoxyphenyl)-1,1- dimethylurea Pentachlorophenol: Thidiazuron : phenyl - urea Tribufos: organochlorine compound used as derivative . It is a biologically organofosfaatester as plant apesticide and a disinfectant[20]. active substance which is used growth regulator used, as a plant growth regulator , especially as a defoliant [21]as a defoliant, for cotton . 2,3,4,5,6-Pentachlorophenol S, S, S -tributyl- 1-phenyl-3-(1,2,3 -thiadiazol-5- fosfortrithioaat yl) urea ETHYLENE INHIBITORS Aviglycine: plant growth regulators 1-methylcyclopropene: is a cyclopropene derivative (2S,3E)-2-amino-4-(2-aminoethoxy)but- used as a synthetic plant growth regulator. It is 3enoicacid structurally related to the natural plant hormone ethylene and it is used commercially to slow down the ripening of fruit and to help maintain the freshness of cut flowers[22]. PharmaTutor Magazine | Vol. 2, Issue 9 | magazine.pharmatutor.org 72 ISSN: 2347-7881 ETHYLENE RELEASERS Etacelasil: Glyoxime: plant growth regulators 2-Chloroethyltris(2-methoxyethoxy)silane Glyoxaaldioxime is an oxime derivative of glyoxal[23] GAMETOCIDES Fenridazon: plant growth regulators Maleic hydrazide: is a chemical compound that is used in agriculture as aplant growth regulator, especially for preventing premature formation of shoots in dug potatoes, onions, etc. and shoots in tobacco plants. [24] Propyl 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-6-methyl-4-oxo-1,4- dihydro-3-pyridazinecarboxylate 6-hydroxy-2H-pyridazin-3-one GIBBERELLINS Gibberellins: Gibberellins are involved in the Gibberellic acid: used in laboratory natural process of breaking dormancy and and greenhouse settings to trigger germination in various other aspects of germination. A major seeds that would otherwise remain dormant[26] effect of gibberellins is the degradation of DELLA proteins, the absence of which then allows phytochrome interacting factors to bind to gene promoters and regulate gene expression[25] (3S,3aS,4S,4aS,7S,9aR,9bR,12S)-7,12-dihydroxy-3- methyl-6-methylene-2-oxoperhydro-4a,7- methano-9b,3-propenoazuleno[1,2-b]furan-4- carboxylic acid PharmaTutor Magazine | Vol. 2, Issue 9 | magazine.pharmatutor.org 73 ISSN: 2347-7881 GROWTH INHIBITORS Abscisic acid: also known Ancymidol:It is used as a Butralin: is a racemic mixture from as abscisin II and dormin, is growth regulator used [28].it the group of dinitroaniline a plant hormone. ABA functions is a 1:1 mixture of two derivatives. Butralin is used as a pre- in many plant developmental enatiomers of the chemical emergence herbicide[29]. processes, including compounda from the group bud dormancy. It is degraded by of pyrimidines. the enzyme (+)-abscisic acid 8'- hydroxylaseinto phaseic acid [27]. α-cyclopropyl-α-(4- (2Z,4E)-5-[(1S)-1-hydroxy-2,6,6- methoxyphenyl)-5- (RS)-N-sec-Butyl-4-tert-butyl-2,6- trimethyl-4-oxocyclohex-2-en-1- pyrimidylmethanol. dinitroanilin yl]-3-methylpenta-2,4-dienoic acid Carbaryl: is a chemical in Chlorphonium Chlorpropham: used as a sprout the carbamate family used suppressant. used to chiefly as an insecticide[30]. inhibit potato sprouting and for sucker control in tobacco[31]. Tributyl(2,4- dichlorobenzyl)phosphonium 1-naphthyl methylcarbamate Dikegulac: dikegulac-sodium Flumetralin: N-[(2-chloro-6-
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